Animalia

007

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic

Multicellular organisms

True tissues.

Heterotrophic nutrition

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.

Cells not surrounded by cell walls.

Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Typical Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals

Ancestral Protist

segmentation

true tissue

radial symmetry

bilateral symmetry

Deuterostomes:eucoelom

Protostome: schizocoelem

pseudocoelom

Porifera

Cnideria

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Mollusca

AnnelidaEchinodermata

ChordataArthropoda

no true tissues

acoelom

Phylum Porifera

Class Hexactinellida

Class Calcaria

Class Desmospongia

Purple and yellow tube sponge

Boring sponge

Class Sclerospongia

• No true tissues or organs• No symmetry• No nerves or muscles• Sessile• Reproduce sexually and asexually• Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2

spicules or spongin• Filter feeders

Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:

• spongin fibers• calcareous spicules• silica spicules• a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal

structure at all

No GutSponges

Phylum PoriferaSponges

Phylum Porifera

• A few species of fish• seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles

• Can use toxins to ward off predators

• Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals.

• As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa

Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Class Cubozoa

CoralsAnemones

HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War

Stinging LimuFire Coral

True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps

Phylum Cnidaria

Stinging cells & 2 stages in life cycle

Radial symmetry

Tissues and organs

Diploblastic

Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut)

9,000 species

Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Box Jellies

SeawaspClass Cubozoa

Subclass ZoanthariaOrder ActinariaSea Anemones

Class Anthozoa

Subclass HexacoralliaOrder Antipatheria

Black Coral & Wire Coral

Wire coral

Black coral

Class Anthozoa

“True” Stony Coralslobe

finger

mushroom

Porites rus

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Ctenophora

• Diploblastic• 8 rows or combs of cillia• Colloblasts- adhesive structures• Hydrostatic skeleton• Blind sack gut

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Blind digestive cavity

Bilaterally symmetrical

Thin, simple circulation

Sensory organs at front

Many parasitic

10,000 species

Fig. 33-10

Pharynx

Gastrovascularcavity

Mouth

Eyespots

Ganglia Ventral nerve cords

Class Turbellaria

Flatworm Anatomy

flatworm

nudibranch

• Staurosporine

• Tetrodoxin

Pseudoceros dimidiatus

Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus

Pseudoceros ferrugineus

Pseudobiceros sp.

Planocera cf. oligoglena

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum NematodaRoundworms

Primitive body cavity

Gut & Anus

No circulatory system

Nervous system

Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem

Many are parasites500,000? species

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Annelida

Class Hirudinea

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

earthworms leachesmarine worms

Spaghetti worms

Sabellastarte sanctijosephi

Fireworm

Fan worms (feather duster)

Eurythoe complanata

Christmas tree worm

Spirobranchus giganteus

Lanice conchilega

Phylum Mollusca

Class Polyplacophora

Class Gastropoda

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

More than 500,000 known species

chitons Snailsnudibranchs

clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus

Phylum Mollusca

Well developed circulatory system

Nervous system with brain

Some with good eyes

Three main parts:

• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most

of the internal organs

• Mantle cavity- houses gills

mantle

foot

visceral mass

• Grazers (radula- scraping tongue)

• Filter feeding

• Egg eaters

• Active predation

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Cone shell

Triton’s trumpet

Cowery Opihi

periwinkle

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class Polyplacophora

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

Day octopus

Class Cephalopoda

Octopus Intelligence

Mimic octopus from Indonesia

flatfish

lionfish

Sea snake

                                     

Blue-ringed octopus

Highly venomous

Phylogeny of Arthropods

Arthropoda

Worm-likeAncestor

Trilobites(extinct)

Annelids(worms)

Onychophorans(worms w/legs)

Chelicerates(spiders)

Crustaceans(lobsters)

Insects(butterflies)

Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles

Most species; 80% are insects

Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)

Circulatory system with blood, heart

10,000,000? species

Phylum Arthropoda

Existed 550-250 mya

Trilobites

Chelicerates

Horseshoe crab

Pycnogonida

ostracodbrine shrimp

mantis shrimps

copepods

barnacles

Crustacea

Banded coral shrimp

Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab

Anemone carrying hermit crab

Crustacea

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Astroidae

Class Ophiuroidae

Class Echinoidae

Class Holothuroidae

Class Crinoidae

Sea stars Brittle stars

Crinoids

Sea urchins Sea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata

No circulatory system

No respiratory system

Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion

Simple nervous system, no brain

Water-vascular system

Sea Star Anatomy

Phylum Echinodermata

Tube feet & associated plumbing

Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food

Water Vascular System

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins

Echinometra mathaei

Colobocentrotus atratus

Echinothrix calamaris

Slate pencil urchin

Collector urchin

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Holothuria atra

Polyplectana kerfersteninii

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Acanthaster planci

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Classification

Phylum Chordata

SubphylumUrochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumVertebrata

tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods

Chordate Characteristics

SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata

tunicate

                 

                                                    

      

SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata

tunicate

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

lancet

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

lancet

                                 

                                                         

Hagfish

Class Agnatha

SubphylumVertebrata

Class Agnatha

SubphylumVertebrata

lamprey

Class Chondrichthyes

SubphylumVertebrata

Characteristics

• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)

Sharks, skates, rays, chimera

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes

Modern Sharks

• Planktivores• Carnivores• Parasites

Gill arch from basking shark

Cookie cutter shark

pores

Detects weak magnetic fields produced by other fish

Ovipary- eggs enclosed in capsule; eggs are laid and hatched outside the mother

Ovovipary- give birth to young, eggs develop in uterus

Vivipary- give birth to young, placental connection

Antagonistic displays

Attacks on Humans• Most occur in near shore waters• Follow food• Usually mistaken identification or territoriality• Spear fishing

4 methods to minimize the risk of encountering a shark

1. stay away from harbor entrances2. avoid going in the water early in

the morning and late at night3. stay in a large group of people4. if spearing fish, trail fish behind

you

Fins drying in Cape Town, S. Africa

• Cartilage- prevents growth of blood vessels in tissue

• In theory, if it prevents the growth of blood vessels in tumors, the tumors would stop growing.

• Little solid evidence for ingesting over the counter capsules; they’re diluted with sugar or sterilized with ethylene oxide (a human carcinogen)

• Experiments with selacchi, derived from shark cartilage 90 g/day “+” results and FDA approved

• Also, harvesting sharks for unproven cure is detrimental to shark population

Characteristics• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid

Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

Class Osteichthyes

Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

Dwarf moray

Porcupine

trumpetfishAchilles tang

White mouthed

morey

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold

3,500 species

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Rana cancrivora

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)

6,500 species

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Sea snake

Marine turtle

Marine iguana

Saltwater crocodile

Class AvesClass Aves

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell

Class AvesClass Aves

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Dugong

manatee

Sea otter

Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Seals & sealions

Inquiry

1. Which marine mammals give birth at sea?

2. Which structure in sharks allows them to detect weak electromagnetic fields?

3. Which marine reptile is viviparous?

4. Jawless fish belong to the class_____.

5. Which invertebrate phylum molts?