Movements Against Movements Against ImperialismImperialism

Social Studies 9Social Studies 9

Ms. RebeccaMs. Rebecca

Last UnitLast Unit

• You learned about how some lands became colonies of other European countries.

• Do you think these colonies wanted independence from their colonial rulers?

YES!YES!

• Example: British Colonies:

• After World War One (WWI), many of Great Britain’s colonies began to fight against imperialism. They were tired of being ruled by outsiders.

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It was hard for the British to stop It was hard for the British to stop independenceindependence movements movements

• Because they had so many colonies that it was hard to keep track of the nationalist movements within the entire empire.

This is just like what happened This is just like what happened when the when the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire fell fell

apart!apart!

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Great Britain in the Middle EastGreat Britain in the Middle East

• Great Britain once controlled any lands in North Africa and Southwest Asia.

• Ex: Egypt• British Museum

Exhibit

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EgyptEgypt

• Egypt had been a protectorate of Great Britain, but they wanted to be totally independent of British rule so they started to revolt against the British in Egypt.

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Egypt gets Egypt gets independenceindependence

• In 1922.• BUT British troops

stayed in Egypt and Great Britain continued to control Egypt’s relations with other countries.

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PalestinePalestine

After WWI, Palestine became a mandate of Great Britain. Palestine was under the control of Great Britain.

Why? Great Britain didn’t think Palestinians knew how to govern themselves.

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What kind of people lived in What kind of people lived in Palestine?Palestine?

• Most were Arab.• Some European Jews

also moved into Palestine because it was where some important things happened according to the Jewish religion. (King David’s Palace)

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ZionismZionism

• During this time (the 1900s) many Jewish people felt that they should move to Palestine because it was the Jewish homeland according the Bible.

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ConflictConflict

• The Arab people who were already living in Palestine didn’t want a bunch of European Jews to move into their land.

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The British had to decide which The British had to decide which side to supportside to support

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Support the Jews?Support the Jews?

• Many Jewish people living in Europe were very rich and powerful and the British knew that if they supported to Jewish homeland in Palestine, Jewish people living in Europe would support the British if they got into a war.

Support the Arabs?Support the Arabs?

• The Arabs had been on the land in Palestine first. It seemed fair that they should be able to keep their land.

• The Arabs had also helped the British defeat the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The British owed the Arabs their support

The British decided to support the The British decided to support the JewsJews

• British official Arthur Balfour wrote a letter supporting the idea of the Jewish homeland in Palestine. The letter was called: The Balfour Declaration.

Adding to the conflictAdding to the conflict

• During WWII, many Jews were being killed in Europe so they ran away and many moved into Palestine so they wouldn’t be killed.

Adding to the conflictAdding to the conflict

• This led to fighting between Jewish settlers and Arabs. This fighting continues today!

• Palestine is smaller than it once was and part of it is now Israel. Jewish people live in Israel. The Jews in Israel continue to try to take more land from the Palestinians.

IndependenceIndependence movements in India movements in India

• India was Great Britain’s biggest and richest colony.

• But, like most British colonies, India wanted independence from Great Britain.

Help during the world warsHelp during the world wars

• Like the Arabs and Egyptians, Indian soldiers also helped the British fight during WWI.

Help during the world warsHelp during the world wars

• After WWI was over, the Indian people felt that the British should appreciate the help the Indians gave them during the war and grant their independence.

Indians felt they were ready for Indians felt they were ready for independenceindependence

• Indians learned English and about British culture. Some even traveled to England to go to school to learn about British government and laws to model Indian government on Great Britain.

Mohandas K. GandhiMohandas K. Gandhi

• Gandhi was one man who went to Great Britain to study law. He had great respect for Great Britain and their government.

Mohandas K. GandhiMohandas K. Gandhi

• Gandhi believed that Indians were ready to govern themselves but Great Britain refused to give India independence.

• So Gandhi started a movement for independence.

Non-ViolenceNon-Violence

• Gandhi believed that violence against the British was not the way to get independence.

BoycottBoycott

• Instead, Gandhi believed in non-violent method like boycotting English goods or refusing to buy anything that was British.

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience

• Gandhi also encouraged his followers to not follow British laws that were unfair to Indian citizens. One example of such a law was a high tax on salt. Indian people could ONLY buy salt from the British government and it was against the law to try to make your own salt.

Salt MarchSalt March

• So, Gandhi decided to spread word that he was going to break the law and get his own salt from the ocean. He got many followers to walk with him all the way to the ocean to get salt, breaking the British law.

No TaxesNo Taxes

• Gandhi also encouraged Indian people to refuse to pay unfair British taxes.

Results:Results:

• Gandhi and his supporters were thrown in jail many times and some were beaten by the police.

• But they NEVER attacked the British back. They never used violence against the British.

ResultsResults

• Over time, people really came to love Gandhi and felt VERY strongly that the British were treating Indians unfairly.

• Indians got together and created their own constitution and elected their own government representatives in 1935

Indian IndependenceIndian Independence

• In 1947, India finally gained independence.

• But during the movement for independence Indians began to have different ideas about how their country should be governed because of relgious differences.

Religious differences in India.Religious differences in India.

• Most Indians were Hindus but millions of other Indians belonged to the Muslim (Islam) religion.

• Hindus and Muslims disagreed about how people should live.

Differences between Hindus and Differences between Hindus and MuslimsMuslims

• 1. Hindus have many gods• Muslims have only one god.• 2. Hindus believe cows are holy and do not eat beef• Muslims believe that pork is dirty and do not eat pork• 3. Hindus have the idea that people who are rich or poor

deserve their fate so they don’t need to be treated equally. (Caste system)

• Muslims believe that the only way to go to Heaven is to follow Islam. Non-Muslim practices like eating pork are EVIL

Differences between Hindus and Differences between Hindus and MuslimsMuslims

Hindus and Muslims didn’t understand one another and they began to fight.

Gandhi was assassinated by a Muslim.

In just one day, fighting between Hindus and Muslims led to more that 5,000 deaths.

Great Britain tries to helpGreat Britain tries to help

• To try to make India peaceful, Great Britain split India into 2 countries (one was Hindu and the other was Muslim).

• India: Hindu

• Pakistan: Muslim

Reflection QuestionsReflection Questions

• 1. Why did colonies want independence?

• 2. What are two examples of colonies that gained independence and became their own countries?

• 3.How did Gandhi think Indians should try to get independence from Great Britain?