Konspekt lekcii pk 2011
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Transcript of Konspekt lekcii pk 2011
,
2011
2
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:1. http://citcity.ru/11986/ .2. http://www.csa.ru/analitik/distant/q_9.html .3. http://citforum.ru/hardware/app_kis/glava_5.shtml -
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1. , .2. .3. .4. , .5. .
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2.1 – : 1 – ;2 – ; 3 – ;4 – (HDD)
1. ( ) ( . motherboard) . ,
9
. (25 – 30 ), ,
, , .
2.1 –
Asus http://ru.asus.com
GigaByte http://www.gigabyte.uaMSI (Micro-StarInternational)
http://ru.msi.com
Foxconnhttp://www.foxconn.ru
Asrock http://www.asrock.com
ElitGroup http://www.ecsusa.com
Palithttp://www.palit.com.tw
ntelAMD.
, ( .2.2).
2.2 – ,
ATX 305 244eATX 305 330Mini-ATX 284 208Micro-ATX 244 244Mini-ITX 170 170Nano-ITX 120 120
, , ,
, , .
10
2.2 – AsrockSocket775 i945P
Asrock Socket 775 i945P 2.2) :
1 – Socket LGA775;2, 3 – Intel 945P (QG82945P + NH82801GR(ICH7R));4 – DDR ;5 – , CD DVD
( – ATA 133, UltraDMA 133, Parallel ATA (Advanced
Technology Attachment) E-IDE (Enhanced Integrated DriveElectronics));6 – PCI Express 16x (
);7 – PCI Express 1x;8 – Serial ATA (SATA).SATA
Parallel ATA (5 .2.2);9 – PCI;
11
10 – BIOS AMI BIOS 4 ;11 – ;12 – (LPT; USB;S/PDIF-Out (Coaxial/Optical); COM .).
- , , , USB(1.1/2.0, 3.0) - .
.
2. ( ) – ,.
(Ch pSet - ) , CPU
. , , ,
( AMD ),
.: ntel,
NV , AMD, V S S. 2 ,
.
2.3 – Intel iP35
(Northbr dge) ( FSB - Front S de Bus),
(SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3), (AGP PC Express) , ,
(Southbr dge),
12
. , AGP PC
Express - .
2.4 - Intel iP45
, , PC (Per pheral Components nterconnect) PC
Express, ( DE SATA-), , , USB- RA D-
. B OS.
, , , Celeron 420 Core 2 Duo E7200.
3. ,
.
13
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, (, ),
, , , ( ).
:1. ( );2. ( );3. ( ).
:1. - ,
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. Quad-Pumped Bus (QPB) - 64- ,
ntel . (
) . , FSB, 200 , 800
(4 200 ). HyperTransport ( )- ,
AMD AMD 8 , .
, .
- . Peer-to-Peer ( ),
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CPU ( . Central Process ng Un t) - ,
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. , . - ntel AMD.
, , . - 8, 16, 32, 64 .
: ,, , ,
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– , , ), ,
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AMD), . – ,
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( ):Intel – Socket 775 Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Xeon,
eleron), Socket 1366 Core i7, Xeon); Socket 1156 (Core i3,Core i5, Core i7, (CPU+GPU)), Socket 1155 (Corei3, Core i5, (CPU+GPU)).
AMD - Socket AM2 ( Sempron, Athlon, Phenom), SocketAM3 ( Sempron, Athlon II, Phenom II), Socket FX1
(CPU+GPU) : 6, 8). - ,
"".
(FPU)- , "
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FPU 3D . FPU .
L1 - ,
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. .
16
15
128 ( =8 , 1 0 1, =103, =106,=109 ).
L2 – ,, L1. L2
. L2 64 8000 (8 ).
, , . , . , Pentium
Pentium II - Pentium III (IV) ( ) , .
Intel, 32- 12 : 8088, 286, 386, 486,
Pentium, Pentium II - Pentium III, Pentium 4, Core 2 Duo, Core i7, Core i5,Core i3.
. , . , Pentium IV
- , n, . , Pentium IV,
Celeron – . L2 ,
. - ,
. n (2,4 ),Pentium IV – 256-2048 , Celeron 128-256 .
AMD. Phenom, Athlon, - Sempron.
: , .
. .
, , “ ”.
). , 2007 , Intel , 0,045- 0,065 , “ ”.
(Pentium Core 2 Duo Celeron D), Conroe ( Conroe
Kentsfield) Penryn(Wolfdale Yorkfield ).
,
16
, . , ,
, . , ,
, .
5. 5.1
(PATA) .2.5). – ATA 133, UltraDMA 133, Parallel ATA
(Advanced Technology Attachment) E-IDE (Enhanced Integrated DriveElectronics).
(CD DVD) . ATA (Parallel ATA) ATA (Ser al ATA). 40-
80 ( ).
2.5 – PATA
.2.5 , – , – DVD (
17
).5.2 Serial ATA
(SATA). SATA
Parallel ATA. Ser al ATA
150 . 1. SATA " ",
SATA , - .
, ATA, " " .
2.6 – SATA: ( ), ( ),
( )
5.3 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) . PC 1991 ( 1.0)
. , ,
. PC ISA.
18
2.7 – PCI
PCI ( 1.0): 33 ,
; 133 / ;
32- ; 32- (4 );
3,3 5 .5.4 PC Express. 22 2002 -
. PC Express . AGP. PC e x16
, AGP 8x.
19
2.8 – PCI Express
5.5
2.9 –
20
5.6
2.10 –
5.7 USB Un versal Ser al Bus (USB) ,
, , , . , host- USB
100 .:
12 USB 1.1;480 USB 2.0;4800 USB 3.0
21
USB 1.1, USB 2.0, USB 3.0 - . – host-
USB , USB- . USB ,
( USB- , 500 5 ).
USB- : " A": ; " B": USB-
;-USB:
, .
2.11 – -USB " A" ( ) "B" ( )
5.8 PS/2,
USB. : – , - .
2.12 – PS/2 ) ( )
22
5.9 VGA . 15- M -D-Sub
). VGA (Video Graphics Array) , , (H-Sync) (V-Sync) .
2.13 – VGA ( ) VGA ( )
5.10 DV . DV (Digital Visual Interface) , , ,
. , .
2.14 – DV
, . ,
. DV ,
.
23
5.11 RJ45 LAN
2.15 – RJ45: ( ) PC - ( )
Ethernet :,
;,
.5.12 RJ11 . RJ45 RJ11
, RJ11 , RJ45 . RJ11 , ,
.
2.16 – RJ 11: RJ11 ( ) RJ11 ( )
Com-,
24
, ; Game- , . .
Intel AMD: AMD K8,
Athlon 64 « » , 64-
. , ntel , » NetBurst , .
, Pent um 4 10 .NetBurst ( - P68) -
, ntel, Pent um 4, Pent um D, Celeron Xeon.
: NetBurst , , .
NetBurst
. NetBurst .
, Pent um 4 , ,
4 . Athlon 64,
ntel.ntel NetBurst Pent um 4
Core. Core. ,
, . Core 7 Nehalem Core 3/ 5/ 7
32 Sandy Br dge.AMD ,
. , Core 3-2100 $125 32 , AMD Phenom X4 955
45 ) $150 . AMD
Stars, , « »
, .
25
2006 AMD AT , Radeon.
AMD Fus on. , .
, Fus on Brazos APU E C,
. ntel Atom
Brazos .
Socket 775(Intel Pentium 4, Celeron D, Pentium D, Core 2 Duo)
Socket 1366 (Core 7), Socket1156 (Core i3 / i5 / i7)
3.6 - LGA 775 (Socket 775)
3.7 - Core 7(Socket 1366)
Intel . , - ,
Socket. (Pentium 4,
Celeron D), (Pentium D, Core 2 Duo), .
: DDRII DDR III, PCIExpress, Serial ATA I-II, FSB 1600 .
Socket AM2(Athlon 64, Athlon 64 2, Athlon 64 FX, Sempron)
Socket AM3 (AMD Phenom II X4, AMD Phenom II X3) AMD .
AM2+ AM3 2. 938. AM2+
DDR II, AM3 DDR III.
26
3.8 – AM2
3.9 –2+, AM3
:1. http://www.ixbt.com/cpu/amd-intel-cpu-jan2010.shtml
AMD Intel.2. http://www.benchmark.kz/news.php?hardware&id=480
Core i7, Core i5, Core i3 .3. http://www.ixbt.com/mainboard/pci-express.shtml PCI Express
2014 .4.http://www.thg.ru/cpu/amd_apu_llano_a8_3500m/amd_apu_llano_a8_3500m-03.html AMD A8-3500M: APU Llano5.http://itc.ua/articles/usb_3_0_periferijnyj_interfejs_budushhego_obnovleno_47701 USB 3.0: .
27
3RAID
RAID ( .3.1) – SATA)
, .
( ) .RAID :
1. ;2. .
RAID RAID 0, 1 0+1.
3.1 – RAID -
28
RAID 0 ( .3.2).
, ( ,
), .
- , / ,
. - :
.
3.2 - (RAID 0)
RA D 1 (« »).
" (m rror ng) - .
, .3.3). ,
. - ,
.
29
- , 100%- .
3.3 - ( ) (RAID 1)
RA D 1 RA D 0+1, RA D 1+0 RA D 10, RA D 0
RA D 1, .
RAID 0+1 « » ( .3.4), RAID1+0 – « ».
« » « », - .
3.4 - RAID 0+1
30
3.5 - RAID LSI LOGIC MegaRAID
RA D 0+1 , RA D
. RA D 1+0. , 10 (5 2) 5
.
:1. http://www.ferra.ru/online/storage/s26107/page-2/ -
RAID- .2. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid.
( . RAM – Random Access Memory) - -
, , .
.
31
, ,
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, "0" "1", .
"1", - "0". ,
. , ,
. . ,
64 . ,
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.,
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- ( ). -
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4 , SRAM
( DRAM), , CPU. –
. () 4- 2- .
DDR, DDR II, DDR II . SPD.
: , .
DDR DDR ( .3.6)
: ( !) -
32
. DDR : DDR-266 -2100.
3.6 - ( ) DDR
: , ( 266 MHz, 133 MHz), -
(2100 MBps). .
DDR
Socket 775. DDR DDR. DDR
, DDR . , DDR , DDR,
.
, DDR. ,
, . . ,
, , ,
DDR.
. , , DDR2-400
33
, DDR 200 PC100 SDRAM.
. - . ,
, , .
DDR ,
" " . 2 , DDR ( .3.7).
DDR DDR -800 DDR-1600 .
2 . ,
1 " " 1600 (
, .3.8 ) 200- 8 " " .
, 8 .
3.7 – DDR ( ) DDR ( )
:–
;– .
34
3.8 – DDR-400), DDR -800 ( ), DDR -1600 ( )
:, ,
( ), ( ). 10.
:Samsung, M cron, LG, Hyn x, Tosh ba, Nec, Texas nstruments
,
35
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- , . A, 10% ) -
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Number), . (QC);
2. – Corsa r,Transcend ngston, A.
30.3.
- , , . Samsung
(SEC) PCB , , ;
4. : Cruc al,ng, S mple Technology - .
36
5. M.tec, PQ NCP.6. ,
" PC133", , " n", "ACE", "PLUSS", "AM1",
"VM" ., .
:1. http://www.ixbt.com/mainboard/ddr3-rmma.shtml. DDR3. DDR SDRAM,
.
37
4.
, , .
() - (PCI-
Express, PCI, ISA, VLB, EISA, MCA) (AGP). ( )
( , CPU).
ntel, V A, S S,AT ( AMD) NV A,
AT NV A. ,
. ,
, 3D. AT
NV .
4.1 – Nvidia Geforce ATI Radeon
Nvidia Geforce ATI Radeon , , .
: croStar, ASUS, Sapph re, G gabyte, Cha ntech, Ga nward, Colorful,
Leadtek, Sparkle.
, .
,
38
.
, 640 480 , . , ,
, , 3D- .
- ( )., ,
, , .
( - 1,5 .) ,
. 3D- ,
. .
4.1 ( .4.2) (GPU
- Graph c Processor Un t) (1).
4.2 –
39
(CPU), , , , GPU
, 2D 3D- .
, . (2) ( , PC Express)
. (3) .
(4) : , .
VGA (5), - DV (6).
DV -D. 200 ,
- .
(7).
4.2 , , - ,
: - AGP PC -Express.
, : 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , PC -Ex 16 . ,
, , (8 ).
PC -Express 1.1 PC -Express 2.0. , PC -E 16x,
4 (PC -Express 1.1) 8 (PC -Express 2.0), PC -E 8x ( SL - CrossF re- ).
PCI-Express 2.0 PCI-Express 1.1, .
, PC -Express 2.0 300 ,
2x4- . ,
. :
40
. ( ).
4.3 – PCI Express 16x
.
.,
, ,
.
.,
VGA, S-V deo - DV HDM :
VGA (15- D-Sub);
S-V deo ( S-VHS)
. ,
S-V deo, ;
( ) , ,
41
DV (D tal V sual nterface). ,
, DV,
. DV DV -D, DV ,
(VGA). VGA- DV ;
DV Dual-L nk DV , ( 1920 1200)
DV . Dual-L nk DV DV , ;
HDM (H gh Def on Mult med anterface) ,
. HDM - 10
..
4.3 –
. – 90-. , 2000 3dfx
Voodoo 5 5500 , Voodoo 5 6000 4. . , Nvidia Geforce GTX 295 AMD
(ATI) Radeon HD5970. , , .
. Nvidia SL (Scalable L nk nterface -
) - NV ,
Mult -GPU Render ng. ,
. SL ,
( NV ) ,
42
PC -Express (NV GeForce 6x00 ,
GPU). , SL - ,
PC -E. SL
3D- , ,
.
4.4 – Nvidia Geforce SL
43
CrossF re AMD (ATI) NVSL
.
4.5 – CrossF re AMD (ATI)
4.4 - . – ,
44
. ( ) , GeForce 6
130 . , , , ,
, Everest). 0,09 ( 90 , 1000 = 1 ) 65
. RAMDAC ( ).
, .
– -.
. , .
RAM, .
512 , .,
, , 1024 .
. , - ,, .
GDDR ( . Graph cs Double Data Rate) - (DRAM)
(DDR), ( ).
GDDR(double-dynam c rate) ,
, ., 500 ,
DDR 1000 .
:GDDR - 600 ( )
Radeon 9600, GeForce 6600, GeForce FX5600. .
GDDR2 – 600 1000 7600gsGDDR3 900 2000 .GDDR4 2000
Radeon HD2900xt, HD 3870(x2)GDDR5 9 .
45
. -
. , 2,5 GDDR3.. ,
. 32, 64, 128 256 .
. Low-End- 64 32
, 256 , .
GPU - .
. . -
, . GPU .
- ,
. , 3D.
, , ,
. ,
. . ,
, , .
., -
. , , .
.,
, . 8
nV a (G80) 2000 AMD/AT (R600).
46
rectX ( . d rect - , ) - (API), AP ,
, crosoft W ndows. rectX
. D rectX M crosoft W ndows
M crosoft. D rectX, D rectX AP
, , W ndows, .
D rectX 11.1 ( 14 2011 ), Windows 8
Developer Preview.OpenGL (Open Graph cs L brary - ,
AP ) - ,
, . – OpenGL 4.2 (8
2011 )..
.
.
..
. ?
) ,.
, . Mult -GPU SL Crossf re, NV PureV deo,
, , : , .
( ): , .
:)
gh dynam c range (HDR) - ,.
47
, , ( ), .
- , .
. :, . ,
- . NV AT,
. ( (antialiasing)) - ,
" , . - ,
. , - ,
. , " " . , -
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( ) - , . ,
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. (
, ). ( ) = (1000/ ) * 2, )
, (),
48
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, ( - ),
.
. ( « »)
.:
( «0» «1»);
( , ); «0» «1» .
, , , . 12 31 .
, .
(CPU).,
, .
: (Low-end) - $100 - .
RadeOn HD4650, RadeOn HD3850, RadeOn HD4670,GeForce 9500GT, GeForce 9600GT
low-end , ,
HD- – . NV
PureV deo, AMD-AT - AV VO HD.
(M ddle-end ma nstream) - $100-$300. ,
30-50 fps. , 1280 1024,
49
.RadeOn HD4850, RadeOn HD4870GeForce 9800GT, GeForce GTS250.
(H -end) - , 900$.
NV .GeForce 8800GT, GeForce GTX285, GeForce GTX295
. « » , , ,
. ,
.
:1. http://www.comcity.ru/articles/video2. http://article.techlabs.by/31_7572.html PCI-E2.0 PCI-E 1.03. http://www.navigato.ru/years/2006/2006-10-20/pc-navigator/ PCI Express2.0:
50
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,
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, .
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25 , – 35 .2. , .
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( 80, 90, 120 ).
4. . , ,
. , ,
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5. (HDD, D-ROM, D-RW,DVD-ROM, DVD-RW).
, .,
. ,
..
(8086, 8088) desktop ( ( .5.1).
5.1 – Desktop
52
, ,
, , .,
.,
. .
( BM- 1995 )
desktop (AT/Desktop) Tower (AT/Tower ( .5.2)).
. (3,5" 5,25"):
1) M tower - . : 22) M tower. . : 3-4.
.3) B gtower (FullTower). .
. : 5-8.
5.2 – Tower
. 1995 ntel ( .
Advanced Technology Extended) –
53
(2011 ) , – m croATX, flexATX, m TX (
ATX, ).
Dell, Ch eftec, CoolerMaster, n, 3R, Foxconn ., noname - ,
. , , .
., 80386SX
. , 80386DX
. ( ,
), , Pent um 2 ,
(CPU)., ,
. . ,
. . ., ,
– . ,
. , ,
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Athlon Socket . .
. ,,
, , . -
.
54
" " , CPU,GPU, , HDD,
. ,
– .
. ntel 1997 " "
.5.3).
5.3 –
. , 1 USB 2
N/OUT). ( .5.4) , ,
, ,
55
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5.4 –
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56
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5.6 –
- ,
. ,
. ,,
. 5 :
1. .2. 40 -50°C.3. .4. .5.
, , , .
57
, . ATX :
1. . ~300-450
. ( SL Crossf re) - ~450-600 . h -end
(NV SL AT Crossf re) - 600 . (
SL Crossf re) - 1000 .2. ( ) +5 ,+12 , +3,3 , -5 , -12 . : +5 , +12 , +3,3
., +12
CD/DVD , +12 .
100 250 .3.
.4. .5. Pulse W dth Modulat on.
.. .
::
FSP, OCZ, Zalman, Enermax, H per:
AcBel, CoolerMaster, Thermaltake, Ch eftec, nw n:
Defender, M crolab, 3R, Gemb rd, Great Wall Hopely :
crotech, Codegen, JNC, L nkWorld, Colors- t, SuperPower
58
( ), ( .5.7).
5.7 –
, Sea Son c Electron cs Co. SS-850HT
, – 850 ( , ,,
, , ). Act ve PFC F3 -
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.PFC. ,
( ), ,
, . ( )
, . PFC - ,
.
59
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, - PFC. PFC
0,99, , PFC - 0,70, ,
PFC - 0,60. –,
.. 5.7 AC NPUT -
) - 100 240 50-60 (
) 12 6 . ( .5.7)
DC OUTPUT ( ATX 5%)
+3,3 , +5 , +12 (,
), -12 ( ), +5Vsb., , Athlon XP
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+12 , + 12 2,5 ,
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, +12 (40 +40 )*12 =960 ,
( .5.7) 840 , , 10 ,
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(
,
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SEA SON ELECTRON CS CO LTD. CUL, TUV, FCC
RoHS, 80 PLUS. 80 PLUS® -
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.
. , .
.,
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.
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, , +12 ( ,
1. + 5 ).
,
. , HDD - 10 , - 5 , - 15 .
10 . , 25
140 , - 10 300 , .
:CPU Core2Duo E8400,
Radeon HD 4850,1 HDD, 2 , 1 DVD-RW.
61
thermal des gn power .) CPU Core2Duo E8400 -65 ,
Radeon HD 4850 – 110 , 2 – 10 ,1 HDD – 10 , 1 DVD-RW – 15 65+110+10+10+15=210 +12 ,
+12 . 210 12 18 .
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62
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PC -Express
63
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Pulse W dth Modulat on, (Pulse
dth Modulat on) 15% 100% .
, 35% 90%. PWM- ,
50%-.
64
:1. . .2. . .3. . .
:1. http://www.ixbt.com2. http://www.itc.ua3. http://www.3dnews.ru4. http://www.fcenter.ru5. http://www.ferra.ru6. http://www.amdclub.ru/7. http://www.radeon2.ru8. http://www.nvworld.ru9. http://www.hardwareportal.ru