Age of Age of ImperialisImperialismm

What is What is Imperialism ?Imperialism ?

Imperialism Imperialism isis

extendingextending the authority the authority

of a nation through of a nation through

territorial acquisition, territorial acquisition,

economic policies or economic policies or

political actions.political actions.

The ideology divided The ideology divided

Americans at the end of Americans at the end of

the 19th century and in the 19th century and in

the early 20th century.the early 20th century.

Age of Age of ImperialisImperialismm

What does Imperialism look What does Imperialism look

like? How would we like? How would we

recognize it today?recognize it today?

Age of Age of ImperialisImperialismm

Five types of Five types of imperialism:imperialism:

SocialSocial

PoliticalPolitical

EconomicEconomic

MilitaryMilitary

IdeologicalIdeological

ImperialisImperialismm

• US Recovering from the US Recovering from the wounds of the Civil warwounds of the Civil war

• Developing economic Developing economic strength strength with with industrialization and industrialization and prosperityprosperity

• Experiencing population Experiencing population increaseincrease

• Showing confidence on Showing confidence on the the world stageworld stage

• Desiring greater world Desiring greater world influenceinfluence

IsolatioIsolationn

Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism

ExpansionExpansion

Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism

Taste of Taste of ExpansionExpansion

Commodore Perry Commodore Perry “opens“opens up” Japan under the up” Japan under the

Treaty of Kanagawa – Treaty of Kanagawa –

18541854

•Japan Agrees to help Japan Agrees to help shipwrecked sailorsshipwrecked sailors

•Allowed America to Allowed America to trade in 2 portstrade in 2 ports

Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism Why expand?Why expand?• US had always expanded. How?US had always expanded. How?

• International International competitioncompetition for for rawraw materials.materials. With which countries? Why?With which countries? Why?

• New marketsNew markets for US goods. for US goods. Which goods?Which goods?

• Racial SuperiorityRacial Superiority – “ – “White White man’sman’s

burden”burden”

• Convert & civilizeConvert & civilize savages to our savages to our way of lifeway of life

• NationalismNationalism - glory of having a - glory of having a

strongstrong nation.nation.

Age of Age of ImperialismImperialism

Based on the reasons Based on the reasons just just

shown for American shown for American

expansion... expansion...

Who in America would Who in America would have have

supported the concept of supported the concept of

imperialismimperialism? ?

4Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism

Supporters of Supporters of ExpansionExpansion

• Sen. Albert BeveridgeSen. Albert Beveridge – – Indiana - farm exportsIndiana - farm exports

• Minister Josiah StrongMinister Josiah Strong – – “ “Divinely Commissioned”Divinely Commissioned”

• Captain Alfred MahanCaptain Alfred Mahan – book – book

“ “The Influence of Sea The Influence of Sea PowerPower

Upon History”Upon History”

• Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt – – Secretary of NavySecretary of Navy

“ “All great races of history All great races of history

have have been conquering been conquering

races.”races.”

Age of US Age of US ImperialismImperialism

Secretary of Secretary of StateState

William SewardWilliam Seward

“ “Asia is Asia is Important”Important”

Why?Why?Politically?Politically?

Economically?Economically?Militarily?Militarily?

• Take over Midway Take over Midway Is.Is.

• Buy AlaskaBuy Alaska “ “Seward’s Folly”Seward’s Folly”

Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism

Looking Toward Looking Toward AsiaAsiaMahan said we need Mahan said we need bases in Asia in order to bases in Asia in order to be powerful.be powerful.

•Protection of sea lanesProtection of sea lanes•Refueling stopsRefueling stops

Conquest of Conquest of IslandsIslands•SamoaSamoa – used with Brits – used with Brits & & GermanyGermany• HawaiiHawaii – Missionaries – Missionaries camecame – – Investors cameInvestors came Queen Liliuokalani Queen Liliuokalani gives upgives up after US sends after US sends army.army.

How did the USA become How did the USA become involved in Imperialism?involved in Imperialism?

Spain Spain was in control was in control of of CubaCuba , did not permit , did not permit democracy & that was democracy & that was not good for business.not good for business.

US Economic US Economic interests interests

had expanded to had expanded to Hawaii and CubaHawaii and Cuba

Age of US ImperialismAge of US Imperialism

Influence in Influence in AsiaAsia

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

“ “Righteous Fists Righteous Fists of Harmony”of Harmony”

Get rid of Western Get rid of Western people in Asia.people in Asia.

US Imperialism & US Imperialism & CubaCuba

US always interested in US always interested in

CubaCuba

History of rebellion vs. History of rebellion vs. SpainSpain due to due to slavery/oppressionslavery/oppression

After 1886 Americans After 1886 Americans invest millions in sugar invest millions in sugar plantations.plantations.

Jose` Marti leads another Jose` Marti leads another rebellion in 1895 rebellion in 1895 –– damages American sugar damages American sugar interests.interests.

Support Spain & sugar Support Spain & sugar bus. bus. or the revolutionaries?or the revolutionaries?

Spain Spain Responds -Responds - America America DebatesDebatesGen. Valeriano Weyler Gen. Valeriano Weyler

imprisons thousands – imprisons thousands –

concentration campsconcentration camps

Hearst’s Hearst’s “Journal “ “Journal “ & &

Pulitzer’s Pulitzer’s “World “ “World “

Reporting -Reporting -Yellow Yellow

Journalism Journalism - - exaggerating exaggerating

details of brutality details of brutality

in Cuba to get new readers.in Cuba to get new readers.

““You furnish the pictures You furnish the pictures and and I’ll furnish the war!”I’ll furnish the war!”

Causes of the Causes of the WarWar

Roosevelt wants war Roosevelt wants war –– sends sends the fleet to Philippines ,‘just the fleet to Philippines ,‘just in case’in case’ to take Spanish Navy out to take Spanish Navy out early.early.

deLome Letter deLome Letter –– Spanish Spanish Diplomat criticizes McKinley Diplomat criticizes McKinley as weak. Inflames the US as weak. Inflames the US public.public.

McKinley sends McKinley sends USS Maine USS Maine to to protect US citizens and protect US citizens and propertyproperty

Maine explodes Maine explodes in Havana in Havana harborharbor

Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism feeds the feeds the fire!fire!

US Declares US Declares WarWar

Remember the Maine!Remember the Maine!

Philippines – 1Philippines – 1stst fighting - fighting - Adm. George Dewey Adm. George Dewey destroys the Spanish Fleet destroys the Spanish Fleet at Manila.at Manila.

Marines & rebels under Marines & rebels under leader leader Emilio Aguinaldo beat Emilio Aguinaldo beat Spanish.Spanish.

In Cuba, US blockades In Cuba, US blockades harbors.harbors.Forces invade w/17,000 Forces invade w/17,000 troops - two African troops - two African American Regiments.American Regiments.

TR & Rough Riders TR & Rough Riders –– Kettle Kettle HillHill

San Juan HillSan Juan Hill

Results of the Results of the WarWarOnly 379 men died in Only 379 men died in

fighting fighting –– over 5100 died of over 5100 died of

tropical disease.tropical disease.

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris –– 1898 1898

- Cuba becomes - Cuba becomes

independentindependent

- US gets Guam, Puerto Rico US gets Guam, Puerto Rico

- US pays Spain $20 Million US pays Spain $20 Million

to to take over the take over the

Philippines.Philippines.

American Influence American Influence GrowsGrows Treaty of Paris – 1898Treaty of Paris – 1898

Puerto Rico a “territory” – Puerto Rico a “territory” – helps guard Caribbean.helps guard Caribbean.

Cuba a “protectorate” – Cuba a “protectorate” –

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment to US War to US War Resolution Resolution

– – no annexation of Cuba.no annexation of Cuba.

Platt Amendment Platt Amendment to Cuban to Cuban Constitution Constitution

Cuban “Musts”…Cuban “Musts”…

- No treaties limiting - No treaties limiting independenceindependence

- No Cuban debt- No Cuban debt- US could intervene if necessaryUS could intervene if necessary- US could buy or lease land for US could buy or lease land for

“ “coaling” stationscoaling” stations

Why the Platt Why the Platt Amendment?Amendment?

What are 2 reasons why What are 2 reasons why the the US insisted on Platt?US insisted on Platt?

1)1)Protect Business in CubaProtect Business in Cuba

2)2)Use Military Power when Use Military Power when necessary in Central necessary in Central AmericaAmerica

US Flexes Muscles in US Flexes Muscles in the Philippinesthe Philippines

……many believe unjustly.many believe unjustly.

Filipinos Rebel – believe the Filipinos Rebel – believe the US promised them US promised them independence.independence.

Emilio Aguinaldo leads Emilio Aguinaldo leads revolt and is captured in revolt and is captured in 1901. 1901.

US spends millions ending US spends millions ending it.it.

Makes it a US ‘territory’ Makes it a US ‘territory’ with William Howard Taft as with William Howard Taft as GovernorGovernor

Why Were Why Were Philippines Philippines So So Important?Important?

Politically & Militarily?Politically & Militarily?

International Politics International Politics calls for the ability to calls for the ability to ‘project power’. ‘project power’. Philippines provides a Philippines provides a naval base.naval base.

Economically?Economically?

Philippines were the Philippines were the ‘gateway’ to the Far East ‘gateway’ to the Far East for trade.for trade.

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

““Spheres of Spheres of Influence”Influence”•BritainBritain•France All had France All had specialspecial•Germany trade in Germany trade in China,China,•Russia US was left Russia US was left out.out.•JapanJapan

“ “Open Door Policy”Open Door Policy”

European powers & Russia European powers & Russia should let the US have the should let the US have the same access to trade in same access to trade in China.China.

John Hay John Hay new Secretary of Statenew Secretary of State

““Boxer” Rebellion - Boxer” Rebellion - ChinaChina

Righteous Fists of Righteous Fists of HarmonyHarmony

Opposed to foreign Opposed to foreign influenceinfluence

Killed missionaries, Killed missionaries, Chinese converts to Chinese converts to Christianity and Christianity and foreigners .foreigners .

US, Britain, France, US, Britain, France, Germany,Germany,Japan combine to stop it.Japan combine to stop it.

Building the Panama Building the Panama CanalCanal

1904-19141904-19141904 – Roosevelt pushes 1904 – Roosevelt pushes for a canal across Central for a canal across Central America.America.

Nicaragua vs. Panama ?Nicaragua vs. Panama ?

Panama route shorter – Panama route shorter – chosenchosenBut Columbia, which But Columbia, which owned Panama, wouldn’t owned Panama, wouldn’t sell land.sell land.

Negotiations broke down.Negotiations broke down.

Taking the Canal Taking the Canal ZoneZone

“I took the Canal Zone and let I took the Canal Zone and let

CongressCongress

debate; and while the debate goes debate; and while the debate goes

on, the on, the

canal does also.” canal does also.” Theodore Theodore

RooseveltRoosevelt

•Roosevelt sends Roosevelt sends USS Nashville USS Nashville to to

Panama.Panama.

•Prevents Columbia from stopping Prevents Columbia from stopping

rebellion.rebellion.

•Panama declares Independence fromPanama declares Independence from ColumbiaColumbia

•US recognizes the new nation & gets US recognizes the new nation & gets rights rights of passage to canal & perpetual of passage to canal & perpetual control control over the zone. over the zone.