Cells and HeredityCells and Heredity

Chapter 1 Cell Structure Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function.and Function.

Section 1-Discovering Section 1-Discovering CellsCells

Section 1 –Discovering Cells: Section 1 –Discovering Cells: Objectives-Objectives-

• Explain how the invention of the Explain how the invention of the microscope contributed to the scientists’ microscope contributed to the scientists’ understanding of living thingsunderstanding of living things

• State the three points of cell theoryState the three points of cell theory• Describe how a microscope works, Describe how a microscope works,

including how a lenses magnifies an including how a lenses magnifies an object.object.

VocabularyVocabulary

1. 1. cellcell

The basic unit of structure and The basic unit of structure and function in living things. function in living things.

2. 2. microscopemicroscope

An instrument that makes small An instrument that makes small objects look larger. objects look larger.

3. 3. compound microscopecompound microscope

A light microscope that has more A light microscope that has more than one lens.than one lens.

4. cell theory4. cell theory

A widely accepted explanation of the A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living relationship between cells and living things. things.

5. magnification5. magnification

The ability to make things look larger The ability to make things look larger than they are. than they are.

6. 6. convex lensconvex lens

A curved lens in which the center is A curved lens in which the center is thicker than the edges. thicker than the edges.

7. 7. resolutionresolution

The ability to clearly distinguish the The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object.individual parts of an object.

NotesNotes

1. The invention of the 1. The invention of the __________________ made it possible __________________ made it possible for people to discover and learn for people to discover and learn

about ________.about ________.

microscope

cells

Names to knowNames to know

Robert Hooke. 1663. One of the first Robert Hooke. 1663. One of the first people to observe cells. He observed people to observe cells. He observed a thin slice of cork using a compound a thin slice of cork using a compound microscope that he built himself.microscope that he built himself.

The cork looked like tiny rectangular The cork looked like tiny rectangular rooms, which he called cells.rooms, which he called cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same time that Hooke made his discovery)time that Hooke made his discovery)

Observed tiny objects with microscopes.Observed tiny objects with microscopes.

He made his own lenses to construct He made his own lenses to construct simple microscopessimple microscopes

He looked at water from a pond and saw He looked at water from a pond and saw one-celled organisms that he called one-celled organisms that he called animalcules, meaning “little animals”animalcules, meaning “little animals”

Matthais Schleiden (1838) –German Matthais Schleiden (1838) –German scientist concluded that all plants are scientist concluded that all plants are made of cells.made of cells.

Theodor Schwann (1839)-German Theodor Schwann (1839)-German scientist that concluded that animals scientist that concluded that animals are made of cells.are made of cells.

Up until this time, people did not Up until this time, people did not understand where cells came from. understand where cells came from.

Most people thought that living Most people thought that living things could come from non living things could come from non living matter.matter.

German Doctor Rudolf Virchow German Doctor Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells are only formed proposed that cells are only formed from existing cells.from existing cells.

The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others let Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others let

to the development of the Cell Theory.to the development of the Cell Theory.

2. The cell theory states:2. The cell theory states:

– A.A.

– B.B.

– C. C.

All living things are composed of cells

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.All cells are produced from other cells

3. A microscope magnifies an object 3. A microscope magnifies an object byby

______________________________________________________________

Bending the light that passes through them.

4. A ____________________lens is 4. A ____________________lens is

thicker in the middle than at the thicker in the middle than at the edges.edges.

convex

5. ____________________________ is the 5. ____________________________ is the sharpness of an image, while sharpness of an image, while _________________________ is making _________________________ is making an image appear larger than it really an image appear larger than it really is. is.

resolution

magnification

Cells and HeredityCells and Heredity Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Chapter 1 Cell Structure and

FunctionFunction

Section 2: Looking Inside CellsSection 2: Looking Inside Cells

Section 2-Looking Inside CellsSection 2-Looking Inside Cells• Identify the roll of the cell membrane Identify the roll of the cell membrane

and nucleus in the celland nucleus in the cell• Describe the functions performed by Describe the functions performed by

other organelles in the cellother organelles in the cell• Compare bacterial cells with plant Compare bacterial cells with plant

and animal cellsand animal cells• Describe the role of specialized Describe the role of specialized

cells in many celled organismscells in many celled organisms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF

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Vocab Vocab

8. 8. OrganelleOrganelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.specific function within the cell.

9. 9. Cell wallCell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. some other organisms.

10. 10. cell membranecell membrane

A cell structure that controls which A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the substances can enter or leave the cell.cell.

11. 11. nucleusnucleus

A cell structure that contains nucleic A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell’s activities. direct all the cell’s activities.

12. 12. chromatinchromatin

Material in cells that contains DNA Material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information. and carries genetic information.

13. 13. cytoplasmcytoplasm

The region between the cell The region between the cell membrane and the nucleus; in membrane and the nucleus; in organisms without a nucleus, the organisms without a nucleus, the region located inside the cell region located inside the cell membrane.membrane.

14. 14. mitochondriamitochondria

Rod-shaped cell structures that Rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell’s functions.to carry out the cell’s functions.

15. 15. endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. part of the cell to another.

16. 16. ribosomeribosome

A small grain-like structure in the A small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made. are made.

17. 17. Golgi bodyGolgi body

A structure in a cell that receives A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the distributes them to other parts of the cell.cell.

18. 18. chloroplastchloroplast

A structure in the cells of plants and A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. produce food.

ADD somewhere on vocab page: ADD somewhere on vocab page:

vacuolevacuole

A water-filled sac inside a cell that A water-filled sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area. acts as a storage area.

19. 19. lysosomelysosome

A small round cell structure that A small round cell structure that contains chemicals that break down contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller large food particles into smaller ones. ones.

NotesNotes

1. The ______________________ protects 1. The ______________________ protects the cell and controls what substances the cell and controls what substances enter and exit it. enter and exit it.

Cell membrane

2. The ______________________ controls 2. The ______________________ controls all the cell’s activities.all the cell’s activities.

nucleus

3. See pages 26-27 in your Cells and 3. See pages 26-27 in your Cells and Heredity Text. Match the organelle Heredity Text. Match the organelle to its “City Function”. to its “City Function”.

1. Cell Wall: _________1. Cell Wall: _________H

2. Cell Membrane ________2. Cell Membrane ________D

3. nucleus ________3. nucleus ________J

4. chromatin: ________4. chromatin: ________F

5. mitochondria: _______5. mitochondria: _______I

6. endoplasmic reticulum :___________6. endoplasmic reticulum :___________C

7. ribosomes: _________7. ribosomes: _________B

8. Golgi Bodies: ________8. Golgi Bodies: ________A

9. chloroplasts: _______9. chloroplasts: _______G

10. vacuoles: ________10. vacuoles: ________K

11. lysosomes: _______11. lysosomes: _______E

4. The three functions of organelles 4. The three functions of organelles are:are:

– A.A.

– B.B.

– C.C.

Produce energy

Build and transport needed materials

Store recycle wastes

5. Bacterial cells do not contain a 5. Bacterial cells do not contain a ______________________. ______________________. nucleus

Cells and HeredityCells and Heredity Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Chapter 1 Cell Structure and

FunctionFunction

Section 3: Chemical Section 3: Chemical Compounds in CellsCompounds in Cells

Section 3-Chemical Compounds in Section 3-Chemical Compounds in CellsCells

• Describe the four main kinds of organic Describe the four main kinds of organic molecules in living things.molecules in living things.

• Explain how water is important to Explain how water is important to the functioning of cells.the functioning of cells.

20. 20. elementelement

Any substance that cannot be broken Any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.down into simpler substances.

21. 21. atomatom

The smallest unit of an element.The smallest unit of an element.

22. 22. compoundcompound

Two or more elements that are Two or more elements that are chemically combined. chemically combined.

23. 23. moleculemolecule

The smallest unit of most The smallest unit of most compounds.compounds.

24. 24. organic compoundorganic compound

A compound that contains carbonA compound that contains carbon. .

25. 25. inorganic compoundinorganic compound

A compound that does not contain A compound that does not contain carbon.carbon.

26. 26. carbohydratescarbohydrates

Energy-rich organic compounds, such Energy-rich organic compounds, such as sugars and starches, that are as sugars and starches, that are made of the elements carbon, made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.hydrogen, and oxygen.

27. 27. proteinsproteins

Large organic molecules made of Large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. and sometimes sulfur.

28. 28. amino acidsamino acids

Small molecules that are linked Small molecules that are linked together chemically to form proteins. together chemically to form proteins.

29. 29. enzymeenzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.chemical reaction in a living thing.

30. 30. lipidslipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. oxygen.

31. 31. nucleic acidnucleic acid

A very large organic molecule made A very large organic molecule made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, that nitrogen, and phosphorus, that contains instructions that cells need contains instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life. to carry out all the functions of life.

32. 32. DNADNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information material that carries information about an organism and is passed about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. from parent to offspring.

33. 33. RNARNA

Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the plays an important role in the production of proteins. production of proteins.

1. Four main groups of organic 1. Four main groups of organic compounds:compounds:

A.A.

B.B.

C.C.

D.D.

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

2. Two examples of inorganic 2. Two examples of inorganic compounds:compounds:

A.A.

B.B.

H2O - water

NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)

3. Plant cells store excess energy in 3. Plant cells store excess energy in thethe

form of _____________________.form of _____________________.starch

4. Proteins are made from the 4. Proteins are made from the elements:elements:

A.A.

B.B.

C.C.

D.D. E. E.

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen(and sometimes Sulfur)(and sometimes Sulfur)

5. ________________in our saliva speed 5. ________________in our saliva speed up digestion by breaking down up digestion by breaking down

_______________ into _______________ into

__________________.__________________.

Enzymes

starchessugars

6. __________,__________6. __________,__________

and __________ are all lipids.and __________ are all lipids.

fats oils

waxes

7. Without ____________ most 7. Without ____________ most

___________ reactions would not take ___________ reactions would not take

place.place.

water

chemical

Cells and HeredityCells and Heredity Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Chapter 1 Cell Structure and

FunctionFunction

Section 4: The Cell in Its Section 4: The Cell in Its EnvironmentEnvironment

Section 4- ObjectivesSection 4- Objectives

– Describe 3 methods in which Describe 3 methods in which molecules move in and out of cellsmolecules move in and out of cells

– Compare passive and active Compare passive and active transport.transport.

34. 34. selectively permeableselectively permeable

A property of cell membranes that A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot. through, while others cannot.

35. 35. diffusiondiffusion

The process by which molecules The process by which molecules move from an area of higher move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to an area of lower concentration.concentration.

36. 36. osmosisosmosis

The diffusion of water molecules The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable through a selectively permeable membrane.membrane.

37. 37. passive transportpassive transport

The movement of materials through The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using a cell membrane without using energy.energy.

38. 38. active transportactive transport

The movement of materials through The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.a cell membrane using energy.

NotesNotes

1. Three ways substances can move 1. Three ways substances can move into and out of cells:into and out of cells:

A._______________A._______________

B._______________B._______________

C._______________C._______________

diffusion

osmosis

Active transport

2. _______________ transport requires 2. _______________ transport requires energy, while ____________transport energy, while ____________transport does not.does not.

Active

Passive

Review-Organic Compounds Graphic Review-Organic Compounds Graphic OrganizerOrganizer

A.A.

B.B.

C.C.

D.D.

E.E.

carbohydrates

proteins

Fats, oils, waxes

sugar

DNA