Huawei Technologies Co

Guide Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage DesignFor internal use only

Product NameConfidentiality Level

WCDMA RNPFor internal use only

Product VersionTotal 93 pages

3.1

Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage Design(For internal use only)Prepared byChen LeiDate2006-03-20

Reviewed byXie Zhibin, Wu Zhong, Hu Wensu, Yang Shijie, and Ai HuaDate2006-03-22

Reviewed byYao JianqingDate2006-03-25

Approved byDate

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All Rights Reserved.Revision HistoryDateRevision VersionDescriptionAuthor

2002-12-301.00Completed the first draft and revised some contents according to review comments. Gu Jufeng

2004-10-292.00Added the analysis on a multi-system shared system, preliminary analysis on an IRS, and method of calculating the WCDMA service thresholds by GSM signals. Discussed handoff problems in an indoor system. Supplemented and perfected other projects according to relevant data of project S and domestic experimental offices. Zhang Junhui

2004-12-102.01Revised some contents according to review comments. Zhang Junhui

2006-3-203.00Added the following chapters: Planning concepts of an indoor coverage system Indoor and outdoor interference control Indoor and outdoor handoff design Design requirements of an indoor distributed system manufacturer Review on the design scheme of an indoor distributed system Investment evaluation of an indoor distributed system Expansion and evolution of an indoor distributed system Cases of designing an indoor distributed systemRevised some contents in other chapters. Chen Lei

2006-5-293.1Added the following contents: Indoor coverage strategy for the HSDPA Analysis on the coverage and capacity influences of the existing R99 network Methods of indoor HSDPA coverageLiao Zhengzhong

Table of Contents111 Overview

2 Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System112.1 Design Flow of an Indoor Coverage System112.2 Key Issues in Different Phases of Indoor Coverage132.3 How to Help Operators with the Design of an Indoor Coverage System132.4 Comparison Between Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency Networking Solutions for an Indoor Distributed System132.5 Planning Concepts of Different Application Scenarios142.5.1 Airports, Bus Stations, and Docks142.5.2 Shopping Centers and Large Supermarkets152.5.3 Exhibition Centers, Convention Centers, and Gymnasiums152.5.4 Office Buildings and Hotels152.5.5 Government Offices and Companies163 Design for an Indoor Distributed System163.1 Collecting Coverage Target Information163.1.1 Collecting Coverage Information (Mandatory)163.1.2 Collecting Service Information (Mandatory)173.1.3 Collecting Capacity Information (Mandatory)173.1.4 Analyzing Requirements of System Transmission Resources (Mandatory)183.2 Surveying and Testing the Indoor Distributed System183.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network of the Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)183.2.2 Preparing Coverage Area Drawings (Mandatory)193.2.3 Surveying the Indoor Structure of a Building (Mandatory)193.2.4 Indoor CW Tests (Optional)213.3 Estimating the Coverage and Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System223.3.1 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory)223.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of a Single Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory)253.3.3 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 Shared Distributed System263.4 Choosing a Signal Source for an Indoor Distributed System283.4.1 Choosing a Proper Signal Source According to Capacity and Coverage Requirements (Mandatory)283.4.2 Repeater Influences on an Indoor Distributed System (a Key Issue)293.5 Designing Indoor and Outdoor Handoffs323.5.1 Designing Intra-WCDMA System Handoffs (Mandatory)323.5.2 Planning Neighbor Cells for an Indoor Coverage System (Mandatory)333.6 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System and Control the Interference343.6.1 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)343.6.2 Controlling the Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)353.6.3 Analyzing an IRS ( a Shared Indoor Distributed System of Multiple Operators (Optional)403.6.4 Analyzing Interference Between WCDMA Systems of Different Operators (Optional)423.6.5 Methods of Controlling Indoor and Outdoor Interference (Mandatory)453.7 Designing Parameters of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)453.8 Choosing Components (Mandatory)453.8.1 Choosing a Combiner and a Filter for an Indoor Distributed System453.8.2 Choosing Antennas for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)473.8.3 Choosing Feeders for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)503.8.4 Choosing a Power Splitter and a Coupler for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)513.8.5 Choosing a Trunk Amplifier for an Indoor Distributed System523.8.6 Choosing Feeder Connectors for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)533.8.7 Replacing and Adding Components in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)533.9 Designing a Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System543.9.1 Requirements on Design Reports of Indoor Distributed System Manufacturers (Mandatory)543.9.2 Reconstruction Concepts and a Schematic Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)543.9.3 Antenna Layout Plan of Floors in an Indoor Distributed System553.9.4 Transmit Power Budget of Antenna Ports in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)553.9.5 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System563.9.6 Detailed Cabling Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System573.9.7 Material List of an Indoor Distributed System573.10 Testing and Verifying an Indoor Distributed System and Improving the Solution (Optional)603.11 Evaluating the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)613.11.1 Main Cases of the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System613.11.2 Investment Model of an Indoor Distributed System623.11.3 Investment Estimate of an Indoor Distributed System643.12 Reviewing the Design Solution for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)654 Expansion and Evolution of an Indoor Distributed System664.1 Methods of Expanding the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System664.2 HSDPA Strategy in an Indoor Distributed System664.2.1 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Coverage674.2.2 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Capacity704.2.3 Design of HSDPA Indoor Coverage Solution715 Optimization for an Indoor Distributed System765.1 Optimizing the Coverage of an Indoor Distributed System765.2 Optimizing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System765.3 Optimizing the Interference of an Indoor Distributed System766 Cases of Designing an Indoor Distributed System766.1 Analyzing Target Determination for an Indoor Distributed System776.1.1 Analyzing Coverage Targets776.1.2 Analyzing Service Requirements796.1.3 Analyzing Requirements of Transmission Resources796.2 Surveying and Testing an Indoor Distributed System796.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network796.2.2 Surveying the Inside of the Building796.3 Making Link Budget and Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System806.3.1 Making Link Budget for an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System806.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System816.4 Choosing Signal Sources for an Indoor Distributed System836.5 Designing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System836.6 List of Newly-Added Main Devices of an Indoor Distributed System846.7 Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System846.7.1 Concepts of Reconstructing an Indoor Distributed System846.7.2 Schematic Diagrams of the Networking of an Indoor Distributed System856.7.3 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System887 Summary897.1 Improvement Based on V2.0189

List of TablesTable 2-1 Comparison between intra-frequency and inter-frequency networking solutions for an indoor distributed system14Table 3-1 Values of the distance loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model23Table 3-2 Values of the floor penetration loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model24Table 3-3 Reference values of indoor WCDMA penetration losses25Table 3-4 Service threshold calculation of an indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system27Table 3-5 Design for Intra-frequency handoffs in and out of an elevator32Table 3-6 Analyzing spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol38Table 3-7 Analyzing spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol39Table 3-8 Analyzing spurious interference of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol39Table 3-9 Example of IRS specifications41Table 3-10 Estimated thresholds of the interference of operator B's macro cell BTS with operator A's indoor distributed system43Table 3-11 Estimated thresholds of the interference from operator A's own equipment44Table 3-12 Antenna models of an indoor distributed system47Table 3-13 Attenuation of feeders in an indoor distributed system50Table 3-14 Parameter indexes of Kathrein coupler51Table 3-15 Parameter indexes of Kathrein power splitter51Table 3-16 A material list of an indoor distributed system58Table 3-17 Use scale model of devices and components of an indoor distributed system62Table 3-18 Example of calculating the reconstruction costs of a single-site indoor coverage system63Table 3-19 Example of estimating Investments of an indoor distributed system64Table 3-20 Key issues of a design review on the solution for an indoor distributed system65Table 4-1 Changes of dynamic power distribution in the case of the downlink load change of indoor coverage68Table 4-2 Influences of HSDPA indoor coverage on the original R99 network coverage69Table 4-3 Influences of HSDPA on the original R99 network capacity71Table 4-4 Merit and demerit comparison between independent networking and hybrid networking72Table 4-5 Recommendation of networking solutions in various scenarios72Table 4-6 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating power resources in an indoor scenario74Table 4-7 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating code resources in an indoor scenario75Table 6-1 Details about the floors in the coverage target78Table 6-2 Elevators of the coverage target78Table 6-3 GSM traffic and number of WCDMA users81Table 6-4 Service model81Table 6-5 Traffic model values82Table 6-6 Distribution features of PS bearing types82Table 6-7 Indoor WCDMA traffic model82Table 6-8 Choosing signal sources for an indoor distributed system83Table 6-9 List of newly-added main devices of an indoor distributed system84Table 6-10 List of coverage areas of GSM and WCDMA signals86

List of Figures12Figure 2-1 Flow chart of designing an indoor distributed system

Figure 3-1 Floor plan example of a building19Figure 3-2 Example of an indoor photo21Figure 3-3 Influence of a repeater on the noise floor of a BTS30Figure 3-4 Interference between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor BTS terminal42Figure 3-5 Interference from operator A's own equipment44Figure 3-6 Sample of a combiner46Figure 3-7 Indoor antennas47Figure 3-8 Leakage cables48Figure 3-9 Log-per antennas49Figure 3-10 A power splitter and a coupler52Figure 3-11 A trunk amplifier52Figure 3-12 A schematic diagram of reconstructing an indoor distributed system55Figure 3-13 An antenna layout plan55Figure 3-14 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system56Figure 3-15 A detailed cabling diagram of an indoor distributed system57Figure 3-16 Example of an onsite test and verification in a floor61Figure 6-1 Illustration of coverage targets77Figure 6-2 Indoor photo of the building79Figure 6-3 Calculation of indoor slow fading margin80Figure 6-4 Reconstructing an indoor distributed system85Figure 6-5 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (1)85Figure 6-6 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (2)86Figure 6-7 Vertical area coverage method of the small commodity market87Figure 6-8 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system89

Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage DesignKeywordsDesign of indoor distribution system, signal source, link budget, interference analysis, IRS, handoff, parts selection, and investment evaluationAbstractFrom the aspects of planning concept and design flow, this guide describes the planning design process and attention points of an indoor distribution system as a reference of indoor WCDMA distribution system project. Acronyms and abbreviationsAbbreviationFull Spelling

BCCHBroadcasting Channel

DASDistributed Antenna System

DCS 1800Digital Cellular System at 1800 MHz

HSDPAHigh Speed Down Packet Access

IRSIntegrated Radio System

POIPoint of Interface

RRURemote Radio Unit

1 OverviewThis document is used to guide the planning design of an indoor WCDMA distributed system. The guide consists of the following chapters: 1 "Overview"

2 "Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System"

3 "Design for an Indoor Distributed System"

4 "Expansion and Evolution of an Indoor Distributed System"

5 "Optimization for an Indoor Distributed System"

6 "Cases of Designing an Indoor Distributed System"

7 "Summary"

2 Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System2.1 Design Flow of an Indoor Coverage SystemThe design for an indoor distributed system falls into the following three types: Design for a single indoor WCDMA distributed system Design for a multi-system shared indoor distributed system of a single telecom operator Design for an integrated radio system (IRS) of multiple telecom operatorsThis guide mainly describes the design scenario of the first type and briefs key design points of the second and third types. Figure 2-1 shows the design flow based on the key design points of an indoor distributed system.

Figure 2-1 Flow chart of designing an indoor distributed system2.2 Key Issues in Different Phases of Indoor CoveragePhase 1: In the phase of network design, the Ec of edge coverage is the main focus point for the network design and acceptance. Phase 2: In the phase of early network optimization, the Ec/Io of a pilot in indoor cells is the main focus point. Phase 3: In the phase of network operation and optimization, the soft handoff ratio of edge areas or special areas is the main focus point. 2.3 How to Help Operators with the Design of an Indoor Coverage System1) Huawei Network Planning Department helps an operator and a design institute prepare a networking solution, design report template, and review template for an indoor WCDMA coverage system. 2) The concerned manufacturer designs an indoor distributed system accordingly. 3) Huawei Network Planning Department helps the operator and the design institute review the design report of the indoor distributed system. The manufacturer optimizes the system based on review comments. 4) The design report passing the review is sent to the operator for filling. Then the operator declares the project implementation. 2.4 Comparison Between Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency Networking Solutions for an Indoor Distributed SystemSuggested strategy: Control the interference and realize the coverage through a dominant intra-frequency solution and a secondary inter-frequency solution. Table 2-1 Comparison between intra-frequency and inter-frequency networking solutions for an indoor distributed systemIntra-frequency Coverage Solution for Both Indoor and Outdoor SystemsInter-frequency Coverage Solution for Both Indoor and Outdoor Systems

MeritsHandoffs between entrances and exits of a building or an elevator entrance and exit are soft handoffs. The soft handoff success rate is high and the spectrum resources are used effectively. Indoor and outdoor interference is small and the system capacity is large.

DemeritsIn dense urban areas, the large intra-frequency interference between indoor and outdoor cells in high buildings affect the quality and capacity. Additional frequencies must be added. The hard handoff success rate is lower than that of soft handoff.

Applicable scenarios Early phase of network construtction

Low buildings

Indoor scenarios with small intra-frequency interference

Indoor scenarios with low traffic

Terminals not supporting inter-frequency hard handoffs High buildings Scenarios with large intra-frequency

Scenarios with heavy traffic Scenarios with abundant frequency resources

Strategy suggestionsIn the early phase of network construction, the indoor and outdoor intra-frequency interference is small and the traffic is also small. Therefore, use the intra-frequency strategy. Clear the intra-frequency interference by optimizing the network. Then use the inter-frequency solution to control interference. Use the inter-frequency coverage strategy for meeting capacity requirements. In a mature network, this strategy can help solve indoor or outdoor interference and capacity problems.

2.5 Planning Concepts of Different Application ScenariosDesign principles and attention points for an indoor distributed system vary with different scenarios classified by user distribution and building functions. 2.5.1 Airports, Bus Stations, and Docks Coverage scenariosAirports, bus stations, and docks Coverage featuresBoth the social value and the economic value of indoor coverage are high. The traffic density is heavy. Dominant common voice service users move frequently in such open places. VIP areas in such places as an airport require seamless coverage of data services. Generally, outdoors BTSs cover these areas. Key design pointsIndoor coverage is a supplement of dead zones and hot spots covered by outdoor BTSs. Interference control is a major problem in these areas. In outdoor BTSs, cells with redundant capacity can be cascaded to an RRU to cover indoor areas, thus making full use of CE resources and ensuring softer handoffs for indoor and outdoor users.

2.5.2 Shopping Centers and Large Supermarkets Coverage scenariosShopping centers and large supermarkets Coverage featuresCS users are dominant. The traffic is distributed regularly, that is, in evenings or on the whole days of a vacation. The traffic density is large in peak hours. Key design pointsIn scenarios of this type, the structure is complex and coverage is the main problem. Handoffs between entrances and exits of a hall must be considered. Generally, use RRUs or micro BTSs as the major signal source. 2.5.3 Exhibition Centers, Convention Centers, and Gymnasiums Coverage scenariosExhibition centers, convention centers, and gymnasiums Coverage featuresThe traffic is mainly triggered by events. Sufficient margins must be reserved during capacity estimate. Key design pointsCapacity is a key point for the indoor design of the scenarios of this type. Do not set handoff areas in traffic peak zones or auditoriums. Ensure good coverage and smooth handoff for the entrances and exits of such places. Generally, use macro cells to cascade RRUs for coverage, making full use of CE resources. A news center may have many coverage requirements on the data service. Use multi-cell and multi-carrier configuration or the HSDPA function.

2.5.4 Office Buildings and Hotels Coverage scenariosOffice buildings and hotels Coverage featuresIn scenarios of this type, high-end users are more. Mainly consider users' requirements on the coverage of data services. Key design pointsIn business areas and shopping areas, the traffic is larger, whereas the traffic is smaller in guest rooms. Consider the differences. Generally, use RRUs or micro BTSs as the signal source. The drip irrigation technique of the multi-antenna with small power is commonly used in the scenarios of this type. Ensure the good coverage of CS services in such places as elevators, entrances and exits of a hall, and garages. 2.5.5 Government Offices and Companies Coverage scenariosGovernment offices and companies Coverage featuresScenarios of this type requires excellent network coverage. Voice services are dominant and high-end users take a large proportion. Key design pointsEnsure seamless coverage of voice services and the coverage of data services in VIP areas. The coverage is crucial. Generally, use macro cells or RRU for coverage. 3 Design for an Indoor Distributed System3.1 Collecting Coverage Target Information3.1.1 Collecting Coverage Information (Mandatory)The operator offers opinions and the concerned manufacturer collects coverage information. 1) Determine whether to build a new indoor coverage system or to reuse the original one. 2) Determine the specific floor where the coverage target is located. 3) Determine the requirements of coverage probability. For a specific coverage floor, specify coverage probability requirements, which vary with different requirements of design margin. If the indoor coverage probability is 90% and the standard deviation of shadow attenuation estimated indoors is 6 dB, the relevant design margin is 5 dB. After collecting coverage information, make a link budget for the indoor distributed system. 3.1.2 Collecting Service Information (Mandatory)The operator offers suggestions. Comments offered by Huawei are for your reference. 1) Determine types of service object requirementsRequirements of WCDMA services vary in the service threshold and system capacity. Therefore, during the design of an indoor distribution system, confirm that the WCDMA services require seamless coverage. 2) Determine the service thresholds after making sure of basic service requirements. The collected service information is a reference of link budget and capacity estimate of the indoor distributed system. 3.1.3 Collecting Capacity Information (Mandatory)The concerned manufacturer collects capacity information according to the opinions offered the operator or referring to Huawei calculation methods. 1) Collect the capacity information of a newly-built indoor WCDMA distributed system. a) Predict the number of users of the coverage target. b) Decide the traffic model with the operator. 2) Collect the capacity information of a shared Indoor GSM distributed system. For an existing indoor GSM distributed system, you can predict the capacity of indoor WCDMA distributed system according to GSM traffic. a) From the operator, obtain the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system in the building. b) Get the traffic percentage by the ratio of the GSM traffic in the building to the total GSM traffic in the area. After collecting the capacity information, calculate the capacity of indoor distributed system. 3.1.4 Analyzing Requirements of System Transmission Resources (Mandatory)The concerned manufacturer analyzes the requirements of system transmission resources by referring to Huawei analysis methods. 1) Check whether E1 cables or optical fibers are used for the transmission of WCDMA coverage in the building. 2) Decide whether transmission resources are properly used according to the calculated capacity and the type of signal source. If transmission resources are limited due to the operator's transmission conditions, duly communicate with the operator to prevent disputes caused by transmission bottlenecks due to increased capacity. 3.2 Surveying and Testing the Indoor Distributed System3.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network of the Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)I. Outdoor WCDMA BTSs Covering IndoorsIf the existing WCDMA network still covers around the building designed for indoor coverage, the outdoor cells may interfere with the indoor distributed system later built. The main interference is pilot pollution. Generally, the higher the floor is, the more serious pilot pollution becomes. Therefore, you need to test the pilot signals of outdoor BTSs in the indoor environment and to record the quantity and strength of pilots and the distribution of pilot signals in the building. The test result is a reference of edge field strength design of the indoor distributed system. In actual engineering, the strength of pilot signals of dominant indoor cells is higher in the design margin than that of the strongest pilot signals of outdoor cells. The edge field strength of indoor cell signals is about 5 dB higher than that of outdoor cell signals. The test can be made selectively inside the building. For example, choose one or two floors at the bottom of the building, one or two floors in the middle, and one or two floors at the top. The test needs Agilent-E6474A or Huawei PROBE for indoor measurement. II. No Outdoor WCDMA BTSs Covering IndoorsIf no WCDMA BTSs covers outdoors but a GSM distributed system covers the inside of a building, record the coverage level of the indoor GSM distributed system, pay attention to the places or floors with poor indoor GSM distributed coverage, and make handoff tests relevant to the GSM system. During the design for an indoor WCDMA system, refer to the results of GSM network tests. Make GSM signal level tests in different areas. The test items include floor information, location information of the floor, and CELL_ID, signal strength, and neighbor BCCH frequency and signal strength of the serving cells of the test point. Make handoff tests in major indoor and outdoor handoff areas, especially entrances of halls and elevators. Record such information as signal strengths of main serving cells and neighbor cells, and form a GSM signal distributed diagram or table for the reference of indoor WCDMA coverage design. 3.2.2 Preparing Coverage Area Drawings (Mandatory)The operator or the indoor distributed system manufacturer provides coverage area drawings. Obtain detailed building drawings, including the floor plan for each coverage target and elevational drawing of each direction. Try to obtain an electronic copy in the AutoCAD format and a scanned copy of engineering blueprint. In addition, obtain the construction drawings of electrical and communication equipment rooms in the building and mark the locations of allowable cabling holes and the available transmission lines.

Figure 3-1 Floor plan example of a building3.2.3 Surveying the Indoor Structure of a Building (Mandatory)The design institute and the indoor distributed system manufacturer jointly complete an indoor survey of a building. I. Main Tasks of an Indoor SurveyPrepare information for the planning design of an indoor distributed system. Through indoor survey and communications with the concerned property management company, fulfill the following tasks: Decide the coverage scope and specify coverage requirements and differences of the floors in the building. Take enough digital photos to show the indoor structure and outline of the building. Decide the materials and thickness of the inner walls, floors, and ceilings to estimate the penetration loss. For the penetration loss, refer to Table 3-3. Decide available transmission, power, and cabling resources and confirm the construction requirements of the concerned property management company. Decide the installation space for the equipment room, antennas, and feeders required by BTS equipment. Know the usage of each floor and estimate the number of users on each floor. If an indoor GSM distributed system already exists, check the original design scheme during the indoor survey, using it as a reference of designing a shared indoor distributed system. II. Survey on Indoor Cabling ResourcesDuring a survey on cabling resources, know the bearing capacity and curve radius of the cabling environment. Pay attention to the following two points about the survey on the curve radius: III. If the property management company provides PVC pipelines for cabling, know the curve radius at the corners of the PVC pipelines. Know the curve radius from teh vertical cabling rack of the building to the cabling corner of each floor. Indoor Structure ShootingChoose model floors before taking photos indoors to ensure efficient photographic tasks and to provide enough feature information of the building. Suppose that there are 25 floors in the target building. According to the building structure and floor layout, take the first floor as a model floor. Choose one as a model floor from floors 2 to 5, which are of the same structure and layout. Similarly, choose one from floors 6 to 25, which are of the same structure and layout. After choosing model floors, begin to take indoor photos. The number of photos to be taken for each model floor must meet the following requirements: Two to four photos: Embody the floor layout. One or two photos: Embody the structure of the ceiling. One or two photos: Show the locations for antennas. One or two photos: Embody the features of outer walls and windows. One or two photos: Embody the features of corridors and elevators. One or two photos: Show unusual structures such as large metal objects, and unusual equipment rooms (possible interference sources). One or two photos: Show the panorama and outline of the building.

Figure 3-2 Example of an indoor photo3.2.4 Indoor CW Tests (Optional)Generally, the calibration of indoor propagation models is not recommended. The current planning software cannot calibrate propagation models. You can use the existing propagation models. If the operator requires CW tests on a typical building, the indoor distributed system manufacturer and Huawei can jointly complete the tests. Making an indoor CW test is to obtain the indoor propagation feature information of the coverage target. After a CW test, analyze test data and obtain the penetration loss values of separation walls, floors, and ceilings in the building. You can use the GATOR signal source as the signal source of an indoor CW test. The output power is about 5 dBm, which can meet the requirements of an indoor test. For transmitting antennas, use common vehicle antennas. In a CW test, transmitting antennas must be placed near the chosen locations for antennas, where antennas may be installed in actual engineering. For more details about a CW test, see WCDMA Test Guide. 3.3 Estimating the Coverage and Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System3.3.1 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory)The indoor distributed system manufacturer completes a link budget of an indoor distributed system by referring to the operator's comments and the calculating methods of Huawei. I. Choosing an Indoor Propagation Model Keenan-Motley indoor propagation modelBased on the free space propagation model, the Keenan-Motley model is added with the penetration loss of walls and floors. This model uses the following formula:

: frequency, its unit: MHz

: distance between a UE and a transmitter, its unit: km

: reference value of wall loss

: number of wallsIn this formula, multipath effects are not considered, the penetration loss is regarded only as the product of the number of walls and the reference value of wall loss, and all walls use the same penetration loss value. Therefore, the result of this formula is inaccurate. The following is another formula improved from the above one. A finer model considers the penetration losses of walls and floors of different types.

: number of type- floors penetrated

: number of type- walls penetrated

: penetration loss of type- floors

: penetration loss of type- walls

: number of floor types

: number of wall typesRelevant experiments show that the typical value of attenuation through floors is 12 dB to 32 dB and the value of attenuation through walls depends on the type of separation walls used. If typical soft separation walls are used, the attenuation value is 1 dB to 5 dB, whereas the value is 5 dB to 20 dB for hard separation walls. ITU-R P.1238 indoor propagation modelCurrently, the industry recommends the ITU-R P.1238 indoor propagation model. This model divides the propagation scenarios into NLOS and LOS. For NLOS, the model uses the following formula:

: coefficient of distance losses

: frequency, its unit: MHz

: distance between an UE and a transmitter, its unit: m,

: coefficient of floor penetration losses

: slow fading margin, whose value is relevant to the coverage probability requirements and the standard deviation of indoor slow fading For LOS, the model uses the following formula:

The applicable frequency range of the model is 1800 MHz to 2000 MHz. Table 3-1 Values of the distance loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 modelCoefficient of Distance Losses

Frequency (GHz)ResidencesOfficesShops

1.8-GSMHz283022

Table 3-2 Values of the floor penetration loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 modelCoefficient of floor Penetration Losses

FrequencyResidencesOfficesShops

900 MHz-9 (1 floor)

19 (2 floors)

24 (3 floors)-

1.8-GSMHz4 n15 + 4 (n - 1)6 + 3 (n - 1)

Note: "n" denotes the number of the floors to be penetrated, larger than or equal to 1. II. Estimating the Indoor Edge Field Strength and the Antenna Transmit Power Estimating the indoor edge field strength if outdoor BTSs are builtAccording to the results of indoor pilot tests, design the edge field strength of indoor cell signals higher than the indoor pilot Ec of outdoor cells by 5 dB, which is regarded as an experience reference value. In addition, consider the Ec and Ec/Io requirements of the lowest access thresholds of a service. Considering the above two points, determine the indoor edge field strength. Estimating the indoor edge field strength if outdoor BTSs are not enabled According to the results of outdoor BTS coverage prediction, input the longitude and latitude where the building with an indoor distributed system to be built is located into the coverage predication result diagram. Then you can see the pilot Ec of outdoor cells outside the building. Design the edge field strength of indoor cell signals higher than the pilot Ec of outdoor cells outside the building by 5 dB, which is regarded as an experience reference value. In addition, consider the Ec and Ec/Io requirements of the lowest access thresholds of this service. Considering the above two points, determine the indoor edge field strength. III. Deciding the Path loss According to the Chosen Indoor Propagation ModelIV. Getting the Transmit Power of Antenna Port by Adding the Path Loss and the Design Value of Edge Field StrengthV. Statistic Reference Values of Indoor Penetration Loss TestsTable 3-3 Reference values of indoor WCDMA penetration lossesItemSignal typeReference valueTheoretical value or industrial empirical valueUnit

Penetration loss through an elevator doorWCDMA22.62030dB

Average of the penetration loss through an indoor brick separation wall WCDMA71010dB

Average of the penetration loss through a reinforced concrete wall WCDMAAbout 201530dB

Penetration loss through thin glass (on an ordinary glass window)WCDMAAbout 11dB

Penetration loss through thick glass (WCDMAAbout 33dB

3.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of a Single Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory)The indoor distributed system manufacturer estimates the capacity of a single indoor distributed system by referring to the operator's comments and the calculating methods of Huawei. I. Estimating the Capacity of a Newly-Built Indoor WCDMA Distributed System1) During a building survey, predict the number of users in the coverage target and the traffic model confirmed by the operator (busy hour traffic and throughput of a single user). 2) Calculate the number of CEs, number of uplink and downlink demodulation boards, and number of E1 links required by a single site according to the single-site CE calculation by using the RND tool. The calculated numbers of CEs and uplink and downlink demodulation boards required by a site of an indoor distributed system can be taken as a reference of choosing a signal source of the indoor distributed system. Compare the calculated number of E1 links with the original transmission resources of the operator. If the transmission resources are limited, remind the operator in time. II. Estimating the Capacity of a Shared Indoor GSM Distributed SystemIf the operator regards that the percentage of the indoor GSM traffic to the total GSM traffic is the same as the percentage of the indoor WCDMA traffic to the total WCDMA traffic in the same building, use the following calculating methods. Otherwise, predict the number of users in the coverage target before other tasks. 1) Determine the building that needs a shared distributed system. 2) From the operator, obtain the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system in the building. 3) Traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system / Total GSM traffic in the area = Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic4) Total predicted number of WCDMA users in the area x Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic = Number of WCDMA users of the indoor distributed system5) Determine with the operator the traffic model of the indoor distributed system (busy hour traffic and throughput of a single user). 6) Calculate the number of CEs, number of uplink and downlink demodulation boards, and number of E1 links according to the single-site CE calculation by using the RND tool. The calculated numbers of CEs and uplink and downlink demodulation boards required by a site of an indoor distributed system can be taken as a reference of choosing a signal source of the indoor distributed system. Compare the calculated number of E1 links with the original transmission resources of the operator. If the transmission resources are limited, remind the operator in time. 3.3.3 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 Shared Distributed SystemWhen making a link budget for an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system, consider the frequency loss differences between different systems and the insertion loss differences during the access to a shared distributed system. This section describes the reuse of the existing DCS 1800 system, covering the differences of WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system. Figure out the BCCH receiving level relevant to the DCS 1800 system required for satisfying the service access thresholds of WCDMA system. That is, through the BCCH receiving level test of the existing DCS 1800 system, you can evaluate whether the system can satisfy the service threshold requirements after direct WCDMA signal combination in the future. Table 3-4 Service threshold calculation of an indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed systemMinimum SigLvl requirements based on link budget

VoiceCS64kPS64/384PS128/384PS144/384PS384/384

max CL in UL (dB)

a142.7137.4137.7134.9134.4130.2

max CL in DL (dB)

b144.1138.8139.1136.3135.8131.6

Tx Power P-CPICH

c333333333333

minimum P-CPICH RSCP requirements (dBm)

d=c-b-111.1-105.8-106.1-103.3-102.8-98.6

design margin (dB)

e555555

indoor coverage P-CPICH target (dBm)

F=d+e-106.1-100.8-101.1-98.3-97.8-93.6

Tx Power of BCCH of co-site GSM BTS (dBm)

g393939393939

Coupling loss difference between UMTS and GSM1800 band (dB)

h2.52.52.52.52.52.5

Additional loss to connect NodeB into existing GSM DAS (dB)

i0.50.50.50.50.50.5

Min BCCH target (dBm)

j=f+g-c+h+i-97.1-91.8-92.1-89.3-88.8-84.6

In Table 3-4, the parts in pink are output results, those in green are input values, and those colorless are constant items. To get the link budget values in Table 3-4, we suppose as follows: The Tx Power P-CPICH of the BTS in the indoor WCDMA system is 33 dBm. The Tx Power of BCCH of the co-site GSM BTS in an indoor GSM system is 39 dBm. The coupling loss difference between UMTS and GSM1800 band refers to the uplink frequency loss difference. The additional loss to connect NodeB into existing GSM DAS refers to the insertion loss caused by the combiner when the WCDMA signal source is introduced into the indoor GSM distributed system. The maximum transmit power of GSM BTS signals must be set according to facts. By referring to the actually-tested level of the indoor GSM distributed system, you can know whether the indoor GSM distributed system can meet the access threshold requirements of WCDMA services if the WCDMA and DCS 1800 systems combine directly. If not, reconstruct the indoor distributed system accordingly. This link budge is for the reference of calculating the WCDMA service threshold levels by using the existing the GSM system. 3.4 Choosing a Signal Source for an Indoor Distributed System3.4.1 Choosing a Proper Signal Source According to Capacity and Coverage Requirements (Mandatory)The indoor distributed system manufacturer chooses a proper signal source by referring to the operator's comments and Huawei solution. According to coverage and capacity requirements in different scenarios, choose relevant devices for the signal source of an indoor distributed system. Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of small buildingsA small building is lower than 10 floors and its total area is smaller than 10,000 m2. If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use the microcell BTS3801C to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of medium sized buildingsA medium sized building is of 10 to 20 floors and its total area is smaller than 20,000 m2. If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use one BBU3806 and two RRU3801Cs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of large sized buildingsA large sized building is of 20 to 30 floors and its total area is smaller than 30,000 m2. If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use one BBU3806 and three RRU3801Cs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of ultra-large buildingsAn ultra-large building is of over 30 floors, having skirt buildings. Its total area is larger than 30,000 m2. If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use two BBU3806s and multiple RRU3801Cs or one BBU and multiple pico RRUs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. Choosing signal sources for both indoor and outdoor coverage scenariosFor the scenarios requiring both indoor and outdoor coverage, use one BBU plus one RRU or a macro BTS plus one RRU to make full use of CE resources of signal sources. 3.4.2 Repeater Influences on an Indoor Distributed System (a Key Issue)The indoor distributed system manufacturer chooses a proper signal source by referring to the comments of the operator and Huawei. Restrict the use of repeaters and trunk amplifiers in an indoor distributed system to control the interference and to reduce the influence on the capacity of the system. I. Merits, Demerits, and Use Suggestions of a Repeater Radio frequency (RF) repeaterMerits: Requires no transmission resources. Demerits: Insufficient isolation between the donor antenna and the service antenna may cause self-excitation. The repeater causes pilot pollution easily, thus affecting the network quality. It may also increase the noise level of donor BTS receiver, thus reducing the capacity and the coverage radius of the system. In addition, the repeater affects RRM algorithms such as power control, handoff, and admission algorithms. Fiber repeaterMerits: Transmitting signals through fibers, a fiber repeater is stabler than an RF repeater. Tx and Rx isolation does not need to be considered and self-excitation does not occur easily. Demerits: A fiber repeater may increase the noise level of donor BTS receiver, thus reducing the capacity and the coverage radius of the system. It may cause longer delay, thus affecting the location service. In addition, the repeater affects RRM algorithms such as power control, handoff, and admission algorithms. Suggestions: Do not use an RF repeater as a signal source of an indoor distributed system in urban areas. A fiber repeater can be used only in the scenarios with low capacity requirements, such as a close underground parking garage. II. Repeater Influences on the Noise Floor Rise of a Donor BTS

Figure 3-3 Influence of a repeater on the noise floor of a BTSIn Figure 3-3, the x-axis is the noise increment factor (dB) and the y-axis is the noise increment (dB) including the BTS noise increment and the repeater noise increment .

dB (1)

dB (2)

dB (3)

Noise coefficient (dB) of a repeater

Noise coefficient (dB) of the donor BTS

Uplink gain (dB) of the repeater

Path loss (dB) from the uplink Tx port of the repeater to the Rx port of the donor BTS, including the cable loss, antenna gain, and space path loss

Net gain (dB)Formulas (1) and (2) show that a repeater can increase the uplink noise floor of the donor BTS by 3 dB when the noise increment factor is 0. Meanwhile, the noise floor of the repeater also increases by 3 dB. The noise floor increase means the decrease of the receiving sensitivity, increase of the UE transmit power, and reduction of the uplink coverage radius. A repeater can increase the noise floor of both the donor BTS and the repeater itself. The noise floor is balanced when is 0. The key factor of a repeater to the noise increase of the donor BTS is the uplink gain of the repeater. Reducing the uplink gain of the repeater may reduce the noise increase of the donor BTS. Because uplink losses cannot be totally made up, however, the noise floor of the repeater itself increases. UEs in the repeater coverage area must increase the transmit power to make up the loss difference value. 3.5 Designing Indoor and Outdoor Handoffs3.5.1 Designing Intra-WCDMA System Handoffs (Mandatory)I. Designing Handoffs Between the Entrances and Exits of a Hall The size of an handoff area at the entrances and exits of a hall depends on the settings of handoff parameters and the Ec and Ec/Io of the edge field strength. Generally, use Huawei default settings of the baseline parameters. To avoid too much indoor signal leakage, ensure that the pilot Ec outdoors five to seven meters away from the door is smaller than -95 dBm. Generally, the handoff area at the entrance and exit of a hall is within the range of five to seven meters outdoors away from the hall door. The handoff area cannot be close to the road or deep indoors. II. Designing Handoffs at the Entrance and Exit of an Indoor ElevatorFor the entrance and exit of an elevator, use intra-frequency soft handoffs. If you use the indoor and outdoor inter-frequency solution, use the inter-frequency coverage solution for the entire building. Table 3-5 Design for Intra-frequency handoffs in and out of an elevator BuildingDesign for elevator coverage and handoff

Small building (of less than 10 floors)Use a directional antenna at the top of the elevator shaft. Vertically downward, the antenna directly covers the elevator shaft. No handoff exists in a same cell.

Medium sized building (of 10 to 20 floors)Install a small directional antenna every several floors in the elevator shaft to vertically cover the elevator shaft. If the building is covered by two cells, use the cell signals of lower floors to cover the elevator shaft. On lower floors or at the exit of the elevator on the first floor, UEs are in a same cell. Therefore, no handoff is triggered.

Large building (of 20 to 30 floors)The signals of two cells are introduced to cover the elevator shaft. It is recommended that the system cover the elevator shaft by different segments, which are the same as the floors. During the moving of the elevator, soft handoffs between two cells are performed in the elevator.

Ultra-large building (of over 30 floors)Cover the elevator shaft by segments, which are the same as the floors. Soft handoffs are performed in the elevator. You can also use leakage cables for elevator coverage.

III. Designing Handoffs at the Indoor Windows of a High BuildingOutdoor cell signals are easy to get into the windows of a high building. As a result, pilot pollution and ping-pong handoffs occur, which cause call drop easily. Therefore, the pilot power at the antenna port near the windows of a high building must be designed 5 dB margin higher than the signals of outdoor cells for the control of handoffs between indoor and outdoor cells of the high building. 3.5.2 Planning Neighbor Cells for an Indoor Coverage System (Mandatory)For the neighbor planning of an indoor distributed system, because an indoor coverage area is relatively closed, consider the signal strength of the actual handoff area when setting the neighborship. The basic principle is that the neighborship must be as simple as possible. I. Choosing Neighbor Cells in Indoor and Outdoor Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency CasesMake a choice according to the planning emulation results and the neighborship of the co-site indoor GSM distributed system. If outdoor BTSs are built, take the site survey results as a reference and choose the outdoor cells with good and stable Ec and Ec/Io as mutual neighbors of indoor cells. II. Choosing Neighbor Cells for the Cells of a High Building Planning phaseIn this phase, it is hard to tell stable cells with strong signals from unstable cells with weak signals. Considering the complexness of indoor environment and the uneven distribution of indoor signals of a same outdoor cell, Huawei recommends two-way neighbor planning based on the results or logical relations of an indoor signal survey. Optimization phaseA one-way neighbor solution is that the indoor cells of a high building are not used as neighbors of the outdoor cells. After an indoor distributed system comes into operation, if it is found during optimization that the large fluctuation of outdoor signals of a high building causes frequent indoor and outdoor handoffs and thus affects the network quality, you can use the one-way neighbor solution as an optimization means. 3.6 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System and Control the Interference3.6.1 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)The indoor distributed system manufacturer analyze the shared indoor distributed system by referring to the comments of the operator and Huawei. Generally, the operator may choose a shared indoor distributed system to save costs. The following are the key points for a shared indoor distributed system: Reducing influences on the original systemTry to reduce changes and influences on the original system. According to the results calculated by the detailed topological diagram of the system design, the indoor distributed system manufacturer evaluates influences on the original system. The network reconstruction must try to solve such problems as serious signal leakage or coverage insufficiency of the original system. Referring to the design of the original systemFor the design of a new system, refer to the solution and actual test data of the original system. Refer to the design solution of the original system and offer the most proper reconstruction ideas. In the new system, avoid such problems as handoff failure, call drop, and interference occurring in the indoor tests of the original system

Transforming componentsReuse the passive components of the original system that have good performance and satisfy frequency requirements. The combiner must meet the requirements of isolation and intermodulation perforation index. Try to use trunk amplifiers less. Mainly, use 1/2-inch feeders. For some trunks or distribution cables with large losses, use 7/8-inch feeders. Choosing signal sourcesAccording to the coverage and capacity requirements in the system design, choose a proper signal source. For urban areas, be careful to choose a repeater as the signal source of the indoor coverage system. Controlling costsTry to save costs in engineering reconstruction. State reasons before replacing or adding components. 3.6.2 Controlling the Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)Interference in a shared indoor distributed system involves three aspects: Congestion interference Intermodulation interference Spurious interferenceTo clear outband interferences, the simplest way is to add a filter to the receiver. To clear inband interference, however, you may reduce the power of the transmitter or add a filter to the transmitter. Space isolation is effective for spurious interference, receiver congestion, and intermodulation interference. The isolation size depends on the maximum isolation required by various interferences. For an indoor distribution system, to reduce transmitting intermodulation interference and suppress spurious interference is to add a filter to the transmitter. For more details about interference control, see Guide to WCDMA Antenna and Feeder Design-20060323-A-3.0. I. Congestion InterferenceDefinition: If interference signals are too strong, they may congest the WCDMA receiver and exceed the working scope of the amplifier and the frequency mixer, thus making the receiver fail to demodulate signals normally and interfering with the operation of the receiver. Congestion falls into inband congestion and outband congestion. Congestion interference has fewer impacts on the system. Solution: To relieve inband congestion, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband congestion, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples.

For example: Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to1980 MHz. Spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in non-GSM frequency band: -30 dBm / 3 MHzMaximum transmit power of a GSM 900M BTS: 46 dBm / 200 KHzRequired congestion of a WCDMA receiver: ( -40 dBm (inband)( -15 dBm (outband)( -16 dBm (GSM and DCS inband)Because the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in the WCDMA receiving frequency band is -30 dBm / 3 MHz (equal to -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz) and the WCDMA inband congestion is required equal to or less than -40 dBm, the isolation of an antenna must be: -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz (-40 dBm / 3.84 MHz) = 11 dB Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to1980 MHz. Spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in non-DCS frequency band: -30 dBm / 3 MHzMaximum transmit power of a DCS 1800M BTS: 46 dBm / 200 KHzRequired congestion of a WCDMA receiver: ( -40 dBm (inband)( -15 dBm (outband)( -16 dBm (GSM and DCS inband)Because the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in the WCDMA receiving frequency band is -30 dBm / 3 MHz (equal to -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz) and the WCDMA inband congestion is required equal to or less than -40 dBm, the isolation of an antenna must be: -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz (-40 dBm / 3.84 MHz) = 11 dB

Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS. Required congestion of a WCDMA receiver: ( -40 dBm (inband)Strictly, the maximum transmit power of a PHS BTS is 27 dBm. Then, the required isolation of an antenna is calculated as follows: 27 (-40) = 67 dB

If the adjacent channel interference is considered when a WCDMA BTS works in band 1920 MHz, the adjacent-channel congestion signal allowed by the WCDMA receiver is -52 dBm. The isolation between the systems that meets the congestion condition is: 27 (-52) = 79 dBII. Intermodulation InterferenceDefinition: If multiple systems coexist, intermodulation products may be generated between different frequencies of different systems, thus causing interference. If the antenna system uses improper components, when signals of different frequencies pass through the components, intermodulation occurs. Due to the nonlinearity of a transmitter, the signals generate intermodulation products together with transmitting signals of the transmitter. The transmission of intermodulation products and useful signals together through an antenna may cause interference with the receiver. Solution: A rational frequency plan can reduce intermodulation interference to a tolerable scope. For component intermodulation interference, restrain it through component index selection and engineering standards, or clear it by replacing the components with lowered performance. To relieve inband intermodulation interference, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband intermodulation interference, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples.

For example: Calculate the isolation according to the intermodulation interference arising from other WCDMA signals and the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz. Interference signals in the band of a receiver required by the WCDMA receiving intermodulation features: ( -48 dBmSpurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz, stipulated in the protocol: -30 dBm / 3 MHzTherefore, the required isolation is: -30 dBm / 3MHz (-48 dBm / 3.84 MHz) + (10log (3.84 MHz / 3 MHz)) = 19 dB

Calculate the isolation according to the intermodulation interference arising from other WCDMA signals and the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz. Interference signals in the band of a receiver required by the WCDMA receiving intermodulation features: ( -48 dBmSpurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz, stipulated in the protocol: -30dBm/3MHzTherefore, the required isolation is: -30 dBm / 3 MHz (-48 dBm / 3.84 MHz) + (10log (3.84 MHz / 3 MHz)) = 19 dB

III. Spurious InterferenceDefinition: The unideal features and broadband noises of the frequency mixer, filer, and power amplifier in a transmitter may generate many useless outband signals, called spurious signals. When transmitted from an antenna, spurious signals interfere with the receiver of another system. Spurious interference affects the system most greatly. Solution: To relieve inband spurious interference, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband spurious interference, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples. For example: Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the receiving band of WCDMA BTS. Table 3-6 Analyzing spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocolValueDescription

Spurious interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz)-29-30 dBm / 3 MHz (required by the protocol)

Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered system< 0.1 dB< 0.8 dB< 3 dB< 6 dB< 10 dB-

Permissible interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz) of the interfered system -121-112-105-100-96-105 dBm / 3.84 MHz (noises)

Required isolation between systems9283767167-

Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the receiving band of WCDMA BTS. Table 3-7 Analyzing spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocolValueDescription

Spurious interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz)-29-30 dBm / 3 MHz (required by the protocol)

Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered system< 0.1 dB< 0.8 dB< 3 dB< 6 dB< 10 dB-

Permissible interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz) of the interfered system -121-112-105-100-96-105 dBm / 3.84 MHz (noises)

Required isolation between systems9283767167-

Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of PHS BTS in the receiving band of a WCDMA BTS. Table 3-8 Analyzing spurious interference of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocolValueDescription

Spurious interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz)-38 dBm-26 dBm / 60 MHz (required by the protocol)

Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered system< 0.1 dB< 0.8dB< 3 dB< 6 dB< 10 dB-

Permissible interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz) of the interfered system -121-112-105-100-96-105 dBm /3.84 MHz (noises)

Required isolation between systems8374676258-

3.6.3 Analyzing an IRS ( a Shared Indoor Distributed System of Multiple Operators (Optional)Operators choose the mode of a shared indoor distributed system. There is a special phenomenon about the indoor coverage outside China: Multiple operators share an indoor distributed system, antenna system, and equipment room, due to too expensive expenses such as rents and property management fees. They call such a site IRS. We rarely see such a case in China. Each IRS has a leader operator, who manages the shared parts. Other operators pay the leader operator and directly connect their feeders and cables to the POI. The leader operator is responsible for the rest, including commissioning and guarantee. Generally, an IRS connects with multiple systems, such as GSM, DCS, CDMA, and WCDMA. With fiercer competition in mobile communications, more operators will consider using an IRS to build their networks for cost saving. Especially, because the property problem is hard to be solved, more and more IRSs will come forth. This document takes an indoor WCDMA distributed system outside China as an example, indicating the issues to be considered when a signal source is introduced into an IRS. Generally, different system signals of different operators are led into the IRS through POIs. Currently, POIs fall into two types from the aspect of application: passive POI and active POI. An active POI is relevant to signal amplification. That is, it is added with a power amplifier. A passive POI is simpler in design, similar to a more complex multi-system combiner. A POI system designer needs to consider the influence that the noise coefficient of an active POI may have on the sensitivity of the system, as well as the spurious and congestion interference between systems. Let us describe the issues to be considered for designing and using a POI system from the following two angles: As the leader of the POI systemWhen designing the POI system, consider the POI selection first. Such materials are scare currently. Generally, assume various conditions to deduce the threshold levels of services. Secondly, consider dividing the transmission and reception of the whole POI system. If many signals are introduced, spurious interference and intermodulation interference become unpredictable. To maximally reduce intermodulation and spurious interference, do consider dividing transmission and reception when designing a POI system. As a user of the POI systemThe leader completes the design of the POI system. What a user does is to introduce signals according to the POI specifications provided by the leader. Generally, the design results meet the requirements of service threshold levels in the POI specifications. Table 3-9 lists the WCDMA IRS specifications that operator A provides for operator B. Table 3-9 Example of IRS specificationsSpecifications of WCDMA IRS

Downlink Requirement

ItemDescriptionDataUnit

DL-1Data Rate384kbps

DL-2Maximum no. of carriers3no.

DL-3Cut-in Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) power per carrier30dBm

DL-4Maximum composite power to POI43dBm

DL-5Minimum Carrier-to-Intermodulation45dBc

DL-6Minimum CPICH signal level* (MinDownLev) at user terminal per carrier-85dBm

DL-7Minimum percentage of time of measurements > MinDownLev90%

DL-8Minimum percentage of area of measurements > MinDownLev90%

Uplink Requirement

ItemDescriptionDataUnit

UL-1Data Rate384Kbps

UL-2Transmit power at user terminal21dBm

UL-3Maximum noise received power level at no load at 3840kHz at POI-98dBm

UL-4Minimum Carrier-to-Intermodulation33dBc

UL-5Minimum uplink signal level** (MinUpLev) at POI -90dBm

UL-6Minimum percentage of time of measurements > MinUpLev90%

UL-7Minimum percentage of area of measurements > MinUpLev90%

In the above example, operator B's WCDMA signal sources are introduced into operator A's IRS. If the pilot power of each carrier of operator B's WCDMA input signals is ensured to be larger than 30 dBm but less than 43 dBm, the downlink receiving Ec for PS384K services can be larger than -85 dBm and the uplink receiving Ec of the BTS larger than -90 dBm within 90% of the time in 90% of the coverage areas. During the design of an IRS, the main task for a user is to analyze whether the IRS specifications provided by the leader can meet users' requirements. 3.6.4 Analyzing Interference Between WCDMA Systems of Different Operators (Optional)Surely, the existing network does not have only one WCDMA operator. Therefore, the problem of interference between systems of different operators must be considered during the design phase of an indoor distributed system. Generally, consider the interference between two operators' systems in adjacent bands. Suppose that operator A and operator B are in the adjacent bands. When designing operator A's indoor distributed system, analyze how to mitigate interference in each of the following three scenarios: Between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor macro cell BTS, the former may receive the uplink interference from operator B's outdoor BTS terminal. Scenario 1:

Figure 3-4 Interference between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor BTS terminalIn such a scenario, consider the minimum coupling loss between operator B's terminal and operator A's indoor distributed system, including the first adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and the second ACLR. Operator A can try to avoid the first adjacent channel interference (ACI) to obtain better network quality. When analyzing and deciding the ACI, you can calculate the WCDMA interference thresholds according to the test signal levels of operator A's existing GSM system. For details, see Table 3-10. Table 3-10 Estimated thresholds of the interference of operator B's macro cell BTS with operator A's indoor distributed system

In Table 3-10, the noise rise tolerated (30 dB) is derived from section 7.2 of protocol TS 25.104. The parameter describes the dynamic receiving scope of a NodeB receiver. The suggested maximum interference tolerated in the protocol is -73 dB. That is, the noise rise tolerated above the noise floor is 32 dB. Conservatively, set the noise rise tolerated to 30 dB. Based on Table 3-10, we can conclude: According to the actual signal test results of the indoor GSM distributed system, if the BCCH receiving level exceeds the point of -23.5 dBm, the distributed system may be interfered. In this case, change the configuration, that is, enlarge the minimum coupling loss. Operator A's terminal may interfere in operator A's indoor distributed system. Scenario 2:

Figure 3-5 Interference from operator A's own equipmentIf a UE of operator A is close to the antenna of its own indoor distributed system, the noise rises suddenly at the receiving end of NodeB. Within the minimum transmit power, the UE cannot restrict noise rise through power control. Therefore, pay attention to the minimum coupling loss that may affect the system. You can judge possible influences through the equivalent GSM signal receiving level to the minimum WCDMA coupling loss. For details, see Table 3-11. Table 3-11 Estimated thresholds of the interference from operator A's own equipment

A UE farer away from the antenna has a larger path loss. Therefore, suppose that such a UE has a power margin of 3 dB to overcome the burst interference from a UE closer to the antenna. Based on the supposition, the noise rise tolerated is 3 dB. If the estimated power margin is larger than the assumed one, the data calculated through the GSM signal level is more acceptable. Generally, if the level of GSM signals distributed right below the antenna is less than -19 dBm, no interference occurs. Conclusion: For satisfying the minimum coupling loss, the antenna is generally installed in a high location in actual engineering. In this way, the pilot power of antenna port is equal to or less than 5 dBm. On a lower building, the antenna is generally installed a little farer away from the places where UEs are often used. 3.6.5 Methods of Controlling Indoor and Outdoor Interference (Mandatory) Controlling too many outdoor signals to go indoors In actual engineering, the edge field strength of indoor cell signals must be about 5 dB higher than that of outdoor signals. A: Adjust the downtilt and azimuth angles of the antenna of an outdoor NodeB to control the strength of outdoor NodeB signals going indoors. B: Reconstruct the indoor distributed system or add an indoor antenna to enhance the strength of indoor signals. C: Use a rational handoff solution and set handoff parameters properly. For example, use the indoor and outdoor inter-frequency solution. Controlling too many indoor signals to leak outdoorsA: Lay out antennas rationally and allocate the antenna port power rationally to prevent too many indoor signals from leaking outdoors. B: Use the technique of drip irrigation coverage with multiple small-power antennas to prevent too many indoor signals from leaking outdoors. 3.7 Designing Parameters of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)When designing an indoor distributed system, generally use Huawei default settings of baseline parameters. 3.8 Choosing Components (Mandatory)3.8.1 Choosing a Combiner and a Filter for an Indoor Distributed SystemBy using the calculating methods described in section 3.6.2 "Controlling the Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)", calculate the isolation required by the components of an indoor distributed system. Then accordingly, choose a proper combiner and filter. When choosing a combiner and a filter, note that the component performance indexes include the following key indexes: Frequency range Insertion loss Isolation Power tolerance Standing wave ratio (SWR)Duplex filters are used in an actual indoor distributed system. If a duplex filter cannot meet the isolation requirements, add a filter to increase the isolation. A cross band coupler is a dual-band combiner commonly used in an indoor distributed system. The main performance indexes to be considered are: Isolation between systems Insertion loss Third-order cross modulationThe insertion loss cannot be too large; otherwise, the loss may greatly affect the original system. A multi-band combiner and a POI are also indoor combiners. Currently, in the application of an indoor distributed system, a combiner falls into three types: Ordinary two-in-one combiner All-in-one combiner Mixed combinerFigure 3-6 shows a sample of a two-in-one combiner.

Figure 3-6 Sample of a combiner3.8.2 Choosing Antennas for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)Indoor antennas differ from outdoor ones because of the following factors: Close coverage

Restrictions by transmit power

Restrictions by installation space

Restrictions by visual pollutionAntennas of an indoor distributed system are usually applied in the following application scenarios: Indoors In subways and tunnels

In elevators and supermarketsI. Indoor ScenariosDue to the characteristics of indoor coverage, antennas used indoors have smaller gains, without detailed requirements on the half power width of the beam. In a scenario with a smaller coverage area, use omni-directional antennas. In a long and narrow open area, use directional antennas. If multiple systems share an antenna, use a broad frequency antenna. In an indoor application scenario, generally use ceiling mount omni-directional antennas, which are of a smaller size and a smaller gain (below 5 dBi). This type of antenna is attractive in appearance.

Figure 3-7 Indoor antennasIn Figure 3-7, the first two are ceiling mount omni-directional antennas, the third and fourth are flat directional antennas, and the fifth is a stick omni-directional antenna. Table 3-12 Antenna models of an indoor distributed systemModelFrequency RangeAntenna DescriptionAzimuthGainManufacturer

800 10137876960/17102500 MHzCeiling mount antenna of vertical polarization and N female connector3602 dBiKathrein

TS-IAOMT-800/2400806960/14202400 MHzCeiling mount antenna of vertical polarization and N female connector3602 dBiTelestone

TQJ-SA800/2500-3824960/ 17102500 MHzCeiling mount antenna of vertical polarization and N female connector3602 dBiGuangdong Shenglu

II. Subway and Tunnel ScenariosIn special indoor coverage scenarios such as subways or tunnels, leakage cables are applied in some long and narrow indoor coverage areas with limited antenna installation space, for example, a subway, road railway tunnel, underground market, and underground parking garage. Leakage cables are relatively expensive (100 RMB/m typically). They are hard to install.

Figure 3-8 Leakage cablesIII. Scenarios of Elevators and Some Large Warehouse SupermarketsIn such application scenarios as an elevator, large warehouse supermarket, and tunnel, two types of narrow-beam directional antennas are used, that is, Yagi and log-per antennas. They are often installed in places with little attention to indoor decoration, for example, in an elevator or a large warehouse supermarket. A Yagi antenna is a narrowband antenna with a cheap price and a large gain (larger than 10 dBi). A log-per antenna is a broadband antenna with a higher price and a smaller gain (less than 10 dBi). Note that a Yagi antenna is recommended for a single WCDMA system while a log-per antenna is recommended for the multi-system combination of an operator.

Figure 3-9 Log-per antennasIV. Installation of an Indoor AntennaThe selection of an indoor antenna depends on the installation location and coverage target range of the antenna, and the requirements of the concerned property management company on the antenna (to avoid visual pollution and to ensure that the antenna is in tune with the decoration near its location). The selection principles are as follows: Wall-against installation: Choose a flat directional antenna for intra-floor coverage. Ceiling mounted installation: Choose a ceiling mount omni-directional antenna tightly against the ceiling to cover a whole floor or even the lower floor. Concealed installation: Choose a stick omni-directional antenna installed above the ceiling to cover the whole floor or even the upper floor. In such a case, the penetration loss of the ceiling is introduced. Elevator shaft: Choose a Yagi antenna or a log-per antenna, installed at the top of the elevator shaft. That is because the bottom of an elevator is of a full steel structure, hard to penetrate. The antenna lobe goes downwards to cover the entire elevator shaft. Large warehouse supermarket: Because the indoor decoration of such a place is not important, install a Yagi antenna, log-per antenna, or wall-mounted antenna for coverage. 3.8.3 Choosing Feeders for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)In the design of an indoor distributed system, feeders are used for connecting all components. Generally, use the following two types of feeders: 1/2-inch feeder: large-loss, low-cost, easy to bend, applicable to distribution cable connection of each floor 7/8-inch feeder: small-loss, high-cost, hard to bend, applicable to trunk connection between floorsTable 3-13 Attenuation of feeders in an indoor distributed systemWCDMAGSM

Specification (m)1/2-inch feeder (dB)7/8-inch feeder (dB)1/2-inch feeder (dB)7/8-inch feeder (dB)

50.5 0.3 0.4 0.2

101.1 0.6 0.7 0.4

151.6 0.9 1.1 0.6

202.1 1.2 1.5 0.8

252.7 1.5 1.9 1.1

303.2 1.8 2.2 1.3

353.7 2.1 2.6 1.5

404.3 2.4 3.0 1.7

454.8 2.7 3.3 1.9

505.4 3.1 3.7 2.1

555.9 3.4 4.1 2.3

606.4 3.7 4.4 2.5

657.0 4.0 4.8 2.7

707.5 4.3 5.2 2.9

758.0 4.6 5.6 3.2

808.6 4.9 5.9 3.4

859.1 5.2 6.3 3.6

909.6 5.5 6.7 3.8

9510.2 5.8 7.0 4.0

10010.7 6.1 7.4 4.2

3.8.4 Choosing a Power Splitter and a Coupler for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory)The selection of a power splitter and a coupler for an indoor distributed system is relatively simple. Check that the component performance indexes meet the requirements of bandwidth and isolation. Table 3-14 and Table 3-15 list some performance parameters of optional components. Table 3-14 Parameter indexes of Kathrein couplerModelCoupling AttenuationInsertion LossVSWRdBcThird Order Intermodulation (dBc)MHzBand (MHz)

K 63 23 60617.0 / 1.0 dB< 0.05 dB< 1.15< -1508002200

K 63 23 610110.4 / 0.4 dB< 0.05 dB