Revitalising the Smallholder Beef Cattle to Achieve

Beef Self Sufficiency

Through the Integration

Farming SystemMarsetyoDepartment of Animal SciencesTadulako UniversityPDA ARG Food Security

Denpasar, 16 October 2013

Important Messages• The animal protein consumption of

Indonesian people is low• The price of beef go sky high (the most

expensive in the world)• Government has set self sufficiency

target on beef (2010 and 2014)• Beef demand increase 5.5%/year,

domestic supply increase only 3,7%/year• Beef cattle import are remained high• Can we achieve beef self sufficiency?

Beef Cattle in Indonesia• Play as biological, social, and economic

roles- Contribute 19 % (505.477 tones/year)

national meat production- Provide jobs, draught power, fertilizer,

soil conditioner, transport- Enhance crop production- Generate cash incomes- Potentially to reduce poverty

Cattle statistic

2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

516992

644849

772868

521002

413359

Years

head

of c

attle

Life cattle imported from Australia

2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

11,514,87112,256,604

12,759,83813,581,570

14,824,373

Years

Head

of c

attle

Population of beef cattle

Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012

?

?

Meat Production

19%

52%

10%

18%

Proportion of Meat Productionbeef range broiler free range chicken other meat

Total meat production per year = 2.081.000 tonnes

2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

393 409436

485 505

Beef Production

Years

Beef

pro

ducti

on (t

hous

and

ton/

year

)

Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012

Beef Self Sufficiency

• National population 14.824.373 heads (2011)• By year 2014 cattle import is about 5-10%• Beef consumption can be meet through domestic supply • A national beef self sufficiency will require a large

biomass of unutilised feed to support increased cattle population

• We cannot increase cattle population without sufficient feed supply

Smallholders Characteristics

• 4.572.766 household• 67% small holder farmers are in

Java (51% population)• 19% small holder farmers in

eastern Indonesia (31% population)

• Small number of cattle (2-5 per farmer)

• Integrated crop/livestock systems• Cut and carry forage feed system

(Stall feeding)• Low quality crop residues used as

animal feed• Cattle tethered

Beef cattle performance • Calving rate 45-56% (Bali cattle) or 36% (Ongole

crossbreeds)• Calf mortality 18%• Calving interval 15-17 months• Cow mortality 2.70%• Growth dictated by seasonal feed availability - Wet season daily live weight gain 0.25-0.50 kg/d - Dry season weight loss 20%

What should we do??

• Better feed managment can change the productivity of cattle

• Apply “Three in one” as Vision– One year-One cow-One calf

National twin project has no impact

Potential huge grazing area in eastern Indonesia

• Lack of knowledge about importance of good quality forage to cattle production – reliance on communal grazing and native grass

• Lack of access to suitable productive species or lack of land to grow improved forages in intensive cropping systems

• Difficult environmental conditions e.g. low rainfall, long dry seasons, poor soils

Forage Limitation at Smallholder farm

Response of weaned Bali calf given native grass and libitum

Sites Dry matter feed intake (%LW/d)

DM feed digestibility

(%)

Daily liveweight gain (g/d)

Grati 1.94 62.3 122

Lombok 2.10 52.9 25

Kendari 2.85 52.7 173

Kupang 1.95 71.3 24

Palu 2.38 58.5 103

Making better management and use of existing forage sources

• Gliricidia and Leucaena are present in most villages but poorly utilised and managed

• Farmers have no experience• Lack of cattle acceptance

Sites Feed stuffs DM feed intake (% BB) DM feed digestibility (%)

Daily liveweight gain (g/d)

Grati Leucaena 1.80 69.8 336

Grati Elephant grass + leucaena (1%BW/d) 2.63 60.9 192

Lombok Leucaena 3.30 49.7 471

Lombok Sesbania 3.30 55.4 429

Lombok Sesbania + rice bran (1%BW) 3.23 56.9 401

Lombok Moringa 2.30 62.1 221

Kendari Gliricidia 2.64 55.2 182

Kendari Gliricidia+ rice bran (1%BW) 2.87 59.5 257

Kupang Leucaena 2.46 59.1 422

Kupang Leucaena + rice bran (1%BW) 2.66 47.2 555

Kupang Leucaena + corn stover (1%BW) 2.60 56,6 614

Palu Gliricidia 3.21 58,8 269

Palu Elephant grass hay + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.52 58.3 280

Palu Corn stover + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.85 59.1 311

BW = Body weight, DM = dry matter

Responses of weaned Bali calves given tree legumes as single feed or as feed supplement

Better management of existing forage

Better Management of Forage• Cut regularly• Fertilizing• Weed control

No urea fertilization

Urea fertilization

Panicum maximum

Stylosanthes cv verano

Paspalum atratum

Arachis pintoi

Brachiaria X cv Mulato

Clitoria ternatea

Introduction of new forage •new pasture and cut & carry •grasses and legumes

Brachiaria mulato Paspalum atratum Panicum maximum

Weaning was not practiced by farmers

Weaning and mating management

Weaning calf at 5-6 months old provide some benefits

Growth of early weaned Bali calf in villages

Control mating

A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M

Wet season Wet seasonDry season Dry season

A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M

Mating Calving

Mating 1 Calving 1 Mating 2 Weaning Calving 2

Uncontrolled mating (naturally)

Control mating calendarCalving at the end of wet season

Weaning at wet season

The main benefit of weaning early and control mating

• Synergize the available nutrients and nutrient demand

• Increase the reproductive performance of the cows

- Increase pregnancy rate - Decrease calving to conception

interval - Increase weaning rate - Decrease calf mortality

Integration Cattle-Crops• Increasing human food demand, most

of arable land used for crops• Huge amount of agricultural

byproducts produced annually (e.g. Rice straw)

• Until recently Agricultural byproduct have not been yet fully utilized

• Integration cattle-crops allows nutrients to be recycled more efficiently

• Most of them are low nutritive value• Difficult to use the product at fresh

form over extended period

Integrated farming system (Crops+ forages+ cattle)

Forages +Crop residues

Cattle pen

Cattle/Beef

Bio gas

Faeces

Fertiliser

Packing

ORGANIC FARM

Marketing

Control mating, calving, weaning, feeding etc ,

Model of integration between cattle and crops

Key

Feed

The Integration Cattle and Plantation

• Large Plantation occupy most of the arable land

• Free grazing or tethered on the vegetation under plantations of coconut and oil palm

• Save approximately 30% cost of weed control

• The area under this plantation can be grown for Leucaena, Gliricidia, stylo, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum) for cut and carry

Plantation byproducts• Oil palm byproducts

such as palm press fibre, palm fronds, palm kernel meal

• Coconut byproduct namely copra meal

• Sugar cane byproducts: sugar cane top and baggase

• Cacao pods

• Indonesia is the second largest cacao producer in the world after Cote d Ivoire

• Total plantation area 1.19 million ha (more than 50% from Sulawesi)

• 75% cacao fruit is pod- high potential for ruminant feed

• Contain medium protein content

• One hectare can produce about 1 ton DM cacao pod/year

• Using cacao pod will reduce the incidence of cacao disease (Conopomorpha cramerella)

Use Cocoa Pods to Address Feed Gaps in the Dry season

Cattle eating fresh cacao pods

Use and Conserving crop residues

Rice straw (Jerami padi) – usually low quality but can be supplemented with e.g. Tree legume

Maize stover – usually of medium quality and digestibility if conserved soon after harvestCassava top peanut, cowpea and mungbean straw – these retain good protein levels if harvested correctly

Recommendations• Beef self sufficiency can be achieved

through incresaing beef cattle population• Program to achieve beef self sufficiency

must be focused on small holder farmers as part integration system

• Strategy to optimise and explore feed and forages should be facilitate by:– Improve and provide infrastructure– Increase capacity building of farmers,

extensionist and relevant stakeholders

Thank You