Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information...

Protein

Amino acid

Nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids

● Include DNA and RNAInformation storage moleculesThey provide the directions for building proteins

Phosphategroup

Nitrogenous baseA, G, C, or U

Uracil U

Sugar ribose

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA, ribonucleic acid

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids●Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:

Nucleic Acids

Sugar-phosphatebackbone

NucleotideBasepair

Hydrogenbond

a DNA strandpolynucleotide

b Double helixtwo polynucleotide strands

●Nucleic Acid Structure

Nucleic Acids●Nucleic Acid Structure

DNA Structure

Nucleic Acids

• Carbohydrates include

Carbohydrates

– Small sugar molecules in soft drinks• Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

– Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes• Polysaccharides

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars

Monosaccharides

– Glucose, found in sports drinks

– Fructose, found in fruit

• Honey contains both glucose and fructose

Glucose Fructose

Isomers

• In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides form rings

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

Monosaccharides

• A disaccharide is a double sugar

Disaccharides

• Disaccharides are joined by the process of dehydration synthesis

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

• The most common disaccharide is sucrose, common table sugar

– It consists of a glucose linked to a fructose

– Sucrose is extracted from sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

(a) Starch

Starch granules inpotato tuber cells

Glucosemonomer

(b) Glycogen

GlycogenGranulesIn muscletissue

(c) Cellulose

Cellulose molecules

Cellulose fibril ina plant cell wall

– They are long chains of sugar units– They are polymers of monosaccharides

●Lipids are:

Neither macromolecules nor polymers

Hydrophobic, unable to mix with water

Lipids

Oil (hydrophobic)

Vinegar (hydrophilic)

Figure 3.10

●FATS● Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride

Lipids

– A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids

Fatty acid

Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol

(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

●Unsaturated fatty acids

Lipids (Fats)

– Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

●Saturated fatty acids – Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to

the carbons

Lipids (Fats)

Saturated Fats

TYPES OF FATS

Unsaturated Fats

Margarine

Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats

INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED

COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED

COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND

DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS

Phospholipids

Steroids

Lipids

Cholesterol

Testosterone A type of estrogen

●STEROIDSSteroids are very different from fats in structure and function.

Lipids

Visual Summary 3.2

Biological Molecules

Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information...

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