Kingdom Animalia. Bellringer 3/22/11Copy questions and answer on page 29 1. Which of these organisms...
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Transcript of Kingdom Animalia. Bellringer 3/22/11Copy questions and answer on page 29 1. Which of these organisms...
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Kingdom Animalia
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Bellringer 3/22/11—Copy questions and answer on page 29
1. Which of these organisms do you think are animals?
2. On what characteristics did you base your answer?
Porcupine
JellyfishBarnacles
Sponges
Gerbils
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Characteristics of Animals
1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic 3. Heterotrophic4. Have to digest food5. Lack cell walls 6. Ability to move
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Two Categories of Animals
• Invertebrates– Without a backbone
• Vertebrates – With a backbone
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Growth and Development
•Fertilization: may be internal or external; most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote.
• After fertilization, the zygote of different animal species all have similar, genetically determined stages of development.
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Body Temperatures—Endothermic vs. Ectothermic
• Endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp.
• Ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on environmental heat sources (temperature, basking in the sun)
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Review Questions
1. What are the 6 major characteristics of animals?
2. What is fertilization? 3. Name an ectothermic animal.
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Body Symmetry
• Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures
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Symmetry • Asymmetry:
body with an irregular shape – Ex- Sponges
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Symmetry • Bilateral –
body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike. (Ex: Humans)
• Radial- body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex: Starfish)
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Anatomical Terms • Dorsal/Posterior—towards the
back• Ventral/Anterior—towards the
front• Superior—towards the head• Inferior—towards the bottom
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Body Plan Terms
•Cephalization—concentration of sensory/brain structures at anterior end of animal (head)
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HOW???1) stores & digests food; 2)absorbs
nutrients; 3) eliminates wastes• Incomplete digestive system: one
opening; food and waste enter and exit from the same opening
• Complete digestive system: two openings; food enters the mouth and wastes exit the anus
Digestive System: Function = Provides energy
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Skeletal System: FUNCTION =
Provides protection• Exoskeleton:
– Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue
– Limits size & impedes movement – Does not grow; must be shed &
replaced• Endoskeleton:
– Internal skeleton– Can support a large, heavy body– Grows as the animal grows
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FYI• The endoskeleton
is an internal skeleton that protects internal organs and provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against.
• Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have endoskeletons made of bone.
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Review Questions
1. What are the three types of symmetry? What are some animal examples of each?
2. What are some of the anatomical terms used to describe animals?
3. What type of digestive system do humans have?
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Circulatory System: FUNCTION = Moves materials to
and from the cells•Open circulation—fluid pumped
from vessels into body cavity, then returned to vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks)
•Closed circulation-- fluid stays in vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher invertebrates, and all vertebrates
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Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides
offspring•Hermaphrodites- individuals
who have both male & female reproductive structure; usually sessile (fixed in one place) – this increases the chances of finding a mate
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Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
•Asexual reproduction- Involves only one parent; no recombination of genes—a clone is made
• Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents; recombines genes from two parents; helps with genetic recombination
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Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
•External fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large numbers of eggs
• Internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm inside the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs
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Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
•Amniote egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for protection
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Animal Phyla
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
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Phylum: Porifera “Sponges”
CHARACTERISTICS:InvertebratesEctothermic (cold-blooded)Asymetrical (no shape)Digestive System – NoneSkeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – NoneReproductive System –
Hermaphrodite or AsexualExamples - Sponges
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Phylum: Porifera
*means “pore-bearing”*simplest multicellular animals.
Description:a.) sessile – do not move.b.) filter-feedersc.) no tissues or organs.d.) spicules make up skeleton.e.) osculum - opening at top
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Phylum: CNIDARIA
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)Radial symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – None
*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual
hydra
jellyfish
Sea anemone
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Phylum: CNIDARIA
Examples: hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone
Description:a.) have tentaclesb.) have nematocyst – stinging cells c.) body forms: medusa & polyp
MEDUSA FORM – mobile
POLYP FORM - sessile
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Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum NematodaPhylum Mollusca
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Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes
“Flatworms”“Flatworms”
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)“BILATERAL” symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – None
*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual
planarian
tapeworm fluke
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Phylum: Platyhelminthes
*from Greek “platy” means “flat”, and“helminthes” means “worm”.
Description:a.) soft, flat and unsegmented bodyb.) many are parasiticc.) a mouth but no anusd.) nerve system called nerve net.
Examples: planarians, tapeworms, flukes
Nerve net
fluke
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Life Cycle of a Flatworm
Adult flukes
Embryos released
Larva
Snail host
Larva
Human host
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Phylum: NEMATODA NEMATODA
“ROUND WORMS”
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –
*COMPLETESkeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None*Reproductive System - *
Hermaphrodites
SPECIAL FEATURES:Complete Digestive System
Hermaphrodites
HOOKWORM
trichinosis
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Phylum: NEMATODA
Description:a.) cylindrical, ROUND bodyb.) *contain 3 cell layersc.) *complete digestive system.d.) many are parasitic
Examples: hookworms, pinworms, trichinella
hookworm
Ascaris
Trichinella
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• Hookworm infections are common in humans in warm climates where they walk on contaminated soil in bare feet.
FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans
• Hookworms cause people to feel weak and tired due to blood loss.
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• Pinworms are the most common human roundworm parasites in the United States.
FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans
• Pinworms are highly contagious because eggs can survive for up to two weeks on surfaces.
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FYI: Ascaris
• Eggs of Ascaris are found in soil and enter a human’s body through the mouth.
Ascaris worm coming out of a pig.
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FYI: Heartworms
• Spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes.
• Most common host is the dog but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes and other animals, such as ferrets, sea lions and even, under very rare circumstances, humans.
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Phylum: MOLLUSCAMOLLUSCA
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –
CompleteSkeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *OPEN*
*Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites (some)
**SPECIAL FEATURES**– 2 or 3 chambered heart.
Squid
Nautilus octopus
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Phylum: MOLLUSCA*from Latin word, “molluscus” - soft
*2ND Largest Phylum of Animals
Description:a.) consists of shell and soft bodyb.) 3 Main Body Parts
*head, visceral mass, and footc.) have simple nervous systems and some
even have brainsd.) terrestrial and marine
Examples: oysters, clams, snails, slugs,
octopus, squid, nautilus
Giant clam
Sea Slug
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Mollusks
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Phylum: ANNELIDA ANNELIDA
“Segmented worms”“Segmented worms”
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –
CompleteSkeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *Closed*
*Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites; Sexual
Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**Closed Circulatory
System
Earthworm
Leeches
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Phylum: ANNELIDA ANNELIDA
“Segmented worms”“Segmented worms”
Beard worm
Christmas tree worm
Description:a.) oxygen diffuses through
skinb.) have setae—external
bristles for movementc.) terrestrial and marine
Examples: Earthworms, leeches,
marine worms
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Phylum: ARTHROPODA ARTHROPODA
“Arthropods”“Arthropods”
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –
CompleteSkeletal System – Exo-Circulatory System –
*Closed**Reproductive System –
*Sexual Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**Jointed parts
Crabs
Bull Ant
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Locust molting
Lobster
Description:a.) have segments fused into
three main body sections: head, thorax, abdomen
b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting
c.) terrestrial and marine (breathe by gills, chest holes, or lungs)
Examples: Insects, arachnids, millipedes,
centipedes, crustaceans
“Evil” Butterflies
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A termite mound made by the cathedral termite
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The Arachnids: Ticks & Mites
Tick American House Mites
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Phylum: Echinodermata Echinodermata “Echinoderms”“Echinoderms”
CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Radial symmetryDigestive System –
CompleteSkeletal System – Exo-Circulatory System –
OpenReproductive System –
* Sexually with gametes, asexually with regeneration
**SPECIAL FEATURES**Both sexual & asexual
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Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars
Description:a.) have exoskeletons made of
calcium carbonate.b.) Move with tube feet—
appendages with suction cups
c.) Have mouth, stomach, intestines, but no head/brain
Examples: Sea stars (starfish), sea
cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, feather stars
Feather
Star
Spiny Cushion Sea Star