1

Bellringer Tuesday, 03/15

How could your group the following organisms.

Homework #8

1. Page 449 Questions 1-4

2. Page 459 Questions 1-3

3. Page 464 Questions 1-11

• Write the question and the complete answer (not just A or B or C)

2

3

• There are 13 billion known species of organisms

• This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!

• New organisms are still being found and identified

Species of Organisms

4

Who Needs a Classification System?

When you go to the grocery store, how doWhen you go to the grocery store, how doknow how to find the milk?know how to find the milk?

When you go to the clothing store, how doWhen you go to the clothing store, how doyou know where to look for your favorite brand?you know where to look for your favorite brand?

When you go to the movie store, how do youWhen you go to the movie store, how do youfind the movie you’re looking for?find the movie you’re looking for?

5

What is Classification?

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms

• Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

6

Why ?• To help us study the earth• To help us organize all the species

we discover . . . • To give every species a name based

on a standard method so scientists from different countries can talk about the same animal without confusion

7

Confusion over names• Different meaning - same word • Crib – baby bed – house• Byte –bite• Bonnet – baby hat – England – car hood• Boot – US shoe - England trunk

• Same thing – different word• US speed bump - England sleeping policeman• US bathroom – England loo• Also WC John Crapper toilet washroom restroom

head little boy’/girl’s room• Which language - Languages change

8

Benefits of Classifying• Accurately & uniformly names

organisms- make sense of #s • Prevents misnomers (mistakes)

such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish

• Latin (sometimes Greek) used for all names because the language does not change

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??

9

Confusion in Using Different Languages for

Names

10

Latin Names are Understood by all

Taxonomists

11

Early Taxonomists• 2000 years ago, Aristotle

was the first taxonomist• Aristotle divided

organisms into plants & animals

• He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

12

Carolus Linnaeus• 18th century taxonomist• Called the “Father of

Taxonomy”• Developed the modern naming

system still used today

13

binomial nomenclature• Two-word name (Genus

& species• Genus - consists of

group of closely related species

• species – describes a characteristic of an organism

• Capitalize first name only

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobin

14

• Homo erectus –

• one who walks erect

• Homo sapiens –

• Sapiens = wise

• Wise one

15

16

Rules for Naming Organisms

• The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms

• International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) approves all names

• This prevents duplicated names

17

Classification Groups•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category

into which related organisms are placed

•There is a hierarchy (order) of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific

•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

18

19

•King

•Phillip

•Came

•Over

•For

•Grape

•Soda!

20

21

Terms for 6 kingdoms

• Unicellular – one cell

• Multicellular – many cells

• Autotrophic – makes its own food (ex. plants)

• Heterotrophic – can’t make their own food (ex. animals)

• Prokaryote – no nucleus ( bacteria)

• Eukaryote – has a nucleus (ex. us)

22

23

Fun Fact: One bushel of corn will sweeten more than 400 cans of pop.

multicellularautotrophic

Can’t move from place to placeHave a nucleus

24

Plant Kingdom

Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis

Cell walls made of cellulose

25

26

Fun Fact: There are only three animals with blue tongues: the black bear, the Chow Chow dog and the blue-tongued lizard.

27

Animalia

• Multicellular• heterotrophs

consume food • Feed on plants

or animals• Move• Eukaryotic• No cell walls

28

Fungi• Multicellular,

except yeast• Absorptive

heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)

• Cell walls made of chitin

29Fun Fact: Giant puffballs range from golf ball size to as large as a watermelon!

30

yeast

Giant puff ball

31Fun Fact: Most protoctists can be see only with a microscope while a few species like the giant sea kelp can be 30 ft long!

32

Protist• Most are unicellular• Some are

multicellular• Some are

autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

33

EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are

present in almost present in almost all habitatsall habitats on earth.on earth.

Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and

commercially.commercially.

Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals

34

Fun Fact: Causes average of 61 deaths per year.

35

• Archaebacteria In 1983, scientists took samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. To their surprise they discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Archaebacteria.

36

Archaeabacteria in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Environments use chemosynthesis to obtain energy.

37

• Finding Archaeabacteria : The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaea were discovered.

• The coloring comes from the massive amount of archaebacteria (which are chemo-synthesizers)

38

• Archaebacteria are found in harsh environments such as boiling water, with no oxygen, highly acidic, or very salty environments.

• Obtain energy through chemosynthesis

39

Fun Fact: Considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae!

40

41

42

43

Taxons• Most genera (genus) contain a

number of similar species, with the exception of Homo that only contains modern humans

• Classification is based on evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)

44

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structures (same structure, different function)

• Similar embryo development• Similarity in DNA, RNA, or

amino acid sequence of Proteins

45

Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in mammals.mammals.

46

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

47

Cladogram• Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

48

Primate Cladogra

m

49

Dichotomous Key

• Used to identify organisms• Characteristics given in pairs• Read both characteristics and

either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

50

Example of Dichotomous Key

• 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2• 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6• 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus• 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3• 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4• 3b Tentacles upright–Sea

Anemone• 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish• 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

51

Dichotomous Key