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U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.
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Transcript of U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.
U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America
Final Phase of the Cold War
Post-Cold War Era
Changing Priorities Under Jimmy Carter (1977-79)
Downplaying of the Soviet threat Panama Canal treaties completed Reduction in the role of the military and
intelligence agencies Emphasis on human rights (Patricia Derian at
State)
Changing Priorities Under Jimmy Carter (1977-79)
Strained relations with Brazil Human rights violations Nuclear race with Argentina Roseland Carter’s comments on poverty End of the Brazilian-American alliance??
Carter Reverses Course (1979 - 1981)
Soviet use of Cuban troops in Africa Sandinistas take power in Nicaragua
Somoza flees to South America National guard trickles into neighboring countries
New Jewel movement in Grenada Cold War mentality again dictates Washington’s
Latin American policy
Reagan Administration: The Centrality of Central America
Criticism of Carter’s Latin American policy important in Regan’s 1980 presidential campaign
Civil war in El Salvador becomes a central concern February 1981: world communism identified as principal
source of insurgency November 1981: decision to aid anti-Sandinista guerrilla
force Distraction in Grenada (October 1983)
Caribbean Basin
Reagan’s Liberation Strategy I
United States and the Soviet Union ratchet up aid to their respective clients (1984-87) Nicaragua El Salvadorian clients
Disagreement between President Reagan and the Democratic congress leads to the Iran-Contra caper
Reagan’s Liberation Strategy II.
U.S. military aid more effective Violetta Chamorro defeats the Sandinistas in
a free and open presidential election (1990) Undermining communism in the Caribbean
Basin was Reagan’s most significant policy success in Latin America
Reagan: Other Dimensions of the Latin American Policy
Ambivalence tending toward hostility in response to “Southern” demands on the “North”
Increased sales of arms to Latin American militaries Muted criticism of human rights violations
Chile Brazil Argentina
• During the Reagan Years
Many Latin American dictatorships gave way to democracy
Explanation?
George H. W. Bush & Latin America
Reordering of emphasis and priorities Missing themes
Anti-Communism Government to
government foreign aid Panama Canal
Muted themes Status of Puerto Rico Relations with Cuba
George H. W. Bush & Latin America: Drugs
Special priority Strengthened DEA Pressed Mexico to control drug related
corruption Cooperation with Colombia
Operation Just Cause(December 1992)
Noriega – playing double or triple game
1989 election victory of Guillermo Endara annulled
December 1989 - 24,00 troops sent to Panama
1992 – Noriega convicted of racketeering and drug trafficking charges
Plotting the removal of Noriega
George H. W. Bush Strengthening Democracy in Latin America
Washington Protocol 1992 Amended OAS Charter Explicit commitment to promote & protect
democracy OAS begins to monitor elections Secretary General can investigate and respond to
democratic crisis within 10 days of its inception
George H. W. Bush Other Activities to Strengthening Democracy in Latin
America
Programs to train responsible judges and police Advocates civilian control over the military Assists in building democratic political party
parties War on corruption – viewed as a source of violence
and human rights abuse Ideological Pronouncement: Human freedom, in
long run, best weapon against poverty, disease and tyranny
George H. W. Bush & Latin America: More Political
Stimulation of the private sector as a path toward democracy and freedom Small business Charities Debt reduction as a stimulus for protection of
tropical forests Privatization of social security
Bush Perspective on Democratic Development
The health of democracy depends on real economic gains for the average citizens
Advice to L.A. elites lift the barriers of bureaucracy and over-
regulation that prevent the poor from creating small businesses
give more priority and funding to universal education- because no nation can afford to squander the talent of its people
Economic Change: Road to NAFTA
End of Cold War makes attractive idea of integrating all of Western Hemisphere economies
Concern in Latin America that U.S. will tilt toward Eastern Europe
1990 Mexico formally proposes negotiating a North American Free Trade Agreement
George H. W. Bush & Latin America: Economic
NAFTA – first step toward Free Trade for the Americas – goes into effect January 1, 1994 Implementing & Strengthening NAFTA
Promise - $200 billion in goods will expand Develop border cities – reduce illegal immigration Environmental concerns – especially water/clean air
Fast Track Authority for more free trade Enterprise zone for the Americas (Canada to Tierra del Fuego Free trade
Bill Clinton’s First Term: Completing the Bush Agenda?
Preserving NAFTA in the light of Mexico’s potential default Zapatista rebellion leads to flight of foreign
capital U.S. government guarantees loans for currency
stabilization Domestic issue of drugs increasingly drove
U.S. Latin American policy
Bill Clinton: Haiti Interlude
Haiti as a test case for support for democracy and human rights Overthrow of elected Aristide government (1991) Military-civilian junta (Gen. Raul Cedras) Immigration from Haiti
United Nations Security Council authorized separate military police operation (Sept 1993)
United States occupies Haiti (Sept. 19, 1993) U.N. mission to Haiti replaces U.S. military force
(March 1995)
Protocol of Managua: 1993
Approved by General Assembly of OAS – went into effect in January 1996
Eliminated: Inter-American ECOSOC Council for Education, Science & Culture
Inter-American Council for Integral Development assumed combined functions
Indicative of efforts to revive OAS and increase its social and economic activities
Second Clinton Administration 1997-2001
Slowdown in economic reforms Domestic resistance Mexico reluctant to share access to U.S. market
Democracy more widespread Central America Chile
Peru: an exception? Drift: President Clinton occupied elsewhere
BUSH II: Latin American Relations Fail to Hold Center Stage
Mexican – U.S. relations: a central theme of 2000 presidential election campaign Illegal immigration Competition for Mexican-American vote Security of border Election of Vicente Fox (conservative National Action
Party) Quebec Summit
Bush pushes Free Trade for the Americas Chavez views himself as odd man out – humiliated
Quebec Summit (April 2001): Critical in raising Hugo Chavez’s doubts about USA
Impact of 9-11 on U.S. – Latin American Relations
War on Terror emphasis relates Latin America to the back burner
Chávez becomes militantly anti-U.S. Oil revenues increase capabilities
Invasion of Iraq resurrects anti-U.S. sentiment from Vietnam era
Brazilian upward mobility dilutes U.S. influence in South America
Obama in Latin America
Courting of Upwardly Mobile Brazil:
March 2011
Chavez Greets/Lectures
Obama 2010
Merida Initiative 2010
Security Cooperation United States Mexico Central America
Aim Tracking criminal cartels Combating drug trafficking Sharing intelligence
Training of agents Sharing equipment
Other Dimensions of Intrusion of Latin American Issues Into the
Domestic Political Agenda
Dealing with Illegal Immigrants residing in USA
Protecting the United States borders with Mexico & the Caribbean.
Economic relations Free trade Mercosur/Mercosul
Tightening of restrictions on relations with Cuba