USSBS Report 44, Japanese Naval Ordnance

8/3/2019 USSBS Report 44, Japanese Naval Ordnance

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T E NITED STATE

STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

(PACIFIC).

,

JAPANESENAVAL ORDNANCE



civ ll inns , 3f iOo ff ic er s, und 500 enl is te d men . ' I' he

l lI il it ary segment o f the orrraniza tion was r1l'R\\'1I

from lhe A 1"111) ' to the extent of GO percent und

f rom the NUl'), to the extent of 40 percent. Both

Ihe .\I'OI.\' nnd the Kill'}' gln'e til • 'ul'vey u ll po •

sible U ' i st ll ll e in furui hill ' ; ;: men. suppli " trun -

port, HIld i nfor rnnt ion, The '~II'"ey t>pcl'lted from

hellclqulll 'lm eshlbli hed in Tokyo cady hi 'ep-

temb I' I !H5, w ith ubhaadquu rt er iJI Nugo)'II,

Osaka, Hire himu, lind 1 '1 n g l L S a l . . - i , ' Ind with mobile

tellms opllI'nti ng ill other psr+s of Jupuu, the

Islands of tl, Pacific, and the J iutic mainland,

ItWIIS poss ib le t o reconstruct mu ch of wartime.J upunesemi l itll!'." p lu uu in g ' n nd execution, engage-

meut by engagement. l ind campaign by campaigu,

lind to eCI I I -e l ' e . tSOl1 l lbly aceura sturi tics 01 1 Ja-

pun' s e conomy and war p roduct ion. p la nt by plunt.,!Iud iudustry by ' industr y. In uddirion. s tudies

W· I condu ted 0 11 J ap "n's ov er-a II strareg 'ie plan

und (,he bnckgr ound of hi'll' e ntry into the war' the

internal discu ions and negotiation l eud ii ur Lo

her acceptance of uuconditional urrender, the

course of h C i 1 1 ( ; 1 . and morale among the civilian

populution t he c ff ect i v ene ss o f t ha J'npnne se e ivil-iOln defense ol'<r::miz••ion, [mel the effects of the

atomic bomb -, epurute reports will be i ned

covering each phas e of the s tudy,

'I'll Sun'ey interroented mor than TOOJupn-

nese mi l i tl l I 'Y ' l !ovCl 'l Iment. and indu Il 'i nl 0 11 \ rials,Ita l so r ec ov er ed a nd 1 1 ' 1 1nsluted I l l u n y documents

which not only IUIl'Il been useful to the. ul'vey but

nl 0will

f ur nis h dllta vnlunbla f or other s tudies .

\ . n1111gcmenl s hav been mud to 1 1 I _ l ' n over tim

lIrl'ey' s files to I he Cell brIll Intel ligence GI'OUp.

through which they will be [\vnilubl for Inrtherexu rn inat ion l ind d i rributie»,

This report was written P"illllll'jly fOl't he , .. e uf lhe r,~, Sll·,HRgi' Bomb-

ing ·uJ '\ ·e ." i n the pi P ur arion of f1ll'lh"l' I ' ' 'POI'!S uf " 11IO''C 1:01ll1Y'hen ive

n a tu r e. _ \ .n y co l lu ) u ions 'er o pi ni on s e xp re ss e d i ll Ihib "~J10I ' tmust be considered

tl l im i te d t o thp pecifi~ material covered lind as '1IIlje'l II>f l ll ' lh l l .r i l lt . ','pl'tltatiUIl

i n th light o f f ur th e r s tu di es c on d uc te d hy the SU"'ey,

FOREWORD

The United :lul!J!' (I'ntogic Bombing • urvey

wus • tablished by the S 1,·ltU·Y of WIll' 011 ;}No -veurber 1!) ' l4. pursunut In a d ir ect i ve f rom Ihe lnte

P res ident Roosev elt. Its mi ion WI t o c on du ct

.1II hupurtiu 1 lind xpert study of t h e e l fe e ls of 0111'

nCl'ialllll''''k 011 GCl'IlllU'Y. to b lIsed ill onnection

w i n h a ir a t! l ic k s o n ,J npun U lid 10 c~ 1ablish u bllsis

for e\'a I untin " the importuuee lind polenlinliti of

uir power n an in t,'ulllnt of mil itul 'Y slmlegy

for planning th e future developmen t o f t he ni.ted

Sta les armed fOI"<:cs and fot, determining Juture

economic pol ic ies with I' P cL t o the national de-

fense, A s um ma ry re port nnd SOll ie 200 5UI 'pOl ' (-

iu....repol1.s contn ini ng the fi udings of the 1lI"'ey

in Germun), have been published.

On 15Augu t l 045 ,P ,'CS idcnt Truman reques t d

that the Sm·\'e.y conduct n similar study o'f [hee fr ll (l t o f a ll ty pe s of a il ' u l. la ek i n th e wn r II .min t

Japan, submittin .. reports in duplicate to the ee-

I Iltnl'Y '0 ' ' ' I n . ' an d to th e eereta ['Y of ,.h eN nv y,

The olTlccl 'S of the 1Il'l'e~ during its Jnpauese

pha e were :

Fr-anklin D'Olier, Chairmo»,

Pnul H, Nitzc, Henry . Alexander, l'i<lc

Chairmen.

TInny J" Bowman,

,J. Kenneth Onlbl.'lIilh,

Reus i L i k er n,

Frank A, UCNUIllCC, ,]"'..

1?l 'l ld eurls ••J 1'"

UOlwoe E. Spaghl.

Dr Lewis R Thompson.Theodo ,'II1',Weighl, Direotor«.

WnI t I'w iIds. Naf't'(Jlw~/'

The \1I ' , ,&y' complement provided (0" 300

~-. -

In



TABLE OF CONTENTS

!qI . P urpose a nd S cope of nepol·L ~_~~ ._____ _ 1

II. Summary and O onclueions.. ; __ ~ ~__ ~__ ~ ~__ ~___ _ 1

LIT. P'I>6WlU' DevelopmellL ~__ ~_ _ 4

TY . Nlltu!"e a nd Im po rtn nce o f N n . v u . L Ordnance Product.ioll_________ 5

V . S tr en gt h 1 1 l 1 d N eeds ~ " ._______ 6

VI. Plaus an d Preduetien ~-------- __ 7A. GUllS ~ ~ ._._.: ~ _

n. A.mmlU litioll _ !I

C . Bombs, m ines, and w rpedoes ~ ~__________ 1 1

D , O p ti e: nJ an d IlIn 'igntioulll equipment______ __ 12E. R(ldio and electrical equipment. ~ __________ 14

F. Small a l111S l I l 1dother equipment ~-------------~- 15

VII. Ma jo r B o tt hm e ck s in P r ed u et io n _ _ ~ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 15

vrrr, Direct Bomb Datnn.ge ~_ ~__ ~ ~_~ ~ ~~____ 17

...\.ppendix-IndiQllS ofoutput . ~ ~______ 17

Tuble l--'Over-nll ------- ~ ~___ 1 8

'Thble 2--G U l1S -------------- __ ~_~ ~ . 1 9

Table 3-AmnlUllitioll ---------- __~ ~________ 20

Tuble 4-Bombs, mines, lind torpedoes , ~ • --~_~_____22

' l' 1 lb le 5 -- O pt i. cn i a ud n av ig n ni on nl e qu ipm en t * _ _ 2~T3 hie 6 -Radio·und electricnl equipmenL_____ ___ 24



elecld 'al equipment, optical und nnvigationnl

equi PIllCUt.A.il busic !III-til were obtained from luterrogu-

(,iOIlS, from reports prepared by officials of the

Jupnnese Nuvy i 'l Iinist ly . nnd from investiga tions

of nnvnl arsenals,BllCllU runnyof theolli ·iul )11'0-

du 'Lion records were burned in _l.ugll t 19!!5 milch

of the informat.iou was recon trueted from a rsenu l

reports 111\(1 p rsonnl memorundu of .Jnpunese

Navy officials, riticnl examination indicates,

hO\\,61'0t', thnt the bas ic datil ,U'C rensonably nceu-

I'IIte,

Product ion indices IIcd in this report were de-

"eloped from physical production serles w i..ted

hy value of t he 11 ), 1, 5ou l put o f Ih vm- ious ilem ,'I'he Jupunese f iseal yeur, running from 1A pril

to SIl\[l\l'cb, is u ed throughout Lim t port,

JAPANESE NAVAL ORDNANCE

I. PURPOSE AND SeOP]! OF REPORT

'fhll purpose (,( this report is to examine Ihe

growLh and decline in J apanese nuvnl ordnunce

outpu t f rom 19<11to the end of the wa l' , an alyz ing

major limitations to growth and basic caus for

decline, Emphasis hns been placed upon pr odue-

L ion ruthe r t hun log is ti cs , s in .e t he 1 ,, (l er subj ect

fun s w ithin the scope of reports being prepared by

othal' branches of the urvey. Attention has been

given, however, ,0 the relative importnn of de-

f ic ienci es i n outpu t o f t he vu riou s nnvul o rdnanc e

items,

NII,VIII ordnance is herein defined to include nil

weapons produ ed by nnvn l ar senal s and civi li an

p lan ts for ' U~ by naval aircraft, ships, ba es, and

merchant vess els , T hese weapons include guns,

ammun it ion, bombs, mine " torpedoes , 1:11<1)0 aud

II, SUMMARY AND eo eLUSIONS

Jnl'IIL ordnance items accounted 'fol' «bout 13

percent of total na " )' expenditures during the war

years and 29 percent of exp nditures for otal

navnl m-mnmants (ships, n i[ '( ln tU, nnd ordnance).

O rdnance outpu t d lH' iJ lg thi s per iod was abou t t en

rimes gl'Oltcr thnu the n verflge of the prewar dec-

ade,

GUliS lind ammunition accounted for huH of he

\ '11 lue nf ou~pnt duri ng 1911-45, fol lowed by radioand eleet rieu l equipmenr (24 IJ reent] and bomb

minas, and torpedoes (11 percent ). Olnssi fl cn ti on

of nuvul ordnunee by end l ise iudicntes un increase

in th rein i ve hares o f ai r-bo rne and an ti ai rcr af t

ordnance d ll l' ing the WIll' ycnrs, nnd I), decl1ljlse in

ship l ind base ordnance.

Dur ing the yell), fol lowing the ULlockupon Pearl

Harbor, naval ordnnnce output, increased by 45

percent, Production plans called for an incren e

of : ;0 p ll l' ee n! ' be twean December 1041 nnd Decem-

ber l ! 142 and actual output amounted to more thnn

90 percent of plsn llt'tlle end of the )'ell1".

After the Solomons' campuign itW[IS realizedtlm~ Lhe per iod of ell y victovies had com to all

0nll, ,\5 shown in Chur t 1, the revision of require .

ments nt ' I he b eg in nin g of fi sen l 1 9-1 ,:3a ll ed for a uexpnnsien of two and one-half times ov r th IlN-

viou yen,,; II further i ncrease o :f 75 percent W!IS

pluuued in I!»!.(,. Actuul production which in-

, ,' en ed neu rl j' s ix fo ld betweel l19. lJ . and the fIlII of

19M, wns about two- thirds of the plnn in the lnt-

tel' yeaI'.

Peak product ion WIIS t'ellPi 1Il(1 in Se}li(,lllbel'

J! ) ;Y, nud output dec lined [Wilt'.\'month therea flel -.

The (lI'O(lU tion index dropped by .0 Pllt'(l III be-

tween ' cp lember 1944 and Februt lry 19.( ,:> ,and l}y

a further doGpercent between Fcbt'UIII'Y 1 I 1 \ < 1 . r u 1 ) "

Expun ion of nnvnl ordnance output durine til

war ye.u lIJl to upl' ember 104,1 wus limite(1 by

fuctors iommon to all Jupnn indu tt'Y; lUHII I) "i nndequut e indu t ri al cnpnci ty , i ne ff ec ti ve o rgun i-

z nt io :n, l ind n rel at ive ly low d " t' ee of t echno lca l-

cal development. Th most 'irnporrnm fuetordirectl.y limiting naval 01, . 1111 ' lice cut )lut WH e

shortages of mater ials (chi flJ ' tel), hor tUI-' Il of

ski ll ed Inbor and inl ldequnt e loca l 111111SPOi ' lu t ion ,

No serious difltculries wer exporienced pl' io l' 10

I he foil of Ul42 beenu of relntively modes! pro-

due rion requ ir emen ts , nl though s llm' lng-es o f IIIl1-

1



900JAP AN ES E N AV AL O RD NA NG ES

JND IC E S 'O F OUTPUT

(1941 MONTHLY AVERAGE= 1001 rf800

r i

/00

(___ ACT JA L I_ PLA S

I600

500 /

1\/' ( \/

400 r \(

) \II

300

I

\

200f"".../F if

V-~00~

FISCALYEARS 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

CHART t

2

O utput of opt iI''' I n nd '""';gnt i on u I e < Juipmeut,which accounted for :: l percent of lobo! ordnn nee

output, WaS reduced hy ;15 percent between Sep-

tember H)<l4 find Febrlln..y HI45, This drop WIlS

CIlLI d by lack of eomponen (due 10 materiul

hortnges and i ll ll li e' l. u. te local t rans p l)l1"l ion),

shortage of skilled Iubor, lind nb nteeism, 110-

<lucI,itlll was fUl'thol' reduced by '.W percent be-

t ween F pI Jl 'l '" I" .I ' ' '' HI ) 11 1 .1 ' pl"ir ll ll l'Hy ns II ",",ultof rile 11 r bu u II rea rn id s, 1 1 "1 0ell cnused plu lit WHn-

"ge, dispcraion absen tee iSill, and ln ek of p,uts.Output of optical und nuvigntiounl equipment "

It whol recover d somewhut u Iter th h n-y urea

r aids , but in .Iuly W aS still I l lS than hnlf of the

,'eptember HH4 ' level. 'rot"l I of eupncity due

10 direct b om b d nm ug e Wl1S :n percent, l in d m os t

of this loss O\'CUI'I d du,.jug the perio<! ~\["I'('h-

MuS , '9J5 ,

Radio lind electricn] equipment uccounted for'

otle·fOJU·11I of th 1 '0 l 11U~ of 10 1 1 1 1 IIIlI'ul ordnance

output dur ing Ifl41-Hi. Ths produc tion index fOl '

I hisgroup fell by H percen t between :-l1l11tcmbet·

H lH and ,July lIJ,U;_ 'I~H'\ concenrrntlon of th e in-

dusky ill the urban urea mud it illll'liclIhu'ly 1 ' , ,1-

1 J ( 1 I 1 1 b l 10II rca mitis , and three-fourth of th e 10

in output occurred a ft r these 1 ' 1 \ id wer started.

Direct damage to pl ant "':IS the 1110 t important

fll 'tol' contributinrr 10 the decline, resnlring in a

40 pe rcen t los s 01 ' cupnci ly , Lack of components,

di spersion " lid absenreai srn , which can be nt rrib-

ut d mainly to ru II mi lls nit el' Feb,'u,,!'.)'. were

second ill importune to direer plnut <i:tltlnJ!ll in

enu in" the drop in output,

1l1llL1 <Inns lind 01her quipment accountad tOI"

I~percanr 0'1'the "lillie of at'du"nell IJI 'QI.lucecL dndng

1941-" ,i , Rocke l pro ject il es accounted fOl' about

half of the output of this group in l!H5. Ko

monthly datu ou rocket ure avai lable. but it ilikely tlillt urea mid. were, e lfeet iq~ i ll thi s group

becau of distribution of pi-oduetion over Il huge

numbs» of ,1Il1i 1 1 e tilblishments, '

The. above pnl 'nl! 'I1iph~ June indica ted major

CIIU"esfor decline in out.pu; ot t l1l ' various' type

of ordnance item aft r September l!).j ..L The ef-

fe ts of ~hese cau upon naval orduaue as II

whole lIl"y b evaluated in term of econcmie 01'

military import unce, IIi s bel ieved lhn l II rough

ind icnt ion of locillth'e economic importnuce (ff i l , . "rnrious ordunuee items mar he obruiued frolll their

v u lue o 'f 0 1 1 1 put. '['he ov~r..,\ II p ro du ctio n in dex

i based npon volume o f o ut pu t o f th e " IU '; OI l$ 0 1' 11 -

nanc items wei: rhl d b~' vnlue, TIl l' iurtailment

of teel l ll 'l inll 'ie: to tIl' N .H·Y "", 'ountl/<1 r" r JIll'

"hillllioois nnd c)\Jleri~IIrcd 1 , ,11<I r l l i<l pl'Hlmt fnll

l 'urt i iz"I,i l ln of plnuned production, '['1m elYecls or

the blockade of ,J IIpnn begllll to be f el t a .I ter Au-

gust 19!12, J to irens d .'n IV I Ilntel 'iul problems and

'O lltinllc d d l'lIftin g o f II 'O I'k e. 'S in to Ihe a rmed

force mllrle il impo ihl" to meet til s luu-p in-

crea e in 19,1a-j..~prorluetiou ''l' '1ui,'cmellIS men-

Iinned ,d>OI'~,

T he r en sons F or de,d,illll i,,, t ,l1C'ndex 0 r ordn II 1l{'11

(1111)111flc.' ~rpl eniher HI'l4 were I'll ..iad. In he

e li s e o f 1. '11118 l ind 11mmuni t. io n , w h i ch uceounted for'half of I· he vu lue of " " " " I ordnunce during !I.e

\ \ " ,11 ' years, Ie 1 1 1 0 I important ·,u,S(\ FOI ' decline

was t.hl) enrtuilmanl of sleel deliveries 10 th NII\'~"

.'il rei t i el iver ies fot' lin I'll 1 n rdunnce [excludiug u iI'-

I I I ' l l f 1 ' . f1l'(h ""we) lI'~re reduced br ; ,0 pcrce III be-

Iween th e qunrter ended September- 1 9+ 1- nud I he

quarter ended".J uue 10,.,,;, Output of gnlls nn,1

"" UIlIt n it iou II't'S r ed n ee d by GO percent he t \ \" oon

:-illplemhlll' 104+ and ,lilly 19,1.5. Dispers ion of ru-

('ilil i es . sh "r(ng e oJ cop per , fin d In ud equ ute l Q('1 l1

t l~IIlSpf)l 'tut if )n {'olll, r i buted to th e d ecl ine in ou t pill

of gUl ls and ! 1111111I1ni t im , dm;ng this period, but

\\ 'CI 'Oof 11'.% importnuce !hun t!te hortug of ste 1.

Direct bomb (I;II)I\\I-'Il h) producer of guns and

nmmunit ion n moun ted to ub ou t 20 percen of ca -pnclty, bul mo I o f tlli, c1"mnge occu r red in ,Tune,

,1uly, and Angn t oI HI;l,5. Production oi: guns

and nmmunit iOI\ lmd bee II reduced to about two-

thirds of eapucity befor nny direct damage was

\I mined, .\il' nrt u 'k contri buted to the decline

in this g"OU!' h~' causing dispsr ion of facilit ies

lind by inc. ' lIsing the problems of local t r ,uISpOl'-

tntion, but these fndOl'S were r espons ib le f o!' 110

more rhnn 10percent of the loss in output.

BO'IYlbs,mines, 11 tle( torpedoes accouuted for 1 7

pereen of the value of total na "Ill ordnance output

1111l ' iug ~hc ~\'I '" _)'l l IU'S , The produ tion index for

this group of items fell by neni'ly 60 percent be-

tween, ptember tUM nnd Jll ly 194" , . \bout ha l f

ot this loss in output o cc ur re d b e tw e en September

1 !M 4 l in d I ~e bl 'l 1l ll 'y 1 0 4. , a nd w as c aII eel p art ly b y

reduced requi cements fOl' non-air-horne torpedoes,

mines, lind depth charges, pm'tly by shortage of

killed labor. About one-tenth of the output 10

OOCIl1 ' I d between Februnry and ~{lIy nnd was pri -

mlll 'i ly due to absenteeism, dispersion, and othel '

effects of nrea raids , The rest of t ,he les s in cut-

put (40 percent] oceu rred between Mil)' 'lila ,T"lyb ec au : e o f (li.'eC dumuga [0 plant, ..\ pproximat I) '

·~ o percent of { '' 'l ll lc it y W I IS los t th. 'oll l! 'h dire t

dllmnge, IIl1d nine-tent hs of I his loss occurred fI Iter

~rny HH5,

"

"



. I~I\' Imlf of Ihll d,x.p in this iudox :1 fterpl'O~ll11~ ~ ' - ' I' I' L Ifecl$;, I•• ']~.u. Th e direct nn, mr 1I'Ct! 0 'e ptam " " r 'I t fnc-of air at l nck w ere t h e s e cO ! I ., r I', 'OSLl~ llIJ(lr 'U ~, ' '

tors C(l1l11'it.lIlillg' I,olile d e cl lJ l c b u t (bd I~ol nc~ou~l

'oor nIl ot the romaining 10$ '~\C I'lnjor uttac ~

did uot ~e6..jnuntil excess oapaclty J U l d 'hweh)pe.~

ill "I I c J r, .§ C S o f o rd n an c e. Th e l~:lSOllS lUI' this

emii e r decl iue were 1)r;lI1l1,..iIy shortn gt'S of rnu

terinls and Inbor ,\I,d ;nlldequllte local I1l1IspOltr,-

tioa, d i fThese factors can a lso 00 ,wnJuDle" IlL lel'~~ 0

militaryimpolt.1l1ce b y ~ ~n mi nn t i OI l of ~rl~tlC~

1l1!ll<15 " ,hid, developed dur ing the war , II: IS indi-

C I I , t e d in the fo llowing pages thn t the ,Tapnnl loo

fn iled to mCllt one-thi rd 0 f p Il i n n!l{! output 0 f

n~~ul Ol~lnnnee in the pUllk production rOllI' 1! )44.

_\'Ithough this deficieney wus shared by ' l . n . classesof ordnance, the need \\,;IS lIot a!>mys critical be·

cause of the failure to meet sdl!l{lulcdoulpnt of

ships and nirern ft upon \\"bi.ch ordnance plans Wllre

b~d. The most crit ical I l o o d s "pponr to 1 1 1 1 " 1 1 de·

veloped in mnehine guns ror both "il\'I'1I f1 I1m1

ships), nntiaircra ft gun" und ummnuit ion. Rud io

and mdar equipment WIIS cohsidered to IJ e I'd.I I IB .rily deficient in terms o f qua l iL y m il le r I · l l n n

inqnuntity. Impor tant shortnges of cer tn ill types

o f e le ct ri ca l n od n av ig ar io aa l equipment 1'01' mid-

get submarines, e'l]lecin 1 Iy batteries nnd gyrllCOill'

, .. s tim' olollCd ill I!H.' i. As noted .lhove, tho] > 1 I . \ ' l < C , , , : f l 's bO t' ln g o o · -f .steel pl'odnead U~tlst 0" !I)dllC!'IUl ill

.mns IIIIU,,"mflll l i l iun, unc i n Il ' ntlnek CUllsed 1110st

~f tIm decline in eluetrieul equipment,

N , lI , ,, 1 o r dn u uc e p l uu l s W(II 'O selected "fO! ' ( t i l ' 1 > C ~

nil ' attack 01 1 only bhree occasions whlll l tit!) Ku!'C,

Hikuri, nnd 'I'oyoknwu III'Sen:ds lVel'~ s truck h~o,' .

ill' by 11-295 iII their (' lI l1lpnlglJ !I~fmlsb I he arms

n1 1 < 1 1 nlI!1itons producers. Prod uctdon "'us \ ' 111 fUl'.

able .since t lu -e e- fo ur eh s o f t ot n 1 l in is h ed ol'dullllco

01 1 t p II L ' ! " !l S CO I l C ll I l t ruted ill ~\le II. l'sel\~ Is Illldcigh l

civilinn compauies, From hi ndsight itcun be s.uid

thllt eomplefe dCIllOliti.oll uf these plllnts would

not, hOWIlVCI' , hllve gl'Cutlr altered the course of

the' """' beenuse of t,he circumstances exi sing 'Ill

thll I i me t he nl lucks occurred. III th e l i ts t . l l ll l ei l ,

the need fot' ordnuncc was primn dl)' '.1 c1el'iI-ed de.

m nnd, th e dcgl.ee 0 f u rguncy b e i n g Ii lIi ted by f lO 1 _

Ill'll to meeL the ui!'cl'llft and s il ipbu il .(l ing pro-

g'11!f\\S. 11 \ n ,e second p la ce , n c us hi on orex<)eBS

cfI,pnuity existed in 11<1 \ ' 1 1 1 ordnnnne plunts, Ihm 'Cby

d OOl ' l l l lS i ng 1 " 1 1 ( 1 polo n t in I oH 'ec l' . j veness pel' to n 0f

bombs. Other more eJl 'eetive targets were uvnil-

lI. ble. Lastly, the COli cent I'RI ion of a considem hili .

proportion of industry, in iluding nn vulordnanoa

plants, ill urban nrens made it possible to accent-

plish grenter over-a ll results 1Il1'0ugh nrea rnids,

III. PREWAR DEVELOPMENT

Output during the prewar , \' @: U' s w as n l mo st

negligiblll if measured by wlu1 ime s tnudurds, . \s

indien te d in th e ' fo ll ow in g r ub nl nt i on , h e a un un l

rnte of production in th e d ee nd e p re ::' C(! j.n g th e

W l lf W I ISonly nbout one-tenth of th e w l ll ti me a ve r

age, nn(1 ~ percent of tim high 10# total .

3'u<u1 Ordnancu On ' I " ' "' : t ; I J i ' u

~liC4r i~~~:::;~.:W 3! -~~ ._ •• ~ n

1002 ------__ _ ~ 101 003 _~_~ ~____ ]:_ ,.m'W _~ ~_~ ~ ,_____ ]~

lrw;----.----~----~------- __~__ 2lJ03p ~"

!Dar

~ : = = = ~ = = =. ~ = = - - - ~ = = ~ ~ ~ = =~ ~ ~ -(Av e ; a ' l r e ]~-iO)----~-----~~-----·--1 1 > ' J J ~ ~ = ~ = _ = - - - - - - - - ~ -l).JZ __ ~ ______ ---~-- .. ----

J i M a = ~ = = = = : = : = = _ . . . : = : ~ _I ) . J<j

IH.. --.----------~------._ ·m~I,\," ;;,~ ~J ij.:ji:i :) J-~ - ---- - --_ - ~ ~-- ,'lItj

------------~-- __ (:lll! I

Ammunition nccountad IOl ' nenrly Cwo·vllil'cls of

t he v al ue o f o rd na nc e output du1"in,g' th e prawur

dooade. ,,,\.It.hough~It\S uccountsd for 27 percen t

of th e to tnl in 1 0:3 1, t lli s e n regory d e elln ed iI! rel II'

t .h'e i rn po !' tn nc e d ur in g th e succeeding YCIlIS nnd

n m 0 11 n ted to 12 percell t of tin; totu 1 f - a l ' the el l th·c

pel'ioel .A ('omplll'isnu of ]l!'I!'\:,n" wi th war reill's

is g i V 1 l 1 l below.

IV . NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF NAVAL ORDNANCE PRODUCTION

Totul N ,u v y I lx pl ll \d iL ll I' CS i nc re as ed f! 'O IIl Y lI, .

)00,000,000 iI; HHI to YU,aOO,ooo,OOO in W4,1, or'

nendy e ight t imes, J' )xpendi t: ll res fo r navn i urnm-

m on ls in cre as ed fro m Y1,BOO,OOO,OOO t o Y l I,OOO ,-

000,000, or six !lull one-lrulf times, dudng: Ihis pe-

riod. 'The followi:ng tnbu ll l! iun i s gh'on in terms

of actual prices,

- - - ---- - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -ElO'6NUI'I 'un ss

_ __ " Y '~ "" .o "" ,) _ _P'cn:~lrt. D r Nl!!!y.....

ToW Armt.a_me:nL

P4:!ttol!:f1t Q r toto]' '~ohJIIt-WSI~0:r. I~U-l~

~ : : . U : ~ ~ { C ~ ; ; : : = = = : - - = : : : : _ : : = ~ ! ~!llombl, mln.lI:III. II.Dd .D rbN~ ..........._ ~ .•• _ I:.! 11

Jbu,Ho ILhd ~ect;r k1It -l !ll.l.IPnln.nl.-. IO:H

Oplferulll'!d.illVrntJ(]l'J~1ql.ll~m~;~==---· .3

SHull! ~rrD r t n r J : m l lI iO fl il li il fl -t :O UJ !_ ". .. .. . ~ ~ ' _ 6

T o ll ll n . l. m l o n Jn a nl l! .' V ~A_~&4

I!I'I' ~~_

ID 1 2 : ~ ~

l ' ! . i . . ~ _ ~ ~ _

1 1 iI - ! , ' _ ~ ~ .. .. .. .. .

t l , j 'I G , _

3 " 1 f Io O

It·HtD

!~,.i~'

" ! - . 4 : . 3 C l O

1 : ! : : I . Z ' C l O

1,80. ,~,',800 t ' !7

',~OO ,.1'11.600 "816.,:&:"0 ,.

1 id!t,oltd to Ih1::rude t::J)er.tlHur.eiI lfRru.rll:r.~ to :arunIUonll, M!~lItr,)l'

t L D l o U tll-hu: 1 0 Y G . 30 ~ . .D O O ., O O -O I h UI.,. ~ l id \ "3 . ,' :! 0 1 ) '. 0 00 0 .0 0 0 I II ' I~"'Ii,.

Nav,,1 urmnmeut accouurad fill' 46 percent of

tOtft! Na vy expemlitlll 'es during th e WIII ' . fe l lI ' S. ' " it h

. a i l' c rn f l. "llllounliing" to more tlmll !UlU of' arma-ments e.xpenditures, OIXl.IIIl!\Ce items aceounred

fOI·less thnn one-thir-d of t h e t ot a l spellt 'fill ' f irma-ments,

S_~Ips On:ltJ._.n~-------------[-------·1-------!941 __ . .... ~ ,,',1942 ~ ...~ . ! i s

1.~3 --' .0

1 94 ,1 --- .. ..~ _ ~ _ ~ w 53I D ~ G • _ _ • • • _ "

T'olJd lDo:I,l-4u_,_ (SS}

10 37

11 :I.l!9 n13 ,:)

n 18

(161 {~)

Some iden of ~he l ' eJu t h 'e i l l1 l )O l 't nnce of nuval

ordJl1111ce (:IlII Illso be hlld f l 'OJ"I l ,examinution of

dU11101 1 steel delivcl'i.es, orilllunoo items cO!l,Sultlcd

Ollll·third of ul l s teel dc[ il 'l !! ·ies to the Na"Y in 11H2-

,13 , : Iu d n en !' ly one·tenth of to ta l J llpu ueiS e C OIl-

S lIl Ilpl ,iol l, Cornpurublc dat il fo r 19444 He not

1 \ 1 ' 1 1 i 1111>10e cl lu se o 'f ~ he exclusion of a i l ' c r a f t oltl.

ImIlO!! 11'0111Nfll')' records when responsibil ity for

ni n!l'U ft. p.roductioJI II'IIS l!'I!!lsfCl'l'l)d to the nuni-

tions ,\ii .uistry. If i s i ml ic nl c r! be [011", holl 'P ,'r, I',

L111 l 1t ee, I consumed by OI~hHml:e items othel' tlulIl

airel'a n . gUlls amI a !nn l ll . 1 li l ,ion incl ' (l l ls e d by l pC!'--c el lt i ll 1 9< ]., 1"

.~loclDcllocr.c..!

Ordnnnee output was ' cOl lccl lln, led i ll '. . "c lu .

Livel y sm a II lUIInbel ' {lIn rsanuls an d pri VIIte fn e-

tories, Fi ...e arsenals D nd eight civil ian ccrnpa nies

uceonntad for three-qua rters of' the , totu I value 0 f

OUlIJ,it of fini shed ordnanes i tems in HIM; about

100producers accounted for the entire finished out-put. Although some ·ofthese companies opernted.

more than one plant, a high degree of concent rn -t ion i s ind ica ted. The fo ll cwing tabulat ion shows

that arsenals 11 nd eiviillll plants 'vere of etllU,] im-

pertauee wjth re spec t to "due of fill iehed output.

" " ~ « J I t , I ' : I : _ o b l ' : ~ ; , : - I ! < _ 1 : , : ' : . . . J : :TCltat naI Ian Total Ilal ian~-----.. ---- ------------ ------

t : l , " " , , - - , ' - - - - UlO ':! gs: I t ! j "1 j IUAmlPUDhon _.__ ! ! B ' 7 8 : ~ j "1So"m.'bJ.m' I r .l I : : I. teme- I IdMli -~~-- 10D , ; 3 . 0 ' 10 I ~_3 ~'Lo

On 'L l~ . . . 1 I I . nd n l :l . v ! g: a "

t_lonlil - . .._,--- -_.. 100 19 81 ~o Ii l , .: tadlu and c l -teU'l aa. J~I , L.oO 0 la-a I 0, ~

' f . " ' " ---1- 11>11 18 83

Ctauo(IJrdrLa" _~

IS~r; :ha .dJn lfI In :udl 1\!" 'TT\8 I I I ! r w d ~ b l pro. j !C'( 'UIt ! :t .

'!I n (" . l' [ ld ~ G . rm :d l r te t: b 1 ' ! 1 t1 1 1 J.i n d n l l: l 'O n l h ' !: fUc : A J A~n :I I. I . .

~ l li ~l ~d ~ 9 i P' O; ", 'd e' r lLn'i.! i ,C':t,DIa;I,,",:, pl!lori La.

1£Iup!o)'"mCllt 'L l l. d p lont ~i7,e dill:! fm 'l 1i sh ed b y

Ihe . 1u l ) I Il l e se ind ict l lCs II h ig h (teg ree o f COUl'ellll'U-

tionfOI" production of IUllahcd !:I(\ \'ul onhm nee nnd

its components nll'hough it is not dellr lo wlmt IlX

lllllt COVe!'::'b'&0f I he informal ion is complete. Jt

is known tlmt r,here lI"el'e o"er 750 ="n-y.conl.l'ol1ed

cil'iliun plants, whcl'l!n$ the employment dntn list

lloout 680 plan!s ill 104-1. 'l'hc f'JI'IHer ~igul'll in-

dudes plants 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1u e l U ' l' ing IIll "n ! mnlerin 1otller

t h1 )11ol'(IIllUlCll. O n th e other b lin d, th e I nU el ' fi g-

, _ . . . . ~



lire includes an indlltermino e number ofdUI)I~~Il:

Lion of plan producing i te ms f or seveml classes

of ordnance. 'IThe dUlI1 indicate un inCl 'Cl lSin. . .clldtl1c )' 10\\,111'(

c o nc en tr a ti on i n 131'h'1lT e s ll ib l is lu n el lt s u t h \\'(11'

l ) I 'O!! reSSed

~ 7 : : : r :t .!~~~~;:t1~On-r 11:~ 1.0::-1'1

. ..: :: :, .. 'W tt or 'k C'f t wort-uti

.,t'I

'!l~,

UHI -----If"':! , _

, 9 " - - -I!Ui -119" _

' I' h e b ig h d~ 'I 'CO o f " o og l' l' ph il l c () n ce nt l' ll ~i on o f

J np nl le se i nd us tr y i s n w el l: Jm ow ll f ac t, l in d Nnvy_

control led plants fol low rhi pattern.

~ r " i r i : : n ~ r : ! ' :LocaH no htc-(teltlre) ~r

__ ----------------I-~-m-M~~I~TokJ 'o _ --- .. - ... .-- ----- ... .......... -- 180 I ! !J,

O fo l l i a l . . . . . . . . .~ ~ . . ~ ~ ._ _ . 1 1 6~..nAP"" r.. 01 II,,,,,. ~9

r"lnmb _.. ------~------ 36.~\!ehl .. .....__.... .. . .~.....__...._~ .32

S"b'.t.1 . 114

j\li I)th~n ... ~__ ~'_ ... ::65:

To.. l -._.-._ ••• _•• "9

~RE GTH AND NEEDS

T <lilllllllY lin hcquel ll ly b' ;nm to till! e t r e ; : L

that ie Jllpanel'll "did no! h u ve e n ou e h of nn y

t l, iug, " The er it ic al ne ed for a par ti culnr i tem o f

ordnan e, lldwel'et, i dependent upon relation-

, hip , i, e. ! !Unmount s i n rela ti on to ba r re l 1 a .

sembled guns inrelat icn toslrip and aircrnft. Al-

though he e li purity b e tw e en a c ru u I and planned

output fOI,!t1l c la s se s o f ordnance i te ms w a s l ar ge

110( 1 growing, the deficiency W(J not Il )wny en! i-" n l b e ca u se of th e fa ilu re in 111:111 \ ' c as es to m ee t

scheduled OIUJlIIl of ships and "il~l'!lft, 'lhe fol-

I " " , i ,, ) . : pam . . ..mphs outline c er ta in ite m f or w hi ch

u rg en t n ee d s < L i t ! develop,

During l!HI--J.2 em ph a is '~ a p la ce d u po n nil'

t re ng th, p ar ti cu lar ly af te r ) li clway , Requ ir e'

ment s for nl rcrnf t mach ine suu inc reased by four

tim ,nnmnmilion by three t im es , •Tweuty-milli-

meter machine !! ' l IDS, moun te d o n Z e ro f il !h l er s , r e-

ceived special a tt en ti on , a n d t he I fI I" ~ ToyokoWH

nrsenuJ cut back its produerion of 25-mm [surface

vessel) gill) in favor of this d ' ISS , Bombs wcreshort , IUId in come roses it " '" n : e : s s a l ' y to usc

l oaded shel l e ases , ' I' hi e xped ien t \I"'S bolie'l 'el l

"very effective' at Pearl Harber. however. 11 1

1942. " ft er t he bat tl e o f Columbo St ra it s llUd the

s in ki ng o f th e P rin ce o f 1 Y nle s n nd J te pu ls e, tl",

-Iupaucse WC 1'.>; l -em el y h o rt of 4,~-cm aircraft

I O l ' p c d u e , :rhe 1 \ ; 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 Ill'senal COll~ll'ude.1

e p ec in lJ ) ' f or the IIIUIufucllll' n f t hl ' III of tOl'-p ed o, w a s completed in 11142 ,

, I n 1043and 19~, t op pr io ri li es "-el'lll\ i!,'ned to

"lI'C~ft, s lI bm nr me s. e sc or t n ne l tl 'Rrispmi" In

th h 'l< 1 o f o rd nl lll OO , r ud ul ' I lD d commul1iculiol l~npparntus, 'IUd A.\ guns I"(l ived gl'l'lll emphn-

sis, Planned output fo r AA gun tr ipled in III!",

f in d do ub l ed fI<l'ftiJl i ll 1 9M , hu t actna.l product ion

WIIS nearly 30 percent below pluu in the lutter yellt'.

PIl la Jor rndio und el ect ri ca l e qu ipmen t doubled

in 194:3 and in ' r el l ' e d further b y tw o lin d o ne -h al f

t imes ill 194-t Actual produet io n W!lS 2;. perc ntbelow plan in 1944, Radio and radar equipment

IIUS con idered to be notably d ef ic ie nt i n t er ms of

quuli ty , nptl lin Y osh ida oJ the G um mu K yoku

I lXPI'C: d the beli f tha this industry was 20 to

: 1116111." b e hi nd Ame ri cu n imln, IT}" li nd s tu te d t hu l

Jujmll had 110 radio 01' radar n t ' l I 1 1 by American

standards,After GmldulctUlUltmd lhe. 010 . 111 , 0115 'nd New

Gu im l! l C J lmpai g l1 ~ , t h e l100d f or g re ll Iy expandedoutput of shells nnd ammunition was j 'eeOb"l l ized,

but only hn lf o f requirements l \ ' O ' I l ' e met , P roduc -

t ion p lan ca ll ed lor II sixfold in rease in ...U 11111-

munit ion betweeu 19.J.2an d 19+1, uud It fivefold

illcl'l~nsein Ilii'CI,,.ft machine run ammunition. Ac -

tunl p ro du ctio n of A A un unu nitio n w as Je ss Ihllnhnlf of pluu in 19 -14 and uircruft machine run !L1Ll-

m un iti on w a s less h un rh ree-fo urth s of pla n, T he

upply situation with respect t o 1:1- l i nd 25 -ml !l

nmehino guu ammunition be "Hlle especially eribi-

"HI in 1 0 44 , Th e new ;30-11\111 s h el ls d es ig ne d to

u PI)lement I he 20-lUllt i,l com bating our B-2!} ,

I'l~aleel IlO scl'iml j l roblem because 30 - ll l l11 ! ! 't i ll S

l in d n ot yet been IIsed in combat whol l th e \ YO I '

ended,

, RC l j uj r emen l, fOl' sudnoo ,'eliSe] ~11l1chine gUllS

mCl'mlSed II 1l1endollsly wiLh tlt e mp ha si s u po n

lar'gel' numbers of SlI1ulJel ' v 1 5 both mel'chnllt

alld I la "n l, i ll lfl4:l-bl-, Pbns cal led fol' a tenfold

I \I 19 ,15 it was r e al i ze d , t ll l lL \\'81~ wns upp rou eh-

in g the horne islands and s p ec ia l , IU e n li on WIlS

given tb '1'oJCk()/,lliki, 01' special attack weapons,

The II velopment of /wrYIl nnd ~'ai"!J'" UI' lIIidb",l

subs , c rea ted ser iou hor ta ge s in certain IYPI!ll of

clectrillllI IIndllul'iglltionnl equipment. PIII 't iclI-

hlr ly butt r ie s u nd gyrocompasses, [rglll1t mess-

ures were taken to ILITest

th edecline in

outputof

munitions after aptember 11)44, bu t with iuereus-

i ng p ro du ctio n d ifl ic ull ie a nd ruw-rnuterinl preb-

lems, output decl in ed every month tha ren f te r .

i nc re as e i n 1 1 1 1 1 h ine g un b etw een 1 0> 1,2 nd 1 0> 1,3,

lind II Iurnher inereuse of G O percent in 1944, Again

product ion fell fnr short of plan. 011 Importunt

Q I" of s h ip s S ti ch lIS ( li nk er 'S i t w a s p os si bl e to

fit from .j,('0 guns inslruld of I he 20 uni ts desired ,

Tho battlesh ips 'ngllto nnd MIISil hi obtained

about G O of these units apiece, instead of the 130

plunncd, T'h conclusion wus Iin(llIy reach d Ilhnl

it' " ' 0 11I d not b possible to 5 I 1 P 1 ) 1 ) , 1I10l 'e than {O1 0 5Q percent of reqnirements for sh ips and n ir-

fi Ids , and that aircraft product ion was Japan ' sollly h op e o f III \ '!ll ion , '

VI. PLANS AND PRODUCTION

Th e lurge 11 ) 1 ( 1 growin" dispari ty between pl ans

al ld 'l'tUal output during the course of t J1C WaJ'

years hn b en ment ion d above. \ con~I) l l . r iSQ)1

of plans and producuiou isgiven below.

61

~

100

'3~

aa o: R i O

s.!.\o

u2

19<' _

J G ! '2 : _ .. . ._ . .. .

]"..3 __ .•~._ _,_..., . _1 0 > 4 '" _ . . . _ . . . ~ _

I'::; _

!o !v" ,b l i n d . "S cP ll lm bt -r I n jH ~ rii I M Jlrt'b (U HG l _ ..._ _, _ _OctoiM!r ~ ..._ _ 518 ADrU _

NO"C'm"r ----- ..----1 ilj.66 MillY ...

~mM.r -~____ ' , ! : JJu"~~e:=:-_ _ - _ - - _ - - - = 1J.nu.,r, (11 l4G) 1 " ' . . . .>;1' -_'_ -

FdJ na ar y - - . .. .. .. -- . a i J U AUa:'iDl ---~-_1

_ _ : ~ : : :: r ,, : :; : ·= t . h : ._ II""tl'

Analysis of the composition of ordnance out-

put during th e Will' years reveals ! l11111 '1 l increasesin \Jle relnt i veirnpor ance of guns and eleetrical

equipment and ubstnntial deerea in the relative

i m po rt an ce o f ammun it io n ,

Pcn:~ntor t;)oo C ! t d n a n c : 1 I C output

(bAK'd o n y co fl l Y1I. lu:e1 I t _ !_ ' 1 l (G p rf cu t _ _

~ ~ 19~ h ; t N I , t 19""

l~ \lll 18

43 -.& .1 31 31 2&AmmunUJol"I ~ !1 : z : s 17 lS I

Olil.IClljand fll.vlP.llon.i\I_ 3: .s :3 3 2

Ibdlu l ind ~t~t,rlH!l____ 19 19 2 3 1 ~i 26SmJllla.Tms.f'l.d olh~r_____ " li 6 5 'D

Total ord"II·t'!ec ~~~I---;;----;;- - - " ' l O O - - - - u o t - u o

l regrouping' of item within these categories

indicates un increase i n r he r el ati v hares of air-

CI'IIft crdnuuce and 1l1ttiltitCt'llft weapons betwe II

1941 and 1944, nnd a decrease in ship and base ord-

IlIUI::, In 1 9-1 ,5til re la tiv e s hm o f n nti nil 'c l" nft

w eapon d ropped h ll l'p ly w hile that of s hip li nd

ba 01'11nnllce i r lCr e (1 ed ,

P4!!n:ent.of lo\lll Qrd".anc:~ out !:Ill"l ' b ; u . c : d on )'11/'" valUt at U " . 1 j i prir:.J

c.~""ry 19U 1~2 ro., 1~" .. n---1----

AI.......'.ordnuC< I~ 11 !I U ,1

Ao.bl,.. .. r' ~_____ J~ 'I II ,. 10

Ship..nd bQ.e O r d O I L : n c : fiG &2 • :ltII ,.

'loIal roo 100 j I o ' o 'l O O - - '; ;

7

PInus f or H I' )' ;; 1I l ' 1 l 1 I 0 t u va il ab le b ec au se they

Will'll not 1 1 1 1 1 ( l e 'fm' evera I important classes of

i tem s n , ft 'e l '0111' h ea v y a ir u tacks, 'l"he'l\lltual index

gi\1en above is bn ed upon i tems for which plaus

ar available 'fol: the yeuts 1941-44, Thes e items

nccounted for 3 pe rc ent of th e to tn l v alu e o f o rd -

nuu ce p ro du ced in 1 9#, Inclus io n of tllo remain-i ll g i tem s , for w hich no plans !Ire u v ui ln b la , w o ul d

reduce tho l !l 44 a ct uu l i nd ex to 4 -7 fro m 5 23, a nd

I'.dse the 1945 in dex to 308 from 2 U, Iiscellnne-

OIlS ite ms r ela te d to g un s a nd e mm un ir io n a cc ou nt

fOl ' a lill'!II part of the discrepancy ill 1944, An

ine rea se in the r ate o f o ll tp u~ in rocket projectiles

I ICCo ll n ts fo r the Cl i scl 'Cpl l ncy i n 19405,

T ho ~ nb uh lt io n I \b o\ 1 o shows t Jmt O \ lt .p ut d o ub l ed

ill t Im p e n. k y e a r 19<14 " , l ul l l ~ h e i ndo) ! : II el1l!! 'ed 523,

Olltput ad \ 'l \ ll c cd s h l lv p l y from 4 7 G i n A pl 'i L 1 9' 14

1,0a plink o·f 5 1 in e pt~ l1 1 be l', O utp ut f ell s lig htl y

(5 per" (m t) in th e n ext a montlls, bilL (hopped

shm'ply evel-y monl.h therellf t I ',



Sh i) n nd b ase ord II'lIl~O in I he w b u , ] n . ! i I l H " b~" c

l·.I leclrlc" I equrp-l n el ud a s n o n- n ir -hO l " h e me II) n Il( . ' ._

"ill-lit an d SI!!I IU n r i ll s. E x d u di ng I hese t"'l\gI'OUp~:ship and b:lS(!ordnance declined "frmn3:$ ! leI"C~II .

. ] " " I to H I 1 )1 . >1 ' - ' ( ' 1 1 1 1 . 1 1of tot"I11" VftIQI'dn,,]n 'c III .ifr· . -

. 1 9M . n lC o ve ri ng to 21 p cn :e n l i l l l0~5: A_ [1101"9 . e·

l'niledllXaminntiu" of each of th e 'IIn]OI" cntegoru~.s

i s g iv en b el ow .

A.Glllts

O;,!;pul of Hnl-tmjectory euus dpclil lcd nfter

1942 ill ; ,cc(l l"t lnnoow ith Ihe sh i ft to SIU~~e,- I'~""

sels ill 1 he n nv n lc o ns t r u ct io n p l' o gr l l Ill. l'i0g u n ~

over ~O"CIl1 were [milt nfter In.:t:~,and !hc number

of 20'cm guns dropped from 20 10Ii} III NU. •\:.

l:u~ number o fs 1 1 0r t· 1 2- 3 nd W - l' 1 II g u ns \ \" ~ I" eeons] meted in 1!J4,3 and 11l4!, how6\ 'c r, wluch

" ' er e u se d in th e nrllling of merchant s hi ps , T hisr ed uc ti on c on I I""J,;!Sshurr l, . with the progtlllnS "fo r

nntiairem ft lll\d Inn eh ine gullS.

[nd1~ Dt aldiJl l :l t ( l~ 1 monthl ' ,

...'~-l.ool

li4~ 1;.;' !lUI

I19,~ 1 - - - ; : ----.1--1-==---- --I-N........nne

""....---1 lOG Ul! ill11'1& "1 -~- (lOG) !!On) 1m

AfiLl..r Z 'r r . . h~~<UW __ • 1 ! W I

r P1 :a nl _ _ . . . . .. . . .. , _ r ]l J.C )

l i .a l f' h I ftC IOUn " _a.c.tuJ;

"'''''''-----l 1 1 1 0I l" I J I n l ~ . . , r iS U

M I o c : b r r J ' I ' J:rD11. (lIU:It=t):Aat l&l ~_- __ Jrlj)

T o t o l = ~ .l: :11 1 '1 0 . • ) I S S )

. . : 2

1 ' 0 12 D ' I ~ -e N :u s(WI (~!) U.ail11 • 1 ')

: !O~ ",j:! I.m 1 1 . 2 3 .lro"I) (WI U . ! ! ! I) l O U J ' O l l '

Iii ' . 0 0 . ' !,':i2 '.mUTI) '2.011) I""~) I')

'0 0 6;0 1 1 . & & 1 1 1 S i 1/101 ) I;SS) u.n.) I')

Itis n nt p os si bl e to iletermine the extent 10

which plo.nsreprosented 11!f,<it.illl! lte ellpOOlittion.•.

In some eases th~ IlPPIl31" to hnl'e boon i n c l i " n l i " l 1

goals . In t he CI l .$ ·o fn i te ro ft machina 1 , ' 1 . 1 1 1 5 , PluJ1l1edoutput lllpresentoo t "equi l -emenl l :o l l ly w i th re spec t

t o s ch e dul ed oiul"Il ft producHon, 0 1 1 1 t .dlll~e to

l!lB e t s uc h s eh ed nl es I 1 ld uc ad I h e I! 'l ie m l ed ' fo r n j 1" _c r ni t o r dl l ll ) lo o .

1'IuIUled output or- 12·crn AJ\ glillS ,,"il~ rnilff i<l

!r om 4 75 in 19 '13 t02,. roo in IOU. . \c tu u[ OU k pu tIn 11 ) : 1{ ""!IS ollly two ' lhi rds Q .f p ln ll . l )J ul is fOI"

1 03 of t he 1 2 .1 · cm ~,''1IllSll J ! lH "Q(H-esentlld b"I 'e

"ec..~.ities. nud flcto., , !1 output was : loo. Peak pro-

d ut "[ m] J o f t he se t wo dn8SC$ wn s n lt ni tl e; [ i n O C " lo -

- I' . t "t,d ofnOOlit ~u uni ts \""~ turned 0l!b l >1 "W '1 61 l I t v -- • . ~.. ,

• t "0 Ihe '(o llowmg ) r " rch 1 1 1 . 1 . " l . 1 ' i I he fo!.( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; " ,0 ~ .. ..•• d 1

• J . . Iy The decline \I'as gill uut, It \\"'.'8lowing ~I,l ~ . . .

. '- . ',1 ' duo 1 '0 luck o r s te el a nd o th ei - l l lntc]·"ds)l,"no.rl) . . -' " e. I. It' fl"III' 1 1 '" hN ' P 1 ' 1 . 01"1ies n!I l l ! gne( I0 lth·.

res)! I:ng.· ~ , e-' .. ,:~.. ,.

fL - ' ] 1 ,· 0 " 1 0 1 ' 1 . K w ' O nrsenul lind N o ~ . I . ) . P O l l : - S a I k I ><,ra"'i'ro! "." .. . _ : _ .which slI])plillil th e onlll'o hlll~ lul{1 OlltPlit ~f Ihc~e

''';IlS were no t all!l!ngcd ? . i ' uiruttuck unOIl JUlie

~lld·!!!Ust·19:J.,;. :\~COI-dI!l" to theJllpll11ese, pro.n . L _ ~ . . I ...duceieu Cllpnelty f O i ' gmls a .l )( . nmJ ll Il !11110n a t Klll"{l

w a s , -e r iu l '( ld by : 10 p e r cen t III .T 1 1 1 1 0 .

L'LI '~>elJi l is were mnde in !1il'CI~'ft mach i : I )C gull,

production ill W·j·k ' 1 11 · 1 . " ' '' g h p l u un ad output wn s

>101Iellched.

B. A,IWIII." i l io1J

A.mmunit ion production increased :t.ii times be -

(''''lIllll Inn and 19H, cempnred with a fil'efold in-

crease in total ordnance, I n c r ea s es ill on lie h i. ne....,IllS a n d n n ti n ir c fl l ;f I; am rn u ni ti on WC1'C p! l ,1i l l i ly

~ J r s l l t b y t he d ec re as e In n n v al g Ull projectiles.

LO O l-I9 "';1 ~HOI ) I:

(16:8) IIll) 1:130)

I.. 15t ~g , s••1 1 0 21 lI~a) (..~i'~ 16~1)

------._._-_IS:;i(l

31.UO9.6')0

11.100

__ Alu_",~"_"_"_I:(!_n_ll_l_~"_l_'~'I-_II_:.L!_J--_!O_"_-' I~

P"'I.n~.. ,. . . . . . . , _ _P",,) _

;t\'n~l.bC!r..(t;A~l_- ,

(Pl il ll I) __ . _. _'

~ht{'.blfie gun {:gi,er-o).A -' : '" l; r d _

(P l. all )~. = .. ..

M . m c : l 1 t f : l i ! ! ~n

f(j. th~t);

~ \ c :h J ; ll . .1 _ ~~1»1 :.1 1 ) . _ _

~QO

(100)

80 20. 40(80) (21~) 1:182) I')

:WZ

., . "9 U·(iU2J mS) 11."8) I')

' : w " lii!6 t.!fii!\ ~. 'OlG

13'&) 17£9) 11 . 180) 11.13./

::II. o. .m lIi, . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . __ ~ .. .. .. .. .~ _.

~o..mm __ .:.... • ~.

IZ.JtlIn ~_ •. ~~~~ •

; .9-1.1.", ,, , ._...__ •__ • .1

'09,0$! .OOIIU35

Production ,0 '£ m ac hi ne g un s for s u ef ue e v e ss e l: stripled in 19#. This was slightJy br.tte:r thau

p la ns , w h ic h wc[e ! ·c l .' I1 ! ·<1 cd ' AS the '''hfll'C necessity."

1!C~ ,.~(IC~) "'~I

!IS 13!.

(118.) ('I

;2,070

'(O.W;

I< '{ IO

1 1 . 1 < 0

Numl kt n { .I ! ;UI"LI

- I ! . ] I ; - D I O : ! i I 1 , 1 ' ~ :

Ac: lu il l~~_ . .IPIR,n} __ ~

T G t A ' 1 ; t m . r n u n l U . O J l l;

A ! : t' ll ; ;A l - -~ _ l8~

~ ) - - _ - _ · _ · - _ - I L ' ~ 2_ ~ ~ (')

II' N " D ' t . . t I L v a U : r . b l l ' : .

:\!\ "1 1 I gun nmmunitien larger ~h rm 20 < . ' 1 1 1

renehed u p ea k o f 3 5, 00 0L "O U lu ls in 1943 , hu t ((":IS

s topp ed ill J!)J.I. due to luck of sh ips, PI"Odll~1ion

of "It! I II 1 1 1 1 it i on l es s th an 1.5 .5 ern amounted to 25(1,-

00['1 rounds in 1f.I4.~, bllt. pl'oducl" ioll wns also

810ppcd il l ItlH for t he s li me rcirrou.

An t ia h "C l 1 ' f 1 , l ll u l lIUL i t, i o n in CI" ea se d J l··om I t i2.000

ro und s i n 1 94 2 to :HO,1l01) ill ]943, ! tue ! to iDa.nOll in

1 !)H. r~tl m onth ly onl put of 60,00(1 wns'"(!<lchc-d

in Xo,'cmhel' u l l cl Do c 'embe r 19#, ta Iling to H ).fH ~J

in : ' o f " l '1.·h. Output guii1ed in April. b ll t b .l' .J uly

Im d l l l ,, 'nin heml r el in eI 'd t o ( D, OO O .. T he 1 1 I 0 - 'l 1 i l ll -

pOI'ln n1""ell8onfol" !i~ dee ] i I\e "'as luck of ~t eel rHr

1,!"ojedi l l . !S lind l·ases. Diroot bomb < I " 1 IU l I, 't I \ \" 1 1 "

.~n~t" i l lPd ill U lIllnst few m onth s of the Will·. 'fit"

9

•1')

Th e 20· a nd L :J ·r nm "III1S wllre th e mos t i mp or -Illllt clas ses, The 3(j·,nm had not yet been used

ill comb at, A peak prcduction of 3,830 of th e 2 1J ll

w ns r ea ch ed i n N U I' em b el ' 1944 , de cl i ni J lg s l uU "p ly

to 1 , 6 0 5 i l ll h c folloll"iHg Febl"IHII'Y nnd 785 byJuly,

TI . le V l ·mllL gl i l l di d n ot r en cl ) i ts pell kof 1 ,6 05 u n-

Iii !!.ful"ch 19i5, b ut d eclin ed to 1,005 in July, 2!l.~

in A ug us t. D ir ect { l e j r a tta ck cnm e 1'00 la te to con.

tr ib ute m uc h to th e d ecl in e, 'I 'h e T oy ok lfw lI u nd

Tn gn.j 0 n r se n I I Is I l ~ O O I I l 1ted f or ' .1 , 0p e l ' c l l u t ofl lO. 1 T I 1 1 1

output ill HIH,lhe rema inder being produced by

Dninihon H ei ki , ' rh e ' l' oy ok nw fJ (lIlll" 'uzllkli 111'-

S(!llll1s p rodu l'cd p rnct ic al ly a ll o' f the La-mill guns.

In June 'D'i'5 th e ' l 'oyu]ulshi parts sh op of D aiui-

l io n He ik i wns bombad, l'estilt,ing in r o ta 1 d e st ra e -t i on o f C 'l p" c lt y. i, 20 pel"Cm,t loss 0 f 13 ' J ) 1111 en'

p uc it y a t Toyok:lWfl ' ' l 'sultocl front an actack (Ill 7

AU b ' 1 . lS l HJ~i l, . but no d nn/l lg e. to .B O-m m ellll!',eit.I'

WllS suffered.

'rio II llIlLII cuuseil 0r l he d Ilclinll i n n i) .· " IItn 11m·

elline ~U, p]'odu~tio1! ]'Itei:u 1 9M " 'l lr e. sh ol 'l !l g~ o f

steel', local ~'"!Inspl)}"tn(,jOIl dela.I 'S , "n d dispel"s ioll

o f omp ne iL y st l) rt b) g i n Ocl'ob01' 1\)1 j4 . By th e 0 11 11

of the Will" u hll'{,'e Pl"Q]lOl'Lionof c ap ac ity ! Ju d been

lIispersed. bnt th" l'e sul ts w m'c Io.'\!;of pl"oducli:OII

d uring th e j ,) " ul is i li ol l l lud d~crense(L ClfilliclI"Y "I

Ih e lIew ] 'ocntiQns.

8

/044i!ldg~1

13·,mm _' __ ~ __ ~ . .

1 .7 ~· ,m rn -- -- ~- -, ,~ . .------~_l

P en k ou t pu t o f 9 ,2 00 of tile 2 5 -m m guns wn 5

l·en,c]wd in O cto ber 1 9l1 4, fa ]] jn g g md ua lly to 1 ,60 0

in FebnUl.ry 1111(\ obl"1l11t lyto 500 ill March. Afti'll'II, temporary ' i u cl "en se to 80 0 i n A p ri l nnd in MI lY ,

output d:!"Oj)ped !lg1dn ill the next 3 months to 10 0

in August. Produe tion of 13'J1lI1I guns reached

Ihe pellk of 80 0 in Ocf,obtw u nd NOI 'embc r 1 9 44 , f el l

to a oo b y M ur ch u nd IillnlJy to .0 in Au gu st . .

The primr't"Y cause for the nbove mentioned de-

cline was hick of steel . Direet bomb damngeto

I lS t .nh 1i shmen ts ~IIl1lil1g ou t fmished gU!ls hn d no

e.lfact until .May 1945, nlthol~gh indirect efleets of

bombing were felt earlier. Th e 'foyokn'l·n. und

SIIZII k II. 11 I"SOIl II. Is II ccou II ted fOl" 86 1 )I!I"OO!I t of th e

Iuhll vnlue of !i l l i~hed o utp ut o f tlo is doss 0 1 w e up -

nus in ION• .A d4 p ct 'c on t l os s ufcn.plleity f01" Ihis

type 0'[ gUl and its ununnnition r es ul te d : ho m tI ,e

bO ll !h iu g' ( rf ' l 'oyoko.w!\, b u t I l hi sOCCU lT ed ll AuguSI

1945. No dumuge W:lS sustained at the Suzukq

,trSeimll. .A. 0 0 p er ce nt c np nc it yl os s wn s susrained

b . l ' t ,he )Jinnmisenju c om pa ny i n : i\ f! '. I' 1M l ; n ut ! e; o

p o l " o ; c n I , nt A i e h i 'l'okeiin . , J I J I ' ( I 1M!;, bu t these

plrtllt.s Wei'" o ' f le s se t · import" nCIl I hu n Hill two n I'·

sell 11 Is .

Dispersion npp.e,u"S to hn"6 d ell lyed ou tput o f

I hes~ we"I)O!ls tOSOll10 <'xtcnl, pllI 'l ic ll lnl"ly witlll"e-

~pee~ 10 nfOIIll!H. T h e l lI ov em en t .~I·nl·ted lMe in

!l4 .f, but pIn ns were no l f Il 1 l. 1 'c l ll " t" i ed oliL



IC uro, H iknri, s nd Sasebo n l"SI'nnlsaf,;(I)lIlI~d rl~I'

about 70 perc ent o f A A a nd w ll 'n l gun '!I]1I1111"'-

!on in 19:H . 1(",'6 wr.s hit in .Tlme, H ikari in

A ugn st, nn d, e seb o WIIS undam aged . S ev ern I p ri-

vataccncerns of 1 1 ) S . < ; ( > timportance W C I " i l lo i l ill M a y .

JUne, . fLndJuly 19lti-Hi(Mhi. umitomo Kinz-

oku, Kooo S ei ko, H i ra uo S t> is a k usho , "llt! 'l'oyll

Se ll in l). Disper sicn had some ~tred in l-educing-

output. K ure d ispersed a monthly capacity of

ab out 1 4,000 projeC tiles (about 0 [WI cent of i ts

total capn.city) t o o u ts i d e nreas, a nd S ns eb o m ov ed

n monthly C ll .p uc il y o f a bo ut 5(1) p ro je cti l~ . u n-

d er gr ou nd ( ab ou ~ J O p ~ n' l! nt o f i ts to ta l c lI ll ac ity ).

No (bIn am 3 , ,"i lnble on nd"" I nultllli by these

d i sp e rs e d i oc il i ti es .

_ 4 . item itmachine g u n a mm un iion s how s Ie

I~rgest increase of th is group for the "'(IT yews.

Th e 011 tpu t re cord for 1 94 3 l ind 1 94 I:i8 a s fo!!ow s :

As .noted. ubove, 3 0 -mm p ro du ct io n Cl"I!uted Ill)

p ro hl em s in ce th e g un s w el "O in l in e xp er im en ta l

s tage. AJthongh 1944 plans for'i.9 . und 'i.'i-mm

. am .mun j tion caned for an inc re . .ue ove r 19~8ctualpro duct ion, 1 94 4 ou tput WIlS cu t buck i n I a v or of

t he 1 .3 : a nd 2 0-mm C [I l. SS eS .O ll tp ut o f 20-mrn am -

I I IUIU t lonrencl1ed II peak of ] ,981 ,000 rounds in

October 1944l1.nd Iall 1;0 nbout O ' iO ,OOOby . fan u at yand Februa,"" In.. Alt· . - ... .:~ ",,"'u II p ar ti al r ec ov er y i n~lnrch, ~P~iI'.~lId .May,production leU to 1 50 in

. fun~ ~ nd 4 ~0 1n August. The p Cl lk i ll 13-l I l rn 1 10 1 -

~u m t!0n. production w as n o l l1 ! uc h ed u nt il i\Iareh

I" ln en 2,B ~O OO r Qu ~d s. w er e. t ur ne d one, Output~e~d lip f!lld)' well 10 tl m n ex t f ou r m on th s, . ~vel'-

g I n . S " about 2300 ,00 0 per m outh , but feJ l to t O T O -00 0 IIIAugust. . . ,

T he m ll in r ea so Jl S for the drop in pl'od.rwere luck f' . . - ue!Ol l.-. . ' 0 coppu for shnUs , .and disp!!rsion. To.yo~!I .wu nCCO\ l 1 l l; e d .~o r 54 Jl61-een t of frirCI"llfe IIIfL-

clune.sun a mm wlI tiO !! ontpu t ill 1044 and D . .ho n H 'k' j'ed .. .. IlIllI-,_ 41] I.SII PP 1 :3l per cen t. . As notOO «Dovefoyoknwn WIIS n ot b om be d UHm Autruc' I'''~ ,. I'thoh d . . . ., ~. ....", I , -

ug nrn llge.nt tJ lI lt tune wos heny Jnp-e sti ma te s i nd ic nt r; to ta l l os .~ of 1a-n~m ~ .n d ' 1 · · ·1 I l J l~

-. u_ " -mm

Gil;;

!:I;hO

1. [ . 1100

' ! ! I . ' O G O

" apnd t. I' n l ' ro y "k " wu n!II~lll [iIIlU, !iii POI'con( 1<I! l .~

in 30 m ill . and 2. S percenl III 20 mill. O JI(} of rh

sh ops of Dn in ih o n n oi ki . l 1 lf l ll u fac tul " ' ing COI l lPO~

neuts for " H I ·IIim <lH ll ll "uho)l I \'US completely d ( ; .

stroy~ 01 1 !O l 'o f nr l: h 1 9 d r: , n nd litis I If 'p cl ll " S t o huve

b o o n [ J > 1 [ " t 1 1 ' ~poll.!iil~le_ror 11 6.0 Y . B l ' !I { l n t drop in

f i ni shed output at l)"i ui ho n H ei ki III Apri l (com_

] > ~ r o d with outtmt. during I h e p re vi ou s tlll ' l 'e

m onth s) . In Mny Ihe 1 " 0 1 to of o,~tput in f inished

rounds III lhiniholl Hpiki l " l l "OI 'CI "cd (0 n 1 0\ lel

which wn s aboul :m POI'C:(lut b el ow th e D ~ Cti mh er _

! l Inrch ,JI" 'IlL,I!!C. Th e movcnl,wt, of e t l u ip m e n L out,

of'th e m ain plants " I 'l'osOk!l\\'jl lind Jlnillihrltl

H oi ki . w h ic h I r e : ; : ' l ! ! Inti! iII lfI~d" WIIS a ll illlPOl"tlllJ1.

obstacle 10 Iwmiuct,ion. n y th e end of t,he WII,.

IWl lr l y n i l 20-mil l e ap nc it y I Hi d Imen d iSPCL'8( l ( t , find

4 3 p e rc en t o.f 13 ·mm cnpnci,ly h ad been I I l Q V e c l .

i\mllumition fOI ' other ~h8n nirel"afe I 1 I ( 1 e l ) i n o

g uns sh ow s an increase of 7& percent in . 1944, al-

though inere.qsc;; prim' t o t hn .t till1(l h ad been fnil" 'lyrn o(lcro te,

Coli"",

, ~ 1(j'ti:i,'outl)tll:~ t I : i I ) f . i ' & J9-('!I

• _ _ _ IU=:,tU l 1i: lI : t,uA1 lIlIiD

s. m.okd_ fJC"'d.~t, (Im_n,' -----.._. _ 1.1", 1 I l i . .4(i..~, 6.000Smobl~ ,pow~u (mJlehl'ne '&lli n) ._...- , , :2 '. .. .4 8 <a . .. .. :!31 " ' . J o oSmokcl:o, .-, ." .~:er ( :r o c= li :I Q 't ,' _ _ , _, _. _ _ , . jill) 1 0 m l",110

U IKb ~! I I: I ) II ) . d\ l 'f : it -~-~~_&--..~~~-. 2:3.~ ~_ 2ta.!I'i:I~ I : J: (! i~ c !D £ I

Output II";]S nmintllined III 11 high level until

;~Jldll!l*!j. The index fo!"ihecutcgm'Y (L!.I,!L= 100)

w us h ho H t 2 3 0 f ro m S e pt cm b el ·1 9 g. .J , t o. M IU " il h 19d,5whan i~os e to 247, . J l lml lg irregularly Lhe~ftcl"

1 . 0 1 1 0 in . T nl ) ' a n d li6 iii }\'ugust. ' Th e th re e n av al

e xp lo si ve s f ,l cl 'o l" ie s, uc co Hn fe d ' fm ' 41 pereent of I 'he

v alue of eu tpui , in J9#, nino civilian plullts ne-

counting fo!' I:he rema inder. Th e eeond Nnvul

Explosives ]"ncl;llI'Y (It Hiratsuka was hit In :Jul)'

19·15 wi tIL II lO p m ' c e l l t lo ss . 0 0 £ C A . J1 ,oi 1 , . 1 ' . 1('1nl'~

Danki , which uceounted fol' 10 percent of total

output il l H)#, suftel'e,:'! a [, p c r < : . C l l t los.'! 01 er lpnc it y

in Apri.! H)!" M " result, of b om b d um n ge . Fivc

othet- civilian p l l H l m wm-e Idt in JUl ie ' 1 1 ) ( 1 July

with cllp"cjl Y losses of fl '< '111 . to 10 p e r cen t.

~oo.~•. -----~---__l UCO6g0·K~. _._._______ . j;O~O .!.K!!rr -...... ...,,~.. _ . __ • ,SS ..Sl i i o

fi..Il~Kr:. 'Or I" ,,,,,- __ ~~_~~ lt1 . .. iI:20

!~.,LO"

:l. l: lu: ll ;; ot" Da t---------(---_--~"rq -~- . .. ----.. .. .._-I;s..:r!1m • __

,:t..mm _... .... ..,. _-. .,~ •T O < a I _

' o , i j . O ,.6.!(I0

J.~."j'OG

1 3 • . 1 0 0

r : ; , Bombs, Mines" oml Torpedoes

Th e produceion i nd ex ' fo )" t h is lli'lSS o f i re ms ill.creased 50 percent ill 19" .compul·cd wirh 10 0 per-

c e o t -increllse il l the tOtl' l ordu 1 1l ice indes.. Output

wastwo-thirds of plan ill 19". Mines and nircrafttorpedoes show the gt'(jatest expansion of I)utjml;.

11M3 19...... I~ ..

~_8_ ...._f_bo_m_b 1 ",,1Wd ~ ~

2.MIl

U'O60.600l"lf.i_~n

. . c . J I H : ! I

. . v a - o011 . 8 0 .

IgM~

26.000

UOO

2 ! . l ' , . .OG O

~~'.300

P ~" k p ro du et iou of DO -Kg. bombs WIIS -J,iiO in ~ ,, -

vembar 10014.fulling off eneh monjh to ranch 1[0in ; > ' fa l ' t: l l H l i iJ . Output l"·ecol1eJ1l(lill AP1'i1, Mas

"n,t JUlie, bu t was fQl ' below plun. Production

n mo ," ,I lto o I O. ! 0 i n . J l I ' l y , and 2 : 1 . 0 ill_\llgllst..l\"[llxi-

Illulll product ion of i';IIO-Kg bnmhs was not reached

lInl.i! )I"y 1 ! l4 ti w h en I,;~n WCI'e IIIl'uedont, but,

I h i~ W l IS ' : 1 1 1 1 0 lJGO in .rllly nnd 'W in .August. Tw o

lumdrad Jifty-Kg "'(IS reduced by 1'10 pereent be.

llrcen Xovurnbar 19H and May-JlI ly l!Hi). Sixty-

Kg. output averaged about 10 ,000-12,000 from

N O l1 cm be " H )U tl ll 'o ug ll June 194;5 , fell to 8 ,50 0 in

.Iulyund 2,200 ill .August.. The gluup as a ' l ' "110le

In:,!"I;,'Ildrllilld requirements a f f.e l" o pt em ber 1 1 1.1 4.

( ,j 'l 'man plant s aceeunt cd " for' , t il hut :3 pCI-eentof tot.ll output o f b om bs in 1 ! )J4 . Th is output w us

,y ic 1e l y d i s h 'i b u te d over npPI'oximnl'ely 20 plants.Five of these p lant s, which had I es s th an o n e- fi ftl I

of tile indnstl"Y's totalcapaclt y were bombed ill

19,1-5.

JUon tilly da L ' I l (!I'Cn ot to o l'eli nM e, b ut it is indl-

cat.~d thnt peak outl)ut of IIbont ' 2 , .( 30 0 ,0 0 0 o f ~he 25-

rnm all l_munit ion WQS re ach ed in October and No-

,' em be r 1 0M , fallillg to 2,000 ,000 ill MIH"Cb. and

j O O , O O O in .fllly 1 9 . t 5 . O ll l, pu t o f 1 3 rom WIlS fur

b el ow l ll tp nc i( ;y i n th e f rl -l ! o f 1 94 4, hllVillg d ee li n ed

grnd.u(tlly iL'·om ] ,000 . ,000 rounds in M:ul '< :h to 200"

00 0 III 'Cpmmbel", lind after lU I hJ'~ llnl" teem'l!for the Sllcccmling months setLIed down to O 100 , .000

1.li lrmonth I,Iter Ap~iI194,ii. l 'h ad eG ii ne o f 1 3 -m ln

a~U1' l~n i t ion W a s i l l fin;or of the 25-mlll.. The de -ChillI III 25.mm. b" . •

, - . . - IIIIS CHll l " I ) ' d ue to lu ck o f c op pe l- .J'oyok n wa n C(I()" nt-n([ f ·''''0

• . ... ~ ~ 01 ,( p er ce nt o f 2 5-m m , ou t-put III 19 -W '\ n d . 1 ' 1 · f II

• . .1 .. 0 tJ~13-mm. Bomb tlnmnb' l!WIlS 51! f T e t ' c d iT)til I Ii . - . ... e lI a, month of the WfU, nn(l tlllll'cSilO reC{lI'd 0 f " tl e m p i e d d is pe rs io n.

V " l l l e of on! I ) ' •• - u. 0, powder nnd c x pl o .s i \, c s i l l-

CI"ea5e l \ by·j th O I' .,'''', ' . -I! .' .1,1, I II " . .. .. '"ul \\'IIS n hOl l ~ J) [>CI 'cen t>c Ow plan.

10

-_.------.- -------r$o'mb: l ;

~ \c ! "! .1 . Il I _ _ ~ HIO ~23 !S9 2 ! ! B I~Ol1'''n) (lUI ncs) (:IIi') (!!71) (~'')

. \1 1 1 1 I!:II (lit:.ro) :

A_rllJ.l.l_r~_ 10. r l O ! ' i I" ,11'1.n ) (~.) (912) (~n

Mlhe ; ! h1t.htr) :rtnd

du ;pU·.I 'lthllNlt:!l:

A-C=hliil U J ' I J i!lIl ~I~ ,,~ !23(,PJJtn. _____ !l") (:lI1) W~) (.!~) Iill!O)

To,ptd ... (.'0), I\,~UJlI_ o , ; _ _ _ . _ _100 102 301 6 5 , !lIlO

!I'I.o) _____(89) (U~) (31l) 1m) mo.

'.'"--' . .~~ ~u _ __10. US I1U gl:a 160

(PI.,,) _____("tl) (WI) 11! .8" I ) (121) (Zl!I~)

T h ta l R r ou n = '

l\du:iIIl ___ 100 I~. 2l3, :uo ~70(PI'.,,) _____

(119) (2011 (:!"I8) (I~) ('.G')- ,

PUUDIi

Date (FE 19 t Ai 6D~p'[,ltuof m,n!!!i~!1t;j" PMt't.ilt 0

__ Corn_ "._n_, +_~_\.u._~_"_I-_I~ooI.;.;;.;_ totRl for Indu",l.:r)

NIPlKlh .l{t:!lJ lt tllfU Apr!! 19oCS_

NIIHh)O Sb.arl O _~ __ MQ.Y 10-4.5_

N ll ); po n H ' DI 'l 6" ud ok l _ _ , _ JUII!C!llDU'_Nobllh.lilll. & ~~ JUIU! 1&116_

S h! ml' of .l ,O _ ,. .. .. .. ". .. ~ _ _ J u1 :y I B' 4. G_Tot.rd _ ; o . _ ~ _ _ , _

M " 1 . 8

10. 1.1100 1.7

" " U! . " : O :u

[7..1

PInl1S c l1 I l et lfO i' " decr l1use in Ollt.put of Soo-Kg.

unci g r; O-Kg . b om b s i n 1 9 J. .~ b e~ " us o it, W,I~S f'OlIml

1hat SUPll!illS o n l ll lu rl W{>1'1l slIiIlcienL Oul jlut 0 f

, 'i OO -K g . b om h s i nm " 1 1 l1 ~ edhy se, 'e ll lill1~_~ in lh nt

l'P !I1" .

J . \ . .ilW!l:ft torperlo pl'odlll;tio!l (4fi·cm) expandedsku'ply f ro ll l. l, 8o o 1 1 11 1 }o 13 to 4 ,0 00 i n 1 94 4. A pe n. k

output of about 370 Wl1S mllintained ft"(l!1l Sep-

t O O l ber to De . < : I l l ' l l bel' 1 9 M , but fllll off e~c h 111011 th

therellft,er to reach lOin July 1945. . NailS WIts

mude in Augtlst. 'l'he mo st impo rt an t heloL'S con-

h'ibutillg to t his decline wel 'O shor lnge of skillet I

tuLor, fm d nOOC11teeis .m ! ; ' e S n l t i ug f ru m I Ir h" II IH " l! ll

mids .. I t " 'liS reported th o! m nlly toqwdocs were

rejected b ecauM of ' E n i l ur c t o l l we t s p ll II i ficnliDlIs.

Th e lIilm ri nm l K aw ad nnn nrsennls nrcollnlt'!1

f or n en !' ly 4 () i ll ll "i lc nt ' I " f th o total (o. . .I!lemhle(l) out-

put in UI44 , un c i Nl I g lI S l i ki H e ik i jlI"mlnced llIost of



t he remaining ' 00 p er ee nt . :\ ng ns nk i Heiki 11'~

bomb d in Augus t J!I4' wilh n lolnl loss oC ~"Il" '-

;ty.

' B)' the end of the war "bout, a l . l percent of to :11

Cllp;city hod r-n di persed abev O"IOOl I l 1d and 30

percent IInderzroun d.

P roduct ion o f torpedoe lor NIWy ship . ill-

Cl '@1 . 1S41drom 1 .400 to 1 ,7 00 h et we lt ll 19 43 l in d 19-1 J .

Thi eompn with planned output 0 r 2.wO fol'

19#. Tlu-eIl c lasses o 'f torpedoes were involved.

P r ed ue ti on o f 6 I -e m r or pe do es , which h tH l b e en n t" l evel o f40 l>ermomh dur ing the i ii t ha l f of l!H4

and 30 per month durimr the second lmlf, 1 1 " 1 1

stepped in 19~5 beeause of lack of ships to-us e

them. Fifiy-Ull-ee-centimeter torpedoes reached II

maximum of 00 p er m o nt h during .1ugust -Oetober

1 9 4 -1 , R n d we r e r e du c ed 10 60 per month iu 1! l~5.

Priority was gi\,llD to the 1I1l\\" {,,-em torpedoes for

use by peeia I nttack era ft. P ro du cti on o f " 'a ·e mtorpedoes wa raised from 30 per month in 19,b1,to

o in pril 19,15,110 inThy, and 1 00 ill JUI1B and

.TlIly. Xo torpedoes were Imllle in .tll!!tl t.

The Kure, Hikare lind Yokosuka arsenal to-

get lt er wi th Nngnsak i HOOk i,Kyushu Heiki , nnd

_\.ichi Tokei Denki 'were !lUI most irnportunt plant

in thi field. Althou"'b KUNwa bombed ill JUie

and July of 19!ii production did no fall. I WI'

explained fh n the upply of parts from component

mnnufne turers wa maintained and assembly OOIl·

tinned at the usual rnie, Hiknri ustained a 70

percent co.paci ty loss and _-ngnsnki Heiki 100 per-

cent 10 inAugust19~ii. There was no production

of torpedoes in that month.

A.ircrnft min preduction incr eu d from '0

units in 19:13 to 4,140 uni ts i n UI+1 . Production

roached 11 peak of 640 in MI1I'eb 19~5, falling

sharply to 370in April and dropping f l1l·ther to

100 by July IM5. Th e harp drop in April ]9 .. 5

has no been 5.'1t i. sfnc to li ly expla ined, Plans cal ledfor n d e cl 'e !I S C i ll o ut p ut Irom 950 in U lll 'ch 1 .0 660

in AP 1 'i l b u t n ct u nl out lJUL Willi COli isfenLly below

pl~n. Lubor ' shorul"e and BbsenleeiSIl l wero g iven

liS lInportalit I'CllSOII fOI' t h d, ·op . nnd U .i would

nppeul" JogiCllI beOOI[ of t he l ime o f dmp and the

h'J"~p conec,,! i'lLi l l l! of lhe i'HI,,;;t I ' .\ " i ll I 'i l ' i l i""

p ll l. nL s l oc ~( ed i n 1 I, 4J H nm'e", which lVere Subjected

to ~lIcelHllnrr nltll 1m . 1 ) i l ' t allll~k on Lh e 1fi("

LOI ' I wns nol " 1" 'L jm' fnclol·. how , 'el" ,becn" the

I lt ta c ks c ame I n te l" llml wel"e.II ll lde on plllnts whit lr

Ilccounw(l for one-l if lh of tO la l outpuL

l~i! lhf_l ~

lou of'C!·p,nt"'IO

____ ;f"lany tnnv-e4 r=--~rolJl 'To Date

",rlIlC. Nil tl'III.1' (;1·iti",,1 Shl)'l·tlll,'lll; del'cl"Jlu,] iu

this atllgol 'Y with Ih e x e p u io n o f gy l'O c ompu8S eS

lu te in 1 1 11 .:1War. V l'O dliclio nll 'cn ds w e r n liS follows:

J ! ! ! ! . ! . - = ( ' ; I 0' OUlllut U,U mo~t.h., "vftnllK"e- 100)

T"Ill!! ( . I ' r ClQI,I1pm(lillit I~" 1042 19•• ~I~1,,1=1 (.~o)

AOlUII _____ 100 113 . . ! : i s 1 1 3 1 1 al.PlIn __._____IIlIi) ('t11} (~!6) (88<\ (124)

O., ' I , . [e.1 {o'LhI l !Tl !;\Cl.uru ______

100 1 , 2 2 ali5 . . 1 0 4 • 302J l' li in _ _ __ _ _II~I (1121 12!1I ) 1~191 (~I

NI I Io~I ,Q: " I . [ o l 'uLI~Actual _,___ 100 I.. '21 • • • "'l an _ ,, ___ '* (1"'1 (l9D) (~n (630J (O.~)

Tf.ltnl;Atlofll _____

100 " . ' !vS: . 111 226P li 'i ll _ . _ __ __

0031 (lOal (3&1) ("~n (7'S)

The output index for he gl'Oup as 0. whole

rea .hed n punk of (;62 in Augll t]941 fell to about

200·300 for' bhl l period April t hrough July 19,1 ,5

a nd . n ded nt loU) in August .

Production o f u e ro n nu ti ca l optic(~1 equipment

was us follows:

C.omrpan),

I ~m_:r of unt...

10 ..8 104.4 J , , , , ,___________________________· _t ud ~ ~

G u n , ., hd -n f l. lo d. 9 8 . . _. _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ' . 8 1 . 6 . 4 l < 3.•0.Gun hrht Mod. 4______ ,_. ~_. 0 . . 8 ~ ' " 5.!.-iQSm.1I KlJ!nIhrht Mod. 3_______ • Z.629 MO oSmllll gun sight Mg"t ..~ ___ 0 U51 1.1S0DI. . . .e ' b om b . s: iR :t n : D i1 o ri . 9 9 _ _ ~ _ _ __ _ ~. 0 0D iv e ' bo m b . 'l .J rh t ~.1od. 2 __ .,_ ___ ~ 1 .~-B2 o. 100m••_b.I~hod. ~______

'0 1.8llB e . s s eJ l od :r . nn~l I J _ l b omb i ll i t t e . lt ' i ti rOpe : a . rOtt 90,,_ UG7 U.,; MOo1:[01'l.Do(.. 1bombl nit t .c :' l~p~ .alod. 1_ 321 2! 8 -'!c0o,,1 1': .1J ;tht, Mod" 99 _ __ ~~ __ ~ 1.10. 1 . 800 , 2.30.Dri lL meter Mod. Di ________ l .3a& 8,5'8 ~IH!O

Bin~ulAl" (l.~.1~--------.-~-. 1.013 • • • .SO

61r \Ocul .1" h.-M"m -..--------- 2,58ti lUI? 1:!·.30oAtrial 6:11:(1utfir:rn K8________ U. 580 ?9~Atri .J hAnd t '!umil !rn lo~ __________

1,298 2 .017 2 . 9 . i U >

Aeronnutieal optical equipment 0 1 1 1 put w a III

its penk in .T I I I . I ' 19M when th e index r ea ch ed 9 ;5(lfJ:J.l = = 1(0). By ?Inn -h 1 9,1 ,5 t h e in de x h ad F ulle n

to Gr.;;, l ind d . -oP tled fll! ' l ,hlll" to 3 0 by ! J1H' lend of timI \ " , u · .

Direc t bomb dl lmnge 10p ll ll ltS ,,"II light. 1\-

pO I 'ily 1o, of 1h e l ~h . l' si cn l n nd Chemical Lnborn-

t(u'y (opti III department) 1 1 " 1 \ 713pel'cenl, in till

ApJ'iJ 1045 attack Ilml ']'ok),o hibullrll (Kofu)

sustained 100 peI"cent dnmnge in Jil ly . 'rhe mnjor

plAnfs wel' no hit wiLh tlie eXl'aption of Konishi-mku C'Ul1 l l l " f i wh i -II sut ft ll 'e d no loss o f cnpn~i ly .

rlispel"SiOll of C I \p tl ci ty W : IS e x tc n si ,' c l ind n il illl-

pOI·tunl, fnel'OJ' in t,he dc-line of onlput I,ftel' Al'!'il1 1 ) 4 5 . •

Ou,ld &-b;IIbi_ ..~_ ...___~..._.--..,;-~ M.;r. 10. 18:,.6 lOa

&alW en bin);:' '"T'---~-----'M il) ' U . 1 84Hli lO ahoMU... S.J!IIt)'O__ ~ ~ -~ Mil) I'. 19" 10.0

TQl;o [ )tnld _ ..._... ..........~ __ b.a, : : 1 5 . 19'15 2:t

a!orltl. Pump __ ~ ...._- ~-_ Junf I. HiJ.Il5 100

Output of mines (01 her thun nero) and depth

charges incrensed 2.6 limes in 1944. This is II I'e-I lect ion of increa ed emphasis UpOIl defensive ope r-

ntion~. A breakdown of t hi s gl 'oup i s II follows:

NUi:llMl' 01 Ullh..

1!,uS 19<14 HI ...______________________ I_:·~. " = · ' ~ _ A _ < _ ' U _ ~ . I P _ I . _ h _

;) %oll;l1 I(ld nt: Type 93 .....

a .r oo r« l m In e T yP It ' li ~ _ _

B.,.~ minlC ~ rod .l_. ~ ' !. . . .

Bmrb mfl'ilCl Mod. . 2 . •

Dtplil c.karvn ,~_

1<.00.

oMD.

•".000

10.000

3.<97

o

n • •oo

.11••• 0

10••00

7.J70

o14.1'.181.000

Production of L)'pe1l3 moored mines WRS st.oppedin ptamber 1941 beeau e it used t oo much mnt s-

rial, a nd c ap ac ity w as s hi ft ed to th e simpler tYlle

5. Production of type 5 started ill Novembet 19'W,and reached n maximum of 1,646 inMay 19~5,but

fell nbruptly to 655 in JlUJe. This shOlto. '!I! was

rsgnrded u cr'itical b ei ng o nl y a bo ut o ll e-th ir d of

requlrements. Oller hnlf of the production lost ill

June '~(IS c lue to the a ttacks 011A.ichi Tokei Denki(100 percent I of capacity) and Osaka Kiko (70

percen t loss).

Production 0 f the model 1 beach m ina WIIS

dropped in favor of the improved model 2 i1l19U.

Be ca us e t he se d e fe ns es were b e li e ve d l e ss e ff ec ti v e

than inl'lncl defen 5, production wn dropped in-Innunry 1 . 9 : . 1 , 5 .

Production plans ' fOI ' depth ehnrees based uponplans fOl'lI~e by lhe fleet. cnlled fOl' n s hn rp drop inQu I put nt thu end of 19,t.~_ Actunl output W:IS IC-

d.uced II' ordingly, IIlthollgh pnoducbion WIIS COII-

~Idembly mOl"l) than pllllllll)d. HCIIVY I " u id s d u r-

I I l g :'If"y and .Tune 10cl.50 11 A.iehi Tokei Del1ki I I n < 1

o lkn Kiko l In ! ! much to do "'i th the pl"Ocluct ion

drop n-Olll , 300 depbh chal 'goes in Mnrch in 800 in

JUlie. Th . two 'OIn(Jani~s IICCOuut fol ' one-thirdof fir product.ion loss.

D. Optical and Na'uigatio1tal Eqllipment

Opti?!!1 nnd nll\'ib~l,tionlll 1Uluipment l:onstitutel1

a I' I"tl~el.l' smt.!l p,u·t or lotal ol'c\n,ul '8 output,

"CCOlltltlfl~ ftll- n PP " ox in ll lt el y I I pel"C8nt of tollil

t2

llorbonl.&l t,t:l~:pe a . t -90 __ J{aw... kJ '" Shimada _ Ion. J C"~

Cl.In ,IRbl. Mod .... O(1)na __ Jlda. _~ JUM 19U.

Di",., bomb . Jli:hi. Mod. 3__ .lbwQllll d . ... SbIGJlr1 _ W.Y H1! 40.

Dtl 'I .~1! f' ) iD(L 'En_ . lLUa.dl1 Y IflDUlkaU.. . ",,prill L04G.

flo..., ..htht. Mod. O~ ~_ ShllN;y .. _ShIIT\CMUW& J.nual7 1 ' ' ' ' .~ r . . t Um~.. K _~ ...... S hi nJ uk u _ Ylm-.nta _ Aprlil 1 .l4Ci ..\r:rl,. amlPnl )1-8 Sh,lnJuku ..__VaIllflPIA .. oi\prJl I04~~

The decline in output; Wl1S welladvanced before

rli p rsiou ~ot under W"~'. unt] wns due to several

fuetors of ne,u ']y_ equal importnnce, These were

lack o f e om po ne nts 5 11 01 " 1, ," e of s kil le d 1 (1 00 1', a b-

sente iIll. 11lIdlocal tran portation.

Output of optienl equipment Ot'h~l- thun uero-

unutical increased by 60per ent between 19+3nnd

lilY; his \\Oil 20 T>el"cent blow plnn,

1943 I.9U 19,'"

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ - - . - r t ~ ~ - - - ~ ~ . ~ . - ~ - - - 1

!.851 1200

!L....ifi.. :'.5608U 1100

210 2$D

lU 161;

Illig 11~

nlnoeul&n (10",.1 _.__ U.!

8inoculaN (,Jm..li) ~____ 15.739RnnJClI:' Rndtr (lanco).__ ...__ us

Rann .Ander (ImJI_U)~_____ 2,.44PuIKlO'PII ! I n " I' K C lJ _ . .._ ._ _ _ HH

Peri.Ko~ (am.l!) ~ -_ &7

Peak output for the gt"OupWI reached in De-

cember 1944when the i nd ex r ea ch e d 526 (19-11=

100). By July tll index lind fallen to 376, and to

107in August. Ail' attack "'1lS heavy and very ef-

f ec ti va i n this group but did not start until the

d eclin in output w a w ell ndv nueed .

I.M

5(13 .50

3

"!II, .

PIL" < '- h

loqof

Clflllleh,,.

Ptf("~J\t whlChp\ant ~t.tlb-

. . . ted to 1 9 , 4 0 4lotall)u'lPLlt

tliiJOdJli K01f. lI ik l, lSt lko~ AI~r. ]0. HUI 'i_NiSHlOf.I K~.IC 'U 1(010 0__ i \ la , :r 2 . 4~ l _O "! i i~

.s".",.t'bo N.VJlI Al"ftNLI___. JUI . LO. Ul,U;_

~TQfOb.. 'III Nftval Antrl.ll.l_ Aux. 3. 19~5_

"1~olo"O KOKII I iku Klkar~~ I\UJiI:. ,~UUS_

Plans wel'e mllde for th e dispel"siol l of ubout & 0

pen:ent of th produ ·tion c upl l'ity ill th is g rou p

of i tems (mells\u'cu by " Il lue of output) . About

2& IloI'cIInt of cnpllcity \l'IIS uctuully moved. but

only one uni t e\'''l' got inlo product ion. Plan!! were

liS follows:

l a



Vokotub.A_" __ BlnONla...Pd"~Pf! ~I _~_ K.. .• . s... .. •

TG"ob'llft _ flJ.II\tJ C O -- , N..-no.....qn ... ,.___ Binon-d.n. P«u(O,PC!1 :t - "u J 1 . . . . S I ' : l ~ & l J I I I I r t I I I .

I I {N II f "OU n - - V &m a. I lI di h.Nppo", Kap.b. S~ft iXlllant.. IIotri:HolW !)K..-a.uo i........- KanaolQ.

TDlr:yo I i . ' : ( I I : I p I l r u . . . l fUnCM:\ d&l" il i. 1 )l r iKol J ( ) Ii "i uh lam. ll J" a SaTtam&.

"II ~,,;l:([fNII •

gop .m _

' I'he major ' drop In output of opt ical equil )ment

other than nero) took place after Unl1'h 1045.

A bsen teei m a nd l uck of p1H1s, due to ar(!nrnids.

1 1 " " " " " 1 ) ini t in lly respon ible tor thi drop. :FlIrt!lcl'

di iJlI:e",n-rotionesulted from dispersion und diree t

nil' nttaek,

P roduct ion o f na"igationnl equipment doubled

in 1944.

Impor ta nt i tem were a s fol low:

The output index for thi grOllp reached 10 peuk

of 7 02 in August 104;1,f 'l l l ing to 274. by lI[nrch

HlJ 5 03 ill Apri l. and 70 ill Augu t. Air attacks

r es ul te d i n heavy dAmage to thl'ee plants which

produ d o v I'fOIlT·fifth of th e value o f output i n

this group=Hokushin Denki, Tokyoheiki, nnd

umi tomo T u h in . The nt ta eks occu rred i ll . \p ri l

nnd l Iny,

E. Radio and. Electrical. Eqllip11lel~t

Output of -radio and eleetrical equipment ex-punded six and one-h alf tim betw een 1 1)4 1fwd

1944, lind in the latter year accounted 10.1 ' one.

~ o ll r th o f I,he " nl ue o! n il no \'01ardn(mee. r" ' ' l rgest·1II01CIlSl! was howl I III the aeronauticnl group.

1 U dl o 1 II .t :1 ,d~H'ri~.lil l! 'IJulll'Mi'fltI~' 11 . 1 , I~..~....ctlHl -.d.u:al Plan

AlI"mn..ulln.1: 1 1 8 1.118

Oth .. ~ - = - - = = _ _- = = ~ _ - :I....

Z ("I i'l2

.11 lil 1.""

P k output lor rndio nnd elcctl'ical equipmenl

I \" a'~~ched in Decembo r .lO'I!j, when ~hl l i nd l)X

rched 4,. '1be decline 11 1 th following tbl'oo

l'OllthS was moder ate with the index fnlling to 808

~y [ ar ch 1 !l J5 . The decl in e i ll .Apr il _W ! l S sllnrp

when I .h index fel l to 5 ,<1 I 'OPP I IWrnp id ly t it l'e-

n(leI' to rIlllch 41» in . T il ly " l id 290 in August.

Production histol 'Y for t he Il l l l 'Olll luticnl group is

us follow:

IOU J ! I ' I&. .s

-----------.1--- ~ ( S - .)

zuoo1,&9.1

7,2 ~

.".71'1

2.959

62

l!O

~O.Oll

" •~.. O I S

USB

' . '89<0 0

(I

o28.26]

I1ll'allse o r {he high j ll ·iori! .y a llSi :; lIcd to radio

l in d e lc cL l' ic fl l e qu ipme nt r nu te ri ul s h or tl lg es w n r

1101.80 importanb a froctol' in causing declines m this

g ro ll p u s i n the other ordnance Cflt l lgOl'ies ;,,!though

such ShOI"lIll,'CS did limit xpnnsion prior to 111"'3.

In geJ1!wn l, s ee l wus 110 [IS crucial an item fiS in

othc.r ordnunce, Thill wir e, rum rne tu ls "lid sil i-

eon st e l were nmollg the most import uut .shortuees,

r "u ·k o f g as H ood f or Inelt.ing glass Wlli a n imp or -

i luoLbott leneck i1\ the productien of tubes !llong

with shortages of t>IIJI: ::stenl ind molybdenum. Tlulsh(lt-tll:teS of skilled 1"I)(w and IITol;\th'ely low de-

gl 'C l lo · f lech l1o lol l i l'u l deve lopmen t W re, o ·r COUI'Se,

pnrt.ieula rly impnntnnr In 'I'OI'S limil.illg expansion

iI I ! .I I is i ld IIslr.I'.

])[.tn submitted by I.h Japanese do no p rmit,

fI c laar dQlinen~ion of cupucity loss thl 'ough direc t

bomb dUnloge and tot al ou tput . l oss. The report

submitted by the Caplt ll l Equipment and 011-

stl'uction B ra neh of the urveyindicates bhntfor

the uLil leetncat equipman indus try, plullt fn-

dlitics susenined physica] dnmnge of nppr oxi-

m nlel.\' \1 0 p erc en t. A ctu ul Io of productive ClI·

pncity, including Ill lmn~1l 1.0snbcontraerors and ef-

fects nf d ispe rsal l ind r Ii :: :h! o f rha l abo r force, wns

npp roxhnn tely 60 lllll' .en t. A11avni lable evidenceindicates tha t producers of 11I1\'y electrical equip-

rnent suffered 10 . es in about tho Sl)1Il11 degree. The

fol low ing t abu la ti on, applying to the en t i re i ndu s-

try, wns taken from t.he npital Equipmel1t

Branch report.

munieat.ions seet.iou ()f lila illdll~t " y , nud the Ilrl!:fl

l 'I Ii ds . er ious ly d is rupt ed th now of component s t o

p roducer s o f f in ished equ ipment , O ther impor tan t

e ff e' }t s o f t hese raids we re dispersion of facilities,absenteeism and disruption of local transportation.

A t the end o f 1!}!4p lan s IV re made for dispersrd

of f acilities La the mountain dis tricts in Nllgano .

Ynmunnshi • iiglltn nnd Yamugatn, Large scale

dispersion WlIS b~ n in lfnrch H)4·5, bl l lack o.f

labor transport and materials r et arded the move-

ment. OIlLpue of dispersed fllciliti nev r Ill tAined,,"'Cllt volume, filehough i t. wMIG percent to 30 per-

l i e , of I1le low Ievel of out pllt in th I llontl l of

.1u1 . 1 ' .111_ .....11_. __ • ._._. _

'RadlQ--l . .rge ..._.--~------

RII.t1to~Jttntnl u._'1 i" _._.~~-- .. .. . --

()il' t'dkln tlndu __ .~ ..... .. .. .~---~ ..RadiiI " 'or IIIolrtH.(t . ....._ ••

n.dlo a.dlng .... ._. __ ._

AfUc;udj! moruurfnl Ml ~,

GtneNItofS --~~-~--"--~1

. Th output index fOl" the aeronautical group ns

fI whole l'enehed I(. peak of 1,4:11; in December 191M(104 I average = 100), fell shu rply t o 1, 180 ill

.1l1nllnl"Yund further to OO(Jin Mnrch, This de-

c li ne cont inued t endi ly until Augus t when th eindex reached 3. .

Radio and e le ct ri cal equ ipmen t o thel ' t han ae ro -

nautical shows the following changes between1043 and l1M5.

10.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ 1 ~ 9 . ~ a - I - - " - o . - . - - c s - m o - - ~ - )Ro.l ... _. __ • __ • • •

R a4 I:T f' I' II Jl ;l Hn e: nt _ . .._ _ , .~ I'rt_le.~oonn • _,

To 0.000) • --'

! .f ol :C lr n d i lI :t '! T. I, f_ hl tc :r !" 'l l _ . .. _ -- - - ~ . . . . . : : = t£rf:(:'lrl~MlrumMlI ~::" I

6.29!

1 .4 l iO

10.000

78 .

011

2 . 1 • •

1G.20<

8.RB3

38.G!O

J.~484

!jlBa

8.702

Ul!"3.49j

9.6"!3

1.12"2••08

OIU: pM of .clUHrwci{KUUl8 a.. "..fCICIIl·

I}qMiJUfft"flf (orb..,- ,,,IIGIi a~"O): o-ltot.oIJrd}iOtdfhitRndur ~__ ~ ~_ 00Itadtos __ . • 30

Tube. 15

~r<ltoralld gun"<lItorR . 20

El""lrJ~ Instrumenrs 20

F. Small Arms Q1I(lOther Eqllipmelll

This group accounted for 6 per' nL of t il e t ot al

"nine of nnval ordnance in l!lHand f1pe. l "C l ln t i l l

19,1,5 . Rocke t p ro jec ti les , whi ch a ccount ed for 1 1 . 1 -mo t half of the vnlua of the !!roup in 1945, in-

creased fr-OID 50,000 units in l l}oH to 100 ,000 ill

19-J,3 ( nom} priot to J.9M). No monthly data are

availab le on rockets , Production was obtained

fr om 9 "ety uvnilable f acility including private

homes and schools. Ii lik lv therefol"C that the

mOD LIlly peak was r eached b!lfol'~ HIS henry nil'

raid began.

Annual in dice of production , " " 0 us follows:.,••60

Peak output for this group was not r ea ched unt il:Uardt 19.j,(jwhen the index stood 'It 76Q. 1hedrop

in April was dl'lI t ic fal ling to 500. By AlIglls1

th e i nd ex h nd dl"Opped to 2.70.

. The 1 1 1 0t important factor clIlusing the decline

11 1 outpu~ of radio oud oiectricnl e fluipment· , both

IlGrOllllutlcaland o tJ le r, 1 1 ' II Sail" (lttnck. A.lthough

output of tlle IUII'onlllltiClll group beg ll n to d l' op

sltn~:ply belOt 'l l hon"y n, tt ll ck s got unci al " way, t he

mf'jOr declin diu not begin unLil Mnmlt. As not.ed

nbove , outPI IL o f the' olhe r t hl ln 11Ul 'O ll ll ut icn l"

gl'oup.oE r ad io I lI td e le ctr ic nl e qu ip me nt d id not

r eR ch l is p el lk 1 I ll t. ilM i ll ' 1 11045.

14

Pc:~nt Fuu:pt loap h ,l Il cn l d G - IB . . o r P I 'O C .h i CU ' VC! !\ \,~ tgplAnl . capa~l t: r

E I~ tr lc ii l n \r :l .l r. hl nc :: l" 7 . .. .. .. .. _ • _ _ r

Comm\Jh;mLloRIl ("Qu.lvmtont _~ •

Wir t' Rnd cnb l( 1. .. ._~_ . . 1

s r-

• •0

The geog,·ltphiconcentmtion of the indus try

'node it pnrLiuulal'Ly susceptible 1,0dl.llllllge in lh ehenvy urban urea mill h ginning in Mllrch. ub-

COIIII"Ju:I'OI'S wore nn impor tnnt e lcm III in Lhe com-

VII. MAJOR BOTTLENECK

'rile most. impol{nnt. holl1 necks in 1 \ 1 1 vIII m'd-

IInl\'e pl'ocluc!iOlI W(IJ comlllon to t il l indllst ry .

Inc1l1stl·illl ClI.pllciLyWl. infldGlvmte f lt om Lhe be·

l1;inning:. org::miznt.ioll wus P O O l ' , l ind t e ·Imoiol·k"lflbil i.ty II'ns lit n. ) '4)l,lti \lely low stflgo of develop-

mel lt . The blockade o f Ihe homo i sl (' lI ds S I"iol ls iy

h!l ll1ret ll~l tJm output of I I ' , , , · s upplies prior to the

GILl llUJl;k8Imd ~wn""-.__ lao ill!ll<><k"'~ ~ (I 0

MI'W.RUM and arnmunitJon l6D ~ ~

Tatal .......___ 100 UO- 2M I .20

-r-- -- --

Gi l l

PROD crION

end o·f H 'IH, ! lml r u J " nt.tncks Ll ic l'e a ft . er l Id l ed fm"

tiler to the problems of meeting IJl'otiuctioll "'"

(Iu iremen!s. Qbstl1c le .s to 1\,,"01 Ol'WlIlIlC prodllC'

lio1;, which t ern f l' om thC)l bus i! .' cnuSI!S an i g il le n

spedfic considera tion in tho fol lowing p'ttflgmphs.From the beginning of the Will' unt il _ \ugust

1942 the l' (l " ,ns , \ genom! f e ling of opl imislI l 1'8-

16



suiting from l ! a rl s , J np n .l c .< IH l Il . . .. .ll>ll'S. n6h.ti~~I.I '

m od es t, m ute ri n In ~l l1 ilc el l\ ~nts m mle u u 1"11111'11-

Inriy heuI'Y de! llnn~ "pon """ il lible snppl.iesof

m": mntar inls , orne ( lifl icnUies WON. ' Ol i ' [ JN' l cnced

in o rd nn nc e pr od uc t ion iI~ n r es ul t of sh ormge O lf

rnuchine (OQIs nnde~J>I 'r ie lH'i l i l lnbor, .\II~llIpIS

\\'-'UI!,made {()develop simple muehine t,)I,I" for ' II.~

in small plnnts, but d,~ pr<J\'ed i ll l( ln ic t i . .al "",I

wasteful of mnterinls,

The effects of our blocknde of J'"p"n 1.>e,..."IIlIloJe

felt nJler August l !l42, and from Ihis lillie uut i I

Inte 19J,3evl!ry tl!fort wus IIlmleto iucrense produe-

t ion of "immEI . e scort : vess el s, and t r-msport s.

Captain Yosh idu of the l !n "u l ) fi li hl l" )" . \ th, lrs B~l-

roII.U comments on this per iod I hil t "I he de],!)' 11 1

s 1 . i . rt could not be 1'Il.....vered, ;lml with the disad-

v ll .l 1t ag e; :. lI p ro g. '" 1 !8 S o f w a r, the bon leneeks in the

production of military supplies bet 'ame IIH)'" and

more earnpi iell ted and serious i the " I m OSI lion I

oould be d on e w ns m er -el r to palch U» th e im med i-

nw demlln(\ bv mnife-shif! eountermeusures, I he

fundnmelltul ~h!tjon of tlli) problem b i li u ,! ! u t i erlr

impossible, "pedfic b ot t l eu ec ks d u " il l_ !: "t hi s p e·

dod, in order of ill 'pOl'ln,we. were ,I! ' follows:

(1 ) hortng t! o f ski ll ed I "bor. School boys \\"01.'"

mobilized as increasill~ numbers of workers Wm1 l

dmite<! into 1he nnn"",L forees,

(2) ·horla.,,,...,of mnuufucturiujr facil i ties , pn 1"

ticulnrly machine tools.

(3) Short:.f,'lJ 0-[ mater ials , such us steel . cappel'

un d RIIoys, coke, UI)d O>}'gI'l1. :'If{'[ISlUt'S (Q 0 ver-

earn" bottlenecks included economy ill consump-

tion, use of substitutes. priority alloemions n uti in-

Cl"imsed' prod lIet iou 0f speci" I stet !1 by "tseu nI's.b1ll

t he se l U ll as u It'S p 1"00'ed. nIld.ll<]Inte.

( 4 - ) Lac;,.! trunspot1.ot.ioll i 1 i fl i cu l li ! !S d e l1 e l 1 1ped

l IS , I , 'e su lt o f d ee "e"SI!tlI ["I,d. 1)l"odlle!ll" I Im l r ue l

sl . ortn;::es.

F rom the eud o f l !H :1 (0 L1 w end of lfJ.j,j. n gen-

e"tl t ighteni, ,! ! up tonk pllw" i,, , the fuce of i:! !cl"ens-illg c l i f f i c l I l t i . C £ l . In XOI'elnber 19~~l II'e . M . l l n i ! iO!ls

; 'f inis tI 'Y wa s ll.o;t"hlshed. bill necfI.,·(ljul! to X :I II )'

ofl1ci'Llsit· WlUt "like it wife' with lwo h1!~bnnds-

AtllJy [Iud N ' , , : . .y-I,ul,-ing !ill Ie etred inco,lsltiul!

clo"'n H,P l>ottleneck in [It"O<illetion o"'i"p; to mUlly

defecti"·es ill i ts organil<nl iOll"-f!lllong olhel'

th il !~ . D lI ri. ng this (.priorl jl~U lll fO l' " ' I l I ' S "i."

emft im)!"Msed, , , , , < 1 lriH, s"ch IIl ' llSSU!'e ("""e jn.

creased cornpetirioll for "'~lihble g l l : i l p J i l ' 5 l of '"UI1'

power" lId nm te l' in I s .

ThllIH.ost impfld,mt boitlr,1l9Ckin nNll1illl('(l pm-

~h'cl iO.I' d"ring 11,is period \\'0; shm'(;'f,'fl ·of Ill"! l'-

rill is purl i l' nlnrl .\ · st ee l. Ucl i. ,' o!"ies of s teel ro r

I l l, , ,, , '1 - l)J~bmn~.. excluding niL 'CL,LL ordnnuee,

reached ,\,.peak in th e s ec on d q uu rter of lisc([II.9il4.

N n' ,' !t l o rd na nc e 1 1 'l le hc d its peak I.t M\B SIInw june,

flll1i II" wilh slIlCId~Ii..cries lhcren fL~1'. _ s noted

"1><e,,"I~cl'(l ill Ihi s r epor t , sl ~QI'deliveries [lW IH\vnl

" i ! "Cm fl OI..:l!Hl'"'V e uu no r b e S {' P" " 'H N I f!'01I! Itrmy

orduu nee "fter I!tl:t The {"bulu, ion l )(!low has

been udjllsl ed nceordingly. 'rhe steel index in.

clu<!plj crdina ry and specin I i steel. hul excludes

{\l rp l[ IIIH I ('"st ~ I eel.

I ' D . . . , :

.AtI.n..JUM ..~ __

J·u. .l r~ fJt~~r .". ., . ,~~__

OCJ;obt . .. ~~r __ ~

J..nUAry.iUII.I ~~ •

l " " :Aflr -U .,Ju[J(I __ ~ _

Julr·_A'UIu. n ~. _

t hun ever, ] I I [lddii.ion I;u diL'1';l.;1omb dumnge,

uir II!t"ack I.ed 1'0 fUl'lhe!' dis()rgnni~nLiOI1 IlII.-lOO,ll·

r us le u i ll i ll dn st ,, ·y ,

- O(,hc I"obstac les lo produet ien of u more "enel 'l ll

m,1urewere mentioned hy Captain Yo~hidll,. The!iC

were:

(l} lJi!!Il'.·b~'uized Itdn,iui~t rution rCllultil,g fTom

luck 0 f eoordinnt ion between the A 1111)', N Il.vy lind

Munitions .\Li.nistrie;s.

(Z ) Jnadll<]·nnll ll production org:, ,, izntion nnd

t ec hn ic a l d e fi c ie n ci e s,

(II} I~xeessi \"II cont rols,

VIII_ D IRE CT BO MB DAlI1 .AG E

Of npproximnt.o!y ]00 produce rs of f in ished"ol 'a l ordnance, ·H suffered I\, loss of cnll"ei .ty due

to bomb dumnge, .A rough cn.leulation indicates

thnt ulmost SUperecutcf totnlcn.])"eity 10produce

I1nwt! OI'(h,uHCO " ' " s . lost t hrough direet dnmnge to

Iheso plnnts,

l 'nd 't~Dr ' _ ~] I nL . lt -x0 : ' : - . t~ 1ord n. .. .c .. , j jull .l lJo'" dcl l"~!"ld

( F or ' I io nl o rt l.n. . 'I"I~1f :' i f ! "xd.

~I )"Im- .nl nlOhlh.... !l( :ri o)

100 ,G O '00!12 101 II.1 , 1 3 'O~ ~ .. !II; 8'!

II "'l ~!.

:e 4 W 2!l

-'----- -

ClJ 'tQo;"" r ~r ~ fJ " 1' 0 l 1..l i ,of (.tI,I!I!I'd,,,

ll ",, ~ ' 1" ,1 I Iw lI lu ul ;UOI l ( ... :" 1. n "' ·o )_ __________ 28Guns and uunnunttlou (.flc:ro)... ,____ 12 I

l~Q\'·'"derlIntl ,~ll! Q:!;l\!,~ ;_;_ ~ __ .....,..~_ ... 5

nomus, mnes I1n.~( }' 1 "' '< l o~ ., , __ ~ ~ ~~ _~ _ __ _ all

Optlclll (trl~ n".,.I~ntl:1."'' 'L_____________ 31Undlo .and el!OClr!cu '- __ . .__ ~O

'r< 1 t . 1 1 1 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28

Th e nbon~ tabulation is uot intended to be all

exact measuremenucf dmQ.lIgG to f inished PI"O-

dueers' plunts, Tho fif, ' llL"fl "for each entegory was

obt41illed by weighting pereenruge Cal)uci.ty loss

J i g l l l ' \ l . S for damaged plants by the vulue of their

, HliM output.

1Yhi lc c op il cit y W I'S 1"fl<iu(. '1ld by 28 1K!I '{'en~ pro-

due tion dropped 57 pcreent between the ap tsmber

194-+ penk Imd ,J II.1 ' r.9\1,ij (the drop 10 AUl,,'1.st

19!1,: i Wl\S 8 0 pel' cent). Itw ill be seen from the

fol lowing t41buhlt,ion thnt the loss of Ou l p ut in the

"lIriol1s cntegori.l.'s I'''"b')!d between i4 pel'ecnt ami

(il pel"i;\eJlt,.

Other importun t bot tl enecks during lhi s period{end of J :H8 to cud of I ll!!} were:

(I) horingll O "f skill ed labor. Ae<;ording to

Captnin Yoshida " the Hli ljor PIl Ji of labor was

composed of school boys nnd dl"(lfted i<IJ;lol"CI"S."

(2) 'I'mnspor tution dif ficult ies, especially local

Demand for engines Ior 8hill-Y() ~splX:i(\t ,.~ttlld:

UI1I It), dec."easecl truck production, lnck"of main-tenanee nnd fuel nll contr ibuted to the nufavoenble

sitlllltion,

( :~ ) F ood s tu tT s shottage. resulti Ilg in 101l 'e l ' cd

worklll" eDieie:ncy.

A t th e e:_ ndo r 19- " 1 :ORr bnntbing nUncks W C l · e be-

gUll Oll11major ,se;,.le,c nm ti n g f l! l ·t h e, ~ serious dim-,,·ultil1S. C:lptnlll Yos!t id" stJlted t hilt "I. 'u<;tories

WIl1'1! , tlcstL-oyed 01" bm'l, t down; h',mspol'tutioll,I,,!nie, . lind comlH!lnkntiOI1S wenl f requently de-

S! l"(lyed; cities WCl"ll wiped out.. 10 make !nal"tel"S

WO I "! ;! ) • . jll'oductinu fllc.lIities load to be. dispersed

ho' " c it ie s into the oolUl tr y- side or t rl1uspl itnted

under t he ground (which wa s too lutl)) . WOl'ki!lg

peoJllc lelt \'cry uneosy " lid were e.~.tr- t! Jl 'Ielyde.

lfior ,l liz«1. Due 10 the nbol'C'flcntiOlJcd djrcct !mel

indiroct enIIscs , th e efficiency of rm1c1l1ct ; ion de -

r li ll ~d s pe ed i Iy il l nn f lCC~h< l 'n . ted I l l a ' 1 1 1 e , · ."

, 'hm1a;.. 'l ! of l1Ialel 'iuls, skilled I"hol" I lnd loclt!

Ir'"lspm1 "Iion eUI' I·i cUovel ' i 'u to I 'h is; period , o f

(""',t:!Ie. wi l h f r ; !l l sp o l" t nt io ! l b e col l li n g- more. Ul'iticfll

III .

1" f . idl cCol l01 Og\PU~,......-S..:)Il~

IB" - 100----

Gur u : an d: : il .mmu nU !o n_ . .. .. .. .. .. .~ _ _ • _ _ , _,

: U o · r n " b 1 : , . r I ' I I l · n e : . 8ntl: ..ol'.II~lod........~,.~.~.il) ;p ·I h;.A llln d nl il.y l. SA .lio ·n iil· ~ . _Rlildto011 !'Ii.! ~kctl'l·c~.I__ , ._

TOlild •.__ ~~. .~_............_.

70 66 ~~'is. ~; .~Ii 3ll ';S'l GO ~a~-----

&I ., .: s

0 " 01 ' OU I ?- th :l l. .. of the toll' 1 drop in output of

b"lns 11m! ' ) It1I1l .miLioll ooolll"l"Ild prioLo 10 Murch

19U, II ftll,tlllw 21 Pllrcent prior 1 0 JU llll, IIlld I,he

remniuiug 40 p"l"Cen& during JUDe and July. Thisdl"(lp in outpu t; from SllpOOlllber to the endof the

war waseuused pl' inmr ily by 0. similar declinein

st.ecl deliveries (see Section \,1 above). '1'otullQ.SS

ofeupaci y d ue to d il "o oL bomb d:tmub'0 " 'o s about

ZO percent, uud prflcticn!Jy "II of this loss occurred

ill ,Jul!~,JlIly,. und .\.ub''Ust. The rule of output

prior Lothese u ttueks wus 110more thnn two-thirds

of O[I[JUCi.ty (nssurning thu t ' Ilplemoor HlH ourpue

wa s ,) t full Cfl.pullity). ,,,jtlt IIfm't;hll! ' sharp de-

dinll in s tee! del iveries dU!' i!lg the c losing mom lis

of the \\'111", Itis obvious thnL ordnaneaplants Wel'll

opernt iug ot !III II"el"ilgG ra te conside rably below

the callucity wll-ieh remained a,ft,el ' bombing.

I II t l\ ec us e o f b om bs , u dn es , and torpedoes, 10

percent of the lQ.SSof capacity occurred in tIle pe-riod i\!nt"ch-l\l<o.y. t ll ll r ema in ing 90 I)e ree'nt in the

lust thl"fle 1I101llhs of the W(I.l'. Of the total drop

in output from SeptemolU' 19U to Jill)' I1J<.l,5.50

perellu-t hud nll'lmdy OCCUlTedbafora Jflln::h 19-15.

III percent I . J . c t ween 1I " l 'c h- l\ fny, lind ro per cent in

.Iune und July. The loss of c.[lp,.Icity '\'"05 hell';,)'

{ :39percent}, but it occurred nt n timo when prq-

duction wns nt u rate no greater than two·tb.irds

o,fcn.pacity_ 'l'lle indirect I 'esults oi ,n-ell-mids ;I'm'll

mOl'e important tltnndireA: dnrnngll to plll.nt, und

were more eif<l;Cti"e than in Iilecnse ·of guns and

"mmunitiol1. The l'CUSO!! fur this WliS the depeud-el1<;1 )UpOIi ([IM·get· f!lnnber of ei"ili'.:l.n phUltli, p,.!r-

l ic111ady with !"!!Sped to compoUllllts. Absentee·

ism wn.sone of Ihe I]lnjor f!1ctors contributing to

tim decline. 1 \1 \d th is \1"115 pl'irnllrily c lll e f· o nil '

littRek.

A cnpncil y loss <I f :n J lI ll 'c en t i n optical" nd nnv i·

1=,~ltionnl equipll IQut resulted from dil "oct bomb

< la mnge, !\ lost . 0[ lilis IOSSOCclu·l·etl duting the

pedoa i \[ al th-M' l) ' l !J45 . Output hud f\ ll lcl1 by 36

percent l)I"iol' t o ) 1 '1 1 'C h . und 11';15fur ther reduced

by 40 p~n 'l ln ( , IIuri n ~ I he n( 'x l t 1 1 1 '0 0 I II ouths. It

will hl' nOlted thut " p ur ti "l l 'C C il l' eJ "Y w ns elTeded

in ,1 nne nn<1 . J u ll ' >! fter Ow im\101'hl1ll (!Uacks \ \ " 1 . ' 1 " 1 "

"I'e!". The i lldi;~l'1 eft 'e<:ts of ni)" , , (tuck were im-

Jl(u-tnllt ill this t ;TOUp b~'<lnuseof the concentmtion

1'1



o f ~ h e i nd us tt ,v iII th e u rb nn IU'C!lS. .\8 note.:! insection ' 7 J : n o o ~ Q ,the major l'eliSOI1S fur the decline

in output of optienl equipment W C I " > ( )n~koI ecru-

poncnts-shortage of sldll..cllnbor, f,.~111('1lililll,

nnd dispersion,

D i I 'o ct b om b d3H " , , , " f . \ wus l'el'Y etTocd I'll ill 11,(,

radio (Iud e l ec tr i C ll l g r o u p , e n us i n g n 4 0 p erc en tloss of capucity, The indus! ry W!lS opernt ing lit

,1 fa irly h igh r ate prior , 1'0 i\ fl lr oh [ (W i ( 11 00 "C flO

p cr el ln l' o f c ll pa ci ty ), He:i,"Y :r tiO lt'k;; b eg >m ;1 1

March. 1 3 y t h ll end ()f M,\) " 0tl~n'tiulls had been

redu,'cdl (J (til, I'CI'CClll oft heSeptember I1H4level,n nd to 50 PC I' < I\ 1[ 1.Lby I h e e nd " /I 'h e 11 '(11 ',

As noted in eel ion \'1 above,the c O l l c < ! . u t l ' l \ t i . O I l

of r ll ll i nd us tr y i n thl l urbnn nreas find th e bn·p or ta nc e a f £ U b CO H tl 'l l~ Li ll g made il purtieulm-ly

vulnerable to dllum:., ' IJ' in n 1'0.11auacks, Tlml)fIut:ts ,

.o f those nttucks" i n c l u d i n g d i " e e l bomb dumnge,

WOI 'On lmost ont iJ 'O ly l ' e! ;i } .o ll $ ib J e fur I h e . 1o s s i ll out "

put after Fehruary l '!)45,

18

~'9"';AI,:nI ~ ...M, IlY _ _.. -_

JU !,It~_~_

oJ ulf - - .• -- -- -AU~.llil_,~ __

Si!nl il !t tLbt lf __

0 < " ' ' '' ' , _ _NovtlTlbo.r ;0 . ,

D t 'C ! ( :' r .~ I ; bt l " ~ .

Jl.nua.ry ---f " f :b l "Ua' r :- t __M . .rcb _ _ ~ __

L' ( j . . ~ , : ,

~J! rJ! __ ~_, _

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l"CLKlrL:.~mD,~' IJ\! I~u'll J~- 'wr:i:llo,g to the Ele lldqm, lr te rs o f U te

,Surn::s at (j:rn\!e.IJ~'I'olut, \\'ush1ncloll 2 - t ) " D ,C ,

l iu . J: o pe a n W a r

OFfICE OF THE CHAIRMAN

l TI ,e Unit"" Stutes Smdcglc llllmhh'g S""'C$: SUIn-

IUU") lI~po.~ ( 1: :UI 'OI"""" Wnr)

2 'rIle On It-od S tn tc . .~ Strn toglc lJo:tuin:; SUt\"c,Y:0 , : ' e r ' r

!III Hcport (],:u... ']....an W,II')

3 'rhe HOT""ts or St n:'{,..,:I~U",nbl" l: o n 1 I, e (leL'm,,"

\VHI, ' I ' : :ConQn~s

AIRCRAFT bIV1SfON

(H,l' I ll "j "I 'm mul ll,'O"chj

~ " ' ' '' ' '' r ol feD\\"~lo" In,h"" r) l tol '"nii 1" "I)<lCtl on \1!~I til to V" dons Tn " ' .;ets (Spec InI neporl)

A.id",,,, es a",nrh

G J u n " m ', " , , \ I , . c r o f t nUd , \em En; ;1"e WQ,'k., Dessnu,

Germnn:\'7' E 'r l n i \ln sc h I , I I i ! 11 werke G In b H , H e] tel"bl lc 'k~ Ger mu ny

s A '1' G MasehlmlJ>1J,'u, G TIL IJ B, J",11,"lg (MOC~IIU}"

Ge:rfi!nn~'o Golh"er W"ggonr"hTlk, A G, Gat loo, Gerfn"" ') '

LO ~'ocke Wulf A.l l'"l 'ntt I 'I 'l II i, [ Ir L 1me n Germull)'

!

O~CI'311eD"tt

U M~Ol ,, 'SCI".nI! t A {el" Part A

w.i\.ug:i,dnlrg.a~rnHU~!Pnrt nArrIl "OdI'~" I,u.nr

III Dornl er Works , Prl o: t1 r .chahnt,,,, 11 < M"n!~h, (lem"'O\) '1 3 G erhn .. 1 ~'I',,*lerW e rke G '" b II, K u ss el . ( lc r' WH !' l'

14 ,v.Jc:ner Neu~lnedtC'l" ~'ln.b'7.e.tb' ' 'wQ:rko, "flenet' Ncu~

stn ~t,_\u~t rh,

Light M.,aI Branch

20 LIgh t ;\J Ulg.IB 1,,<.1,Ilj!r) t P n r t I, At"m lu u ' "

or Germ",,)' I'frrt II, )lngn""iL""2L \ '~"I" I: :{e D<!ul "e ] ' e )'&all", ..rke , H ll de ,. he l" ,. ( ll lr ·

mnn,;2" J ~le'lt'ill~u~:,~lsehn'{t G UJ h H~ Lel(nl~, Geruuul,)'

2a A!uml "lu !DwC,k G t u Ii II, l 'l ;l I1L ;0(0, 2, Uluerrcl<.l.

Geru,""y

'21 Geb.>Le< . i 'e r ,G l ll ) ) ,, 1 G III b H. J ,udwl,,"'hn r "" , n . """" ,) ,2 5 L u :t t. .o ;. G !l IImun.1 Z el lf J' 2; lI n G 11.1.b U , l"rl,"1.(]rlc.h~ln.lr~n

o n B u de n $e € ', G a r rl ln l lY

~ 'Vleluntl \Verkt: A G -. 'lUI! GCI.'j,IU_lII),

27 Rudol ,ph I~Jlnti ll !'nb:tcl ! I.ehhrnebtll,gl~r:.iien~ Sullll-

sen! G e-I'nuul:~~28 Ijl11~\\~er.:ke",\l"crcln1gtct ,;,\I,uUllnhnu\\:(t.r'ke ,.;\ ,Gj Lnuen,

Octtnnriy

2'J Ve--reln'g-tcl)~ul$Cl!e llc'tOlI wer'ke" Heddernllelm, (~!pr'~

ma1\Y

SO Ducrener ~1et "l Iwcrke . \ G . ) )u ." '' ' WIU",ml l-Bcl' ))n

AREA STUDfES DIVISION

3t A rei, St"<.II",, L l h ' l ston 1 1 . 0 : . [ 1 0rt

3 2 .\ I 'etuU o:tI stLL~~' or (h e }> II'" ,I >I or A n;" , ilu,ulolng

011 1 1 , , , , ) 1 0 0 1 " 0 ;

SS A O<!!iii l~'tl Stud)' or lh~ 811'00'" ot .\l'ell 1'Io",IJI"~

OilWupperml

3;l ... DOlU\ lIoo Stl l, J_ ,. o r t il e RIT", ,'~ of , .. rea IJu"'bl ng

on DusMhl<lr(

&., A Dern n el l S tn<! )' o r ( he 1~l Tc ct: ; o t . .. "" " [ l", ,,b lll g

on So l lr o ! " " ,

1m A D<l!3Jk't l St'L$I." of the F.n:""ts or Men. l~umblug

on lI.emschcl'1S . _ \ Di !h ,lI <>d Stml~' n( ' he EII"' -" l~ 'ol A", ,, l 1o ll ib1ng

on Dnrmsunl t

a s A Detan ..l ,Stull)' "r fbe Efl'ecr~, of Area Dumbl"lI'

" " I .\ !M < !k:30 :\ U rlcl ' S tudy "r tlLe EII 'C>< : t~ or A,,,,, BombIng 011

Ucrllu. 1"\,u,l..."Shu:r~,.lk;buIn" r~~p21~, f(ng'eu, Dur~~

mund, ()herhnu~iu'. ~chweiLlrl1rt.und BteliUm

C IV IL IA N D EF E~ SE DIVISION ,40 Ch'IlI"" J,}\l{\ln"", l'h'I"\o",-~1"'''1 Jteporl

41 Colo~1'cFM~ llWurt

42 Bonn l 'l ch l n " 'l lQ r L

~S Hanover Flel,lllel"ltl

44 11"",bur 1; Field U! ![J Or t- "Ql. I, Te!.t; Vol , n, lb:.hlbLl~

~~ J1m l f ll de .lu e P ld<1 iI~""rt

~iJ Au~b\lrg fo' Ieiu It.~port

4'i 1t(. 'Ct1lltlon~\.reu8 In Unl.-nrln, 'German, ) '

A~",l)"s,in .. anod,

IJ lI"",,'ln1: N.\G FILL. ll ', u" io renwe.ke G onb 11, lIn"'~

wlckt G'otlru)n_)'

16 ~Uti:cI:DlJll tsch e Molo ' -e nwerke G r u b H, 1'u"c llU,

G"Jrl:um,y

IT Ba" or lo n Moio r Works , I ue , E ls e" nch ,, ., ] )~ rl 'e rh o( ,

(~etllll_H I)'

lfl Bn)'cl' l$e]ie )!o(Or(!IIWcrke A G (B~l \Vl Munich,. be.,

manr10 Ilcn&:hcl FllLs:motorenwer~e, l{m", ,, l, (io.n, ,oo), '



E Q UI PM E NT D IV IS IO "N

E l «> .r i" , ,] B ,""m

4S Germ an .!leer rl{_~ I ' E qu l pm em II nl l . L :=; t r 1I h . ! ' l _ l - ' r i l

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Opn ••I ,""" p .m. , ,, , , ' . . ."rwn«n B. .. ..m00 Olltl<m;l oud PI"(' (: 'Is: lon ]O!"lrnlll~rll 1:ndus.1T)· U('J)Urt

ar Th~ Gt1rw .u.n .UJ . rns h:( l ' Jm.lu~tl')·

!'i2 lJn~~ o. .nd :Sr . lw !d t, UITPtIlmeh on 11n In. Gern;nuIJo"

i \n t i~ F ri (1 i on 8 1 "1 U 1 ch

J8 TIle Oel1JIlU I ,' \fitJ~}:""llitth)n Be-JIrlu.h~ llltl"'i:~1 T)"

M a ch i" . T < >< > I>Bn",,:"

i H : \IJ lc bl ue 1 \1 <. 18 ' " l lacblne<T "" Capll ll l l ::QuIpm"m

:,( 'i ~ IadJ.1ne11oo1 I"do",,)' In (l~rmany

:;0 l [erm~J1 Kolb Cu. Cologne. 1;"m,.1lII,f

,'ji Collt !t and F.n;."' t' lhanJ. nlr~bneb. '(~~nnn.n~

• ; .8 l\~..ros ""111on~"l"Qllkfor1. on If,,ln. (i'enDun.'·

~ UL TA RY A NA .l .Y SI S O lV IS IO N

:l!I Tle I);!(""l ur W ,""""lUI .U< ~·on.'"

00 v,W " " p o" ; ; { C n; o; ., ;l " ,, ," I Call1l)lll;;n

ij'l AI < ' ' ' l " < ' e n , , , , e uf I I IIC " 'U Ion

(12 W""Lh.r F8<."", In Clmb"l I~u,ub""lru""L O,pern'

Uons 1.0lh{' Eti.l:"flpeulI Tbll:!1.lln!!is &ruhlu,g A="("r:~;;A.:IF' H",l"Y und ]!edlu""

ll<lmbe",lu ,We h"1N,

!H 1)e<e.1pl.l'<onof I~ '" lk""b! II~

rn n T Ie hupnCln f thr- ..-\Ull"lI "'Ir F.:'1Tt.rl 011tri'ermull l.•u.

gl~"tJ~

M O RA LE D IV IS iO N

IHb The ~rrwt:.o. ::o[ ~tr",.H;w_"'el~I!Jlblfl'; till '1 3 rlWH1!.:\lumle

(""I". hnd ll)

u:; The Y. lI 'er! "r Ro'lIl1lll : ;o" }J""U.I, IIlIIt ,)lllllfml Ca,e

[" (;e''''''"r

M l .i NT TI ON S D IV IS IO N

Ha . '1' I nd us U 'y B . .. " ell

GG i)'fli;.Cu,khlJ: 11Idt.!~rn: lteput:l Ul't GI;' ];MUI~ily

f . t i i Coklu:; ltl.u.nI U tWrt X I) . I , S ec tf on~ 4'\1 B~G . & fJ

U.S ~;:uU:'horouIU;; ' humu1' . . ( )Wrha ' l l.&e.n~ ' ( ; ermnfl , "

'00 F':rh;io[l.::ld!'~.t\Ured .HiUett,e~ lUH!Jlllltlu~n.Gef'mOUl'

7'0 N"""~I",),ell ~~I..!"w".keI G. :\'mlnl ""bell. (ie".D.I.lII,)

;1 ltefcb.swi!!_fke Ue:nmlJlrI ( joer111S A lit lraHnndurr,

G'enJJul ly

7,2 Au~",Ul T)I.y~n Huc[u~A ·6. tlumlHH"u! GerblJ1i~).

71 J F'rlllllrich Kr"I ']) A G , Il",bec~ P ln u! ., ~ '" C;~,.

nt.!rl~l

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Genollll),

Mmo , V .h id • •• " d Tonk, B ... nc h

II C~"~'f1Ik1111MnhT \~I~ldl'l(>~ rnd \ l ,:~ tr .~ · U ; ( ' lw r ,L

; .. 1' nnl :, JmltL"l1 ry lte-Ilflrt

m lhJ,hnil!r 1l~1lr.:A c, Ufl l" lrUI I· kIH: lln, G~_r~ lun~ : ,

8(1 n e ~ m . l ; ,tit . ll ~l to r ' ~{ _i hlei e5: L 'l B n t . . Ii~ l Im u .; :u u r 1 ~ II l hoI:

, _ \_dum Opcl ~ . u u. ~b :I : 'l l I! i IH~_ Gc~mlm~~~ ~

5:! 1),!I:hnfn i.«_Il1z..0H~~m,HI l' l' l,lf'ok,d,.l'~lgg~~nH~ ~dJtau_lm·

: : 1 3 ~Iusc!'h[n(lonll lhrik .\";,f,..;IJUr;:-Xul·.II"".rt:, ~ . I! I ·j ll ~ i, ~ . .Ge . . . ..

lllarlY

S4 ~\,mu-- 'l l l~m .r\ G. C1H1U!uil.l. IImJZwlc1HlU" ti~:rU!nll.r

SO H'; :n~] IC I & 801111 . ,KH~t Uet·!n~I'I,)", '_ i1'

SO ll.tly,rnll~b l[e}1ur \VorJ.:~.. Et~!:IL"(lrlcll .~lUl,f 'C~_.'!Jrlnuuy

t rQJ~U'!lf. i ; t I(ior!, ' l Il="Ch'l .leu(t!.brlk A U. PI'lU!"!II~ G"rmn'.r

SS l'-olk;::cwu;,::eII,Wel'k,C, f~J;llrc:~lt!'bc'n. Gm·UJlLn~-:'"

SB nu:sslll~ :-':AG~ ,nnm~wl(."kj l1~~'lnlllW

0 0 ) ln cl ll !l ll oo u 111111 ' . 1r ic ;\ G P IIng) U .nHSw l" lt. G er,

IlU 1UY __

Frr(!(lrh.:h IirupJiI. GZ"U~OII"·Clkc- . ,l'lngll{!lmr,;;. GCI·num.y

S'ub,m~_1i:ocBranch

~.t.! Gt'ru_lu J I ::::11.ioI!Urtue ] 'IId'l str . '.T I - C i J O rt

03 l '!,,,,,,hhlellrabrl.k i I. 'IJ~bll rg.Nnrnl:Jer~ A G' . A''l.rs-

llurt;. G'el'lUJlny

W JJIulnu JI!!d \ ' 4 » ; ; . 0 . : : Shl,N'Urtl .s" H.uu!bul'S'. GifI. '_;rm_uny

~;~. [ )eUholr) !{ iw{irke- A G. Klcl ', GeFnUH1,) '

00 l )eur .& :he SchUT .u!d Mri,:t'chhle:nlmH. llrcmum, (:0-1'"

Ulllny

07 ""l iC't lr lc ll KruPI,1 GCl'fI)ul!l!lWcrUL l (1,el , Gerlnnn~·

U S U uw'l! h J t" i' ,- c .r k lP A (i,}rlI ruuu r,r:, a,- , . ruHI It,)·

~ m SI!hlJUrlne A : s . . . . ' l : . f ' u J l d S S,he.llcr,. l"I~I·get (iQ:rUI:IU~·

)~ Brumer l"ulJ:.:ul1. '~!~~~~ck. (~erl1lmw

o r<ln.n"" nnon<h

WI Ordllnnc'C !!!dU~lr." Uer>{lrt

Hl'l ~'rl(,,"'lch Kn'rr l l . l< u . '!O J I " 'e . R~e . \ (l )11I!;'d"bu<g,

nCl"IJ!un)·

108 n""hu,j,~1' I'criOln file,' Grl~t"hlrll~rlkatl.on ,A G, 1.10'~hu n, (~e.tIUjlny

114 M e. u~ hl ll ; ~ ~Sohll. K . n , , " - ' ! \ ! J ~ G>it,t'1l1U:UIY

Ui,;' UhlJ!,'nlJlt:"ll~II~Bur ...t=',nll_~ldQr.ft Gel."luuny

10 0 Hnrrunllu G.fH.!oI·IIl;! l ,\ 't.!l 'k'e, l lru uB schwc ~g . .[1nllentlol:'r~

Gennn.n~;lUi' Ih.lllrJQ.l",crl:sche Mu~llille)!lnl'lr. IIll~!O~er~GeJ.'IJ.lll'I'1:Y

lOS (h l~f lLhl r~~l l r lk l - ~' r l ~l : 'r l d l l{,rUPfl; ~n, GI!l"muIlY

0 .1 L I)JVISION

QU JJl '\ ,MOil. ~h", I ltCjlQrt

OJI 1)I"I5Iu"" " '10",1 Hel'<m, '~I'I>C!«.II~

]l'uwdert E " r ll os l \ .. ..S.. SJ.X ' t~hl l , lh,H!k~t~Ill!~ ; lcC Pru~

0 01 1 " "( 11 , W ~ r G U !O l8 Ilntl S U ! O ~" . \~ I .d ('3Un,sterlulnCl lOrL #t)

undel"l;WII,,,I,ul!.I 1)1"11<: ' ,"",11 '1""(,,, h' Grenlcr' Ger· .Il1I1U.y

'rhe 01!r '"" II ()JI I I I 1 J, , " ! r , ) ' , , \ I IIII" Ierll<l 1 1 " 1 10 l ~ 'e m"18 •

lH ill IIl~terl'I" 1t"1""'t G.IIQhcru lenIB

l O l l

noIII

112

!iiI

Olil lno"<h

1111

i~!nlHlmhtk.w~l·k,,' ~h.I,I'R.~ll11r~ (:' tu h U 4 l.A,·lIIm, Itr-r-

nUll ly -2 APIH} Il II II~. jo;:

UI'1ruu'ku)llp UCHr.~ll , , 1 - \ (;1 I " A ~ U 7 " !UII.! Uuhl'P!h G~FIL!J!II-"

'Wll1h;r~hIlH ~'\,(.;, l~IIQl:~k"'IIII('rr! n'f~rlllt!l!.)"

1~~u l \\ ' ~~'} . :th a l{·n -Ul l l uUI Wurk~ or I I ~ ]? ' j~ r , 'J i . :i u l rHh! . l li t r J~

.',\G. J ~ud \ \ " t : . : " 1 . " i I II~r(~!I~ (~(oruu 111,\ ·

H:'Uih"I'Ht'l 1~.')tll'd~f·IUlt i«~n l~lBlht, I:I.I'ttr~ll}t-]~O.'\ ~(4r.IUlm~~·.\tlll. I" , ,' nl '. ] 'I

Hhcu..uulu O!:C"S.!II.:'l hH .H "n l' .~ lw er k~ . . u, Hn r tmrg He-

fll!~,Ii.\·~ Hillllhnrj!.(leru!u!I,~·

Htwnnuf!1 l)~.u.~ l lh,eJ·l l tO{~lwel,·k\ ! ~\ G. r=:n!JoO.hroo]cH.enl lm·,l · , I I' jl m b o t; =, . ( ~ t~ r 'l ln n ., -

I U u' ml il hi { ') bS H g " Ihwr ah -" Jlwe l· kv , \ t:. \,\'l'Ih'l:u-,,,,lllJ,rg

- rb~ l lnel ') ·4 ' l lumuhur-"=,, Uof·:t'Uljlll)~

~]'IlWt\r~;S:i.lnrt Vh~t.)t~ C~I~tJ"Up~Uu:;nNul. (]'crlll!ln~·., '\~II1.

I'" \ '0 1, I I

r·:l!r(j.Julcl~lle fl.'\illklul-,;·(!I· unrl 'r:nllltol~PJ"t ~'\ G , HUIII..hUl·p-, f~el'mo.n~""

l~bm!'1 ,,\tSl1hillt \ Ve r:k c A - G i . f-I;whurg:' RdhIC!·.':! !.JU!II,·

b U L · . r : ; , GI~I·r_i l i tn)'

)h,-erlJ{-'{"k nh-elnl 'l '\elU·:~,~,{il!S.nll het ic on Ph_mt -" ,'o l~ ]

fmd H.

CI.l'k~Il;': IJ,uIlL!l, 11uJlUJ. :I :I :.~ & . Liege, lllPll'iuDI:

F,I.I'rt :::'=l,U I u - h · l o I j ! V.etdur l Group. : '' letz , t '- "'nw{"e

(hlU! Uf~,!~tIthn jW~ Lh.IJQ~r~, l!'ra nee

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(iJlOJU!l et InH'II~ .\ 'e-rn "~u~lne Fo.clot',)', l . .e )hUHt.

Itni!I(~

K U J = : ( j . l ! 1 P i c l H ' r Ht!J'rln,g Uu:lt l'hu:Lt, ElJelsbllClli GermlJ,n)'

JAn'J:I'I: [J:fi("",,!'l!f't .,,\Ireo'rl!rt Plnnt, Tuulouse. ,,'"rallce

s, N. C, ;\ , S, Ii:. ,0\1""",f( PI""t, Touloll"". i'rallC!'"r\., I, i\. _\irenlf't PJnl!l, ' j " 'oufmu; : ,o. . Fl J"I l l \ ( , ""e

\~ \V.fflll)l)fl.lll In l..orulmi

'C~ 'Y .!.ren 'J! K<"fehl

P ' I IhU to A 1:r JtJl h1 S.lwU';n!l In OoprmllnyHf;)dflolllw:rg TI!f~rlJ1nl J::le-ctrlc [ - - " l W e I . " Silutlon. K r u l J " . , .

Sick. '0-.:lllf.l fI)

UZ"uu\' ,:. r1I'1tr'-r:ltHSrurlllfli:" &, S\{"I,h.'hl:n,g' sturlon, Bntn-

w.(l-Ih~r. Hl:'rrnun~ v

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nall\\'tlj, nrW!:". Rller" G~r"''''I)'

Gnst1Q.IT-'Vc-r~e wetmar. \V( 'I IIUI '. G(orIUI!I I; )·

Hen~hQn & . :S-uhnG 1 1 . 1 . h 'A~ Ka~~1. ( ,;enIUU1J'

.\rtil Sur\'@.'·nt f'lrml~~fl~., (:ermnny

Eii.J1mung, H'o:nf; ' :e:r~ C . l r ! ' r I U l l r l , : , . .

~[A N 'Ve.rke Au~"'tlhur;::. A U I - o 's b u t ", ,: : . • Germ,lny

t"rl",lrlc'h Krupp A n, F~"""" a"rIlUl'l)'

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Un\·eri~he , :U o ' t. IJ r :e n w e r k f do . . .Durr,e.rho:l't C:;:er.ryarl,)"

lfl'tlel.ueLlI.~iu!: ~1,nH'i"t'n'\\"erloi:e: n m b H. l"allch!l~G'el"illltul,'

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l1ul'tI",Storlcd ::tlnu:tures. Homburg. H@nll!1ny

C'onUne.n:t'a_I: Gumml,werke, Hanover, Gernu:I. I1Y

K n s . , ; ; . : , ; . e . l)lu:r:;hnllln;=:' Y u rt !F :. K i l~ t G~rIWl:u~:

II,

1111

I~ O

1~I ,

R ub bo r B ." 'n ~h

I ': !, "- ~ I ,hmtsc lle I Ju I I I op · uuumn c«, I:lu11I1I) (Ill ),hdn,

GCI·nlnny

C'ot~nih!uJlhtl GUI!lu!hnHla~. Huunver, Uel,·I_IHHlY

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l'tT

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P"'poll ants B...."ch

I :jU BI~Ht l 'Io! .: I.1t l II I$l: :h~Wl!rk t!" ) 'lul ildl ', t~el· IUlI II ,~·

1:~1 S! :l i lI 1 J IL t !IK"' < ! 'k ] ~~pl u Sl , \: f ~ Phllli. [ , I ; '_: : ! I08C 'Sl l re . I~~tl )1T

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USSBS Report 44, Japanese Naval Ordnance

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Transcript of USSBS Report 44, Japanese Naval Ordnance