Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
CELLSTAXONOMY
PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTESCELL STRUCTURES &
FUNCTIONSCELL PROCESSES & ENERGYCELL GROWTH & DIVISION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0jH2Eg8v4
Review What are the eight
characteristics of living things? What are the four major
macromolecules?
Answers 1. Made up of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Evolution /Adapt 6. Respond to Stimuli 7. Grow and Develop 8. DNA
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Diversity of Life Arises by evolutionary change
leading to the present biodiversity we see.
Divided into Three Domains: 1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes
(no nucleus) 2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes
(no nucleus) 3. Eukarya- Plants and Animals,
complex organelles and multicellular
Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms
DOMAINS KINGDOMS Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eubacteria Archaea Animalia-
Animals Plantae- Plants Fungi- Fungus Protista- animal
like and plant like
Domain Eubacteria True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live
in all sorts of environments Largest groups of organisms on Earth Only a small amount are disease causing Most have very important roles:
Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria Saprophytes- decomposers that break down
dead material. Symbionts- they have a relationship with other
organisms
Domain Archaea Most recent domain, 1970’s Live in extreme environments with high
temperatures and some produce methane. Vast difference in genetic and biochemical
make-up from other bacterium. Microscopically similar in looks so it is likely
that it has been around for a long time but we just missed it.
Live in extreme environments Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic
or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane.
Salt Loving- Halobacterium Has a pigment that makes it purple called
bacteriorhodopsin, which also helps it synthesize ATP.
San Francisco
Bay
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20577-hidden-ecologies-salt-ponds-and-entombed-marshes.html#.VB97I1eKVEM
Domain Eukarya Eukarytotes= have a nucleus, are
unicellular and multicellular 4 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)
2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis.
3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release.
4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms.
How are organisms in the kingdoms classified????
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) He came up with a means of naming organisms that
was simple and universal. Problem- before this people were naming organisms
multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency.
Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system Genus, species Always in italics Genus is capitalized and species lowercased Ex- Homo sapiens
Classification System
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!
Prefixes Cyto= cell Iso= Equal Kary= Kernel Hyper= Above Endo= Within Hypo= Below Exo= Out of
How did we learn that there were different
cells, three Domains, etc?
Robert Hooke First to identify cells by
observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.
1665
Anton Van Leewenhoek Described living things and
observed them in greater detail.
Called them “animalcules” 1674
Matthias Schleiden Found that plants are made
of cells 1838
Theodore Schwann All living things are made of cells 1839
Rudolf Virchow Proposed that cells come from pre-
existing cells 1855
Three Major principles of the cell theory
1. All organisms are made of cells 2.All existing cells come from pre-
existing cells 3. Cells are the basic unit of life.
Short Video with Notes http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-histo
ry-of-cell-theory#watch
What is the relationship between structure and function of your
cells? The way they are
shaped directly relates to their job or function.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs
Examples 1. Long, thin nerve cells transmit
sensory info from your brain to the rest of your body.
2. Short, blocky skin cells that cover and protect the body.
Nerve Cells
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/
http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg
White blood cell
engulfing a bacteria cell
and spewing out
the remnants
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
Inside the chloroplast of a plant cell
Eyelashes!
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Bacteria on the tongue
Artery and
blood cells
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Clump of sperm tails
in the testes
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge
Staphylococcus bacteria in the trachea
Liver cell
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge
Lung Cells
http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related
Cells are separated into two categories
1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes No nucleus or membrane bound organelles DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular Single celled Cell Walls Evolved 3.5 bya Ex- Bacteria or Archaea
Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen: Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the
presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not
oxygen is present.
Structure of a Prokaryote
www.biologyjunction.comFlagellaRibosome
s
Pili
DNA
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Functions Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates
separately from the main chromosome. DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in
the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds
molecules and organelles in a cell Cell wall- structural support Cell membrane- controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
Benefits of Prokaryotes Provide nutrients to humans and animals,
especially in digestion. Bacteria have a symbiotic relationship called mutualism where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down foods and helping them absorb nutrients and vitamins.
Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the environment.
Bioremediation- using living things to break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills.
Bacterial Diseases Can attack the cells in tissues.
Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients
Can make poisons called toxins Blood carries it to other parts of the body. Food poisoning
E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial
disease Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria Work by stopping the cell wall from developing,
animal cells don’t have cell walls, viruses also lack cell walls
When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness
Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of the antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications, which allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce and pass the genetics on.
EukaryotesHas a nucleus with membrane
bound organellesNucleus store the genetic
material and is linearMulticellular or unicellularLarger, more complexPlants and animalsEvolved 1.5 mya
Both* Microscopic in size* Composed of similar
building blocks* Cell Membrane* Cytoplasm * Have DNA* Loaded with ribosome's
Levels of organization Ranges from smallest to largest
Level Function ExampleCell
OrganelleTiny organelles that each have specific
functions.
Mitochondria
Cell Basic unit of life. Plant or Animal Cell
Tissue A group of similar cells that work together.
Muscle Tissue
Organ Collection of tissues joined together
Lungs
Organ System
Collection of organs that work together for a
similar goal.
Respiratory System
Organism A living thing Human
Cell Differentiation Defined- Process where a
generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.
Example-> zygote -> embryoAllows germ cells, stem cells, and
somatic cells to develop and mature.
Why is it crucial? Crucial for embryonic
development, plays a role in the functioning of many organisms throughout their lives.
Cell Organelles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&feature=related
Cell Membrane Description- Thin covering, protects cells,
made up of two layers- hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic glycerol / phosphate heads
Function- Controls the passage into and out of the cell, semi-permeable= some things come in and some things go out.
Cytoplasm Description- Jellylike substance
throughout the cell Function- Cushions organelles,
transports proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions
Cytoskeleton Description- Network of
proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell.
Function- Protects, structural support and shape
Three Main Fibers: 1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes.
Give cells its shape and acts as “tracks” for organelle movement.
2. Intermediate filaments- give a cell its strength
3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow the cell to move and divide. Help the muscle contract and relax.
Cell Wall Description- Plants
only, made up of cellulose, rigid, tough
Function- Protects, supports, and shapes the cell.
Process- Turgor Pressure
Vacuole Description- Fluid
filled sacs Function- Full of
water, nutrients, and waste that is on its way out.
Process- Storage
Central Vacuole
Description- Large fluid filled sac in plants only
Function- Used for storage of materials needed by the cell such as water, food, enzymes, and inorganic molecules.
Process- Storage
Chloroplast Description- Plants only, green
structure with chlorophyll Function- Carry out
photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy.
Process- Photosynthesis
Vesicle Description-Small sacs that divide some materials
from the cytoplasm Function- transport materials from place to place
in a cell through the cytoplasm Process- Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Chromatin Description- In the nucleus, made of DNA
and protein, contains genes Function- To package DNA into a smaller
volume so that it can fit into a cell. Process- Cell Division
Nucleus Description- Dense,
ball shaped structure, contains DNA, Storehouse of the DNA
Function- Protein synthesis occurs here, control center of the cell
Process-Processes DNA and Protein Synthesis
Nucleolus Description- Dense region in the middle of the
nucleus, dark ball Function- Ribosome's are made here Process- Protein Synthesis
Nuclear Membrane/ Envelope
Description- Double membrane around the nucleus
Function- Protects the nucleus and has pores around it for molecules to pass in and out
Nuclear Pore Description- little holes around the membrane
of the nucleus Function- Allows things to move in and out of
the nucleus.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description- No ribosomes, Lots of folds, inner membrane= lumen
Functions- Makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels in muscles, breaks down drugs and alcohol
Process- Detoxification, Synthesis of Carbs and Lipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description- Covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus
Function- Produces, transports enzymes and proteins throughout the cell.
Process- Processing Proteins
Ribosomes Description- tiny little balls
throughout the cell. Function- Makes proteins
and RNA, tiny balls that link amino acids together to form proteins, site of protein synthesis
Process- Protein Synthesis
Centrosome Description- Small region of cytoplasm that
produces microtubules, contains centrioles. Function- During mitosis this divides and the
two parts move to opposite sides of the cell. Process- Cell Division
Golgi Apparatus Description- Small bags with tubes connecting them and
contains enzymes Function- Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell. Process- Processes Proteins
Mitochondria Description- kidney bean shaped organelle Function- Supplies energy to the cell, converts food
into energy (glucose into ATP), have their own ribosomes and DNA
Process- Cellular Respiration
Centriole Description- small cylinders Function- Helps divide DNA during cell division Process- Mitosis / Meiosis
Lysosomes Description- Small, round structures that contain
enzymes Function- Contains digestive enzymes, nutrients
and old cells are broken down and digested, and defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
Process- Digestion, Phagocytosis
Flagella and Cilia Description- flagella = tail-like, cilia=
hair-like Function- Help the cell move Process- Movement
Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr
2FDFU&feature=related http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model
.htm