BIOELECTROMAGNETISIM

Supervisor

Dr.SADIQULLAH

Group members

Naveed Ahmad

Adil Muhammad

Subhan Ali

Dawood Khan

M.Younas khan

Umar Bin Mumtaz

First mentioned when the ancient Egyptians had problems catching a particular kind of fish(Stingray) which would give them powerful electric shocks (>450V), forcing them to drop the fish back into the water

In the first medical application of bioelectromagnetism, a similar kind of fish was used to treat headaches and arthritis from 46CE until the 17th century CE.

Definition of BEM

Discipline that examines the electric, electromagnetic, and

magnetic phenomena which arise in biological tissues. These

phenomena include

The behavior of excitable tissue (the sources)

The magnetic field at and beyond the body

The response of excitable cells to electric and magnetic field

stimulation

The intrinsic electric and magnetic properties of the tissue

Examples

Membrane potentials

Action potentials

Electric currents that

flow through

nerves/muscles

Brain Oscillations

Magnetic field of the

heart

Virtually all scientists and science

students are aware of bioelectricity

(though they may not call it that)

Not many are aware of the importance of

biomagnetism: the magnetic fields

surrounding all living organisms produced

by the internal ongoing electrical activity

Pioneered by David Cohen – 60's, 70's

SUBDIVISIONS OF BIOELECTROMAGNETISM

Maxwell's equations (the electromagnetic connection)

principle of reciprocity

Division on Theoretical Basis

The electromagnetic connection, connect

time-varying electric and magnetic fields so

that when there are bioelectric fields there

always are also Biomagnetic fields, and vice

versa (Maxwell, 1865). Depending on

whether we discuss electric, electromagnetic,

or magnetic phenomena.

The sensitivity distribution in the detection of

bioelectric signals, the energy distribution in

electric stimulation, and the sensitivity

distribution of electric impedance

measurements are the same.

SUBDIVISIONS OF BIOELECTROMAGNETISM

Division on Conceptual Basis

Bioelectricity

Bioelectromagnetism

Biomagnetism

Now these three can be subdivided into three categories

(I) Measurement of an electric or a magnetic field from a bioelectric source or

(the magnetic field from) magnetic material.

(II) Electric stimulation with an electric or a magnetic field or the magnetization

of materials (with magnetic field)

(III) Measurement of the intrinsic electric or magnetic properties of tissue.

Applications of BEM

TMS and related effects

A strong changing magnetic field can induce electrical currents in conductive tissue such

as the brain. Since the magnetic field penetrates tissue, it can be generated outside of the

head to induce currents within, causing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These

currents depolarize neurons in a selected part of the brain, leading to changes in the

patterns of neural activity. A number of scientists and clinicians are attempting to use TMS

to replace electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat disorders such as severe depression.

Applications of BEM

Magnetic Stimulation of Neural Tissue

Biomagnetic field is the electric activity of biological tissue.

This bioelectric activity produces an electric current in the volume conductor which induces the

biomagnetic field.

Magnetic stimulation is a method for stimulating excitable tissue with an electric current induced by an

external time-varying magnetic field

To stimulate nerve cell by magnetism

The nerve cell require +40 mv to be stimulated. Which can be achieved by

creating magnetic field outside the body to induce current in nerve cell.

Applications of BEM

It is used for monitoring and diagnosing a variety of heart conditions.

The EEG (Electroencephalography) is a test that records the electrical activity of the brain.

It is used for monitoring and diagnosing epilepsy, sleep disorders, coma and brain-death.

Applications of BEM

Adverse effects of BEM

Thermal effects:

Most of the molecules in the human body interact weakly

with electromagnetic fields in the radio frequency or

extremely low frequency bands. One such interaction is

absorption of energy from the fields, which can cause

tissue to heat up; more intense fields will produce greater

heating. This can lead to biological effects ranging from

muscle relaxation (as produced by a diathermy device) to

burns.

Adverse effects of BEM

Behavourial effects

A research was conducted in USA on wifi effects on sleepness when

the wifi modem was turned on they did not sleep well but in the case

When the wifi modem was turned off they slept well.so from this they

concluded that EMF waves have great impact on sleeping.

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Electricity VDTs Cell phones

Before EMF

Low EMF

EMF Today

THE BASIC MECHANISM FOR THE ELECTRICAL

STIMULATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

This paper is written by F. RATTAY of TU-BioMed,

Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna,

Austria

In this paper he described that how the nervous

system can be stimulated artificialy by magnetisim.

Birds can sense and use the Earth's magnetic field to migrate to certain areas

Scientists speculate that birds have two distinct magnetic sensing mechanisms in their bodies, each

with a different function.

In birds, both of these magneto-receptors are believed to be in the head.

Wiltschkos suggested in a 2005 paper, one of the receptors probably acts as a

magnetometer - which measures magnetic intensity - and the other as a compass.

As a bird flies over them during a migration, its magnetometer may detect these anomalies and enable it

to compile a mental map of magnetic signposts for future use

The second mechanism, the compass, may indicate direction. But unlike a conventional compass, it

doesn't distinguish between north and south; it tells the bird only where a pole is and where the equator

is.