Indoor Coverage Documents_guidlines

ACTIVITY – TYPE RADIO GUIDELINES

TITLE INDOOR COVERAGE GUIDELINES

Technical content by : ALEX REIS / Vitor Torres

Original File : /tt/file_convert/55cf8f66550346703b9bf895/document.doc

Distribution ListName Department Name Department

Approved byName Dept. Date Signature

Document Change HistoryVersion Date Comment

1.0 01-02-2001 Draft version

Reproduction or communication, even partial, ONIWAY Phone : + 351 21 xxx xx xxforbidden without prior written approval of Oni. Infocomunicações, SA Fax : + 351 21 xxx xx xx

1 INTRODUCTION______________________________________________________________3

1.1 Indoor coverage__________________________________________________________________3

1.2 Type of indoor places_____________________________________________________________4

1.3 Indoor propagation_______________________________________________________________5

2 INDOOR ENGINEERING RULES_______________________________________________5

2.1 Limitation of interference__________________________________________________________6

3 INDOOR COVERAGE SYSTEMS________________________________________________6

3.1 Coverage from outdoor sites_______________________________________________________7

3.2 Repeater solution_________________________________________________________________7

3.3 INDOOR BTS solution____________________________________________________________83.4. Antennas distribution systems___________________________________________________________83.4.1. Antennas____________________________________________________________________________93.4.2. Coax Installation_____________________________________________________________________103.4.3. Radiating Cables_____________________________________________________________________123.4.6. Practical Issues______________________________________________________________________16

3.5. Special projects (Later)____________________________________________________________163.5.1. Mobile Stations______________________________________________________________________163.5.2. Shopping and Business Centers__________________________________________________________183.5.3. Long Bridges________________________________________________________________________193.5.4. Tunnels____________________________________________________________________________20

4. IMPORTANT INDOOR COVERAGE PLACES____________Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4. Nortel Area_______________________________________________Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5. Siemens Area______________________________________________Error! Bookmark not defined.


1

1 INTRODUCTION

While cellular systems can cover wide areas with outside base stations, complete coverage within a building requires specific systems

to enhance the coverage and improve the quality of service

to catch traffic in dense indoor areas like office buildings

Providing good indoor coverage is not a trivial task. Buildings may vary in their size, design and construction, often with few open areas and many obstructions. In addition, the level of traffic can vary greatly throughout a building.

There are a number of different possible solutions to provide cellular indoor coverage. These approaches are introduced in the following sections.

1.1 INDOOR COVERAGE

Indoor coverage can be realised:

from outdoor sites: This solution is recommended if the traffic in the building is low and doesn’t require additional capacity. This may be the only solution in case the installation of equipment, antennas and cables inside the building is not accepted by the owner of the building (who might perhaps have already an exclusive contract with a competing network operator).

In this case, coverage is provided

by installing dedicated BTS (macro or micro) on neighbouring buildings with antennas directed to the target building. The interference situation can be kept under control if the antennas are mounted below roof top level and have a rather good directivity.

from indoor sites:

This type of solution is the only one that can add the required capacity in dense traffic indoor areas.

Furthermore, an appropriate radio engineering aiming to confine as much as possible signals inside the building establishes is the advantage of an easier frequency planning. The main issue in this case is to provide the required capacity while assuring good coverage of the building without degrading the outdoor quality of service.


1.2 TYPE OF INDOOR PLACES

Indoor places can be classified in different categories depending on the building architecture and traffic density. Different applications require different types of indoor solutions.

Office buildings: Small rooms, many walls usually thin, low to high traffic

Hotels: Halls, corridors, medium/high traffic

Private accommodation buildings: Blocks of apartments with small rooms, many walls, medium/high traffic

Malls, airports, railway stations: Large rooms, concrete walls, medium to high traffic

Shows centers, show rooms: halls, corridors, open area, medium to high traffic

Sports arenas: Open air or close, medium to high traffic

1) Underground areas (tunnels, multi-storey car parks, subway systems.): Many concrete walls and obstructions, low traffic

To simplify the planning we can divide the indoor cells in two categories:

Business: Indoor cells covering office buildings. In same cases the coverage, quality and capacity demands in business indoor cells may be higher than in public indoor cells. Sometimes business indoor cells are the substitute for the fixed telephone network.

Public: Indoor cells covering public building or public areas, such as transport terminals (airports, bus stations, railway station, ferry boat ports), public administrative buildings, shopping centers, hypermarkets, and sports arenas. The number of subscribers, inside the public indoor cell coverage area, might fluctuate very much during the day and between different days or months (seasons areas).

Sometimes, building complex are a mix of several kinds of places, like Shopping centers with super markets inside and a office tower in the same building complex, such as Amoreiras Shopping in Lisbon. For this cases we can consider a global solutions or different solutions for each place.

Engineering depends on expected traffic, existing coverage from outdoor sites and building architecture

Number of floors: For high buildings with many floors (tower) particular attention must be paid to the frequency plan. In upper floors, radio engineering has to minimise the risk of interference to and from outdoor sites (RF leakage).

Confined indoor areas: Coverage is often more difficult to achieve, propagation is limited by many obstacles and concrete walls. Frequency planning is rather simple due to the high outdoor/indoor decoupling. The limiting factor is the power available at the antenna(s). ‘High’ power systems as 1 W repeater or 2 W micro-BTSs (power at antenna approximately +24 dBm to +30 dBm) can be used. Micro (Pico) repeaters can also be used for small indoor area (repeater output power +10 dBm to 15 dBm).

‘Open’ indoor areas with apertures towards the outdoor: The limiting factor is interference. The coverage is realised by either micro or Pico cell with reduced power (few tenth of miliwatts).

Internal architecture: Number of walls, corridors, presence of large halls characterise the indoor propagation and define the maximum cell radius.

Number and distance between buildings: One large building in one block or several smaller buildings a few hundred meters apart as for example exposition halls, airports or business centres.


1.3 INDOOR PROPAGATION

Radio network planning is quite tricky in indoor environment because of the complexity of radio

Propagation in such environments.

Different types of propagation can be observed:

Large open areas such as exhibition halls and reception rooms can be assumed to offer free space propagation conditions to the radio waves or assumed as low attenuation areas.

Big corridors have a kind of “wave guide effect” on the propagation, but when turning the corners it is also present a sudden increase of propagation loss (corner effect).

Walls represent a lot of attenuation on the radio waves, but they also reflect a part of the incident wave. The attenuation value is dependent on the buildings materials (wood, concrete, glass, stone, etc). Walls attenuation effect on the radio waves is also valid for the floors but in this case the problem is thicker and the attenuation is higher.

Windows introduce very low attenuation as they are made of glass. The open windows let the radio wave through and have no attenuation.

Metallic elevators and concrete shafts have a higher attenuation on radio waves. Stairwells and glass elevators shafts may have a kind of “Wave Guide Effect” on the propagation of radio waves.

Furniture also introduces diffraction and scattering effects on the radio waves.

The presence of numerous multi-path phenomena and the different materials used in the building structures make indoor predictions difficult.

The path loss can be estimated using simplified models, for example as proposed by Keenan and Motley’s. However, results of measurements point out the complexity of indoor propagation and the difficulty to simulate it by means of simple models.

Several suppliers propose prediction tools for indoor environment, mostly based on three-dimensional ray tracing. The difficulty is to get/create building databases accurate enough to give useful results. Case-by-case studies and measurements are necessary in the different indoor places. Initial studies can be made using buildings maps (showing the building architecture, the number of floors, the dimensions), but in a second step measurements will be necessary to characterise the different materials (floor and wall attenuation).

2 INDOOR ENGINEERING RULES

Because of the presence of many obstacles in buildings, indoor coverage requires several radiation spots distributed in the building, each of them having a limited coverage radius. This will be realised by means of small antennas installed in false ceiling, on walls or radiating cables.

In order to provide reliable indoor services with good quality, adequate indoor engineering rules must be followed. The main issues are:

to provide indoor coverage without any degradation of the network, particularly in terms of interference

to offer the required capacity, by means of indoor cells, micro cells and Pico cells


2.1 LIMITATION OF INTERFERENCE

By using many low-power radiation spots strategically placed throughout the building, the RF signal can be contained within the building, minimising interference with surrounding macro cells and facilitating frequency planning.

Rule 1: Antennas must be located apart from outer walls

Even if directional antennas are used, it is not recommended to install them at the edges of buildings close to windows or external walls. A front-to-back ratio of 20 dB to 25 dB (typical value) is not high enough to provide the required indoor/outdoor decoupling.

Generally, indoor coverage will be provided with omni-directional antennas located in the centre of the building, panel antennas are used only for particular places such as corridors and long rooms.

In any case, the indoor field strength at the building edge must be below -80 dBm to -85 dBm in order to limit the outdoor signal level to -100 dBm (assuming 15 dB to 20 dB first-wall attenuation).

This rule is crucial in upper floors.

Using radiating cables, interference to the outside is generally no problem as the radiated field strength is evenly distributed, but rather limited.

Rule 2: Low-power micro cells (confined signals)

Micro cells or picocells provides indoor coverage with reduced power in upper floors.

In any case, the signal must stay confined in the building: Depending on the type of indoor place, it is necessary to limit the indoor cells output power to a few tenth of mili-watts (around +15 dBm) so that the power budget is balanced for the mobile power at minimal value.

This rule must be applied particularly in upper floors to reduce the risk of uplink interference.

3 INDOOR COVERAGE SYSTEMS

This part presents the different solutions generally considered for indoor coverage with a brief description of the equipment and associated systems.

Advantages and drawbacks of each solution are analysed dealing mainly with:

Type of indoor place and application,

Complexity

Flexibility

Installation, deployment

Cost

Acceptance by the building owner (in quite a few cases, this might be the most demanding

Challenge!)

Achievable coverage


3.1 COVERAGE FROM OUTDOOR SITES

Coverage from outdoor sites is the only solution for places where the indoor coverage is desirable for the network operator, but the installation of mobile communication equipment inside the building is not possible. Reasons for that might be the rejection of this idea by the owner (having perhaps already an exclusive contract to a competing operator) or that such a solution would not be economical.

In case the field strength provided by an outdoor base station is sufficient, an acceptable coverage within the building is possible. This indoor coverage can be taken into consideration for the general network planning by adding some indoor penetration loss to the power budget. The following values for the indoor penetration loss can help for a first estimation:

Indoor first wall (the rooms directly at the outside of the building are covered) 15 dB to 20 dB

Deep indoor (rooms further inside of the building are covered as well) 30 dB to 40 dB and more

The coverage can be improved by installing dedicated BTSs (macro or micro models) on a neighbouring building, several neighbouring buildings respectively, with antennas directed to the target building. The interference situation can be kept under control if the antennas are mounted below roof top level and have a rather good directivity.

It is very difficult to cover large buildings, which show large losses, especially in the critical areas like the basement and underground floors. The signal strength required to cover these locations from the outside lead to a very high interference in the network and is only feasible if a large frequency range is available.

Critical is the uplink, as the output power of the handsets is limited. Due to the high output power after combiner and the numerous features to improve the uplink sensitivity and to reduce interference.

3.2 REPEATER SOLUTION

Repeaters can be used in buildings (or other indoor place) where the signal strength from the macro network is poor and the traffic load is such that the capacity of the outdoor Node B is enough to serve also the repeater coverage area. We can consider two kinds of repeaters:

Macro repeaters, an RF macro repeater is a bi-directional amplifier covering uplink and downlink frequency bands used by the operator and offers a easy-to-install alternative to provide coverage in special projects, such as Tunnels, underground car parks, buildings. Macro or micro cell surrounding the special project place will provide the signal to be repeated and is called donor cell. In order to install collect the desirable signal from the donor cell, must be used an antenna (donor antenna), normally yagi type. After the signal will feed the repeater (input connector) after amplified and repeated the signal will feed the distribution antenna system (coaxial, radiant cable or fiber optics). Normally the output power for a macro repeater is around 30 dBm (1 W).

Micro repeaters, also called pico repeaters are low power (maximum output power around 15 dBm), repeaters designed to ensure indoor coverage in small shopping centers, rooms, stores, parkings, etc. They offer a low cost and easy-to-install solution to provide indoor coverage. The design principle is more or less the same as macro repeater


Figure 3—I Mikom RF pico repeater Figure 3—II Selecom RF pico repeater

Figure 3—III Mikom RF repeater

3.3 INDOOR BTS SOLUTION

In a large building where large areas are to be covered and where high feeder loss is a problem or where the traffic is high, the BTS option is a good solution. A BTS has more RF output power in order to compensate all the loss. For the antennas distribution we can choice conventional coaxial systems, radiant cable systems or fiber optical systems. There are two types of BTS:

Macro BTS, Shall be used for large areas buildings, such as airports, big shopping centers, corporate costumers offices (with a high number of sim cards). BTS will improve capacity and coverage inside the buildings.

Micro BTS, smaller then macro BTS and less expensive. This solution as more or less the same output power as a repeater (33 dBm) and can be used to replace a repeater in places where is impossible to get a clean signal from a donor cell


Figure 3—IV Nortel IBTS models

3.4. Antennas distribution systems

In order to provide the required coverage, several antennas connected to one base station or repeater. Antennas are distributed or repeated throughout the building by means of coaxial cables, tappers, splitters (power dividers), amplifiers and also by fiber optics. Antenna systems used in indoor sites are based on the following engineering rules:

Small-size antenna

Antenna type adapted to the area to be covered (omni or ’sector’)

Use of several distributed antennas with small coverage areas

Use of flexible coaxial cable if possible (higher loss, but easier to install)

Number of antennas per BTS is limited by cable and coupling losses

For big and large building the use of fiber optical distribution systems is better than coax systems

Is possible to combine the fiber optic and coaxial if the indoor application allows for it.

Typically, indoor antennas will be omni or sector antennas with low gain (from 2 dBi to 8 dBi). In practice, the choice of the antenna will mainly be based on the aesthetics.


The antenna distribution solutions for indoor applications can be divided into four main categories:

Built in or integrated antennas in the Base station or Repeater system.

Distributed antennas using a coaxial cable system.

Radiant cables systems

Distributed antennas using a fiber optical system.

3.4.1. Antennas

The most commonly used antennas for indoor applications are the omni and the panel (sector or directional) antennas. Each type of antenna system will depend on the type of indoor application for which we are planning. Normally omni an antenna have a 2 dBi gain and panels have 7 dBi gain, but these parameters depend of each manufacture. For the antenna choice is important to take special attention to some parameters such as: Gain, patterns, vswr, etc. Other important aspect is the “aesthetics”, the antenna must be visual unobtrusive. We also must pay special attention to the visual impact of indoor installations.

Figure 3—V Fractus indoor omni antenna Figure 3—VII Gamma Nu indoor panel antenna

Indoor Antenna Table

Reference Manufacture

Type Frequency

Gain VSWR Pattern Polarization

Connector


range

MHzDBi Max. H V

AVM 1800 0857 00SF

Andrew Panel1710 – 2170

7.5 1.5 85 65 Vert SMA

AHM 0918 3602 01NF

Andrew Omni1710 – 2170

2 1.5 360 Vert N

741572 Kathrein Omni1710 – 2170

2 2 360 Vert N

742149 Kathrein Panel1710 – 2170

7 2 90 Vert N

DB794CM5N KU DecibelOmni

Corner reflector

1710 – 2200

7 1.5 105 Vert N

DB792SMSN KU Decibel Omni1710 – 2500

0 1.8 360Vert

N

DB786DC5 Decibel Omni800 – 2200

2.15 1.7 360 60 Vert N

DB771B5N X5 Decibel Panel1710 – 2300

8.1 1.5 Vert N

7336.00 Allgon Omni1420 – 2400

3 360 180 Vert N

BSA 171090 Antel Panel1710 – 2200

7 1.4 90 68 Vert N/ SMA

MPA 1700 Antel Omni1710 - 2200

4,5 1.6 360 Vert N

5029000 Jaybeam Panel800 – 2200

2.1 115 70 Vert N

MBPS 2000 6Gamma Nu

Panel1400 – 2200

6 1.8 60 30 Vert N

MBMMC 2000 2Gamma Nu

Omni1400 – 2500

2 2 360 Vert N

3.4.2. Coax Installation

The most important characteristic of a coaxial feeder system is the feeder loss. In an indoor coverage project, we must balance the total feeder loss, including losses from the splitters, tappers, connectors, between the BTS or Repeater and each antenna unit.

The antenna location will determine how and where the antenna system cables should be installed.

During the planning stage it is important to obtain plans of the building in order to plan the antennas placement and coaxial cable routing, that allows us to know how much cable may be required.

Cables choice is very important, the corrugated cables are very good in terms of attenuation, signal speed, shielding, intermodulation, etc. They are better than braided cables, but they are expensive and they have large dimensions and the corrugated copper outer conductor turn the indoor installation process difficult. So, sometimes is necessary to use more flexible and smaller cables such as the RG and LMR cables, but they have more losses.


One important aspect in the coax choice for indoor applications is the “halogen free” that gives fire retardant properties to the cable. Sometimes this is a requirement from the buildings administrations.


Attenuation

dB/100m

2200 MHzSize Type

FSJ1-50B Andrew 30 ¼” Corrugated super flexible

FSJ2-50B Andrew 20.7 3/8” Corrugated super flexible

FSJ4-50B Andrew 18.6 ½” Corrugated super flexible

LDF4-50A Andrew 11.2 ¼”Corrugated

Foam dielectric

LDF5-50A Andrew 6.46 7/8”Corrugated

Foam dielectric

LDF6-50 Andrew 4.69 1 ¼”Corrugated

Foam dielectric

LDF7-50A Andrew 3.94 1 5/8”Corrugated

Foam dielectric

VXL5-50 Andrew 6.97 7/8”Corrugated

flexible feeder Foam dielectric

VXL6-50 Andrew 5.12 1 ¼”Corrugated


VXL7-50 Andrew 4,05 (2.3 GHz) 1 5/8”Corrugated


LMR 240Times

Microwave39.63 6.10 mm Braided flexible

cable

LMR 400Times

Microwave20.69 10.29 mm Braided flexible

cable

RG 58 Several 77.4 4.95 mm Braided flexible cable

RG 214 Several 38.33 10.79 mm Braided flexible cable


Figure 3—VII RG 211 coaxial cable

Figure 3—VIII Andrew Heliax cable

3.4.3. Radiating Cables

In order to avoid confusion, some terms used in this document have to be defined.

Along their run, radiating cables diffuse a weak but almost constant electromagnetic radiation. Their cylindrical type of propagation makes them suitable for coverage over longer distances but with limited radii. The field strength distribution in a room/corridor is more uniform than with antennas, where a strong signal in the near vicinity and a weak signal in the distance are experienced. Compared to distributed antennas, radiating cable is generally a more expensive alternative, both in terms of equipment and installation cost. A radiating cable is essentially characterised by two parameters:

The longitudinal loss (dB/100m): Linear propagation loss along the cable (Radiax 5/8 RXL4.5-1 - 10.5 dB/100m at 2200 MHz).

The coupling loss (dB) that quantifies the radiated power received by an antenna two meters away (Radiax 5/8 RXL4.5-1 - 73 dB at 2200 MHz).

Figure 3—IX Radiating coaxial cable


Is possible to divide radiating cable in three main types:

Leaky cables leaky section are pre punched into the outer conductor, the distance between sections is set to optimize low loss and longitudinal attenuation over a widebandwith. With this unique construction, the distance between repeaters can be increased, and the broadband coupling loss is not significantly degraded from that obtained using continuosly-sloted couple mode cables or radiating-mode cables.

Coupled cables The cables use a low loss dielectric and an outer conductor with a continuous slot or series of identical slots. These radiating cables are designed for in building applications where the system length is typically less than 100 meters.

Radiated Cables The slots are arranged so that the direction of radiating is predominantly orthogonal to the cable axis. This result in optimized, reduced coupling loss variations over specific frequency bands. Under certain conditions radiated mode cables with low coupling loss variation can improve considerably the quality of W CDMA.

Both parameters depend on the frequency, the cable type, the cable diameter and the way of installation.

Coupling losses are much higher than typically observed with antennas (between 30 dB to 40 dB at one meter) and the coverage is limited to the area in the vicinity of the cable.

Other parameters, mechanical and thermal characteristics (bent radius, weight, traction resistance, security-norms conformity, fire resistance, etc.) have to be taken into account making the choice of the type of radiating cable.

Radiating cable solutions are suitable in confined areas where

a low but almost constant signal level is required over a long distance: Road or railway tunnels, long corridors or buildings with a long, but slim ground plan.

multipart propagation and absorption are high: Underground car parks, and in some parts of buildings (long corridors with many corners that limit antenna radiation).

several frequency bands are to be supported by the same system. Slotted radiating cables are not narrow-band systems like antennas; they operate over several frequency bands and are advantageous to offer different types of services on the same support.

In office buildings, cable with low coupling losses should be installed, the main constraint being more the extent of coverage around the cable than the longitudinal coverage. Measurements buildings in Columbus and in Indonesia have pointed out the poor coverage provided in such environments:

Vertical installation (for tower coverage) is not realistic: The cable has to be installed in technical sheath that drastically limits the propagation.

Horizontal installation in ceilings is more appropriate but is an expensive solution as in many cases the coverage will be limited to the offices on each side of the corridor where the cable has been installed.

The choice of the cable type and the dimensioning of the coverage system are mainly based on a power budget calculation. More or less complex solutions built up with radiating cables, antennas and repeaters are generally possible for the applications mentioned above. They require case-by-case studies depending on the type of environment to be covered, the expected type of service and the installation constraints. In case of active equipment integration, engineering is tricky (choice of the repeater type, calculation of the distance between repeaters, uplink and downlink gain tuning).

Radiant Cables Table



Attenuation

dB/100m

2100 MHz

Coupling losses

50% / 95%

Size Type

RCT6 PUS 1 AX Andrew 4.7 69 / 74 1 ¼” Radiant

RCT7 CPU 1 AX Andrew 4.9 62 / 66 1 5/8” Radiant

RCT7 CPU 2 AX Andrew 5.1 61 / 66 1 5/8” Radiant

RDXF Andrew 29.8 (2.2 GHz) 72 Flat strip

RMC 7/8” Eupen 9.1(2 GHz)) 65 / 70 7/8” Radiant

RMC 1 ¼” Eupen 7.6 (2 GHz) 61 / 66 1 ¼” Radiant

LSC ½” Eupen 9.1 (2 GHz) 65 / 70 ½” Leaky

LSC 7/8” Eupen 7.6 (2 GHz) 61 / 66 7/8” Leaky

CMC ½” Eupen 12.2 (1.8 GHz) 76 / 85 ½” Coupled

CMC 7/8” Eupen 7.9 (1.8 GHz) 82 / 90 7/8” Coupled

3.4.4. Fiber-Optic antenna systems

Fiber Optic distribution antenna systems works in conjunction with a signal source, like a RBS or a RF Repeater to provide coverage inside buildings.

Unlike conventional coaxial antenna distribution systems, this solution utilizes low loss, single mode fiber optic technology to distribute the signal from de base station or from the repeater to remote antenna units within the building. Fiber optic systems are easier to install than coaxial systems. Given the low loss characteristics of single mode fiber, the antenna coverage area is unaffected by cable lengths, that give us more flexibility for project design and antennas placement.

Planning and installation of fiber optic distribution system is considerably easier than the coax feeder system, because the fibers are more flexible and smaller and do not require contacts points to be installed at regular locations.

An optical antenna system consists of the following main components:

Figure 3—X Fiber Optics DAS hardware

Optical Repeater is more or less the same equipment as a normal RF repeater, but the output is optical. This unit is used when the distance from the BTS is to long to feed the fiber optical


distribution system with coaxial cable. The repeater is then used to provide the donor signal to the master unit.

Optical Interface Unit, or master unit, here the downlink RF signal from the RBS or repeater is converted and split into several optical signals, which are distributed to the antenna units. The conversion and combination of the uplink signals from the antenna units into one RF signal also take place in this unit.

Antenna units, In each antenna unit the downlink optical signal from the optical interface unit is converted into an RF signal, amplified and transmitted into the air. The uplink signals from the mobiles are received, amplified and converted into optical signals and than distributed to the optical interface unit.

Expansion Unit, some manufactures use an Expansion Unit between the master unit and the antennas units, the aim is to expand the system. The Expansion Unit is a kind of splitter that receives the optical signal from one of the main unit outputs and split it for several antenna remote units.

Optical Cables, In order to guide the downlink and uplink signals between the optical interface unit and the antenna units two optical fibers are required, one for RX and other to TX. These two cables are fitted into one master cable.

Foxcom Allgon LGC Andrew Mikom IKUSI

BU

Base Unit

BMU

Base Station Master Unit

MH

Main Hub

CDU

Central Distribution Unit

RSF B01

RHU

Remote Hub Unit

FOR

Fiber Optical Repeater

RAU

Remote Antenna Unit

RAU

Remote Antenna Unit

RSF A01

EH

Expansion Hub

RF fiberRMU

Repeater Master Unit

MOR

Mikom Optical Repeater

DBL

3.4.5. Accessories

Splitters is a passive component used for split the RF signal in several equal parts, always with the same impedance. The most common used types are 1:2; 1:3; 1:4. For example: a two ways power splitter, means that the signal is split in two paths. This means that a two way power splitter has an attenuation of 3 dB. A splitter has the same loss both in the uplink and the dowlink.

Tappers Is a unequal splitter. Are use to tap a small portion of the signal. That can be very efficient close to a Node B where the signal level is high. The tapper can serve a part of the cell with sufficient signal strength while the remaining parts of the distributed antenna system is not so much affected by the tap. As an example, a 15.1 dB:0.1 dB tapper, means that the signal in the tap is attenuated 15.1 dB. The forward part is only attenuated 0.1 dB. The tapper has the same loss in the uplink and the downlink, both for the tapper and the forward part.

Attenuators This device is a line insertion unit, with one RF input and one RF output and is used to attenuate the RF signal when is to high. There are several different models with fixed values or variable values (in dB steps).


Loads Used for coaxial line terminations, the standard impedance value is 50 (in our case) in order to avoid SWR problems, because mismatched reasons.

Device TypePower level reduction

Splitter 2 way 3 dB/branch



Tapper 1:7 FW 1 dB/ Tap 7 dB

Tapper 0.4:10.4 FW 0.4 dB/ Tap 10.4 dB

Tapper 0.1:15.1 FW 0.1 dB/ Tap 15.1 dB

Figure 3—XI Attenuator, small size Figure 3—XII Termination load, small size


Figure 3—XIII Splitters

3.4.6. Practical Issues

Check always the Impedance, max. Power, frequency range and attenuation of all the devices used in the project.

Remember to terminate all branches of the coaxial network with 50 load, in order to avoid standing wave patterns in the cables.

Feeder loss is the most important planning issue with regards to coax antenna system.

Where to install the interface units can be the first implementation issue we may encounter.

Each antenna units contains active components and thus require a power supply unit. This means for each antenna unit is necessary to find or install an outlet for connecting these devices.

Plans of the building are required at an early stage, and a survey of the building is very useful.

Fire security concerns may be an issue and should not be overlooked during the planning stage.

Flexibility of the coaxial cables can be a practical consideration when space is limited.

Fiber optical cables should be protected to avoid damage.

Power supply must be available for each fiber optical antenna unit, as well as for the interface unit.

Cleaning and tightening of the connectors (for coax and fiber) is very important.


3.5. SPECIAL PROJECTS (LATER)

3.5.1. Mobile Stations

A mobile station consists in a fast deployment coverage solution used to increase coverage or capacity in areas where is needed, such as specials events (Summits, Important games, shows) or in areas where the traffic is seasonal.

Mobile Station components are the same as a normal site. Normally is a RBS rack with transmission line (mini link, satellite, fixed line or FWA), power generator, alarms and others accessories. The equipment could be installed inside a truck, van or in a trailer with shelter. Associated to all the system is the telescopic mast or tower to support the UMTS coverage antennas and transmission antennas.

The main transportable sites are:

Swe Site Also knows by transportable site, originally created in Sweden, this solution is a telescopic tower with a tripod base. The shelter is on the middle of the tripod base. This tower is self supported and the normal high is around 30 meters. This solution has no self-power generator system. To install this type of solution is necessary a crane and a transport truck for the site and a flat ground with 15 meters by 15 meters is required for the installation.

Mini Site is a small trailer with a telescopic tower and all the equipment stuff in a waterproof box. The mast high is around 12.5 meters. This solution needs a car with tailor system and two persons for the installation.

On The Wheels, or full mobile unit, is the most expensive transportable solution and consists in a truck with everything installed, RBS, Power generator, transmission equipment, telescopic mast or tower, etc. Is completely autonomous. The tower high is up to 40 meters. The advantage of this unit is the autonomy and space available (useful to install different kind of RBS at the same time, such as Nortel or Siemens). There are small versions of “On The Wheels” installed in vans (Ford Transit, Mercedes Sprinter) and with micro RBS or just repeaters.


Figure 3—XIIIV Mobile iBTS


3.5.2. Shopping and Business Centers

Some types of big office buildings and shopping malls (indoor environment) cannot be covered from the outside and these kinds of indoor environments also generate a lot of traffic, demanding a lot of capacity from the outside macro network. The solution to avoid this situation is to create an Indoor Cell based on an indoor special project, in order to provide coverage and to concentrate all the indoor traffic in the indoor cell.

If the outdoor macro network has some spare capacity, and if the building is not to big, we can just extend the outdoor coverage into the indoor environment by means of a repeater system.

Shopping and business centers, Airports, railways station, etc. Normally are great and medium indoor projects,

Great indoor areas, such as Colombo (Lisboa), Forum Algarve (Faro), Norte Shopping (Matosinhos) malls or the office buildings like Monsanto Tower (Miraflores) or Lidador Tower (Maia). Some time they are buildings that are at same time Shopping centers and offices tower such as Amoreiras (Lisboa). International Airport, such as Faro, Porto and Lisboa, Public and administration building, such as Caixa Geral de Depositos or Assembleia da República. These kinds of environments with several floors of stores or just with offices, some of then have underground car parking areas with two, three or more floors. Is necessary to provide coverage to all places and also provide capacity.

Medium and small indoor areas, such as medium size malls (Fonte Nova, Monumental, Cascais Jumbo, etc) or like a supermarket (Jumbo, Continente, Modelo). Medium building with low traffic but with strategically importance in terms of marketing. Transport interfaces. Normally is possible to solve the problem with a micro base station or just a repeater.


In great indoor areas, for the antenna distribution system is recommended to use coaxial conventional systems. If the project requires a big amount of coaxial cables (high losses) could be better to use a Fiber Optic distribution system. For the underground car parking is also recommended the use of radiant cables.

In small and medium areas normally the use of a micro base station or a repeater (if no spare capacity is needed) could be used. For the antenna distribution system, the most used is coax, but is also possible the used of fiber optical systems if is financial better.


To do this kind of projects we must pay special attention to the following aspects:

Technical limitations imposed by architectural or decoration problems

Cables passage, is very difficult to install any kind of cabling inside this kinds of buildings

Try to use the existing cable ducts or trays

Areas where people use to be concentrated, such as: restaurants, banks, cinemas, cash machines

Corridors intersections and squares inside the buildings

Elevators and escalators areas

In the airports, areas like check in and check out

In/ Out gates

Leakage signal to outdoor

3.5.3. Long Bridges

Long bridges are a serious problem; some of them are very long (more than 1 Km) and also very high (50 meters). Some bridges are a metal structure (25 de Abril, Almada-Lisboa) others are just concrete or stone.

Because bridges are built between mountains, over valleys or rivers, are places where interference is very strong for all frequency bands, special when they are located on urban environment.

A bridge like “25 de Abril” (on the photo bellow) situated over river Tejo, connecting Lisboa and Almada, receives signal from cells situated around all neighbourhood, some of this cells with good level, but most of then just with low Rx level. On this case, without a dedicated cell, would be impossible to guarantee service across the bridge as the interference would be immense.

A dedicate cell must be designed in order to provide coverage and capacity, but this cell shouldn’t cause interference to the existing cell coverage. So, the coverage must be concentrate on the bridge platform and leakage effects must be avoided. If exists payment tolls on the bridges, they will originate queues waiting to pay for access to the bridge and could be necessary to provide specific capacity for the toll gates.

Coverage solution for this kind of bridges is the radiating cable or fiber optical system. If the bridge is not to long, coverage could be provide from antennas (sectors) with narrow bandwidth located on the bridge ends.


To do this kind of projects we must pay special attention to the following aspects:

Bridge structure, concrete or metal. Metal will cause a lot of radio effects

Interference, from other cell or to other cells

Bridge configuration, if the bridge platform is curve or straight

Bridges service, if they are for railroad service, cars or for both. Some bridges have double platform, one for cars and other for train, sometimes with associated tunnels.

Some bridges have already fiber optic cables systems installed, is it possible to take advantage of this installation.

3.5.4. Tunnels

Tunnels are characterized by a marked discontinuity of the propagation at beach opening, which means that a call in progress will drop unless there is a tunnel coverage system. Normally, tunnels will require a dedicated special project in order to provide coverage inside the tunnel.

Propagation will varies due to the form and section of the tunnel. Some tunnels have holes on the cover (such as João XXI in Lisboa). They could be straight or curved. The vehicle traffic present and the type of vehicle (car, trucks, etc) that passes also have a temporary impact on the propagation.

Railways tunnels and underground tunnels are a different kind of tunnels and add extra difficulties. The trains cross-section and the train wagon loss will have a strong negative effect on the propagation and will cause a lot of losses.

Is it possible to classify tunnels in three classes regarding size.

Long tunnels 2 Km

Medium tunnels 0.5 Km – 2 Km

Short tunnels 0.5 Km

They are a few different solutions to achieve coverage in a tunnel. Find, below the most used solutions for different types of tunnels following the classification made above.


Long Tunnels, The main characteristic thing for these big tunnels is that normally many radiation points are needed. The most used systems to achieve coverage are fiber optics antenna distribution systems or radiating cables with amplifiers association.

Medium Tunnels, For this kind of tunnel, most of the time, a repeater solution is not sufficient, so could be better to install a micro RBS with a radiant cable or fiber optics system.

Small Tunnels, normally one radiation point will be sufficient for a small tunnel, so the best choice is a repeater. If the repeater is not enough to provide a good coverage and quality, other solution must be consider like a repeater or RBS with an antenna distribution system associated such as radiant cable or fiber optics.

Design Tips:

A tunnel semi circular cross section has a worse propagation than a rectangular cross section.

A curved tunnel has a worse propagation than a straight one.

A tunnel with openings inside the tunnel has a worse propagation inside, but often a better propagation for signal coming from outside.

The presence of big vehicles, such as trucks or trains (railway tunnels) could reduce the propagation.

Obstacles inside tunnels, could affect propagation (such as ventilators, other antennas).

The speed practiced inside the tunnels could destroy the antennas and cables supports. Special fixations techniques must be used.

Before the project design, the existing cells coverage must be evaluated.

Identify the space, inside the tunnel for equipment installation.

Transmission point and power supply points available (for fiber or amplifiers system).

In case of radiating cable installation. The cable must be installed, on overtaking lane (where it is less likely that trucks pass).

Special safety norms could limit the installation options.


3.5.5. Sports arenas

Football stadiums will generate a significant increase of traffic, special at weekends. They are semi-open structures with indoor corridors (in some cases with stores). Sometimes they have more than 50 000 people inside.

In 2004 the European Cup will take place in Portugal and football stadium, hotels and training places will require dedicated coverage solutions or just reinforcement of the existing ones.

Recommended solutions:

It is possible to cover the sports arena from outside, with dedicated antennas installed on the top of buildings or on the pylons close to the arena.

Radiating cable or fiber optics solutions are also good solutions. These solutions could be installed around the seats places, but be careful with radiation exposure limitations.

Could be necessary to install another dedicated solution for the corridors or other support rooms, for this purpose a repeater indoor solution could be used.

Inside the Stadium or arena sports, we pay attention to conference rooms, meeting rooms, bars, and restaurants and to the entry gates.


4. Case Study

4.1. In Building installations

For a given offices building with ten floor plus two underground parking floors, we are going to study two distribution antenna systems. One will be the traditional coaxial system with coaxial cable, splitters and tappers and the other will be the fiber optical distribution antenna system.

The signal source common to both solutions will be a UMTS NodeB and for project comp ration we will not consider his price and installation.

4.1.1. Fiber Optics Distribution Antenna System


For this project we have consider the equipment from LGCell, the Unisom FDD, this fiber optic DAS, allows us to distribute de signal up to 32 RAU and for this maximum configuration will be need 1 master unit, 4 expansion Hub and 32 Remote antenna units.

For our virtual building we will need 1 master unit, 2 expansion hubs and 14 antennas. For each RAU connection to the expansion hub is necessary one fiber cable. To connect the antennas to the RAU, will be used the braided coaxial cable (thin and flexible).

On the table bellow is possible to verify the cost estimation for this project. The installation cost is included in each item.

4.1.2. Coaxial Distribution Antenna System


Cost estimation table

Unit Item Unit price Total

1 Master Unit 2 075 000$00 2 075 000$00

2 Expansion Hub 1 800 000$00 3 600 000$00

14 RAU 420 000$00 5 080 000$00

335 Fiber optical cable 1 100$00 368 000$00

140 LMR 240 coaxial cable 1 100$00 154 000$00

Total 11 277 000$00

For this solution our choice is the traditional way for antenna distribution, the coaxial system. This system is total passive and only coaxial cables and splitter will be used. For the main cable runs our option is the ½” corrugated cable and for the antenna installation is the LMR 240.

On the table bellow is possible to verify the cost estimation for this project. The installation cost is included in each item.

4.1.3. Fiber Vs Coaxial



Unit Item Unit price Total

10 Splitters 40 000$00 400 000$00

14 Antennas 35 000$00 490 000$00

160 ½” Corrugated cable 2 500$00 400 000$00

140 LMR 240 coaxial cable 1 100$00 154 000$00

Total 1 444 000$00

As we can verify on the cost estimation tables, the fiber optic distribution system is much more expensive then the traditional coaxial system. The main reason for this cost difference, is the active fiber optic hardware price, such as the master unit, the expansion hubs and the remote antenna units, they are too much expensive. Off coarse that is easier to run fiber optical cables thru the cable trays, than the coaxial corrugated cable. And is also easier to keep a good EIRP for each antenna with Fiber DAS than with coaxial cables. But the prices are to much expensive.

We can think about fiber DAS when the buildings are too large (hospital or university campus) or too high (maybe more than 20 floors). We can also think about fiber when, by technical reasons, will be impossible to use coaxial systems.

Fiber Vs Coax comparation table

Fiber Optic DAS Coaxial DAS

Advantages Better power control

Easy to install

Flexible configuration

Supports long distances

Requires low signal from source

Price, low cost compared w/ fiber

Passive system. No energy needs

Disadvantages Price

Energy power for each active unit

Installation difficulties

Distance limited

High attenuation

Requires high power from source

4.2. Tunnels

See also tunnels dedicated chapter in……

Repeaters can be used to provide coverage in tunnels and subways. They are the most used solution to provide signal. For a good working performance, a repeater requires a signal with a good level and clean(without interference).

For coverage inside the tunnel (short tunnel) we can used, just one antenna yagi or helicoidal kind. For medium and big tunnel, solutions like radiant cable or fiber optics distribution antenna systems are more appropriated.

4.2.1. Repeaters

4.2.1.1. Off Air repeaters


Figure…. shows a typical tunnel application using an off air repeater. To collect the signal we can used a yagi antenna with a good gain (12 dB to 18 dB) and with a straight aperture (less than 20º). The idea is to get signal with a good RX level and free of interference, to feed the repeater. Doesn’t matter to repeat undesirable signals such as neighbouring cells.

After repeated, the signal feeds the coverage antenna, again must be used a yagi antenna or a circular polarization antenna with a good gain in order to increase the EIRP.

This solution is recommended only for short tunnels, for tunnel with more than 500 meters, the coverage provided will not be enoug


4.2.1.2. Optical repeaters

An optical repeater is a normal RF repeater with an RF-Optical converter inside and provides an optical signal output. Some models of the optical repeater provide both outputs, optical and radio frequency at the same time.

An optical solution is recommended for medium or long tunnels. Is very difficult to say how many antennas do I need for a given tunnel length, because they are many factors that affects the propagation inside the tunnel, such as: Large, high, length, number of lanes, railway, metallic structures, holes, etc. The best is to make calculations for each tunnel and support it with some propagation simulation tests.

As an example, for medium and long tunnels, the signal from a Node B would feed, via RF, an Repeater Master Unit. The repeated signal from the repeater would feed one or several Remote Antenna Units (RAU) via optical fiber. Each RAU will convert the optical signal into RF and feed the local antenna. This is also valid for Uplink and downlink.


Qty Item Unit price totals



ITEM Price

Repeater Mikom 2 200 000$00

Coverage antenna Cellwave

80 000$00

Donor antenna Jaybeam 80 000$00

Coaxial Cables 50 000$00

Installation na

Total 2 410 000$00

1 Allgon Optical repeater 2 500 000$00 2 500 000$00

4 Allgon Fiber Optics Repeater 500 000$00 2 000 000$00

4 Kathrein Coverage antennas 50 000$00 200 000$00

1 Jaybeam Yagi antenna 80 000$00 80 000$00

installation n.a. n.a.

totals 4 780 000$00

4.2.2. Radiant Cable

Radiant or leaking cable could be an alternative to distributed antennas in car or train tunnels. Compared to coaxial distributed antenna systems, radiant cable is generally a more expensive alternative, both in terms of equipment and equipment costs.

Connectors, splitters, tappers, loads and other antenna near parts can be used for radiant cable installations as well as for distributed antenna systems using conventional coaxial cable.

As an example, for medium and long tunnels, the figure..show us a radiant cable solution based on a off the air repeater. The signal from the repeater feeds the radiant cable and the cable distributes the signal thru the tunnel. The cable choosed is 1 5/8” and is required a bi-direccional amplifier for each 400 meters. So, for a 2 Km tunnel will be required 2 Km of radiant cable and four bi direccional amplifiers.




1 Mikom RF repeater 2 200 000$00 2 200 000$00

4 Bi direccional amplifier 500 000$00 2 000 000$00

1 Dummy load 10 000$00 10 000$00


2000 1 5/8" Radiant cable w/ inst. 7 000$00 14 000 000$00

Other installation cost n.a. n.a..

totals 18 290 000$00

4.3. Bridges

The idea is to create a dominant cell for the bridge, for that is required a special project in order to provide a good coverage across the bridge. The project must be carefully designed in order to provide the coverage just in the desired area, that is the bridge platform and in order to avoid interference to the other cells. That means, the bridge special project shouldn’t spill is signal out of the bridge.

For a small bridge, a site with one sector directed to the bridge platform could be enough to provide a good service. But for bridges with more than 1 Km this could be critical. In that case is better to install several antennas across the bridge and to do that is possible to use the same kind of solutions used for the tunnel.

Once again, remember that in the tunnels, the signal will be concentrate inside the tunnels and in the bridges cases, the signal will spill out and origin some interference to other cells. That will require some optimisation work.


For a long bridge, a project based on a coaxial cable distribution antenna system will be very difficult in technical aspects, because will be required a few hundreds of coaxial cables and with all the cable losses will be almost impossible to do it.

Radiant cable, will be expensive (see tunnels case study) and in the case of large bridges (ex. With 6 lanes) the offered coverage couldn’t be enough, special in traffic jam periods when a lot of cars will be in circulation on the bridge platform.

On the figure…we can see a draft solution based on a fiber optics DAS. The project starts with a base station, that supplies the signal to a Fiber Optics DAS system and after the signal will be splitted to four different optical repeaters, each of then with one yagy or circular polarization antenna. With this solution is possible to provide coverage for a bridge with 2 km long.

In the case of fiber optics option, some bridges have already fiber installed and could be possible to rent some. That will be reduce the total cost of the project.



4 Optical repeater Mikom 2 300 000$00 2 200 000$00


acessories 500 000$00 500 000$00

Other installation cost n.a. n.a..

totals 3 200 000$00


5. Indoor propagation issues

See also chapter 1.3

For coverage predictions in a small indoor areas, such as one single floor, open space, we may used a simple propagation in free space formula:

where:

Lpf pass loss

wavelength

d distance

The figure bellow show us a free space path loss as a function of transmitter – receiver distance.

For indoor coverage predictions, Keenan and Motley has developed a model that is widely used to statistically describe in building radio propagation. In this semi-empirical model, only the direct pass between the transmitter and the receiver is considered. It has proven to be a model that gives acceptable prediction accuracy, at least for environments with low complexity. It contains a 3D term that enables to predict coverage both horizontally and vertically, through building floors. The indoor path loss, L (dB), is given by,

where:

Lpf pass loss

wavelength


d distance

k number of floors

K floor attenuation factor

p number of walls

W wall attenuation factor

6. Indoor cells dimensioning

7. Field equipment

7.1. Auxiliary equipment

7.1.1. Photographic camera

Digital photographic camera will be an useful equipment needed for the site survey and during all technical visits. Will be needed to collect visual information about the site candidates, possible antenna placement, equipment rooms, installed equipment, etc.


7.1.2. Binocular with compass

This equipment is more useful for outdoor site surveys, but also useful for indoor site surveys. They can be useful to identify the sites on the indoor cell neighbourhoods and also to verify the line of sight. With the compass is also possible to know the azimuth of obstacles on the area.

7.1.3. GPS

Useful tool to know the indoor cell positioning (lat and longitude in UTM), important elements for the planning tools.

7.1.4. Area Maps

As all maps, the area maps are important to identify the indoor cell on the area. The most used are the military cartography or just common city road maps.


7.2. Measurement equipment

7.2.1.Test Mobile

On this moment doesn’t exists any test mobile available. The test mobile is a normal terminal that provides network information, such as: Cell info, Rxlevel, quality, etc.

In GSM networks the equivalent is the Nokia mobile with net monitor software version. Thy are other equivalent products from other manufacturers (Siemens, Ericsson, Motorola, etc.).

7.2.2. Drive test equipment

Rohde Schwarz

Agilent


Grayson

8. Manufacturers and suppliers list

8.1. ManufacturersAllgon

Manufacturer of coaxial and fiber optics repeater systems, antennas, splitters, duplexers, combiners, etc. They represented in Portugal by Netplan.

Allgon System Handels GmbH

Antennvagen 6

SE 187 80 Taby

Sweden

Tel. 4654082200 fax 4654082485

Andrew

Manufacturer of fiber optics repeater systems, coaxial cables, antennas, splitters, duplexers, combiners, etc. They represented in Portugal by Andrew Spain.

Andrew Corporation

2601 Telecom Parkway

Richardson, TX 75082-3521 U.S.A.

Contacts:

Matt Melester (Business Area Director) tel. +(972)9529745 fax +(972)9520018 [email protected]

Narcís Villá (Director for Spain) tel. +34917452042 fax +34915642985 [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]


Manuel del Castillo (Accounts manager) tel. +34917452044 fax +34915642985 [email protected]

Markus Kalt (technical support Swisstzerland) tel. +4118637341 [email protected]

Centurion

Manufacturer of antennas. They represented in Portugal by Setelcom.

Centurion Wireless Technologies, Inc.

P.O.Box 82846

Lincoln, NE 68501 U.S.A.

Tel. +4024740706 fax +4024674528 http://www.centurion.com

Decibel

Manufacturer of coaxial cables, antennas, splitters, duplexers, combiners, etc. They represented in Portugal by CEC.

Decibel products

Allen Telecom Gmbh

Am Amazonenwerk 5

D-49205 Hasbergen Germany fax +49(0)5405944439http://www.allentelecom.de http://www.decibelproducts.de

Contacts:

Jorg Schwarz (Director) tel. +49(0)5405944431 mobile 01713040526 j.Schwarz@allentelecom

Mathias Moeck (Sales) tel. +49(0)5405944437 [email protected]

ETSA

Manufacturer of repeater systems, test power amplifiers, antennas, splitters, duplexers, combiners, etc. They represented in Portugal by CME.

ETSA Européenne de Télécommunications S.A.

Z.A. La Duquerie 37390 Chanceaux-Sur-Choisille France

Tel. +33(0)2 47554050 fax 33(0)2 47492223

Contacts :

Denis Bertrand (Director) +33(0)2 47554051 [email protected]

Gamma Nu

Manufacturer of antennas.

Kungsholmsgatan 10, 3tr

SE-11227 Stockholm, Sweden

Tel. +4686520040 Fax + 4686520041

Contacs:

Magnus Edling (technical director) +46733552303 [email protected]

Johan Anderson (CEO) +46733552301 [email protected]

Jaybeam

Manufacturer of antennas.

Jaybeam Limited

Rutherford Drive, Park Farm South, Wellingborough

Northamptonshire NN8 6AX England

Tel. +44(0)1933408408 Fax +44(0)1933408404 http://www.jaybeam.co.uk

Contacts:


http://www.jaybeam.co.uk/





mailto:j.Schwarz@allentelecom

http://www.decibelproducts.de/

http://www.allentelecom.de/

http://www.centurion.com/



John Southwood (Sales&Marketing Manager) [email protected]

Anthony Sutton (Sales Manager) [email protected]

Kathrein

Manufacturer of antennas, splitters, , etc.

Kathrein Werke KG

Technical Customer Service

Anton Kathrein Strasse 1-3

Postfach 100444

830004 Rosenheim

Germany

Tel. +08031184700 fax +08031184676 http://www.kathrein.com

LGC Wireless

Manufacturer of fiber optics repeater systems. They represented in Portugal by Setelcom.

LGC Wireless

2540 Juction Avenue, San Jose, California 95134-1902 U.S.A. http://www.lgcwireless.com

Contacts:

Enrique Cuellar (Vice president marketing) tel. +4089522490 fax +4089522690 [email protected]

Michael Little (Business Development) tel. +447769676599 fax +4089522614 [email protected]

David Stanley-Brown(VP Business) tel. +4089522642 fax +4089522642 [email protected]

Mark Douglas (Sales Europe) tel. +44(0)7775804054 fax+44(0)1223598072 [email protected]

Mikom

Manufacturer of coaxial and fiber optics repeater systems. They represented in Portugal by CEC.

Mikom Gmbh

Industriering 10

D-86675 Buchdorf Germany

Tel. +49(0)909969216 fax +49(0)90996931 http://www.mikom.com

Contacts:

Reinhard Steiner (area sales manager) [email protected]

Selecom

Manufacturer of repeater systems, antennas, splitters, duplexers, combiners, etc. They represented in Portugal by Setelcom.

Prades France

Tel. +33468053400 fax +33468052146 http://www.selecom.fr

Foxcom

Manufacturer of fiber optics repeater systems. They represented in Portugal by Redtel.

Foxcom Wireless Ltd.

Ofek One Center Building B

Lod 71293 Israeltel. +97289183888 fax 97289183844 http://www.foxcomwireless.com


http://www.foxcomwireless.com/

http://www.selecom.fr/


http://www.mikom.com/





http://www.lgcwireless.com/

http://www.kathrein.com/



Rojone

Manufacturer of antennas and coaxial components.

Rojone Pty. Ltd.

61 Aero Road, Ingleburn NSW 2565 Sidney Australia

tel. +61298291555 fax +61296058812 http://www.rojone.com.au

NK cables

Manufacturer of coaxial cables

Draka Comteq – NK cables Ltd.

Kimmeltie 1, FIN 02110 Espoo P.O.Box 419 FIN 00101 Helsinki Finland

Tel. +358105663614 fax +3589529841 http://www.nkcables.fi

Contacts :

Liisa Hanninen tel. +358405334660 [email protected]

RFS

Manufacturer of coaxial cables, antennas and other coaxial components

RFS Europe

Kabelkamp, 20 30179 Hanover Germany

Tel. +495116762520 fax 495116762521 http://www.rfseurope.com

8.2. Suppliers

Netplan

Subcontract company with project and installation services, also associated with Telcabo.

Netplan-Telecomunicações,Lda

Centro Empresarial de Telheiras

Rua Hermano Neves,22 2A

1600 447 Lisboa Portugal

tel. 217521250 fax 217521255

http://www.netplan.pt

Contacts:

João Santos (project manager) [email protected]

Rui Silva (administrator) [email protected]

Setelcom

Subcontract company with project and installation services, also drive test services.

Setelcom-Electricidade e Telecomunicações, Lda

Rua da Escola, lote 10-1º

Bairrro Vale do Forno

2675-251 Odivela Portugal

tel. 219344350 fax 219344359

Contacts:

Marco Portugal (managing director) [email protected]

Vitor Cardoso (radio manager) [email protected]

Pedro Rato (negotiator) [email protected]







http://www.netplan.pt/

http://www.rfseurope.com/


http://www.nkcables.fi/

http://www.rojone.com.au/

Richard Lafiton (Technical manager) [email protected]

CEC


CEC Comunicações e Computadores, Lda

Av. do Forte, nº3 edificio Suécia 1

2795 504 Carnaxide Portugal

tel. 214172995 fax 214172994

http://www.cec.pt

Contactos:

Pedro Fernandes tel. 938907869 [email protected]

CME


CME-Construção e Manutenção Electromecanica

Edificio Ciência II – 1º andar

Tagus Park 2780-980 Oeiras Portugal

Tel. 214233180 fax 214233188

http://www.cme.pt

Contactos:

Fernando Ribeiro (director) [email protected]

Pedro Ferreira(radio manager) tel. 939235531 [email protected]

Redtel

Subcontract company with project and installation services, also associated with CBE group.

Redtel

Rua Ferreira Chaves, 8

1070-127 Lisboa Portugal

tel. 219498030 fax 219403386

Contactos:

Humberto de Matos [email protected]

Telcabo

Subcontract company with installation and negotiation services, associated with Netplan.

Telcabo – Telecomunicações e Electricidade, Ldª

Cheganças – Apartado 14 2584-952 Alenquer Portugal

Tel. 263711198/32 Fax 263711353 http://www.telcabo.pt

Drivetel



http://www.telcabo.pt/




http://www.cme.pt/


http://www.cec.pt/


Contactos:

Tel. 219596988 fax 219569885

Miguel Antunes tel. 917763920 [email protected]

Novondex

Subcontract company with project and installation services.

Novondex – Telecomunicações e Electrónica, Lda

Av. José Gomes Ferreira, 11 Edificio Atlas II – sala 32-34

1495-139 Miraflores

tel. 214126230 fax 214121298 http://www.novondex.com

Contactos:

Luis Miranda

Amioto Costa


http://www.novondex.com/


Indoor Coverage Documents_guidlines

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