Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information...

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Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building proteins

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Transcript of Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information...

Page 1: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Gene

DNA

RNA

Protein

Amino acid

Nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids

● Include DNA and RNAInformation storage moleculesThey provide the directions for building proteins

Page 2: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Phosphategroup

Nitrogenous baseA, G, C, or U

Uracil U

Sugar ribose

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

Base

Sugar

●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA, ribonucleic acid

Nucleic Acids

Page 3: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Nucleic Acids●Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:

Page 4: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Nucleic Acids

Sugar-phosphatebackbone

NucleotideBasepair

Hydrogenbond

Bases

a DNA strandpolynucleotide

b Double helixtwo polynucleotide strands

●Nucleic Acid Structure

Page 5: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Nucleic Acids●Nucleic Acid Structure

Page 6: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

DNA Structure

Nucleic Acids

Page 7: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

• Carbohydrates include

Carbohydrates

– Small sugar molecules in soft drinks• Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

– Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes• Polysaccharides

Page 8: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars

Monosaccharides

– Glucose, found in sports drinks

– Fructose, found in fruit

• Honey contains both glucose and fructose

Glucose Fructose

Isomers

Page 9: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

• In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides form rings

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

Monosaccharides

Page 10: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

• A disaccharide is a double sugar

Disaccharides

• Disaccharides are joined by the process of dehydration synthesis

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

Page 11: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

• The most common disaccharide is sucrose, common table sugar

– It consists of a glucose linked to a fructose

– Sucrose is extracted from sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets

Disaccharides

Page 12: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Polysaccharides

(a) Starch

Starch granules inpotato tuber cells

Glucosemonomer

(b) Glycogen

GlycogenGranulesIn muscletissue

(c) Cellulose

Cellulose molecules

Cellulose fibril ina plant cell wall

– They are long chains of sugar units– They are polymers of monosaccharides

Page 13: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

●Lipids are:

Neither macromolecules nor polymers

Hydrophobic, unable to mix with water

Lipids

Oil (hydrophobic)

Vinegar (hydrophilic)

Figure 3.10

Page 14: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

●FATS● Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride

Lipids

– A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids

Fatty acid

Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol

(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

Page 15: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

●Unsaturated fatty acids

Lipids (Fats)

– Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

●Saturated fatty acids – Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to

the carbons

Page 16: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Lipids (Fats)

Saturated Fats

TYPES OF FATS

Unsaturated Fats

Margarine

Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats

INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED

COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED

COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND

DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS

Page 17: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Phospholipids

Steroids

Lipids

Page 18: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

Cholesterol

Testosterone A type of estrogen

●STEROIDSSteroids are very different from fats in structure and function.

Lipids

Page 19: Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building.

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