8/17/2019 pkAst

1/15

Assignment # 1 Report

NAME: Zariq Ahmed Khan

SUBJECT: Pakistan Studies

SECTION: C

REISTRATION ! 

"#$%"

8/17/2019 pkAst

2/15

Problems of Kashmir

  In 1947, when the British granted India itsindependence, Mohammed Ali Jinnah wanted a separate

country for Muslim majority ares of India !o the erstwhileBritish "mpire of India was split into #est $a%sitan, Indiaand "ast $a%istan &here were around '(e hundred princelystates in India that were gi(en the choice of joining the$a%istani union or the Indian union )ashmir was ruled *y a+indu )ing of the dogra dynasty, and was gi(en a choice tojoin either state

$ro*lems started in 1947 when British were lea(ingIndia after the partition and the Muslims had demanded aseparate homeland for themsel(es, to *e called as $a%istan#hen $a%istan *ecame independent, they attac%ed theprincely state of Jammu and )ashmir in the guise of tri*al$athans on -th .cto*er 1947 !ince the Maharaja *y thattime had not decided to join the Indian /epu*lic, the IndianArmy did not inter(ene In one of its greatest mista%e in the

history, the Indian 0o(ernment under socalled $unditJawaharlal 2ehru did not thin% of protecting the )ashmir*orders, till &he Maharaja of Jammu and )ashmir as%ed Indiafor help and 'nally joined India on 3th .cto*er 1947

+owe(er, *y that time $a%istan had alreadyoccupied almost half of the )ashmir &he 2 !ecurity5ouncil resolution of April 1946 had suggested a ple*iscite

for the people of )ashmir, *ut only after it would *e (acated*y $a%istan India would *e allowed to maintain some forcesto maintain the law and order $a%istan ne(er (acated thearea and as a result, the referendum ne(er went through8uring the last 3 years, a lot of demographic changes too%

8/17/2019 pkAst

3/15

place &he most nota*le one is the e:pulsions of the nonMuslim communities *oth from the $a%istan occupied)ashmir ;$o)< and also from the !rinagar (alley of theIndian held )ashmir 2onMuslims were dri(en out from the$a%istan occupied areas of Baltistan, !%ardhu, +un=a and

0ilgit, the four semiindependent %ingdoms associated withthe state of the Jammu and )ashmir there are largescalein'ltrations of Muslims into traditional Buddhist area >ada%hand the +indu areas of Jammu

In the current demographic characteristics, thereare nine million people in the Indian )ashmir, a*out si:millions are Muslims, the rest three millions are +indus,

Buddhists and !i%hs #hile )ashmir (alley is now almost allMuslim, in >ada%h Buddhists are still in majority Muslims arestill a minority in Jammu  &he dispute is mainly on the Indian part of )ashmiras $a%istan wants it on the ground that Muslims are themajority of the population in that part, which is accordancewith the ?&wonation@ theory, put forward *y the foundingfathers of $a%istan But Indias position is illogical Itdeclared itself as the secular country, yet it had accepted thepartition of India and recogni=ed Islamic /epu*lic of $a%istanand yet again Bangladesh in 1971 &hat logically means,India also *elie(es in the &wo2ation theory, which ise:actly re(erse to the ideal of secularism of India

>in%sC

httpCDDwi%ianswerscomDED#hatFwasFtheF%ashmirFpro*lem

httpCDDwi%ianswerscomDED#hatFwasFtheF%ashmirFpro*lem

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problem

8/17/2019 pkAst

4/15

The Role of Agriculture Sector inPakistan and its Problem

  &he magnanimity of the agricultural pro*lems in

$a%istan has undou*tedly crippled the economy In 1947,agricultures contri*ution of 08$ was GH that has shrun%endown to 1H last year $a%istan has great agriculturalpotential *ecause of its allu(ial soils +owe(er, it is producingalmost -H *elow its potential 2eigh*oring India andBangladesh ha(e shown signi'cant impro(ement in theiragriculture sector unli%e $a%istan #here 5hina is growing

padi crops in 0o*i desert, $a%istan is still relying on perenniacanal system of irrigation >et us ma%e an attempt to studythe agricultural pro'le of $a%istan followed *y a *riefdiscussion on pro*lems in this sector$a%istan lies in a semi arid su*tropical region It is in thenorth east of the world that is just a*o(e tropic of cancer ieGo2 Its dimensions are 4- G- 2 G7- 2 and 31- " 7- " appro:imately $a%istan has 1-43%m coastline in thesouth that impacts its climate and agriculture

Almost 9-H to 97H of showers in $a%istan arerecei(ed during summer monsoon season ery few showersare recei(ed during winters 8roughts and Koods formulate apermanent feature of the area $a%istan recei(es seasonalshowers due to which most of the agricultural land must *eirrigated and agricultural output is largely aLected *y the

climatic (ariations and glo*al warming &otal land area of $a%istan is 939H and G1H is

constituted of water *odies &otal cropped area of $a%istan isG-4 million hectors 9-H of the land is irrigated and onlyremaining 1-H is rain fed In $a%istan, Intensi(e !u*sistence

8/17/2019 pkAst

5/15

arming is largely practiced se of fertili=ers and pesticidesand techniNues of crop rotation are practiced widely in orderto ha(e larger yield Among major crops of the country thereis wet padi and wheat 5ash crops include cotton, sugarcanemai=e, jute, to*acco, citrus fruits, mangoes etc Almost 44H

of the la*or is in(ol(ed in it and almost 34H of thepopulation is still rural in nature 8ue to -1- Koods,agriculture sector showed o(erall growth of 1H where asmajor crops showed negati(e growth of 4H during year -1- -11

>in%sC

httpCDDwwwcssforumcomp%Dcssoptionalsu*jectsDgroup*DagricultureD3G34pro*lemsagriculturepa%istanhtml

The Separation of Bangladesh1971

 

 &he separation of "ast $a%istan was a greatset*ac% to $a%istan By 197-, sentiments for national unityhad wea%ened in "ast $a%istan to the e:tent that constantconKict *etween the two #ings dramatically erupted intomass ci(il disorder &his tragically resulted in the *rutal and(iolent amputation of $a%istans "astern #ing

  &he physical separation of a thousand miles*etween the two wings without a common *order, and*eing surrounded *y Indian territory and inKuences, led toconstant political, economic and social conKicts *etween the

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-b/agriculture/63654-problems-agriculture-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-b/agriculture/63654-problems-agriculture-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-b/agriculture/63654-problems-agriculture-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-b/agriculture/63654-problems-agriculture-pakistan.html

8/17/2019 pkAst

6/15

two wings em*ittering relations *ringing the country on the(erge of collapse

  As a result of the separation of its "astern #ing,$a%istans international credit was depleted and the

military, *eing its most powerful institution, suLered a lot&o some, the (ery concept of $a%istan as the homeland forthe Muslims in !outheast Asia no longer appeared (alid

  &rou*le started right at the inception of $a%istan in1947 Almost immediately, "ast $a%istan claimed that astheir population ; percent as compared to 4 percent inthe #est< was greater, they were in a majority

8emocratically, the ederal 5apital, therefore, should ha(e*een in 8ha%a and not in )arachi

  !ince )arachi was the seat of the 2ational0o(ernment ministers, go(ernment oOcials andindustrialists e:erted immense inKuence on national andregional aLairs, which *rought them many *ene'ts But the"ast $a%istanis were una*le to e:tract the same %ind ofad(antages, as they were a thousand miles away from the5apital Moreo(er, the 5apital initially attracted wealthyindustrialists, *usinessmen, administrators, doctors andother professionals who had Ked from India

  &he location of the 5apital, it was said, createdgreat economic im*alance, une(en distri*ution of national

wealth and pri(ileges, and *etter jo*s for the people of #est$a%istan, *ecause they were a*le to sway decisions in theirown fa(or

  !econdly, Bengalis resented the (ast sums offoreign e:change earned from the sale of jute from "ast,

8/17/2019 pkAst

7/15

which were *eing spent on defense &hey Nuestioned howthe e:penditure for the )ashmir cause would *e justi'ed,when it could otherwise ha(e *een producti(ely used to*uild dams and *arriers to control Koods, eradicate po(ertyand illiteracy, and supply food and shelter for the e(er

growing population in "ast $a%istan

&hirdly, the people of the "ast *elie(ed that it was sheerregional prejudice that all whitecollar jo*s were ta%en *y#est $a%istanis

  Many mista%es were made early in the shorthistory of $a%istan &here li(ed in "ast $a%istan a*out 1

million +indus who, with the help of their fellow #estBengali Indians from across the *order, were a*le to e:ploit"ast#est diLerences that emerged as a result of thesemista%es 0rie(ances were e:aggerated to foster anti#est$a%istani feelings that e(entually created Bengali2ationalism and separatist tendencies Bengali politicalleaders went around depicting the 5entral 0o(ernment and

#est $a%istan as hostile e:ploiters +owe(er, no eLecti(eeLorts were made *y the 0o(ernment to chec% these antinational trends

  After years, the "ast $a%istanis declaredthemsel(es independent and renamed their $ro(ince asBangladesh $a%istan 'nally recogni=ed Bangladesh at theIslamic 5onference in >ahore on e*ruary , 1974

>in%sC

httpCDDstoryofpa%istancomDtheseparationofeastpa%istan/

8/17/2019 pkAst

8/15

The India Pakistan ar of 19!"

   &he 193 war *etween India and $a%istan was the

second conKict *etween the two countries o(er the status ofthe state of Jammu and )ashmir &he clash did not resol(ethis dispute, *ut it did engage the nited !tates and the!o(iet nion in ways that would ha(e important implicationsfor su*seNuent superpower in(ol(ement in the region &hedispute o(er this region originated in the process ofdecoloni=ation in !outh Asia #hen the British colony of

India gained its independence in 1947, it was partitionedinto two separate entitiesC the secular nation of India andthe predominantly Muslim nation of $a%istan $a%istan wascomposed of two noncontiguous regions, "ast $a%istan and#est $a%istan, separated *y Indian &erritory &he state ofJammu and )ashmir, which had a predominantly Muslimpopulation *ut a +indu leader, shared *orders with *oth

India and #est $a%istan &he argument o(er which nationwould incorporate the state led to the 'rst India$a%istan#ar in 194746 and ended with 2 mediation Jammu and)ashmir, also %nown as PIndian )ashmirP or just P)ashmir,Pjoined the /epu*lic of India, *ut the $a%istani 0o(ernmentcontinued to *elie(e that the majority Muslim staterightfully *elonged to $a%istan 5onKict resumed again inearly 193, when $a%istani and Indian forces clashed o(erdisputed territory along the *order *etween the two nations+ostilities intensi'ed that August when the $a%istani armyattempted to ta%e )ashmir *y force &he attempt to sei=ethe state was unsuccessful, and the second India$a%istan

8/17/2019 pkAst

9/15

#ar reached a stalemate &his time, the internationalpolitics of the 5old #ar aLected the nature of the conKict

  .n !eptem*er - calling for an end to the 'ghtingand negotiations on the settlement of the )ashmir pro*lem,

and the nited !tates and the nited )ingdom supportedthe 2 decision *y cutting oL arms supplies to *oth*elligerents &his *an aLected *oth *elligerents, *ut$a%istan felt the eLects more %eenly since it had a muchwea%er military in caparison to India &he 2 resolution andthe halting of arms sales had an immediate impact Indiaaccepted the cease're on !eptem*er 1 and $a%istan on!eptem*er

  &he cease're alone did not resol(e the status of)ashmir, and *oth sides accepted the !o(iet nion as athirdparty mediator 2e(ertheless, although the &ash%entagreement achie(ed its shortterm aims, conKict in !outhAsia would reignite a few years later

>in%sC

 httpCDDhistorystatego(DmilestonesD1931

1936DIndia$a%istan#ar

Khilafat #o$ement %1919&19'()

   &he >uc% now pact showed that it was possi*lefor middleclass, "nglisheducated Muslims and +indus toarri(e at an amica*le settlement of +induMuslim

http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961

8/17/2019 pkAst

10/15

constitutional and political pro*lems &he +induMuslimunity reached its clima: during the )hilafat and the 2oncooperation Mo(ements

 &he Muslims of !outh Asia, under the leadership

of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana!hau%at Ali launched the historic )hilafat Mo(ement after theirst #orld #ar to protect the .ttoman "mpire fromdismem*erment Mohandas )aram 5hand 0andhi lin%ed theissue of !waraj with the )hilafat issue to associate the+indus with the Mo(ement &he ensuing mo(ement was the'rst countrywide popular mo(ement

&he Muslims of India, for many reasons had astrong feeling of identity with the world community of Islam&hey had seen the decline in the political fortunes of Islam athe "uropeans powers conNuered the Muslim land one afterthe other &he Anglo/ussian con(ention of 19-6 hadreduced their ne:t door neigh*or Iran to a mere dependencyAfghanistan also suLered as it was a *one of contention*etween /ussia and 0reat Britain, and was now under the

latters sphere of inKuence

   &he general impression among the Muslims ofIndia was that the #estern powers were waging a waragainst Islam throughout the world to ro* it of all its powerand inKuence &he .ttoman "mpire was the only Muslimpower which had maintained a sem*lance of authority andthe Muslims of India wanted to sa(e the Islamic politicalpower from e:tinction

  Although the )hilafat Mo(ement failed toachie(e its declared o*jecti(es, it carried politicalawa%ening to large masses of Muslims It was during the

8/17/2019 pkAst

11/15

)hilafat days that representati(es of Indian Muslims cameinto contact with eminent personages from other Muslimscountries to sa(e the sem*lance of unity in the world ofIslam

  &he )hilafat Mo(ement was an asset for thestruggle of $a%istan It made clear to the Indian Muslims totrust neither the British nor the +indus, *ut to loo% to theirown strengths for selfpreser(ation

>in%sC

httpCDDwwwallamaiN*alcomDwe*contDG9GD)hilafatMo(ement

Q1919194RhtmlhttpCDDstoryofpa%istancomD%hilafatmo(ementD

ater *ispute bet+een India andPakistan %19(7&19!,)

   &he most e:plosi(e of Indo$a%istan disputes wasthe Nuestion of sharing the waters of the Indus *asin

.n April 1, 1946, India cut oL the supply of waterfrom the two headwor%s under her control ortunately,"ugene Blac%, $resident of the International Ban% for/econstruction and 8e(elopment oLered the oOces of theBan% for the solution of the water pro*lem in 19 Asolution accepta*le to *oth go(ernments was agreed upon

in 193- at the Indus Basin 8e(elopment und Agreement at)arachi &his treaty is commonly %nown as the PIndus #ater&reatyP

 &he treaty allowed for a transitional period of 1-to 1G years, after which the three eastern ri(ers would fall

http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/KhilafatMovement%5B1919-1924%5D.htmlhttp://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/KhilafatMovement%5B1919-1924%5D.htmlhttp://storyofpakistan.com/khilafat-movement/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/KhilafatMovement%5B1919-1924%5D.htmlhttp://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/KhilafatMovement%5B1919-1924%5D.htmlhttp://storyofpakistan.com/khilafat-movement/

8/17/2019 pkAst

12/15

e:clusi(ely to IndiaSs share and the three western ri(ers to$a%istan 8uring the transitional period, $a%istan wouldconstruct a system of replacement wor%s consisting of twodams, '(e *arrages and se(en lin% canals 'nanced *y theIndus 8e(elopment und

 &he treaty was signed in )arachi on !eptem*er19, 193- *y Indian $rime Minister Jawaharlal2ehru and $resident of $a%istan Mohammad Ayu* )han &hetreaty was a result of $a%istani fear that since the !ource/i(ers of the Indus *asin were in India, it could potentiallycreate droughts and famines in $a%istan, especially at timesof war +owe(er, India did not re(o%e the treaty during anyof three later Indo$a%istani #ars

>in%sC

httpCDDwwwcssforumcomp%Dcsscompulsorysu*jectsDpa%istanaLairsD1-1pa%istanshistory1947tillpresenthtml

The Role of Industriali-ationSector in Pakistan and its

Problems

  #hen we see the economy of $a%istan that ismainly due to )arachi and then $unja* )arachi pro(idesmore than - H &a:es due to ImportD":port of goods pluslarge scale industry where as $unja* composes a*out 3- H

8/17/2019 pkAst

13/15

of $a%istanSs 08$ ;and its strengths are te:tile, agriculture,small scale industries and ser(ice sectorahore, 0ujranwala,

aisala*ad, !ial%ot, #a=ira*ad, 0ujrat etc And in !indh itsmainly )arachi and then agriculture in rural !indh, as far as)$ and Balochistan ;+u*T< are concerned I dont thin% thereis much to discuss there

  At the moment the economy of $a%istan isfeeling the crunch mostly due to the energy issues and law

and order situation in )arachi which should *e resol(ed *ythe go(ernment on priority In addition to this especially inthe case of !indh, there are not that many industries in therest of the pro(ince due to which thereSs an inKu: of a largepopulation towards )arachi hence creating socialDethnicpro*lems o(er there as well

ollowing are the pro*lems of industriali=ation in $a%istan

1"nergy crisis alternate sources etc

8eclining foreign direct in(estmentimpro(ing law n order, cur*ing corruption

G >ow yield or production ;raw material< landreforms, water management, agriculturalde(elopment

4 $olitici=ation and nepotism appointment onmerits ;plus on the *asis of competence le(el

8/17/2019 pkAst

14/15

2atural disaster ;decreases yield, destroysinfrastructurein%sC

httpCDDwwwpa%lin%scomDgsDpa%istanaLairsD67G1industriali=ationofpa%istanhtml

http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/558731-industrialization-of-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/558731-industrialization-of-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/558731-industrialization-of-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/558731-industrialization-of-pakistan.html

8/17/2019 pkAst

15/15

httpCDDwwwcsse:amcomDshowthreadphpD44Industrialpro*lemsof$a%istan

http://www.cssexam.com/showthread.php/4425-Industrial-problems-of-Pakistanhttp://www.cssexam.com/showthread.php/4425-Industrial-problems-of-Pakistanhttp://www.cssexam.com/showthread.php/4425-Industrial-problems-of-Pakistanhttp://www.cssexam.com/showthread.php/4425-Industrial-problems-of-Pakistan