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From the Greek word kyklos which means “circle”

Revived in the 1920s

Membership:

- 1916- 100,000 - 1924- 2 million

- 1928- 4 million - today- approx. 6,000

Attacked Black’s, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants

Return of the Ku Klux Klan

Civil Rights Issues

1901-19241905 – Angel Island, in San Francisco Bay, opens as immigrant entry checkpoint for West Coast

1910 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded by W.E.B Du Bois and others.

1910 – The Mexican Revolution brings an influx of immigrants to the United States looking for work.

1915 – The Birth of a Nation is released. This movie glorifies the South and promotes racism.

1920 – 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote.

1924 –Congress passes the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, granting American citizenship to Native Americans.

1924 – The Immigration Act bars any "aliens ineligible to citizenship" from entering the United States.

1924 – The Society for Human Rights in Chicago becomes the country's earliest known gay rights organization.

W.E.B. DuboisHow do Black Americans overcome segregation?

• Fought for immediate Black equality in society

• Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions”

• Gain equality by breaking into power structure

• Founder of NAACP

*National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Birth of a Nation

South’s Backlash1

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Civil Rights Issues

1930-1941

1930 – Mass deportation occurs of Mexican workers during the 1930's. Over 400,000 are deported to Mexico; the deportees are accused of usurping "Americans" from jobs during the Depression.

1941 – World War II begins for the U.S. Thousands of minorities and women enlist in the military but are segregated from white soldiers.

1941 – President Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination against minorities in defense contracts.

Lazytown Cartoon

Civil Rights Issues

1942-1945

1942 – U.S. government places in barbed wire encircled "relocation camps" some 110,000 Japanese Americans. Guards are ordered to shoot anyone seeking to leave. Internment lasts until 1946.

1942 – The Bracero Program, created under a joint U.S.-Mexico agreement, permits Mexican nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a temporary basis and at wages lower than domestic workers.

1943 – Los Angeles erupts in the Zoot Suit Riots, the worst race riots in the city to date. For 10 nights, American sailors cruise Mexican American neighborhoods in search of "zoot-suiters" – hip, young Mexican teens dressed in baggy pants and long-tailed coats. The military men drag kids out of movie theaters and cafes, tearing their clothes off and viciously beating them.

1945 – World War II ends.Zoot Suit Riots

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Questions

•What was the Ku Klux Klan?

•Who was W.E.B. Dubois?

•What was the Bracero Program?

•What were the Zoot Suit Riots?

EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: Post-WWII

Jackie Robinson1944 – While in Army, arrested for not moving to the rear of a segregated military bus. Was later acquitted and honorably discharged.1947 – 1st Black professional baseball player, signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers.

President TrumanJuly 1948 – Executive Order 9981 – Desegregating the military.

Jackie Robinson

Clip from 42

Segregation

De Jure segregation

Comes about because of legislation or court decisions (acts of government)

De Facto segregation

Comes about from different social or economic circumstances

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Public School Segregation

In 1951, Oliver Brown wanted his 8-year-old daughter to attend a Topeka, Kansas school, which only white children were permitted to attend.

Brown sued the Topeka Board of Education, and his case reached the Supreme Court. Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP argued Brown’s case.

On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court issued its ruling in the Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka, Kansas case. In this ruling, the court supported Brown’s case for desegregation, stating that, “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

This case overruled the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case and

“Separate but Equal.”

A year later, the Court ruled that

local school boards should move to desegregate “with all deliberate speed.”

Many Americans, both white and Black, rejoiced at the Brown ruling. Others accepted the decision

although they did not agree with it, hoping that desegregation could take place peacefully.

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood, Marshall, and James Nabrit, following Brown decision, 1954 (Library of Congress)

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Many southern whites, especially in the Deep South, vehemently

opposed the ruling. Congressional representatives of states in the Deep South joined

together to protest the decision, claiming that it violated states’ rights.

In many areas it would take decades for schools to become

desegregated.

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

North Carolina school refusing to admit African Americans, 1956

Brown v. Board of Ed

August, 1955, a fourteen year old boy from Chicago, was visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi. He whistled at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant in a grocery store. Emmett Till was murdered, lynched, by two white men, J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant, that evening.

Despite their arrests, the two men were eventually acquitted by an all white jury.

New developments in 2004 allowed for the trial to be reopened, based on new evidence that suggested more people may have been involved.

The Murder of Emmett Till – 1955

Rosa ParksIn the South, Jim Crow laws

segregated Blacks and whites in

almost every aspect of life.

This included a seating policy on

buses. White’s sat in the front,

Blacks sat in the back.

Buses also drove White students to

school. Black students were forced

to walk everyday.

Blacks made up 75% of the

passengers in the Bus system but

still had to deal with unfair rules.

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Events Leading Up To Rosa’s Protest

Parks was an active member of The Civil Rights Movement and joined the Montgomery

chapter of NAACP in 1943.

On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a White man on a bus.

Parks was arrested and charged with the violation of a segregation law in the Montgomery City Code.

50 Black leaders in the community met to discuss what to do about Rosa’s arrest.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

On December 5, 1955, through the rain, the Blacks in Montgomery began to boycott the busses, led by MLK and others.

50,000 Black commuters walked or car pooled to work, some as far as twenty miles.

The boycott lasted 382 days.

Despite losing money, the bus

company refused to change its policies. Finally, in 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

Rosa Parks Bus

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Questions

•Why is Jackie Robinson important?

•What was Brown v. Board of Education?

•Who was Emmitt Till?

•What did Rosa Parks do?

The Philosophy of Nonviolence

Rising civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr.,

encouraged a philosophy of nonviolence among civil

rights activists.

In 1957, King and other Black clergymen founded the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

SCLC would become a significant civil rights organization

in the years ahead.

SCLC advocated nonviolent protest, a peaceful way of

protesting against restrictive racial policies. Nonviolent

protesters were encouraged not to fight back even when attacked.

The formation of SCLC shifted the focus of the civil rights

movement to the South and brought Black church leaders

such as King to its forefront.

Dr. King Leads the Way

King’s Influences

Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by the beliefs and work of Mohandas Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau, both of whom advocated nonviolence.

Gandhi had helped India gain its independence in 1947.

Thoreau had advocated civil disobedience in the mid-1800s.

King’s Actions

After the Montgomery bus

boycott, King began training volunteers for what they

might expect in the months

ahead.

Those who rode the newly integrated buses were

encouraged to follow the

principles of nonviolence.

King became a prominent figure in almost every major

civil rights event, winning the

Nobel peace prize in 1964 for his work.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Rosa Parks Fingerprinted, Dec. 1955 (AP)

Dr. King arrested for boycotting the busses, Montgomery, 1956. (AP)

Martin Luther King’s Police Booking “Mug Shot”

Civil Disobedience

Resistance in Little Rock, ArkansasOpposition to Integration

In the fall of 1957, Arkansas

Governor Orval Faubus felt that enforcing integration, or

the bringing together of

different races, would create chaos.

Faubus therefore posted

Arkansas National Guard

troops at Central High School in Little Rock, instructing them

to turn away the nine Black

students who were supposed to attend that school.

Mobs of angry protesters

joined the National Guard in

intimidating the Black students.

Government Response

Faubus’s actions defied the Browndecision. President Eisenhower viewed these actions as a challenge to the Constitution and to his authority as President.

Eisenhower placed the National Guard under federal command and sent soldiers to Arkansas to protect the nine students.

They became known and the “Little Rock Nine.”

Little Rock Nine

little rock

Resistance in Little Rock, Arkansas