Industrialization Spreads Section 9.3. England First country to industrialize on huge scale Inspired...
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Transcript of Industrialization Spreads Section 9.3. England First country to industrialize on huge scale Inspired...
Industrialization Spreads
Section 9.3
England• First country to
industrialize on huge scale• Inspired other countries to
industrialize – Copy the “British miracle”
• Class structure becomes more rigid
• Raises the world standing of England – Crystal Palace – built to
show the wealth and power of English industrialization
America• Has a wealth of resources similar to Britain– War of 1812 – Britain blockades America • Forces US to rely on own resources to develop industry
• Industrialization started with textiles – England had forbid engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving country - protect secrets
– Samuel Slater emigrates to America• Brings the design of the
spinning machine• Moses Brown used it to start
first mechanized factory
– Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionized American textiles by mechanizing all stages in cloth manufacturing• Became model for American
factories
• Social changes– Mill girls: Women
moving to factory towns• Higher wages• Independence• Watched closely by
factory owners to ensure “proper behavior”
– Cities grow similar to Britain
America
–Immigrants• Usually take
unskilled jobs• Came looking for
opportunity and usually ended up in factories•Many were
Northern European• Discrimination
America: Later Expansion• Northeast saw the
majority of the industrialism – Industrial boom
after Civil War• South rebuilt• New inventions:
– Better excavation of natural resources
– Electric light bulb, telephone
• Rise of railroads– Chicago and Minneapolis
huge centers – Railroads became
profitable• Symbols of power • End of the 1800s – small
number of companies control 2/3rds of the tracks
America: Rise of Corporations
• Need money to build large businesses – Stock – certain rights of
ownership in the company– Corporation – business
owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not responsible for debts• Protects people who invest
• Corporations– Standard Oil (John D.
Rockefeller)– Carnegie Steel Company
(Andrew Carnegie)– Horizontal Integration –
Control every aspect of industry in order to make big profits
• Wealthy earned money, workers were still given low wages
Belgium• First continental country to
industrialize• William Cockerill, illegally
traveled to Belgium– Plans for spinning machinery– Son, John, built industrial
enterprise in Belgium • Produced mechanical
equipment– Steam engines– Railway locomotives
• Never became a European industrial power - Congo
Germany• Pockets of
industrialization– Coal-rich valley of the
Ruhr• 1835, kingdoms in
German Confederacy copied British model– Imported British
machines – Wealthy sent children to
England to learn industrial management
• Built railroads linking manufacturing cities– Frankfurt to the Ruhr
Valley• Industrialization
allowed Prussia to create Germany and make it industrial powerhouse by late 1800s
Continental Europe: Everywhere else• Industrialization:– Catalonia (Spain) - cotton– Bohemia - spinning– Northern Italy – machine
made silk– France - most stable• Agriculture did not suffer as
people moved to cities• 1850s – create railroads to
connect the country
• Some places never industrialized:– Austria-Hungary –
mountainous land = no railroads
– Ottoman Empire – difficult to control large empire
– Spain – lacked good roads and waterways• Fragmented control of
country
Impact of Industrialization: Imperialism
• Industrialized countries needed natural resources, gained by seizing other countries– Imperialism – policy of
extending one country’s rule over other lands
– Gave more power to these industrializing powers
Impact of Industrialization: Society• Western countries:– Economies focused on industry– Wealth gaps between classes• Resentment allowed for revolutionary ideas
– Increase of middle class allowed for more education – not majority
– Improved life expectancy as industrialization moves along
• Eastern countries:– Economies focused on agriculture, small workshops– Decreased power and wealth – Eastern peoples were “lesser” because not industrialized
Impact of Industrialization: Nationalism
• Countries compare themselves, which strengthens differences – Industrial power is
indicator of strength of nationalism and country