AP Environmental Science2016-2017 Summer Assignment

Welcome to AP Environmental Science!!! Students who enroll in APES should be ready and willing to devote sufficient time, focus & energy to class assignments, including daily text readings, taking notes in and outside of class, preparing for frequent exams and quizzes, participating in laboratory and field experiments, writing reports, giving oral presentations, participating in class discussions and doing other various class assignments. Students who are not able or willing to devote sufficient time, focus and energy to this course should consider taking it at another time. Some work over the summer is required in order to be better prepared in the fall. Hopefully you will find most of your assignments both informative and enjoyable. The purpose of these tasks are to get you thinking about the environment in which we live and to help prepare you for your studies for the upcoming school year. The summer assignment consists of several parts and will introduce you to the major themes and issues covered in APES with a focus on achieving sustainability for our global society. Please complete the following assignments this summer.

I look forward to being your teacher next year!SincerelyMrs. Langley

The major topics of the class we will be covering this year are as follows: ● Energy Systems and Resources – Atmosphere, Soil, Groundwater, and Geology ● The Living World – Ecosystems and Cycles ● Populations – Demographics, Dynamics and Growth ● Land and Water Use – Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, Fishing and Global Economics ● Energy Resources and Consumption- Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Energy, Conservation and Consumption ● Pollution – Types of Pollution and their Impacts, Waste Disposal ● Global Change – Ozone, Global Warming, Loss of Biodiversity

The APES ClassroomAlthough a full explanation of the class will be given during the first days of school, I wanted to make you aware of two components that may be new to you. There is no work associated with this section other than reading the descriptions below.

o Flipped learning – a typical classroom involves lecture and knowledge acquisition in class, with homework problems and application pieces assigned for you to do at home. In the flipped model, you interact with new information on your own at home, and apply the knowledge in class when the teacher is there to help you. The foundation for this course will be MODELING (as many of you have experienced in Biology and Chemistry). In APES, you will read and/or watch video segments/PowerPoints every day at home with the help of a list of guided reading questions. Then, after a whiteboard meeting to ensure you did your homework, we will work with that knowledge in class to deepen your understanding of the concepts you touched upon on your own. The process of interacting with a college-level textbook and class material may be new to you, so we will practice using these tools together during the first week of school. I understand this is an every other day class, however, your work is an everyday expectation (including some weekends).o Mastery testing – one of the main goals of this class is for you to have the knowledge and skills needed to pass the national AP exam and to earn college credit for your hard work. Unit tests are one way you can identify gaps in your understanding of the material. You will be given be given the opportunity to retest on any section of a test upon which you score less than a 80%. However, you must show evidence that you prepared for your retest. This evidence is usually in the form of handwritten responses to the given study guide questions for a particular section.

The summer assignment will give you a brief overview of all of the topics we will go over this year by looking at some of the associated prerequisites and math calculations. Over the course of the year we will

learn more about the science and social issues associated with each of the topics. ALL summer work will be collected on the last day of the first week of class. If you have any questions about this assignment, feel free to email me at mwlangley@wsfcs.k12.nc.us. The summer assignment will count for a significant portion of your first nine weeks’ grade. All work turned in must be your OWN work. No late work will be accepted. All items EXCEPT the Tragedy of the Commons Article responses and your scrAPES notebook will be scored as completion grades; full credit will be awarded if they are completed. The Tragedy of the Commons Article responses will be graded for correctness. Assignments with identical answers, or with answers plagiarized from those found online, will be given a zero, a referral will be issued, and a parent will be called. Your scrAPES notebook will be graded based off following the required guidelines and your responses to all required sections. There are NINE assignments; on average attempt to do 2 a week—DO NOT WAIT TILL LAST MINUTE as this is too much material to get done in one night or even one week.

The graded assignments are as follows: 1. Obtain the following study guide: Cracking the AP Environmental Science Exam. New York, NY:

The Princeton Review. (Updated yearly. Get as recent of a guide as you can. Check sites such as amazon.com for sales this time of year.) Read the introductory sections and take one of the practice exams. (Graded for completion)

2. Read the essay “Tragedy of the Commons” by Garrett Hardin.  Here is a link: http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.htmlWhen you have completed the reading, please respond to the following in complete sentences (must be hand written):

a. What is Garrett Hardin’s central idea in this essay?b. Do you personally agree with Hardin’s central idea?c. Is the “Tragedy of the Commons” unavoidable?d. Identify one “commons” in your own life (at school, home, work) and explain how it is (or

is not) being managed wisely to avoid the situation described in the essay.3. Fruits and Vegetables on the Move!  At some point over the summer, look around your house and

identify a piece of fruit or vegetable that has travelled to be a part of your diet.  Usually there is a sticker on the item telling you its country of origin – or you could go to a food store and browse.  (hint:  do not use the tomato you picked out of the garden that morning)  For the item you select:

Record date, item, and its country of origin Use internet resources or other sources to estimate the distance from where the item was

grown to your home.  Do the best estimate you can – obviously it is difficult/impossible to tell where in Mexico that cantaloupe came from

List the most likely modes of transportation (hint:  there are probably more than one of them) used to move that item from the field where it was growing to your kitchen. 

Respond to the following in a paragraph or two (handwritten in ink):What are the environmental impacts of shipping fresh produce over long distances?  What are the health benefits/health costs of having a wide variety of fresh produce available at all times?  Is it “worth it”?

4. Graphs

The following questions are to help you practice reading information shown on a graph. Answer each question on the separate answer sheet.

1. Identify the graph that matches each of the following stories:

a. I had just left home when I realized I had forgotten my books so I went back to pick them up.

b. Things went fine until I had a flat tire.c. I started out calmly, but sped up

when I realized I was going to be late.

2. The graph at the right represents the typical day of a teenager. Answer these questions:

a. What percent of the day is spent watching TV?b. How many hours are spent sleeping?c. What activity takes up the least amount of time?d. What activity takes up a quarter of the day?e. What two activities take up 50% of the day?f. What two activities take up 25% of the day?

3. Answer these questions about the graph at the right:a. How many sets of data are

represented?b. On approximately what calendar

date does the graph begin?c. In what month does the graph

reach its highest point?

4. Answer these questions about the graph on the right:

a. How many total miles did the car travel?

b. What was the average speed of the car for the trip?

c. Describe the motion of the car between hours 5 and 12?

d. What direction is represented by line CD?

e. How many miles were traveled in the first two hours of the trip?

f. Which line represents the fastest speed?

5. Answer these questions about the graph at the right:a. What is the dependent variable on this graph?b. Does the price per bushel always increase with demand?c. What is the demand when the price is 5$ per bushel?

6. The bar graph below represents the declared majors of freshman enrolling at a university. Answer the following questions:

a. What is the total freshman enrollment of the college?b. What percent of the students are majoring in physics?c. How many students are majoring in economics?d. How many more students major in poly sci than in psych?

7. This graph represents the number of A's earned in a particular college algebra class. Answer the following questions:

a. How many A's were earned during the fall and spring of 2009?b. How many more A's were earned in the fall of 2010 than in the spring of 2010?c. In which year were the most A's earned?d. In which semester were the most A's earned?e. In which semester and year were the fewest A's earned?

2009

2010

8. Answer these questions about the graph below:a. How much rain fell in Mar of 1989?b. How much more rain fell in Feb of 1990 than in Feb of 1989?c. Which year had the most rainfall?d. What is the wettest month on the graph?

9. Answer these questions about the data table:

a. What is the independent variable on this table?b. What is the dependent variable on this table?c. How many elements are represented on the table?d. Which element has the highest ionization energy?e. Describe the shape of the line graph that this data would

produce?

Atomic Number

Ionization Energy (volts)

2 24.46

4 9.28

6 11.22

8 13.55

10 21.47

Practice Making Graphs:

Use the following steps to create graphs and answer questions for each of the problems below. All your work will go on the separate answer sheet.

1. Identify the variables. The independent variable is controlled by the experimenter. The dependent variable changes as the independent variable changes. The independent variable will go on the X axis and the dependent on the Y axis.

2. Determine the variable range. Subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value.3. Determine the scale of the graph. The graph should use as much of the available space as

possible. Each line of the scale must go up in equal increments. For example, you can go 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. but you cannot go 1, 3, 9, 34, 50, etc. Increments of 1, 2, 5, 10, or 100 are commonly used but you should use what works best for the given data.

4. Number and label each axis.5. Plot the data. If there are multiple sets of data on one graph, use a different color for each.6. Draw a smooth, best-fit line for each data set.7. Title the graph. Titles should explain exactly what the graph is showing and are sometimes long.

Don’t be afraid of a long title!8. Create a key to the graph if there is more than one set of data.

Problem 1

Age of the tree in years

Average thickness of the annual rings in

cm.

Average thickness of the annual rings in

cm.10 2.0 2.220 2.2 2.530 3.5 3.635 3.0 3.850 4.5 4.060 4.3 4.5

The thickness of the annual rings indicate what type of environmental situation was occurring at the time of its development. A thin ring, usually indicates a rough period of development. Lack of water, forest fires, or a major insect infestation. On the other hand, a thick ring indicates just the opposite.

A. Make a line graph of the data.B. What is the dependent variable?C. What is the independent variable?D. What was the average thickness of the annual rings of 40 year old trees in Forest A?E. Based on this data, what can you conclude about Forest A and Forest B?

Problem 2

pH of water

Number of tadpoles8.0 45

7.5 697.0 786.5 886.0 435.5 23

A. Make a line graph of the data.B. What is the dependent variable?C. What is the independent variable?D. What is the average pH in this experiment?E. What is the average number of tadpoles per sample?F. What is the optimum water pH for tadpole development?G. Between what two pH readings is there the greatest change in tadpole number?H. How many tadpoles would you expect to find in water with a pH reading of 5.0?

Problem 3

Amount of ethylene in ml/m2

Wine sap Apples: Days

Golden Apples: Days

Gala Apples: Days to

10 14 14 1515 12 12 1320 11 9 1025 10 7 930 8 7 835 8 7 7

Ethylene is a plant hormone that causes fruit to mature. The data above concerns the amount of time it takes for fruit to mature from the time of the first application of ethylene by spraying a field of trees.

A. Make a line graph of the data.B. What is the dependent variable?C. What is the independent variable?

5. Laws/Treaties - Research and write a brief description of some important environmental laws and/or treaties. This part of the summer assignment will be due the 1st Friday of the school year in which I have you. In addition, there will be a quiz on the Laws and Treaties on the 1st Friday of the school year in which I have you.

For this assignment, I recommend you use search engines such as Google or Mozilla for your research. DO NOT USE Wikipedia as it is susceptible to errors. Besides, you will learn more if you use search engines for your research.

As always, cite your source (APA format)! Write your citation at the end of each description.

For this assignment, I do want you to type (but not cut & paste) the information (this is one of the rare times that typed work is accepted).

Format should be single-space (to save paper), 12 point Times New Roman font (for that professional look we all want to achieve)

Use 0.5” margins for top, bottom and sides (again to save paper) Use the format example below to provide the information for each of the laws and/or treaties:

Name of Law or Treaty – Year Enacted; Year Amended if applicable; is law International or American;Describe the function of the law (briefly describe what the law is intended to do); State what environmental issuesare affected; Name the Agency/Group responsible for regulation and enforcement –(i.e. U.N., Department of Interior, EPA, etc.)

List of Laws and Treaties applicable to APES:1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species2. Kyoto Protocol - aka Convention of Climate Change3. Law of the Sea Convention4. Madrid Protocol - aka Antarctic Treaty5. Montreal Protocol - aka Convention of Ozone Depletion6. Ocean Dumping Act7. Rio Earth Summit8. Stockholm Declaration9. Clean Air Acts (U.S.)10. Clean Water Acts (U.S.)11. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA)12. Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA)13. Endangered Species Act14. Energy Policy Act15. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)16. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)17. Federal Water Pollution Control Act18. Food Quality Protection Act

19. Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act20. Lacey Act21. Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act22. National Appliance Energy Act23. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)24. National Park Act25. National Wildlife Refuge System Act26. Nuclear Waste Policy Act27. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)28. Oil Pollution Act29. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)30. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)31. Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)32. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA)33. Taylor Grazing Act34. Toxic Substances Control Act35. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act36. Wilderness Act37. Paris Agreement

6. Math Problems – Please note, do not use calculators and NO WORK/NO CREDIT!This year in APES you will hear the two words most dreaded by high school students…NO CALCULATORS! That’s right, you cannot use a calculator on the AP Environmental Science exam. Since the regular tests you will take are meant to help prepare you for the APES exam, you will not be able to use calculators on regular tests all year either. The good news is that most calculations on the tests and exams are written to be fairly easy calculations and to come out in whole numbers or to only a few decimal places. The challenge is in setting up the problems correctly and knowing enough basic math to solve the problems. With practice, you will be a math expert by the time the exam rolls around. So bid your calculator a fond farewell, tuck it away so you won’t be tempted, and start sharpening your math skills! Each topic has notes to help you review before you attempt any of the practice problems. Contents covered in this review:

Decimals Averages Percentages Metric Units Scientific Notation Dimensional Analysis

Reminders1. Write out all your work , even if it’s something really simple. This is required on the APES exam so it

will be required on all your assignments, labs, quizzes, and tests as well.2. Include units in each step. You have likely been lazy with this in past science classes. Not so

now…Your answers always need units and it’s easier to keep track of them if you write them in every step.

3. Check your work . Go back through each step to make sure you didn’t make any mistakes in your calculations. Also check to see if your answer makes sense. For example, a person probably will not eat 13 million pounds of meat in a year. If you get an answer that seems unlikely, it probably is. Go back and check your work.

Decimals

Part I: The basicsDecimals are used to show fractional numbers. The first number behind the decimal is the tenths place, the next is the hundredths place, the next is the thousandths place. Anything beyond that should be changed into scientific notation (which is addressed in another section.)

Part II: Adding or Subtracting DecimalsTo add or subtract decimals, make sure you line up the decimals and then fill in any extra spots with zeros. Add or subtract just like usual. Be sure to put a decimal in the answer that is lined up with the ones in the problem.

Part III: Multiplying DecimalsLine up the numbers just as you would if there were no decimals. DO NOT line up the decimals. Write the decimals in the numbers but then ignore them while you are solving the multiplication problem just as you would if there were no decimals at all. After you have your answer, count up all the numbers behind the decimal point(s). Count the same number of places over in your answer and write in the decimal.

Part IV: Dividing Decimals

Scenario One: If the divisor (the number after the / or before the ) does not have a decimal, set up the problems just like a regular division problem. Solve the problem just like a regular division problem. When you have your answer, put a decimal in the same place as the decimal in the dividend (the number before the /

or under ).

Scenario Two: If the divisor does have a decimal, make it a whole number before you start. Move the decimal to the end of the number, then move the decimal in the dividend the same number of places.

Then solve the problem just like a regular division problem. Put the decimal above the decimal in the dividend. (See Scenario One problem).

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet.

1. 1.678 + 2.456 =2. 344.598 + 276.9 =3. 1229.078 + .0567 =4. 45.937 – 13.43 =5. 199.007 – 124.553 =6. 90.3 – 32.679 =7. 28.4 x 9.78 =8. 324.45 x 98.4 =9. 1256.93 x 12.38 =10. 64.5 / 5 =11. 114.54 / 34.5 =12. 3300.584 / 34.67 =

Averages

To find an average, add all the quantities given and divide the total by the number of quantities.

Example: Find the average of 10, 20, 35, 45, and 105.

Step 1: Add all the quantities. 10 + 20 + 35 + 45 + 105 = 215

Step 2: Divide the total by the number of given quantities. 215 / 5 = 43

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet.

13. Find the average of the following numbers: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, and 2914. Find the average of the following numbers: 124, 456, 788, and 34315. Find the average of the following numbers: 4.56, .0078, 23.45, and .9872

Percentages

Percents show fractions or decimals with a denominator of 100. Always move the decimal TWO places to the right go from a decimal to a percentage or TWO places to the left to go from a percent to a decimal.

Examples: .85 = 85%. .008 = .8%

Part I: Finding the Percent of a Given NumberTo find the percent of a given number, change the percent to a decimal and MULTIPLY.Example: 30% of 400

Step 1: 30% = .30

Step 2: 400 x .30 12000

Step 3: Count the digits behind the decimal in the problem and add decimal to the answer.

12000 120.00 120

Part II: Finding the Percentage of a NumberTo find what percentage one number is of another, divide the first number by the second, then convert the decimal answer to a percentage.

Example: What percentage is 12 of 25?

Step 1: 12/25 = .48

Step 2: .48 = 48% (12 is 48% of 25)

Part III: Finding Percentage Increase or DecreaseTo find a percentage increase or decrease, first find the percent change, then add or subtract the change to the original number.

Example: Kindles have dropped in price 18% from $139. What is the new price of a Kindle?Step 1: $139 x .18 = $25

Step 2: $139 - $25 = $114

Part IV: Finding a Total ValueTo find a total value, given a percentage of the value, DIVIDE the given number by the given percentage.

Example: If taxes on a new car are 8% and the taxes add up to $1600, how much is the new car?Step 1: 8% = .08

Step 2: $1600 / .08 = $160,000 / 8 = $20,000 (Remember when the divisor has a decimal, move it to the end to make it a whole number and move the decimal in the dividend the same number of places. .08 becomes 8, 1600 becomes 160000.)

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet.

16. What is 45% of 900?17. Thirteen percent of a 12,000 acre forest is being logged. How many acres will be logged?18. A water heater tank holds 280 gallons. Two percent of the water is lost as steam. How many

gallons remain to be used?19. What percentage is 25 of 162.5?20. 35 is what percentage of 2800?21. 14,000 acres of a 40,000 acre forest burned in a forest fire. What percentage of the forest was

damaged?22. You have driven the first 150 miles of a 2000 mile trip. What percentage of the trip have you traveled?23. Home prices have dropped 5% in the past three years. An average home in Indianapolis three years

ago was $130,000. What’s the average home price now?24. The Greenland Ice Sheet contains 2,850,000 cubic kilometers of ice. It is melting at a rate of .006%

per year. How many cubic kilometers are lost each year?25. 235 acres, or 15%, of a forest is being logged. How large is the forest?26. A teenager consumes 20% of her calories each day in the form of protein. If she is getting 700

calories a day from protein, how many calories is she consuming per day?27. In a small oak tree, the biomass of insects makes up 3000 kilograms. This is 4% of the total biomass

of the tree. What is the total biomass of the tree?Metric Units

Kilo-, centi-, and milli- are the most frequently used prefixes of the metric system. You need to be able to go from one to another without a calculator. You can remember the order of the prefixes by using the following sentence: King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk. Since the multiples and divisions of the base units are all factors of ten, you just need to move the decimal to convert from one to another.

Example: 55 centimeters = ? kilometersStep 1: Figure out how many places to move the decimal. King Henry Died By Drinking… – that’s

six places. (Count the one you are going to, but not the one you are on.)

Step 2: Move the decimal five places to the left since you are going from smaller to larger.

55 centimeters = .00055 kilometers

Example: 19.5 kilograms = ? milligrams

Step 1: Figure out how many places to move the decimal. … Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk – that’s six places. (Remember to count the one you are going to, but not the one you are on.)

Step 2: Move the decimal six places to the right since you are going from larger to smaller. In this case you need to add zeros.

19.5 kilograms = 19,500,000 milligrams

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet.

28. 1200 kilograms = ? milligrams29. 14000 millimeters = ? meters30. 670 hectometers = ? centimeters31. 6544 liters = ? milliliters32. .078 kilometers = ? meters33. 17 grams = ? kilograms

Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is a shorthand way to express large or tiny numbers. Since you will need to do calculations throughout the year WITHOUT A CALCULATOR, we will consider anything over 1000 to be a large number.Writing these numbers in scientific notation will help you do your calculations much quicker and easier and will help prevent mistakes in conversions from one unit to another. Like the metric system, scientific notation is based on factors of 10. A large number written in scientific notation looks like this:

1.23 x 1011

The number before the x (1.23) is called the coefficient. The coefficient must be greater than 1 and less than 10. The number after the x is the base number and is always 10. The number in superscript (11) is the exponent.

Part I: Writing Numbers in Scientific NotationTo write a large number in scientific notation, put a decimal after the first digit. Count the number of digits after the decimal you just wrote in. This will be the exponent. Drop any zeros so that the coefficient contains as few digits as possible.

Example: 123,000,000,000

Step 1: Place a decimal after the first digit. 1.23000000000

Step 2: Count the digits after the decimal…there are 11.

Step 3: Drop the zeros and write in the exponent. 1.23 x 1011

Writing tiny numbers in scientific notation is similar. The only difference is the decimal is moved to the left and the exponent is a negative. A tiny number written in scientific notation looks like this:

4.26 x 10-8

To write a tiny number in scientific notation, move the decimal after the first digit that is not a zero. Count the number of digits before the decimal you just wrote in. This will be the exponent as a negative. Drop any zeros before or after the decimal.

Example: .0000000426

Step 1: 00000004.26

Step 2: Count the digits before the decimal…there are 8.

Step 3: Drop the zeros and write in the exponent as a negative. 4.26 x 10-8

Part II: Adding and Subtracting Numbers in Scientific NotationTo add or subtract two numbers with exponents, the exponents must be the same. You can do this by moving the decimal one way or another to get the exponents the same. Once the exponents are the same, add (if it’s an addition problem) or subtract (if it’s a subtraction problem) the coefficients just as you would any regular addition problem (review the previous section about decimals if you need to). The exponent will stay the same. Make sure your answer has only one digit before the decimal – you may need to change the exponent of the answer.

Example: 1.35 x 106 + 3.72 x 105 = ?

Step 1: Make sure both exponents are the same. It’s usually easier to go with the larger exponent so you don’t have to change the exponent in your answer, so let’s make both exponents 6 for this problem.

3.72 x 105 .372 x 106

Step 2: Add the coefficients just as you would regular decimals. Remember to line up the decimals.

1.35

+ .372

1.722

Step 3: Write your answer including the exponent, which is the same as what you started with.

1.722 x 106

Part III: Multiplying and Dividing Numbers in Scientific NotationTo multiply exponents, multiply the coefficients just as you would regular decimals. Then add the exponents to each other. The exponents DO NOT have to be the same. To divide exponents, divide the coefficients just as you would regular decimals, then subtract the exponents. In some cases, you may end up with a negative exponents.

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet.

Write the following numbers in scientific notation:

34. 145,000,000,00035. 13 million

36. 435 billion 37. .00034838. 135 trillion39. 24 thousand

Complete the following calculations:

40. 3 x 103 + 4 x 103

41. 4.67 x 104 + 323 x 103

42. 7.89 x 10-6 + 2.35 x 10-8

43. 9.85 x 104 – 6.35 x 104

44. 2.9 x 1011 – 3.7 x 1013

45. 1.278 x 10-13 – 1.021 x 10-10

46. three hundred thousand plus forty-seven thousand47. 13 million minus 11

thousand 48. 1.32 x 108 X

2.34 x 104

49. 3.78 x 103 X 2.9 x 102

50. three million times eighteen thousand51. one thousandth of seven thousand52. eight ten-thousandths of thirty-five million

53. 53. 3.45 x 109 / 2.6 x 103

54. 1.98 x 10-4 / 1.72 x 10-6

55. twelve thousand divided by four thousandDimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis is a way to convert a quantity given in one unit to an equal quantity of another unit by lining up all the known values and multiplying. It is sometimes called factor-labeling. The best way to start a factor- labeling problem is by using what you already know. In some cases you may use more steps than a classmate to find the same answer, but it doesn’t matter. Use what you know, even if the problem goes all the way across the page!In a dimensional analysis problem, start with your given value and unit and then work toward your desired unit by writing equal values side by side. Remember you want to cancel each of the intermediate units. To cancel a unit on the top part of the problem, you have to get the unit on the bottom. Likewise, to cancel a unit that appears on the bottom part of the problem, you have to write it in on the top.

Once you have the problem written out, multiply across the top and bottom and then divide the top by the bottom.

Example: 3 years = ? seconds

Step 1: Start with the value and unit you are given. There may or may not be a number on the bottom.

3 years

Step 2: Start writing in all the values you know, making sure you can cancel top and bottom. Since you have years on top right now, you need to put years on the bottom in the next segment. Keep going, canceling units as you go, until you end up with the unit you want (in this case seconds) on the top.

3 years 365 days 24 hours 60 minutes 60 seconds

1 year 1 day 1 hour 1 minute

Step 3: Multiply all the values across the top. Write in scientific notation if it’s a large number. Write units on your answer.

3 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 9.46 x 107 seconds

Step 4: Multiply all the values across the bottom. Write in scientific notation if it’s a large number.

Write units on your answer if there are any. In this case everything was cancelled so there are no units.

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 1

Step 5: Divide the top number by the bottom number. Remember to include units.

9.46 x 107 seconds / 1 = 9.46 x 107 seconds

Step 6: Review your answer to see if it makes sense. 9.46 x 107 is a really big number. Does it make sense for there to be a lot of seconds in three years? YES! If you had gotten a tiny number, then you would need to go back and check for mistake.

In lots of APES problems, you will need to convert both the top and bottom unit. Don’t panic! Just convert the top one first and then the bottom.

Example: 50 miles per hour = ? feet per second

Step 1: Start with the value and units you are given. In this case there is a unit on top and on bottom.

50 miles

1 hour

Step 2: Convert miles to feet first.

1 hour

5280 feet

Step 3: Continue the problem by converting hours to seconds.

50 miles 5280 feet 1 hour 1 minute hour 1 mile 60 minutes 60 seconds

Step 4: Multiply across the top and bottom. Divide the top by the bottom. Be sure to include units on each step. Use scientific notation for large numbers.

50 x 5280 feet x 1 x 1 = 264000 feet

1 x 1 x 60 x 60 seconds = 3600 seconds

264000 feet / 3600 seconds = 73.33 feet/second

Practice: Remember to show all your work, include units if given, and NO CALCULATORS! All work and answers go on your answer sheet. Use scientific notation when appropriate.

Conversions that you may not be familiar with (but I would LEARN): 1 square mile = 640 acres

1 hectare (Ha) = 2.47 acres1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3,413 BTUs 1 barrel of oil = 160 liters1 metric ton = 1000 kg1 ton = 2000 lb.1 lb. = 16 oz.1 Km = .62 mi.

1 mile 50 miles

56. 134 miles = ? inches

57. 8.9 x 105 tons = ? ounces58. 1.35 kilometers per second = ? miles per hour59. A city that uses ten billion BTUs of energy each month is using how many kilowatt-hours of energy?60. A 340 million square mile forest is how many hectares?61. If one barrel of crude oil provides six million BTUs of energy, how many BTUs of energy will one

liter of crude oil provide?62. Fifty eight thousand kilograms of solid waste is equivalent to how many metric tons?

7. Chemistry Review

Chemistry is a big part of environmental science. It is highly recommended that you take chemistry before registering for this course. In order to review some of the basic chemistry concepts you will need complete the following on a clean sheet of paper. This may be typed or hand written.

1. For each of the following, write out the chemical name that goes with the symbol:

CO2 CO C6H12O6 CH4 H2

N2 NO2 NO3 NH3 NH4

O2 O3 P PO43- S

SO2 SO3 H2SO4 NaCl Pb

U Rn Hg Cl H2O

2. Write at least a paragraph that explains the following:a. What is the pH scale? What does it measure?b. How do the numbers on the pH scale compare? Example – is a pH of 4 twice as strong as a pH of

2? Hint- the pH scale is not linear!c. What are the average pH ratings of the following common substances in the environment?

i. Bloodii. Rain

iii. Freshwater (lake or river)iv. Ocean water

8. Reading Chapter 1: PLEASE SEE GUIDELINES FOR TAKING NOTES FIRST. All homework must be written out, not typed. (A copy of chapter 1 is attached to this summer assignment.)Read all of chapter 1 (including the opening case study) and take your own notes. You will be responsible for knowing all of the content!

These Chapter Homework Assignments/Unit Study Guides will be given for every chapter/unit. You will be given this assignment at the beginning of every unit and the expectation is that you will be doing a little each night. The chapter homework/unit study guide is expected to take several hours as a whole (not several hours each night); you will find benefit to do a little bit of it on Saturday/Sunday as well as it will decrease homework during the week.

Key Terms (can be defined on separate sheet of paper or within your notes

environment environmental science ecological footprint utilitarian conservation biocentric preservation environmentalism sustainable development global environmentalism

quality-of-life indicators throughput ecosystem services tragedy of the commons managing the commons Millennium Development Goals ethics moral value

moral extensionism inherent value instrumental value stewardship environmental justice LULUs environmental racism toxic colonialism

Section Review Questions 1. Why is population an important question in environmental science? In what ways is population less of a problem than in earlier years? 2. In what ways is pollution still a problem? Has it improved? Why? 3. Differentiate “conservation” and “preservation.” Identify one person associated with each. 4. Summarize the contributions of the following individuals in the environmental history of the US: George Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, Stephen Mather, and Rachel Carson. 5. In what ways is environmental quality tied to social progress? 6. List any three quality of life indicators (table 1.1). How do they differ between wealthy and poor countries? 7. Why is affluence a liability? Give an example. 8. Why are many ecologists skeptical about the idea of sustainable development? 9. Think of five ecosystem services on which you rely. 10. List any two of the factors that can help communities manage a commons. 11. List several concerns of the Millennium Development Goals. 12. Give an example of moral extensionism. 13. How does inherent value differ from instrumental value? 14. Why is stewardship important in many faiths? 15. Overall, do environmental and social conditions in China give you hope or fear about the future? 16. What are the underlying assumptions and values of utilitarian conservation and biocentric preservation? Which do you favor? 17. Suppose a beautiful grove of trees near your house is scheduled to be cut down for a civic project such as a swimming pool. Would you support this? Why or why not?

9. scrAPES Notebook – summaries and responses to 3 articles dealing with environmental issues; the scrAPES notebook will be collected the First Day of Class (45 points) ● Must purchase COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK to keep for scrAPES all year. ● See attached scrAPES Notebook Guidelines for details

scrAPES NotebookIn environmental science, it is important to know about current issues in the news. One of my goals for

this course is to familiarize you with environmental issues that are important to our community, our country, and our world. We will be reading and discussing a variety of current events throughout the school year as well. This is a great opportunity for you to start thinking about the environment and how it affects you. Over the course of the summer, find three recent articles related to Environmental Science. Over the course of each quarter you will complete 10, (20 per semester) which will be part of your final grade.Environmental Law

Ecosystems Climate Evolution Preserving our Biodiversity

Health Risks

Water Pollution Population Cities and Waste

Geology and Energy Resources

Food/Agriculture

Air Pollution

All articles should be current (during the past 2 years) and taken from a reliable source. The sources may be scientific publications, popular magazines, newspapers or the like. Try the NY Times (especially Tuesday), Washington Post, National Geographic, Discover Magazine, Natural History Magazine, Scientific American, Science, Nature, Treehugger.com, etc. The articles should be long enough (more than 4 paragraphs) for you to write a substantial summary and well thought-out response. Try to find a variety of articles at the local, state, national, and global level (i.e. not all articles should be about the BP Oil Spill in Louisiana) and that cover three different topics from the list above (for the summer assignment), and ALL of the topics above by the end of each semester. You are encouraged to use local sources. For the summer assignment you must have one of the three articles focus on North Carolina.Journal Format : Each student will be responsible for purchasing a bound composition notebook, to serve as your scrAPES notebook. It will be organized in the following way: 1. Title Page 2. Directions (yes, the page you are reading) 3. Table of Contents (must list title, source, date, and page number in journal) 4. Each written summary/analysis followed by the article itself—article must be pasted in your notebook (follow format) *All pages in the journal must be numbered in the lower right hand corner. **All writing must be legible and either written in black or blue ink—all article analysis must be handwritten.Article Analysis: Include all of the following components and clearly identify each component – Following the title, label as (b) Summary, (c) Analysis, etc. a) Title: use the complete APA format for each article you use and follow punctuation rules b) Summary: Give a brief summary of the article (in your own words); be sure to include:

1. What is the problem? When did it begin?2. Who are the responsible parties, if they are known?3. How severe is the environmental impact?

c) Analysis: (include and clearly label each of the following points of your analysis) 1. Points of View: Does the article give two different points of view? Yes or No. If yes, what are they? 2. Bias: The order in which information is presented and the amount of text devoted to influencing a reader’s opinion is called bias. Is this article biased, and if so, which way is the article biased (slanted)? In your opinion does the author give a positive, negative or neutral view of the environmental science topic? Explain. 3. Controversy: Is there any controversy surrounding this article? If so, briefly state it. 4. Your Perspective: State your perspective on this news article based on your personal knowledge of the topic and your reading of this article. In other words, what are your thoughts on the issue(s) presented in this article?5. Effect on You: How does this topic affect you, or how does it relate to your life?