The Age of Reform - Your History Site American Journey/chap14.pdf410 The Age of Reform 1820–1860...

410

The Age of Reform

18201860Why It Matters

The idea of reformthe drive to improve society and the lives of Americansgrewduring the mid-1800s. Reformers set out to improve the lives of the disadvantaged,

especially enslaved people and the urban poor.

The Impact TodayThe spirit of reform is alive and well in the modern world. Individual freedom became

a key goal during the last half of the twentieth century. Civil rights movements haveadvanced racial equality. In many countries the womens movement has altered tra-

ditional female roles and opportunities.

The American Journey Video The chapter 14 video, Women andReform, chronicles the role of women in the reform movements of the 1800s.

1825 New Harmony,

Indiana, established

1830 Book of Mormon

published

1836 Texas gains

independence

1827 New York bans slavery

Monroe18171825

CHAPTER 14 The Age of Reform

1820 1830 1840

J.Q. Adams18251829

Jackson18291837

Van Buren18371841

W.H. Harrison1841

1837 Victoria becomes

queen of England

1821 Mexico becomes

independent nation

411

1848 Seneca Falls

Convention 1851 Maine bans

sale of alcohol

1853 Crimean War

begins1859 Lenoir builds first

practical internal-combustion engine

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 14Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.

The Country School by Winslow Homer By the mid-1800s,the number of public elementary schools was growing.


1850 1860

Tyler18411845

Polk18451849

Taylor18491850

Fillmore18501853

Pierce18531857

Buchanan18571861

1862 Mary Jane Patterson is

first African Americanwoman to earn a college degree

1850 Taiping Rebellion

begins in China

1847 Liberia claims

independence

Wom

ens

Righ

ts

Wome

Rig

hts

AntislaveryMovement

SocialReform

SocialReform

Step 1 Fold the paper from the top right cornerdown so the edges line up. Cut off the leftover piece.

Identifying Main Ideas Study FoldableMake and use this foldable to identify anddescribe major topics about the Age of Reform.

Reading and Writing As you read, write whatyou learn about social reform, the antislaverymovement, and the womens rights movementunder each appropriate pyramid wall.

Step 2 Fold the triangle in half. Unfold.

Step 3 Cut up one fold and stop at the middle.Draw an X on one tab and label the other threeas shown.

Step 4 Fold the X flap under the other flap andglue together.

Fold a triangle.Cut off the extra

edge.

This makes a three-sidedpyramid.

The foldswill form an Xdividing four

equal sections.

http://taj.glencoe.com

412

1825Robert Owen establishesNew Harmony, Indiana

1835Oberlin College admitsAfrican Americans

1837Horace Mann initiateseducation reform

1843Dorothea Dix revealsabuses of mentally ill


According to folklore, Henry David Thoreau sat on the hard, wooden bench in thejail cell, but he did not complain about its stiffness. He felt proud that he had stood upfor his beliefs. Thoreau had refused to pay a one-dollar tax to vote, not wanting hismoney to support the Mexican War. As he looked through the cell bars, he heard avoice. Why are you here? asked his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. Thoreau replied,Why are you not here? He would later write, Under a government which imprisonsany unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison.

The Reforming SpiritThoreau represented a new spirit of reform in America. The men and women

who led the reform movement wanted to extend the nations ideals of libertyand equality to all Americans. They believed the nation should live up to thenoble goals stated in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

The spirit of reform brought changes to American religion, politics, educa-tion, art, and literature. Some reformers sought to improve society by formingutopias, communities based on a vision of a perfect society. In 1825 RobertOwen established New Harmony, Indiana, a village dedicated to cooperationrather than competition among its members.

Main IdeaDuring the early 1800s, many reli-gious and social reformers attemptedto improve American life and educa-tion and help people with disabilities.

Key Termsutopia, revival, temperance, normalschool, transcendentalist

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read section 1,re-create the diagram below and iden-tify these reformers contributions.

Read to Learn how religious and philosophical

ideas inspired various reformmovements.

why educational reformers thoughtall citizens should go to school.

Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesMany reformers worked for changeduring this era.

Social Reform

Henry David Thoreau

Contributions

Lyman Beecher

Horace Mann

Thomas Gallaudet

Dorothea Dix

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 18401830 1850

Founded on high hopes and sometimesimpractical ideas, few of the utopian communi-ties lasted more than a few years. The Shakers,the Mormons, and other religious groups alsobuilt their own communities. Only the Mor-mons established a stable, enduring community.

The Religious InfluenceIn the early 1800s, a wave of religious fervor

known as the Second Great Awakeningstirredthe nation. The first Great Awakening had spreadthrough the colonies in the mid-1700s.

The new religious movement began withfrontier camp meetings called revivals. Peoplecame from miles around to hear eloquentpreachers, such as Charles Finney, and to pray,sing, weep, and shout. The experience oftenmade men and women eager to reform boththeir own lives and the world. The Second GreatAwakening increased church membership. It also inspired people to become involved inmissionary work and social reform movements. ; (See page 967 of the Appendix for a primary source account of arevival meeting.)

War Against AlcoholReligious leaders stood at the forefront of the

war against alcohol. Public drunkenness wascommon in the early 1800s. Alcohol abuse waswidespread, especially in the West and amongurban workers. Lyman Beecher, a Connecticutminister and crusader against the use of alcohol,wanted to protect society against rum-selling,tippling folk, infidels, and ruff-scruff.

Reformers blamed alcohol for poverty, thebreakup of families, crime, and even insanity.They called for temperance, drinking little or noalcohol. The movement gathered momentum in1826 when the American Society for the Promo-tion of Temperance was formed.

Beecher and other temperance crusaders usedlectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies towarn people of the dangers of liquor. The tem-perance movement gained a major victory in1851, when Maine passed a law banning themanufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.Other states passed similar laws. Many Ameri-cans resented these laws, however, and mostwere repealed, or canceled, within several years.

The temperance movement would reemerge inthe early 1900s and lead to a constitutionalamendment banning alcohol.

Analyzing What were the effects ofthe Second Great Awakening?

Reforming EducationIn the early 1800s, only New England pro-

vided free elementary education. In other areasparents had to pay fees or send their children toschools for the poora choice some parentsrefused out of pride. Some communities had no schools at all.

The leader of educational reform was HoraceMann, a lawyer who became the head of theMassachusetts Board of Education in 1837. Dur-ing his term Mann lengthened the school year tosix months, made improvements in the schoolcurriculum, doubled teachers salaries, anddeveloped better ways of training teachers.

Partly due to Manns efforts, Massachusetts in1839 founded the nations first state-supportednormal school, a school for training high-schoolgraduates as teachers. Other states soon adoptedthe reforms that Mann had pioneered.

Education for SomeBy the 1850s most states had accepted three

basic principles of public education: that schoolsshould be free and supported by taxes, thatteachers should be trained, and that childrenshould be required to attend school.

These principles did not immediately go intoeffect. Schools were poorly funded, and manyteachers lacked training. In addition, some peo-ple opposed compulsory, or required, education.

Most females received a limited education.Parents often kept their daughters from schoolbecause of the belief that a womans role was tobecome a wife and mother and that this role didnot require an education. When girls did go toschool, they often studied music or needleworkrather than science, mathematics, and history,which were considered mens subjects.

In the West, where settlers lived far apart,many children had no school to attend. AfricanAmericans in all parts of the country had fewopportunities to go to school.

413CHAPTER 14 The Age of Reform

People With Special NeedsSome reformers focused on the problem of

teaching people with disabilities. Thomas Gallaudet (galuhDEHT), who developed amethod to educate people who were hearingimpaired, opened the Hartford School for theDeaf in Connecticut in 1817.

At about the same time, Dr. Samuel GridleyHowe advanced the cause of those who werevisually impaired. He developed books withlarge raised letters that people with sightimpairments could read with their fingers.Howe headed the Perkins Institute, a school forthe blind, in Boston.

When schoolteacher Dorothea Dix began vis-iting prisons in 1841, she found the prisonerswere often living in inhumane conditions

414 CHAPTER 14 The Age of Reform

Higher EducationDozens of new colleges and universities were

created during the age of reform. Most admittedonly men. Religious groups founded many col-leges between 1820 and 1850, including Amherstand Holy Cross in Massachusetts and Trinityand Wesleyan in Connecticut.

Slowly, higher education became available togroups who were previously denied the oppor-tunity. Oberlin College of Ohio, founded in 1833,admitted both women and African Americans tothe student body. In 1837 a teacher named MaryLyon in Massachusetts opened Mount Holyoke,the first permanent womens college in America.The first college for African AmericansAsh-mun Institute, which later became Lincoln Uni-versityopened in Pennsylvania in 1854.

Until education became widespread,many children learned to read andwrite in one-room schoolhouses. Students of all ages learned mostly by roteonegroup recited while the rest studied their lessons. The popular McGuffeyReaders provided moral lessonsas well as lessons in read-ing and grammar.

One-RoomSchoolhouse

Lunch pail, leftHornbook, centerPage from McGuffeys, right

chained to the walls with little or no clothing,often in unheated cells. To her further horror,she learned that some of the inmates were guiltyof no crimethey were mentally ill persons. Dixmade it her lifes work to educate the public asto the poor conditions for both the mentally illand for prisoners.

Identifying How did Dr. SamuelHowe help the visually impaired?

Cultural TrendsThe changes in American society influenced

art and literature. Earlier generations of Ameri-can painters and writers looked to Europe fortheir inspiration and models. Beginning in the1820s American artists developed their ownstyle and explored American themes.

The American spirit of reform influencedtranscendentalists. Transcendentalists stressedthe relationship between humans and nature aswell as the importance of the individual con-science. Writers such as Margaret Fuller, RalphWaldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreauwere leading transcendentalists. Through herwritings, Fuller supported rights for women. Inhis poems and essays, Emerson urged people tolisten to the inner voice of conscience and tobreak the bonds of prejudice. Thoreau put his

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these terms in

a sentence that helps explain its mean-ing: utopia, revival, temperance, normal school, transcendentalist.

2. Reviewing Facts What were thethree accepted principles of publiceducation in the 1850s?

Reviewing Themes3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities

How did Thoreau act on his beliefs?What impact might such acts havehad on the government?

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions What did

Thomas Jefferson mean when hesaid that the United States could notsurvive as a democracy without edu-cated and well-informed citizens?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below anddescribe two ways the religiousmovement influenced reform.

Analyzing Visuals6. Picturing History Study the paint-

ing of the school room on page 414.What is pictured that you still use inschool today?

CHAPTER 14 The Age of Reform 415

Research Interview your grand-parents or other adults who areover 50 years old to find out whatthey remember about their publicschool days. Before you do theinterview, write six questions aboutthe information that interests you.

beliefs into practice through civil disobediencerefusing to obey laws he thought were unjust.In 1846 Thoreau went to jail rather than pay a taxto support the Mexican War.

The transcendentalists were not the onlyimportant writers of the period. Many poets cre-ated impresive works during this period. HenryWadsworth Longfellow wrote narrative, orstory, poems, such as the Song of Hiawatha. PoetWalt Whitman captured the new Americanspirit and confidence in his Leaves of Grass.Emily Dickinson wrote simple, deeply personalpoems. In a poem called Hope, written in1861, she compares hope with a bird:

Hope is the thing with feathersThat perches in the soulAnd sings the tune without the wordsAnd never stopsat all

Women writers of the period were generallynot taken seriously, yet they were the authors ofthe most popular fiction. Harriet Beecher Stowewrote the most successful best-seller of the mid-1800s, Uncle Toms Cabin. Stowes novel exploresthe injustice of slaveryan issue that took onnew urgency during the age of reform.

Describing What was one of thesubjects that Margaret Fuller wrote about?

Religiousmovement

416

N O T E B O O K

SPORTS

Baseball for BeginnersWant to take up the new game of baseball? Keep your eye on the ballbecause the rules keep changing!

1845 canvas bases are set 90 feet

apart in a diamond shape

only nine men play on each side

pitches are thrown underhanded

a ball caught on the first bounce is an out

1846 at first base, a fielder can tag the

bag before the runner reaches it and so make an out

1847 players may no longer throw the

ball at a runner to put him out

AMERICAN SCENE

Americans Living on Farms1790: 95% of Americans live on farms

1820: 93% live on farms

1850: 85% live on farms

Nathaniel HawthorneThis writers novel The ScarletLetter moved some readers,and outraged others.

Henry WadsworthLongfellowWrites poems about PaulRevere, Hiawatha, and a vil-lage blacksmith.

Louisa May AlcottAuthor of Little Womenwho published her first book at age16.

Louisa May Alcott

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What were peoples lives like in the past?Whatand whowere people talking about? What did they eat? What did they do for fun? These two pages will give you some clues

to everyday life in the U.S. as you step back in time with TIME Notebook.

Personalities Meet Some Concord ResidentsYEARS AGO, ONE OF THE FIRST BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WARwas fought at Concord, Massachusetts. But now the sparks that flyare of a more intellectual variety. If you want to visit Concord, youshould read some of the works of its residents.

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ProfileMy best friends solemnly regard me as a madman. Thats what the artistJOHN JAMES AUDUBON (left) writesabout himself in his journal. And he doesseem to be a bit peculiar. After all, he puta band around a birds foot so he couldtell if it returned from the South in thespring. No ones ever done that before.

Audubon is growing more famous thanksto his drawings. His love of the wild and his

skill as an artist have awakened a new senseof appreciation for American animal

life both here and in Europe. Here is what he wrote recently while

on a trip to New Orleans:

I TOOK A WALK WITH MY GUN THISafternoon to see millions of

Golden Plovers [medium-sized shorebirds] coming from the northeast and going nearly souththe destruction was really astonishingthe Sportsmen here are more numerous and at the same time more expert at shooting on the wing than anywhere in the United States.

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CHILD LABOR

Letter From a Mill WorkerMary Paul is a worker in her teens at a textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts. Mary works 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. She sent this letter to her father:

N U M B E R S N U M B E R SU.S. AT THE T IME

9,022 Miles of railwaysoperating in 1850

3 Number of U.S. Presidentsin 1841Van Burens termended, Harrison died, and Tylertook his place

29 Number of medicalschools Elizabeth Blackwell, a woman, applied to beforebeing accepted at one in 1847

700 Number of New England whaling ships at sea in 1846

$8 Approximate yearly cost for a newspaper subscription in 1830

50%Approximate percentage of the American workforce in 1820 under the age of 10

EMIGRATED. In 1845, to England, FREDERICK DOUGLASS, former slave, author, and abolitionist leader, to escape danger in reaction to his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

MOVED. HENRY DAVID THOREAU, writer, to Walden Pond, Concord,Massachusetts, in 1845. Thoreau intends to build his own house onthe shore of the pond and earn his living by the labor of his hands

only. Many of the so-called comforts of life, writesThoreau, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.

AILING. EDGAR ALLAN POE, in Baltimore, 1847,following the death of his wife, Virginia. Other

than a poem on death, Poe has written little thisyear, devoting his dwindling energies to

lawsuits against other authors he claimscopied his work.

INVENTED. Samuel F.B. Morse hasrevolutionized communications witha series of dots and dashes in 1844.

A D E V E L O P I N G N A T I O N : 1 8 2 0 1 8 5 0

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TTMA

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Frederick Douglass

M I L E S T O N E SM I L E S T O N E S

Dear Father,

I am well which is one comfort. My life an

d health are spared while others

are cut off. Last Thursday one girl fell do

wn and broke her neck which

caused instant death. Last Tuesday we we

re paid. In all I had six dollars

and sixty cents, paid $4.68 for board [re

nt and food].At 5 oclock in

the morning the bell rings for the folks t

o get up and get breakfast. At half

past six it rings for the girls to get up an

d at seven they are called into the

mill. At half past 12 we have dinner, are c

alled back again at one and stay

till half past seven. . . . If any girl wants e

mployment, I advise them to

come to Lowell.

Edgar Allan Poe

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TTMA

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418

1816American ColonizationSociety is formed

1822First African Americanssettle in Liberia

1831William Lloyd Garrisonfounds The Liberator

1847Liberia becomes an independent country


William Lloyd Garrison, a dramatic and spirited man, fought strongly for the right ofAfrican Americans to be free. On one occasion Garrison was present when FrederickDouglass, an African American who had escaped from slavery, spoke to a white audi-ence about life as a slave. Douglass electrified his listeners with a powerful speech. Suddenly Garrison leaped to his feet. Is this a man, he demanded of the audience,or a thing? Garrison shared Douglasss outrage at the notion that people could bebought and sold like objects.

Early Efforts to End SlaveryThe spirit of reform that swept the United States in the early 1800s was not

limited to improving education and expanding the arts. It also included theefforts of abolitionists like Garrison and Douglassmembers of the growingband of reformers who worked to abolish, or end, slavery.

Even before the American Revolution, some Americans had tried to limit orend slavery. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the delegates hadreached a compromise on the difficult issue, agreeing to let each state decidewhether to allow slavery. By the early 1800s, Northern states had ended slavery,but it continued in the South.

Main IdeaMany reformers turned their attentionto eliminating slavery.

Key Termsabolitionist, Underground Railroad

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readSection 2, identify five abolitionists.Below each name, write a sentencedescribing his or her role in themovement.

Read to Learn how some Americans worked to

eliminate slavery. why many Americans feared the

end of slavery.

Section ThemeIndividual Action Leaders such asHarriet Tubman and William LloydGarrison strengthened the abolitionistmovement.

The Abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionists

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1815 18451830 1860

The religious revival and the reform move-ment of the early and mid-1800s gave new life tothe antislavery movement. Many Americanscame to believe that slavery was wrong. Yet notall Northerners shared this view. The conflictover slavery continued to build.

Many of the men and women who led theantislavery movement came from the Quakerfaith. One Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, wrote:

I heard the wail of the captive. I felt his pangof distress, and the iron entered my soul.

Lundy founded a newspaper in 1821 tospread the abolitionist message.

American Colonization SocietyThe first large-scale antislavery effort was not

aimed at abolishing slavery but at resettlingAfrican Americans in Africa or the Caribbean.The American Colonization Society, formed in1816 by a group of white Virginians, worked tofree enslaved workers gradually by buyingthem from slaveholders and sending themabroad to start new lives.

The society raised enough money from privatedonors, Congress, and a few state legislatures tosend several groups of African Americans out ofthe country. Some went to the westcoast of Africa, where the society hadacquired land for a colony. In 1822 thefirst African American settlers arrivedin this colony, called Liberia, Latin forplace of freedom.

In 1847 Liberia became an inde-pendent country. American emigra-tion to Liberia continued until theCivil War. Some 12,000 to 20,000African Americans settled in the newcountry between 1822 and 1865.

The American Colonization Soci-ety did not halt the growth of slavery.The number of enslaved people con-tinued to increase at a steady pace,and the society could only resettle asmall number of African Americans.Furthermore, most African Ameri-cans did not want to go to Africa.Many were from families that had

lived in America for several generations. Theysimply wanted to be free in American society.African Americans feared that the society aimedto strengthen slavery.

Explaining How did the AmericanColonization Society fight slavery?

The Movement ChangesReformers realized that the gradual approach

to ending slavery had failed. Moreover, the num-bers of enslaved persons had sharply increasedbecause the cotton boom in the Deep South madeplanters increasingly dependent on slave labor.Beginning in about 1830, the American antislav-ery movement took on new life. Soon it becamethe most pressing social issue for reformers.

William Lloyd GarrisonAbolitionist William Lloyd Garrison stimu-

lated the growth of the antislavery movement.In 1829 Garrison left Massachusetts to work forthe countrys leading antislavery newspaper inBaltimore. Impatient with the papers moderateposition, Garrison returned to Boston in 1831 tofound his own newspaper, The Liberator.

I looked at my hands to see if I was the same

person now that I was

free . . . I felt like I was

in heaven.Harriet Tubman, on her escape from

slavery, 1849

419


Garrison was one of the first white abolitionists to call for the immediateand complete emancipation [freeing]of enslaved people. Promising to beas harsh as truth, and as uncompro-mising as justice, he denounced theslow, gradual approach of otherreformers. In the first issue of hispaper he wrote: I will not retreat asingle inchAND I WILL BE HEARD.

Garrison was heard. He attractedenough followers to start the NewEngland Antislavery Society in 1832and the American Antislavery Soci-ety the next year. The abolitionistmovement grew rapidly. By 1838 theantislavery societies Garrison startedhad more than 1,000 chapters, orlocal branches.

The Grimk SistersAmong the first women who

spoke out publicly against slaverywere Sarah and Angelina Grimk.Born in South Carolina to a wealthyslaveholding family, the sistersmoved to Philadelphia in 1832.

In the North the Grimk sisterslectured and wrote against slavery.At one antislavery meeting, AngelinaGrimk exclaimed,

As a Southerner, I feel that it ismy duty to stand up . . . against slav-ery. I have seen it! I have seen it!

The Grimks persuaded theirmother to give them their share ofthe family inheritance. Instead ofmoney or land, the sisters asked forseveral of the enslaved workers,whom they immediately freed.

Angelina Grimk and her hus-band, abolitionist Theodore Weld,wrote American Slavery As It Is in1839. This collection of firsthandaccounts of life under slavery wasone of the most influential abolition-ist publications of its time.

420

Is American Slavery Compassionate or Cruel?

More than any other factor, slavery isolated the South from the restof the United States. While abolitionists cried out to bring the cruelpractice to an end, Southern slaveholders defended the only way oflife they knew.

Sojourner Truth, former slave, 1851

Look at me! Look at my arm! I have

ploughed, and planted, and gathered into

barns, and no man could head me! . . .

I could work as much and eat as much as

a manwhen I could get itand bear

the lash as well! And aint I a woman?

I have borne thirteen children,

and seen them most all sold off

to slavery, and when I cried

out with my mothers grief,

none but Jesus heard me!

And aint I a woman?

Jeremiah Jeter, Southern slaveholder, c. 1820I could not free them, for the laws of the State forbadeit. Yet even if they had not forbidden it, the slaves in mypossession were in no condition to support themselves. Itwas simple cruelty to free a mother with dependent chil-dren. Observation, too, had satisfied me that the freenegroes were, in general, in a worse condition than theslaves. The manumission [setting free] of my slaves toremain in the State was not to be thought of. Should Isend them to Liberia? Some of them were in a conditionto go, but none of them desired to. If sent, they [would] beforced to leave wives and

children belonging toother masters [onnearby plantations], todwell in a strange land.

Learning From History1. Why do you think Sojourner Truth

was an effective speaker?2. Why didnt Jeremiah Jeter just free

his slaves?3. Do the two excerpts contradict each

other? In what way?

Sojourner Truth


African American AbolitionistsAlthough white abolitionists drew public

attention to the cause, African Americans them-selves played a major role in the abolitionistmovement from the start. The abolition of slav-ery was an especially important goal to the freeAfrican Americans of the North.

Most African Americans in the North lived inpoverty in cities. Although they were excludedfrom most jobs and were often attacked by whitemobs, a great many of these African Americanswere intensely proud of their freedom andwanted to help those who were still enslaved.

African Americans took an active part inorganizing and directing the American Antislav-ery Society, and they subscribed in large num-bers to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. In1827 Samuel Cornish and John Russwurmstarted the countrys first African Americannewspaper, Freedoms Journal. Most of the othernewspapers that African Americans foundedbefore the Civil War also promoted abolition.

Born a free man in North Carolina, writerDavid Walker of Boston published an impas-sioned argument against slavery, challengingAfrican Americans to rebel and overthrow slav-ery by force. America is more our country thanit is the whiteswe have enriched it with ourblood and tears, he wrote.

In 1830 free African American leaders heldtheir first convention in Philadelphia. Delegatesmet to devise ways and means for the betteringof our condition. They discussed starting anAfrican American college and encouraging freeAfrican Americans to emigrate to Canada.

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass, the most widely known

African American abolitionist, was bornenslaved in Maryland. After teaching himself toread and write, he escaped from slavery inMaryland in 1838 and settled first in Massachu-setts and then in New York.

As a runaway, Douglass could have been cap-tured and returned to slavery. Still, he joined theMassachusetts Antislavery Society and traveledwidely to address abolitionist meetings. A pow-erful speaker, Douglass often moved listeners to

tears with his message.At an IndependenceDay gathering he toldthe audience:

What, to the American slave, is your Fourth of July? I answer: a day thatreveals to him, more than all other days in theyear, the gross injustice and cruelty to whichhe is the constant victim. To him, your celebra-tion is a sham . . . your national greatness,swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing areempty and heartless . . . your shouts of libertyand equality, hollow mockery.

For 16 years, Douglass edited an antislaverynewspaper called the North Star. Douglass wonadmiration as a powerful and influentialspeaker and writer. He traveled abroad, speak-ing to huge antislavery audiences in Londonand the West Indies.

Douglass returned to the United States becausehe believed abolitionists must fight slavery at itssource. He insisted that African Americansreceive not just their freedom but full equalitywith whites as well. In 1847 friends helpedDouglass purchase his freedom from the slave-holder from whom he had fled in Maryland.

Sojourner TruthI was born a slave in Ulster County, New

York, Isabella Baumfree began when she toldher story to audiences. Called Belle, she livedin the cellar of a slaveholders house. Sheescaped in 1826 and gained official freedom in1827 when New York banned slavery. She even-tually settled in New York City.

In 1843 Belle chose a new name. SojournerTruth is my name, she said, because from thisday I will walk in the light of [Gods] truth. Shebegan to work in the movements for abolition-ism and for womens rights.

Explaining Why did Frederick Douglass return to the United States?

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 14Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on the abo-litionist movement.


The Underground RailroadSome abolitionists risked prisoneven death

by secretly helping African Americans escapefrom slavery. The network of escape routes fromthe South to the North came to be called theUnderground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad had no trains ortracks. Instead, passengers on this railroadtraveled through the night, often on foot, andwent northguided by the North Star. The run-away slaves followed rivers and mountainchains, or felt for moss growing on the northside of trees.

Songs such as Follow the Drinkin Gourdencouraged runaways on their way to freedom.A hollowed-out gourd was used to dip water fordrinking. Its shape resembled the Big Dipper,which pointed to the North Star.

When the river ends in between two hills,Follow the drinkin gourd,For the Ole Mans waitin for to carry you

to freedom.Follow the drinkin gourd.

During the day passengers rested at sta-tionsbarns, attics, church basements, or otherplaces where fugitives could rest, eat, and hideuntil the next nights journey. The railroadsconductors were whites and African Ameri-cans who helped guide the escaping slaves tofreedom in the North.

In the early days, many people made the jour-ney north on foot. Later they traveled in wagons,sometimes equipped with secret compartments.African Americans on the Underground Rail-road hoped to settle in a free state in the North


The Underground

RailroadThe Underground Railroad was neither

underground nor a railroad. It was asecret organization to help African Ameri-cans escape from slavery. The escape ofHenry Brown is one of the most remark-able stories in the history of the Under-ground Railroad.

Henry Brown Henry Box Brownescaped slavery by having himself sealedinto a small box and shipped from Rich-mond to Philadelphia. Although this sideup was marked on the crate, he spent agood part of the trip upside down. Whennews of his escape spread, he wrote anautobiography and spoke to many anti-slavery groups.

After his wife and chil-dren were sold to a slaveholder

in another state, Brown wasdetermined to escape.

Twenty-six hours later,the top of the crate was pried

off and Brown emerged,a free man.

Another man transportedthe crate, with Brown in it,to a shipping company inRichmond, Virginia.

It all seemed a comparativelylight price to pay for liberty.Henry Box Brown From there, the crate was

sent to the PhiladelphiaAnti-Slavery Office.


or to move on to Canada. Once in the North,however, fugitives still feared capture. HenryBibb, a runaway who reached Ohio, arrived atthe place where I was directed to call on anAbolitionist, but I made no stop: so great weremy fears of being pursued.

After her escape from slavery, Harriet Tub-man became the most famous conductor on theUnderground Railroad. Slaveholders offered alarge reward for Tubmans capture or death.

The Underground Railroad helped only atiny fraction of the enslaved population. Mostwho used it as a route to freedom came fromthe states located between the northern states

and the Deep South. Still, the UndergroundRailroad gave hope to those who suffered inslavery. It also provided abolitionists with away to help some enslaved people to freedom.

Clashes Over AbolitionismThe antislavery movement led to an intense

reaction against abolitionism. Southern slave-holdersand many Southerners who did nothave slavesopposed abolitionism becausethey believed it threatened the Souths way oflife, which depended on enslaved labor. Manypeople in the North also opposed the abolition-ist movement.

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300 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection

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Many enslaved African Americans escaped to freedom with thehelp of the Underground Railroad.1. Movement Which river did enslaved persons cross

before reaching Indiana and Ohio?2. Analyzing Information About how many miles did

an enslaved person travel from Montgomery, Alabama, toWindsor, Canada?

I sometimes dream thatI am pursued, and when

I wake, I am scaredalmost to death.

Nancy Howard, 1855

The Underground Railroad

UndergroundRailroad routesSlaveholding regions

Non-slaveholding regions

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use these key terms:abolitionist, Underground Rail-road.

2. Reviewing Facts Describe the Amer-ican Colonization Societys solutionto slavery.

Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action What role did

Harriet Tubman play in the antislaverymovement?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing Compare the arguments

of Northerners with Southerners whoopposed abolitionism.

5. Organizing Information Use a dia-gram like the one below to identifyactions that abolitionists took to freeenslaved people.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map on

page 423. Why do you think moreenslaved people escaped from theborder states than from the DeepSouth?

Opposition in the NorthEven in the North, abolitionists never num-

bered more than a small fraction of the popula-tion. Many Northerners saw the antislaverymovement as a threat to the nations socialorder. They feared the abolitionists could bringon a destructive war between the North and theSouth. They also claimed that, if the enslavedAfrican Americans were freed, they could neverblend into American society.

Economic fears further fed the backlashagainst abolitionism. Northern workers worriedthat freed slaves would flood the North and takejobs away from whites by agreeing to work forlower pay.

Opposition to abolitionism sometimes eruptedinto violence against the abolitionists themselves.In the 1830s a Philadelphia mob burned the citysantislavery headquarters to the ground and setoff a bloody race riot. In Boston a mob attackedabolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and threat-ened to hang him. Authorities saved his life bylocking him in jail.

Elijah Lovejoy was not so lucky. Lovejoyedited an abolitionist newspaper in Illinois.Three times angry whites invaded his officesand wrecked his presses. Each time Lovejoyinstalled new presses and resumed publication.The fourth time the mob set fire to the building.When Lovejoy came out of the blazing building,he was shot and killed.

The South ReactsSoutherners fought abolitionism by mounting

arguments in defense of slavery. They claimedthat slavery was essential to the South. Slavelabor, they said, had allowed Southern whites toreach a high level of culture.

Southerners also argued that they treatedenslaved people well. Some Southerners arguedthat Northern workers were worse off thanslaves. The industrial economy of the Northemployed factory workers for long hours at lowwages. These jobs were repetitious and oftendangerous, and Northern workers had to pay fortheir goods from their small earnings. Unlike thewage slavery of the North, Southerners saidthat the system of slavery provided food, cloth-ing, and medical care to the workers.

Other defenses of slavery were based onracism. Many whites believed that AfricanAmericans were better off under white care thanon their own. Providence has placed [the slave]in our hands for his own good, declared oneSouthern governor.

The conflict between proslavery and antislav-ery groups continued to mount. At the sametime, a new womens rights movement wasgrowing, and many leading abolitionists wereinvolved in that movement as well.

Explaining Why did many North-erners oppose the abolition of slavery?


Freeing of enslaved people Informative Writing Research the lifeof an abolitionist. Write a one-page bio-graphy of the important events in hisor her life. Make sure your biography isclear and concise.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use these key terms:abolitionist, Underground Rail-road.

2. Reviewing Facts Describe the Amer-ican Colonization Societys solutionto slavery.

Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action What role did

Harriet Tubman play in the antislaverymovement?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing Compare the arguments

of Northerners with Southerners whoopposed abolitionism.

5. Organizing Information Use a dia-gram like the one below to identifyactions that abolitionists took to freeenslaved people.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map on

page 423. Why do you think moreenslaved people escaped from theborder states than from the DeepSouth?

Opposition in the NorthEven in the North, abolitionists never num-

bered more than a small fraction of the popula-tion. Many Northerners saw the antislaverymovement as a threat to the nations socialorder. They feared the abolitionists could bringon a destructive war between the North and theSouth. They also claimed that, if the enslavedAfrican Americans were freed, they could neverblend into American society.

Economic fears further fed the backlashagainst abolitionism. Northern workers worriedthat freed slaves would flood the North and takejobs away from whites by agreeing to work forlower pay.

Opposition to abolitionism sometimes eruptedinto violence against the abolitionists themselves.In the 1830s a Philadelphia mob burned the citysantislavery headquarters to the ground and setoff a bloody race riot. In Boston a mob attackedabolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and threat-ened to hang him. Authorities saved his life bylocking him in jail.

Elijah Lovejoy was not so lucky. Lovejoyedited an abolitionist newspaper in Illinois.Three times angry whites invaded his officesand wrecked his presses. Each time Lovejoyinstalled new presses and resumed publication.The fourth time the mob set fire to the building.When Lovejoy came out of the blazing building,he was shot and killed.

The South ReactsSoutherners fought abolitionism by mounting

arguments in defense of slavery. They claimedthat slavery was essential to the South. Slavelabor, they said, had allowed Southern whites toreach a high level of culture.

Southerners also argued that they treatedenslaved people well. Some Southerners arguedthat Northern workers were worse off thanslaves. The industrial economy of the Northemployed factory workers for long hours at lowwages. These jobs were repetitious and oftendangerous, and Northern workers had to pay fortheir goods from their small earnings. Unlike thewage slavery of the North, Southerners saidthat the system of slavery provided food, cloth-ing, and medical care to the workers.

Other defenses of slavery were based onracism. Many whites believed that AfricanAmericans were better off under white care thanon their own. Providence has placed [the slave]in our hands for his own good, declared oneSouthern governor.

The conflict between proslavery and antislav-ery groups continued to mount. At the sametime, a new womens rights movement wasgrowing, and many leading abolitionists wereinvolved in that movement as well.

Explaining Why did many North-erners oppose the abolition of slavery?


Freeing of enslaved people Informative Writing Research the lifeof an abolitionist. Write a one-page bio-graphy of the important events in hisor her life. Make sure your biography isclear and concise.

425

1837Mary Lyon establishesMount HolyokeFemale Seminary

1848First womens rights convention held inSeneca Falls, New York

1857Elizabeth Blackwell foundsthe New York Infirmary forWomen and Children

1869Wyoming Territorygrants women theright to vote

Main IdeaWomen reformers campaigned fortheir own rights.

Key Termssuffrage, coeducation

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read the sec-tion, use a chart like the one below toidentify the contributions these indi-viduals made to womens rights.

Read to Learn how the antislavery and the

womens rights movements wererelated.

what progress women madetoward equality during the 1800s.

Section ThemeGroups and Institutions Women inthe 1800s made some progresstoward equality.

The WomensMovement


Mary Lyon, pioneerin higher education

for women

Contributions

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Blackwell

Women who fought to end slavery began to recognize their own bondage. On April19, 1850, about 400 women met at a Quaker meetinghouse in the small town ofSalem, Ohio. They came together to assert their rights as independent human beings.One speaker stated: I use the term Womans Rights, because it is a technical phrase. I like not the expression. It is not Womans Rights of which I design to speak, but ofWomans Wrongs. I shall claim nothing for ourselves because of our sex. . . . [W]eshould demand our recognition as equal members of the human family. . . .

Women and ReformMany women abolitionists also worked for womens rights. They launched

a struggle to improve womens lives and win equal rights. Like many of thewomen reformers, Lucretia Mott was a Quaker. Quaker women enjoyed a cer-tain amount of equality in their own communities. Mott gave lectures inPhiladelphia calling for temperance, peace, workers rights, and abolition. Mott

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1830 1860 1890

also helped fugitive slaves and organized thePhiladelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Atthe world antislavery convention in London,Mott met Elizabeth Cady Stanton. There thetwo female abolitionists joined forces to workfor womens rights.

The Seneca Falls ConventionIn July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia

Mott, and a few other women organized the firstwomens rights convention in Seneca Falls, NewYork. About 200 women and 40 men attended.

The convention issued a Declaration of Senti-ments and Resolutions modeled on the Declara-tion of Independence. The womens documentdeclared: We hold these truths to be self-evident:that all men and women are created equal.

The womens declaration called for an end toall laws that discriminated against women. Itdemanded that women be allowed to enter theall-male world of trades, professions, and busi-nesses. The most controversial issue at theSeneca Falls Convention concerned suffrage, orthe right to vote.

Elizabeth Stanton insisted that the declarationinclude a demand for woman suffrage, but dele-gates thought the idea of women voting was tooradical. Lucretia Mott told her friend, Lizzie, theewill make us ridiculous. Frederick Douglassstood with Stanton and argued powerfully forwomens right to vote. After a heated debate, theconvention voted to include the demand forwoman suffrage in the United States. ; (See page 989of the Appendix for excerpts of the Seneca Falls Declaration.)


Seneca Falls Convention

Throughout the nations history, women had fought sideby side with the men to build a new nation and to ensurefreedom. Even though the Declaration of Independencepromised equality for all, the promise rang hollow forwomen.

Female reformers began a campaign for their ownrights. In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stantonorganized the Seneca Falls Convention. One of the resolu-tions demanded suffrage, or the right to vote, for women.This marked the beginning of a long, hard road to gainequal rights.

The

Gaining the Right to Vote, 18481920The Seneca Falls Convention led to the growth of thewoman suffrage movement.

1848Seneca FallsConvention

1850First national womensrights convention held inWorcester, Massachusetts

1866Susan B. Anthonyforms Equal RightsAssociation

1869Women grantedvoting rights inWyoming Territory

1878Woman suffrageamendment firstintroduced in U.S. Congress

1884Belva Lockwoodruns for president

Lucretia Mott (below) andSusan B. Anthony wereleaders in the effort toallow women a greaterrole in American society.

We hold these truths to beself-evident: that all men andwomen are created equal.

Declaration of the Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

Raising the Status of Women


The Movement GrowsThe Seneca Falls Convention paved the way

for the growth of the womens rights move-ment. During the 1800s women held severalnational conventions. Many reformersmaleand femalejoined the movement.

Susan B. Anthony, the daughter of a Quakerabolitionist in rural New York, worked forwomens rights and temperance. She called forequal pay for women, college training for girls,and coeducationthe teaching of boys and girlstogether. Anthony organized the countrys firstwomens temperance association, the Daughtersof Temperance.

Susan B. Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stan-ton at a temperance meeting in 1851. Theybecame lifelong friends and partners in the

struggle for womens rights. For the rest of thecentury, Anthony and Stanton led the womensmovement. They worked with other women towin the right to vote. Beginning with Wyomingin 1890, several states granted women the rightto vote. It was not until 1920, however, thatwoman suffrage became a reality everywhere inthe United States.

Explaining What is suffrage?

Progress by American WomenPioneers in womens education began to call

for more opportunity. Early pioneers such asCatherine Beecher and Emma Hart Willardbelieved that women should be educated for

Maria Mitchell gainedworld renown when shediscovered a comet in1847. She became aprofessor of astronomyand the first womanelected to the Ameri-can Academy of Artsand Sciences.

1896Utah joins theUnion, grantingwomen full suffrage

1919House and Senate pass the federalwoman suffrageamendment

1893Coloradoadopts womansuffrage

19101918States including Washington, Kansas, and Michigan adoptwoman suffrage

1920Tennessee ratifies the NineteenthAmendment, called the Susan B.Anthony Amendment. It becomeslaw on August 26, 1920.

Susette La Flesche was amember of the Omaha tribeand campaigned for NativeAmerican rights.

Mary Ann Shadd Cary wasthe first African Americanwoman in the nation toearn a law degree.

Elizabeth Blackwellwas the first womanto receive a medicaldegree in the United States.

Helen Keller overcame the challenges of anillness that left her deaf, blind, and mute tohelp others with similar disabilities.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define the following

terms: suffrage, coeducation.2. Reviewing Facts How did the fight

to end slavery help spark thewomens movement?

Reviewing Themes3. Groups and Institutions Discuss

three specific goals of the womensrights movement.

Critical Thinking4. Making Generalizations What qual-

ities do you think women such asSojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony,Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and ElizabethBlackwell shared?

5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and list the areaswhere women gained rights.

Analyzing Visuals6. Sequencing Information Study the

information on the feature on theSeneca Falls Convention on pages426427. When did Wyoming womengain the right to vote? What first didElizabeth Blackwell accomplish?

their traditional roles in life. They also thoughtthat women could be capable teachers. The Mil-waukee College for Women set up courses basedon Beechers ideas to train women to be health-ful, intelligent, and successful wives, mothers,and housekeepers.

EducationAfter her marriage Emma Willard educated

herself in subjects considered suitable only forboys, such as science and mathematics. In 1821Willard established the Troy Female Seminary inupstate New York. Willards Troy Female Seminary taught mathematics, history, geog-raphy, and physics, as well as the usual home-making subjects.

Mary Lyon established Mount HolyokeFemale Seminary in Massachusetts in 1837. Shemodeled its curriculum on that of nearbyAmherst College. Some young women began tomake their own opportunities. They broke thebarriers to female education and helped otherwomen do the same.

Marriage and Family LawsDuring the 1800s women made some gains

in the area of marriage and property laws. NewYork, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Mis-sissippi, and the new state of California recog-nized the right of women to own property aftertheir marriage.

Some states passed laws permitting womento share the guardianship of their childrenjointly with their husbands. Indiana was the firstof several states that allowed women to seekdivorce if their husbands were chronic abusersof alcohol.

Breaking BarriersIn the 1800s women had few career choices.

They could become elementary teachersalthough school boards often paid lower salariesto women than to men. Breaking into fields suchas medicine and the ministry was more difficult.Some strong-minded women, however, suc-ceeded in entering these all-male professions.

Hoping to study medicine, Elizabeth Black-well was turned down by more than 20 schools.Finally accepted by Geneva College in NewYork, Blackwell graduated at the head of herclass. She went on to win acceptance and fameas a doctor.

Despite the accomplishments of notablewomen, gains in education, and changes in statelaws, women in the 1800s remained limited bysocial customs and expectations. The early femi-nistslike the abolitionists, temperance workers,and other activists of the age of reformhad justbegun the long struggle to achieve their goals.

Identifying Who established theTroy Female Seminary?


Music Write and record a songdesigned to win supporters for thewomens rights movement. Includelyrics that will draw both men andwomen supporters.

Womens rights

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 429

Evaluating a Web SiteWhy Learn This Skill?

The Internet has become a valuable research tool.It is convenient to use, and the information con-tained on the Internet is plentiful. However, someWeb site information is not necessarilyaccurate or reliable. When using theInternet as a research tool, the usermust distinguish between quality infor-mation and inaccurate or incompleteinformation.

Learning the Skill There are a number of things to con-

sider when evaluating a Web site. Mostimportant is to check the accuracy of thesource and content. The author andpublisher or sponsor of the site shouldbe clearly indicated. The user must alsodetermine the usefulness of the site. Theinformation on the site should be cur-rent, and the design and organization of the siteshould be appealing and easy to navigate.

To evaluate a Web site, ask yourself the followingquestions:

Are the facts on the site documented? Is more than one source used for background

information within the site? Does the site contain a bibliography? Are the links within the site appropriate and up-

to-date? Is the author clearly identified? Does the site explore the topic in-depth? Does the site contain links to other useful

resources? Is the information easy to access? Is it properly

labeled? Is the design appealing?

Practicing the SkillVisit the Web site featured on this page at www.nationalgeographic.com/features/99/railroad/and answer the following questions.

1 Who is the author or sponsor of the Web site?

2 What links does the site contain? Are they appro-priate to the topic?

3 Does the site explore the topic in-depth? Why orwhy not?

4 Is the design of the site appealing? Why or whynot?

5 What role did William Still play on the Under-ground Railroad? How easy or difficult was it tolocate this information?

TechnologyTechnology

Applying the SkillComparing Web Sites Locate two other Websites about the Underground Railroad. Evaluatethem for accuracy and usefulness. Then comparethem to the site featured above.

430

Reviewing Key TermsOn graph paper, create a word search puzzle using thefollowing terms. Crisscross the terms vertically and hori-zontally, then fill in the remaining squares with extra let-ters. Use the terms definitions as clues to find the words inthe puzzle. Share your puzzle with a classmate.1. utopia 7. abolitionist2. revival 8. Underground Railroad3. temperance 9. suffrage4. normal school 10. womens rights movement5. transcendentalist 11. coeducation6. civil disobedience

Reviewing Key Facts12. What were the founders of utopias hoping to achieve?13. What problems in society did reformers in the temper-

ance movement blame on the manufacture and saleof alcoholic beverages?

14. What were the basic principles of public education?15. What was unique about the subject matter that Ameri-

can artists and writers of the mid-1800s used?16. How did William Lloyd Garrisons demands make him

effective in the anti-slavery movement?17. What was the purpose of the Underground Railroad?18. What role did Catherine Beecher play in education for

women?

Critical Thinking19. Analyzing Information What role did Dorothea Dix

play regarding prison inmates and people with mentalillness?

20. Making Generalizations What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?

21. Organizing Information Re-create the diagrambelow and describe the contributions Frederick Douglass made to the abolitionist movement.

The Age of ReformUtopian communities Groups start small voluntary communities to put their

idealistic ideas into practice.

Religion Great revival meetings, the building of new churches, and

the founding of scores of colleges and universities markthe Second Great Awakening.

Temperance Reformers work to control consumption of alcohol.

Education A movement grows to improve education, make

school attendance compulsory, and help stu-dents with special needs.

Abolition Reformers work to help enslaved

people escape to freedom and toban slavery.

Womens rights Reformers call for equal

rights, including the right to vote.

The Arts Writers and

painters turn theirattention to theAmerican scene.

Frederick Douglass

Standardized Test Practice

Self-Check QuizVisit taj.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 14Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

HISTORY


Practicing SkillsEvaluating a Web Site Review the information about evaluating a Web site on page 429. Visit the Web sitewww.greatwomen.org/index.php and answer the followingquestions.22. What information is presented on this Web site? 23. What categories are used to organize the information?24. What links does the site contain? Are they appropriate to

the topic? 25. Do you think the site explores the topic in depth? Explain.

Geography and History ActivityUse the map on page 423 to answer the following questions.26. Region What other country did passengers on the

Underground Railroad travel to?27. Location From what Southern ports did African Ameri-

cans flee by ship?28. Location What kinds of places were used as stations of

the Underground Railroad?29. Human-Environment Interaction Why do you think the

routes of the Underground Railroad included manycoastal cities?

Technology Activity30. Using the Internet Search the Internet for a modern

organization founded to support womens rights. Write abrief description of the organization, including its name,location, and a description of its purpose or activities.

Citizenship Cooperative Activity31. The Importance of Voting Work with a partner to com-

plete this activity. You know that the right to vote belongsto every United States citizen. In your opinion, what docitizens forfeit if they do not exercise their right to vote?Write a one-page paper that answers this question andshare your paper with the other students.

Economics Activity32. Goods are the items people buy. Services are activities

done for others for a fee. List five goods and five servicesyou have purchased in the past month. Describe thequality or reliability of each.

Alternative Assessment33. Portfolio Writing Activity Write a poem designed

to win supporters for one of the reform movements discussed in Chapter 14.

Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.

According to the graph above, the greatest increasein the percentage of school enrollment occurredbetween

F 1850 and 1880. H 1900 and 1950.G 1850 and 1900. J 1950 and 2000.

Test-Taking TipUse the information on the graph to help you answer

this question. Look carefully at the information on the bottom and the side of a bar graph to understand

what the bars represent. Process of elimination is helpful here. For example, answer F cannot be correctbecause this time period is not shown on the graph.

*In percent of persons of elementary and high school age

Perc

ent E

nrol

lmen

t*

1850 1900 1950 2000

100

75

50

25

0

Year

School Enrollment, 18502000

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States; Statistical Abstract.

Standardized Test Practice

Self-Check QuizVisit taj.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 14Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

HISTORY


Practicing SkillsEvaluating a Web Site Review the information about evaluating a Web site on page 429. Visit the Web sitewww.greatwomen.org/index.php and answer the followingquestions.22. What information is presented on this Web site? 23. What categories are used to organize the information?24. What links does the site contain? Are they appropriate to

the topic? 25. Do you think the site explores the topic in depth? Explain.

Geography and History ActivityUse the map on page 423 to answer the following questions.26. Region What other country did passengers on the

Underground Railroad travel to?27. Location From what Southern ports did African Ameri-

cans flee by ship?28. Location What kinds of places were used as stations of

the Underground Railroad?29. Human-Environment Interaction Why do you think the

routes of the Underground Railroad included manycoastal cities?

Technology Activity30. Using the Internet Search the Internet for a modern

organization founded to support womens rights. Write abrief description of the organization, including its name,location, and a description of its purpose or activities.

Citizenship Cooperative Activity31. The Importance of Voting Work with a partner to com-

plete this activity. You know that the right to vote belongsto every United States citizen. In your opinion, what docitizens forfeit if they do not exercise their right to vote?Write a one-page paper that answers this question andshare your paper with the other students.

Economics Activity32. Goods are the items people buy. Services are activities

done for others for a fee. List five goods and five servicesyou have purchased in the past month. Describe thequality or reliability of each.

Alternative Assessment33. Portfolio Writing Activity Write a poem designed

to win supporters for one of the reform movements discussed in Chapter 14.

Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.

According to the graph above, the greatest increasein the percentage of school enrollment occurredbetween

F 1850 and 1880. H 1900 and 1950.G 1850 and 1900. J 1950 and 2000.

Test-Taking TipUse the information on the graph to help you answer

this question. Look carefully at the information on the bottom and the side of a bar graph to understand

what the bars represent. Process of elimination is helpful here. For example, answer F cannot be correctbecause this time period is not shown on the graph.

*In percent of persons of elementary and high school age

Perc

ent E

nrol

lmen

t*

1850 1900 1950 2000

100

75

50

25

0

Year

School Enrollment, 18502000

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States; Statistical Abstract.


The American JourneyIllinois EditionIllinois Learning Standards for Social ScienceHow Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards?How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science?The Illinois Constitution: A SummaryTable of ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntHow Do I Study History?The Structure of Illinois GovernmentConstitution Test PracticeReading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for Research

National Geographic Reference AtlasUnited States PoliticalUnited States PhysicalUnited States Territorial GrowthNorth America PhysicalNorth America PoliticalMiddle East Physical/PoliticalWorld PoliticalUnited States Facts

Geography HandbookWhat Is Geography?How Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps?How Does Geography Influence History?Geographic Dictionary

Be an Active ReaderUnit 1: Different Worlds Meet: Beginnings to 1625Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American PeoplesChapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North AmericaChapter 2 Assessment and Activities

Unit 2: Colonial Settlement: 15871770Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern ColoniesChapter 3 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian WarChapter 4 Assessment and Activities

Unit 3: Creating a Nation: 17631791Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward IndependenceThe Declaration of IndependenceChapter 5 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is WonChapter 6 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of GovernmentChapter 7 Assessment and Activities

Civics in Action: A Citizenship HandbookSection 1: The ConstitutionSection 2: The Federal GovernmentSection 3: Citizen's Rights and ResponsibilitiesHandbook Assessment

The Constitution of the United States

Unit 4: The New Republic: 17891825Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political PartiesChapter 8 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and SectionalismChapter 10 Assessment and Activities

Unit 5: The Growing Nation: 18201860Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the BankChapter 11 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and UtahChapter 12 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's PeopleChapter 13 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's MovementChapter 14 Assessment and Activities

Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction: 18461896Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and WarChapter 15 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to VictoryChapter 16 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the SouthChapter 17 Assessment and Activities

Unit 7: Reshaping the Nation: 18581914Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in ProtestChapter 18 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial WorkersChapter 19 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing CultureChapter 20 Assessment and Activities

Unit 8: Reform, Expansion, and War: 18651920Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from ReformChapter 21 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American PoliciesChapter 22 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for PeaceChapter 23 Assessment and Activities

Unit 9: Turbulent Decades: 19191945Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 19191929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring TwentiesChapter 24 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New DealChapter 25 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the PacificChapter 26 Assessment and Activities

Unit 10: Turning Points: 19451975Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 19451954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red ScareChapter 27 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of PlentyChapter 28 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek RightsChapter 29 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and VietnamChapter 30 Assessment and Activities

Unit 11: Modern America: 1968PresentChapter 31: Search for Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter PresidencyChapter 31 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on TerrorismChapter 32 Assessment and Activities

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Primary Sources LibraryPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGazetteerGlossarySpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature ContentsPrimary Sources LibraryDocuments of America's HeritageMore AboutWhat Life Was LikeNational Geographic: Geography & HistoryAmerica's LiteratureTwo ViewpointsTechnology and HistoryLinking Past & PresentWhat IfHands-On History Lab ActivityTIME NotebookWhy It MattersCauses and EffectsSkillBuilderCritical ThinkingSocial StudiesStudy & WritingTechnology

People In HistoryFact Fiction FolklorePrimary Source QuotesCharts & GraphsMaps

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American Peoples

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North America

Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War

Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is Won

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of Government

Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political Parties

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and Sectionalism

Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the Bank

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's People

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's Movement

Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and War

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to Victory

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South

Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest

Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers

Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing Culture

Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform

Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies

Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace

Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 19191929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties

Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal

Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific

Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 19451954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red Scare

Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of Plenty

Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights

Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam

Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter Presidency

Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism

Activity Workbook - Student EditionLocal history activitiesActivity 1: The First AmericansActivity 2: Exploring the AmericasActivity 3: Colonial AmericaActivity 4: The Colonies GrowActivity 5: Road to IndependenceActivity 6: The American RevolutionActivity 7: A More Perfect UnionActivity 8: A New NationActivity 9: The Jefferson EraActivity 10: Growth and ExpansionActivity 11: The Jackson EraActivity 12: Manifest DestinyActivity 13: North and SouthActivity 14: The Age of ReformActivity 15: Road to Civil WarActivity 16: The Civil WarActivity 17: Reconstruction and Its AftermathActivity 18: The Western FrontierActivity 19: The Growth of IndustryActivity 20: Toward an Urban AmericaActivity 21: Progressive ReformsActivity 22: Overseas ExpansionActivity 23: World War IActivity 24: The Jazz AgeActivity 25: The Depression and FDRActivity 26: World War IIActivity 27: The Cold War EraActivity 28: America in the 1950sActivity 29: The Civil Rights EraActivity 30: The Vietnam EraActivity 31: Search for StabilityActivity 32: New Challenges

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American Peoples

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North America

Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies

Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War

Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence

Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is Won

Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of Government

Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political Parties

Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812

Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and Sectionalism

Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the Bank

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah

Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's People

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's Movement

Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and War

Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to Victory

Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South

Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest

Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers

Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing Culture

Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform

Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies

Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace

Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 19191929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties

Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal

Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific

Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 19451954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red Scare

Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of Plenty

Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights

Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam

Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter Presidency

Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism

Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCaptulo 1: Los primeros habitantes de las Amricas, Prehistoria a 1492Gua de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblosGua de estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperiosGua de estudio 1-3: Pueblos norteamericanos

Captulo 2: La exploracin de las Amricas, 14001625Gua de estudio 2-1: Un mundo cambianteGua de estudio 2-2: Primeras exploracionesGua de estudio 2-3: Espaa en AmricaGua de estudio 2-4: Exploracin de Norteamrica

Captulo 3: La Amrica colonial, 15871770Gua de estudio 3-1: Primeros asentamientos inglesesGua de estudio 3-2: Colonias de Nueva InglaterraGua de estudio 3-3: Colonias del CentroGua de estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur

Captulo 4: El desarollo de las colonias, 16071770Gua de estudio 4-1: La vida en las coloniasGua de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religin y culturaGua de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e InglaterraGua de estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india

Captulo 5: El camino de la Independencia, 17631776Gua de estudio 5-1: Impuestos sin representacinGua de estudio 5-2: Formacin de la unidad colonialGua de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armasGua de estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia

Captulo 6: La Guerra de Independencia, 17761783Gua de estudio 6-1: Los primeros aosGua de estudio 6-2: La guerra continaGua de estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el SurGua de estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana

Captulo 7: Una unin ms perfecta, 17771790Gua de estudio 7-1: Los artculos de la ConfederacinGua de estudio 7-2: Convencin y compromisoGua de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno

Captulo 8: Una nueva Nacin, 18791800Gua de estudio 8-1: El primer presidenteGua de estudio 8-2: Primeros retosGua de estudio 8-3: Los primeros partidos polticos

Captulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 18001816Gua de estudio 9-1: Los republicanos toman el poderGua de estudio 9-2: La compra de LouisianaGua de estudio 9-3: Una poca de conflictoGua de estudio 9-4: La guerra de 1812

Captulo 10: Crecimiento y expansin, 17901825Gua de estudio 10-1: Crecimiento econmicoGua de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al OesteGua de estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo

Captulo 11: La era Jackson, 18241845Gua de estudio 11-1: Democracia jacksonianaGua de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la tierraGua de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco

Captulo 12: Destino manifiesto, 18181853Gua de estudio 12-1: El pas de OregnGua de estudio 12-2: Independencia para TexasGua de estudio 12-3: Guerra con MxicoGua de estudio 12-4: Nuevos colonos en California y Utah

Captulo 13: El Norte y el Sur, 18201860Gua de estudio 13-1: La economa del NorteGua de estudio 13-2: La gente del NorteGua de estudio 13-3: El reino sureo del algodnGua de estudio 13-4: La gente del Sur

Captulo 14: La era de la reforma, 18201860Gua de estudio 14-1: Reforma socialGua de estudio 14-2: Los abolicionistasGua de estudio 14-3: El movimiento femenino

Captulo 15: Caminono a la Guerra Civil, 18201861Gua de estudio 15-1: La esclavitud y el OesteGua de estudio 15-2: Una nacin divididaGua de estudio 15-3: Re

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