253

Abortion, Criminalization of (France), 54, 80, 207, See also Code de la Famille

Absolutism, 30Active duty, 43, 61, 63, 66, 81, 82, 83, 91,

92, 96, 98, 99–102, 103, 105, 107, 137, 154, 182, 221

Adams, Julia, xi, 9, 12, 214Addams, Jane, 125Adjutant General, 122, 145, 146Administrative reform (France), 33, 37,

39–41Adolescents, 58, 70Adultery, 33, 57African Americans, 152, 154, 160, 161,

163, 202, 203, 205Limits on Voluntarism, 120, 126, 153,

168, 203WWI draft, 19, 151–153, 204, 209WWII draft, 195–203

Age of conscription, 70, 83, 96, 103, 134, 149, 175, 179, 180

Age of majority (France), 30, 34, 35, 36, 59

Aid to Dependent Children (United States), 163, 164

Algier, Russell A. See War Secretaries (United States)

Alliance Nationale pour l’acroissement de la Population Française, 55, See also Demographic crisis; Pronatalism

Alsace, 47, 54, 73American Political Development, 116

Anglo-liberal model of conscription, 15Années creuses, 101, 103, See also Classes

creusesAnticlericalism, 52, See also French Third

Republic; RepublicanismAnti-statism, 115Ardennes, 101, 108Armée de couverture, 83Armée territoriale. See ReservesArmistice of 1918, 73, 150Army reorganization, 43, 45, 60, 71, 82,

100, 102Army War College, 122, 126,

128, 130Arrondissements, 35, 40,

See also Administrative Reform (France)

Asquith, Herbert Henry (Prime Minister, Britain), 131, 228

Auclert, Hubertine, 78Authority to rule, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 22,

206, 207, 212, 215, 216, 217, See also Familial Authority; Paternal Authority; State Authority; Max Weber

Charismatic, 5, 41Rational bureaucratic, 4, 5, 7, 8, 18Traditional, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 28

Autonomy, ideal of. See Liberalism

Bachelors, 58, 59, 74, 131, 132Bailey-Clark bill, 193, 196, 204,

See also Father Draft Crisis

Index

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Baker, Newton D. See War Secretaries (United States)

Balogh, Brian, 115, 116Bard, Christine, 78Barthou, Louis. See War Ministers (France)Belgium, 68, 73, 101, 108Bénazet, Paul. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Bertillon, Jacques, 55, 57, 69Bigamy, 33Biopolitics, 12, 14, See also Foucault,

MichelBirthrate, 55, 58, 67, 69, 71, 76, 94, 96,

97, 100, 104, See also Demographic Crisis; Fertility

Bismarck, Otto von, 46, See also Franco-Prussian War

Bloc des Gauches, 64Bloc national, 79, 93, 94Blood tax, 4, 85, 206Blue Horizon, 79Blum, Léon. See Prime Ministers (France)Boulangism, 50, 238Bounties, 118, 121Bourbon Restoration, 47–48Bourgeois, Léon, 51, See also SolidaritéBourgeoisie, 40Boverat, Fernand, 55, 88Breadwinners, i, 20, 71, 100, 110, 116,

125, 137, 153, 154, 155, 159, 162, 164, 195, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 223, See also Dependence; Paternal authority

British conscription, 156British voluntary experience (WWI), 131,

156, See also Derby SchemeBrown, Wendy, 12, 210, 215Bureaucracy, 28, 40, 41, 48, 204, 205, 209,

213

Calder, William M. See Senators (United States)

Canadian conscription, 155–157Canadian Patriotic Fund, 131Canadian voluntary experience (WWI),

155–157Canon Law, 213Cantons, 39, 46, See also Administrative

Reform (France)Capozzola, Christopher, 151Caregiving, 11, 125, 162, See also Sexual

Division of Labor

Cartel des Gauches, 52, 93, 94, 95, 102Carter, Jimmy. See Presidents (United

States)Casualties from WWI (France), 76, 82Catholics (France), 76, 79Census, 92, 136Centralized State (France), 15, 27, 28, 38,

207Chamber of Deputies. See ParliamentChamberlain, George. See Senators (United

States)Chambers, John Whiteclay, 127, 128, 151Charismatic authority. See AuthorityChéron, Adolphe. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Chief of Staff, 65, 95, 103, 104, 122, 126,

192Childcare, 183Childers, Kristen Stromberg, 109Children, 3, 4, 10–12, 18, 30–38, 42, 44,

55–59, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81–86, 87, 88–93, 94, 96–100, 103, 107, 110, 119, 120, 121, 124, 129, 132, 140–143, 148, 153, 155, 157, 161–164, 169–179, 183–185, 186, 188, 192, 194–199, 200, 204, 212, 213, 222–223, See also Dependence

Children’s Bureau (United States), 125, 160, 183

Chirac, Jacques. See Presidents (France)Citizen Militia (France), 65, 83, 84, 93, 95Citizen soldiers (France), 1, 17, 33, 38, 42,

48, 81, 82, 108, 207, 211Citizen soldiers (United States), 117, 159,

211Citizenship, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 28, 29, 30, 31,

33, 53, 66, 78, 80, 87, 109, 123, 124, 125, 162–164, 170, 207, 208, 211, 220, See also Suffrage, Women’s

Civic Republicanism, i, 115Civil Code (France), 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 41,

42, 56, 58, 77, 108, See also Code de la Famille

Civil unions, 216, See also Pacte civil de solidarité (PACS)

Civil War (United States), 4, 16, 20, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 134, 137, 152, 157, 159, 160, 166, 178, 206, 208, 209, See also Confederate conscription; Union conscription

Clark, Grenville, 165

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Classes creuses, 105, 106, See also Années creuses

Classifications (United States Selective Service System), 21, 182, 221, See also Reclassification

At start of WWII, 169, 170, 173, 176Changes to during WWII, 178, 179, 182,

184, 185, 187, 188, 200, 201–203, 205, 220

Creation of during WWI, 135, 136, 140, 141–145, 147, 148, 150, 152

Clemenceau, Georges. See Prime Ministers (France); War Ministers (France)

Clemens, Elisabeth, xi, 116Code de la Famille, 107, 108Collins, Randall, 8Colonial Forces (France), 91Committee for Public Safety, 38,

See also French RevolutionCommittees (Congressional, United States)

Military Affairs Committee, House, 129, 132, 166, 180, 185

Military Affairs Committee, Senate, 1, 127, 133, 166, 191, 192

Subcommittee on Manpower, Senate, 181

Subcommittee on Personnel and Manpower, Senate, 221, 222

Committees (Parliamentary, France), 38, 45, 62, 63, 86, 97

Army Commission, Chamber, 69, 82–85, 86, 89, 93, 95–99, 103, 104–107

Common law, 123, 170Communes, 39, 40, 47, 50,

See also Administrative Reform (France)

Communists (France), 89Confederate Conscription, 118, 119, 121,

See also Civil War (United States)Absence of family exemptions, 119Class resentment, 118Desertion, 119Paid substitution, elimination of, 119Plantations, 118Slaves, 118White Males, 118

Congrès des Allocations familiales de Lille, 82

Congress, Confederate, 118Congress, Union, 119, 120, 121Congress, United States, 1, 19, 20, 117,

121, 122, 124, 127, 128–134, 136,

147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 161, 165–166, 173–182, 183–186, 191–197, 204, 209, 210, 220, 221, 222

Conscientious Objection. See Exemptions from Conscription (United States)

Conscription Classes (France), 72–75, 82, 84, 89–93, 96, 98, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107

Conscription, Demise of (France), 219Conscription Laws (France)

1789 Law, 371793 Law, 371798 Law, 381800 Law, 391802 Law, 391803 Law, 391806 Law, 391818 Law, 43, 441824 Law, 431832 Law, 43, 46, 621868 Law, 45, 461872 Law, 60–641889 Law, 63, 641905 Law, 66, 67, 681913 Law, 68, 691923 Law, 89, 93, 95, 961928 Law, 99, 101, 1021936 amendment, 105, 107

Conseil supérieur de la Guerre, 60, 64, 82, 94

Conseil supérieur de la Natalité, 79, 88Constantinople, 91, 93Constitutional right to raise an army

(United States), 128, 139Contraception, 80, 108Cornavin, Gaston Louis Paul. See Deputies

(Chamber, France)Corporatism, 28, 41Council of State (France), 40Couverture, Armée de, 83, 101Coverture, 123, 124Crowder, Enoch H., 128–130, 134, 136,

137, 138–140, 144–150, 153, 241, See also Provost Marshal General

Czechoslovakia, 108

Dalbiez bill, 72, 73Dalbiez, Victor. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Daniel-Vincent, Charles. See Deputies

(Chamber, France)Davis, Jefferson, 118

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Day of Defense and Citizenship (France), 220

Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man and Citizen of 1795 (France), 31

Deferments from the Draft (United States). See also Exemptions from Conscription (United States); Classifications

Agricultural, 134, 168, 180, 185, 189, 191, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204

Dependency, 129, 134, 138, 144, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 158, 164, 168–178, 179–183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 204, 205, 209, 210, 220, 221

Occupational, 133, 134, 168, 176, 182, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205

Racial discrimination, 153, 201–203Wartime Industry, 133, 134, 168, 182,

184, 185Delachenal, Joseph. See Deputies

(Chamber, France)Demobilization, 73, 74, 91, 150, 166, 208Democratic Party (United States), 126Demographers, 13, 76Demographic crisis, 17, 48, 54, 58, 59,

77, 80, 94, 101, 110, 207, 208, See also Birthrate; Pronatalism

Départements. See DepartmentsDepartment of Labor (United States), 125,

135, 160, 161Departments, 32, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 50,

See also Administrative Reform (France)

Dependence, 10, 29, 31, 32, 124, 125, 129, 143, 153, 155, 159, 160, 171, 178, 223, See also Breadwinners; Children; Wives

Debates over definition of (United States), 129, 138, 170, 171, 172

Local boards’ confusion over, 136, 138, 139, 172

Loose definition of (United States, WWI), 138, 139

Loose definition of (United States, WWII), 169, 172, 178

Dependency Deferment Rates, 164WWI, 147, 153WWII, 174, 181, 190

Depopulation, 55, 57, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 82, 87, See also Demographic Crisis

Deputies (Chamber, France), 68Bénazet, Paul, 83, 89Chéron, Adolphe, 85Cornavin, Gaston Louis Paul, 98Dalbiez, Victor, 72, 73Daniel-Vincent, Charles, 70Delachenal, Joseph, 83, 85, 86, 89Diesbach, Louis de, 103, 105Duval-Arnould, Louis Frédéric Eugène,

105, 106, 107Escudier, Paul, 70Fabry, Jean, 84, 85, 88Ignace, Edouard, 80Isaac, Auguste, 74, 86–88, 90Labatut, Lucien, 97Landry, Adolphe, 98, 99Messimy, Adolphe, 69Montebello, Adrien Lannes de, 68, 69Mourier, Louis, 73Nail, Pierre le, 88, 89Nouelle, Georges, 97, 98Patureau-Mirand, Joseph, 85, 86Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 83, 84Reinach, Joseph, 68–71Réville, Marc, 69Rognon, Etienne, 83, 89, 97Schuman, Robert, 103, 105Sénac, Jean, 105, 106

Derby Scheme, 131, 132, 156Desertion from Army, 38, 119, 121, 124,

133, 206Diesbach, Louis de. See Deputies

(Chamber, France)Discipline, 13, 14, 42, 61, 65, 84,

See also Foucault, MichelDispensations (France), 17, 44, 46, 64Disponibilité (France). See Reserves

(France)Divorce (France), 34, 54, 57–59, 71, 207

French Revolutionary Reform, 30, 31Reform of in Napoleonic Civil Code of

1884, 34, 59Divorce (United States), 124, 162, 169Domestic Sphere, 11, 29, 32, 223,

See also Private SphereDomination, 10, 211, See also Authority

Legitimate domination, 5, 211Sociology of, 5–8, 14, 210

Donzelot, Jacques, 18, 109Doumergue, Gaston. See Presidents

(France); Prime Ministers (France)Draft Boards. See Selective Service System

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Draft Laws (United States) Conscription Act of 1883, 120, 129Enrollment Act of 1884, 119, 120, 121Selective Draft Act of 1917, 128, 134,

136, 137Selective Training and Service Act of

1940, 166, 197, 220Draft, the. See Selective Service SystemDreyfus Affair, 49, 51, 60, 64–65Durkheim, Émile, 51, 55, 58Duval-Arnould, Louis Frédéric Eugène.

See Deputies (Chamber, France)Dykstra, Clarence A., 167, 173

Elston, Charles H. See Representatives (House, United States)

Embusqués, 73Emergency Executive Powers (United

States), 165, 210, See also War Manpower Commission

Engerand Act (France), 57England, 108, 120, 132Escudier, Paul. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Étienne, Eugène. See War Ministers (France)Exceptionalism (France), 15, 27Exceptionalism (United States), 15Exemptions from Conscription (France),

21, 28, 37, 44–47, 62, 63, 66, 71, 88, 89, 95, 97, 100, 104, 207–208, 219

Agricultural labor, 62, 74, 98Brothers, 40, 44–46, 67Clergy, 63Familial, 37, 44, 45, 47, 62–63, 67, 85,

87, 88, 89, 107Fathers, 18, 42, 46, 54, 74, 87Health, 44, 45Illegitimate children, 63Marriage, 38, 40, 42Occupation, 63, 67, 89Orphans, 40, 44, 59, 74, 75Siblings, 75Sons, 44, 45, 46, 54, 62, 75, 96Students, 62–64, 67, 96, 98Teachers, 62Wartime Industry, 63Widowers, 28, 38

Exemptions from Conscription (United States), 17, 118–121, 129, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143–147, 153, 155, 168, 172, 178, 185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197, 206, 208, 220, 221,

See also Deferments from the Draft (United States)

Conscientious Objection, 120, 134, 151, 166

Executive exemptions (WWI), 129, 130, 134, 143

Legislative exemptions (WWI), 130, 134, 143

Selective Draft Act, 137, 138Extractive policies, 6

Fabry, Jean. See Deputies (Chamber, France); War Ministers (France)

Factories, 72, 73, 77Familial Authority, 2–4, 6–9, 11–19, 21–

23, 28, 36, 37, 41, 42, 47, 48, 54, 56, 60, 75, 88, 109–111, 158, 165, 196, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 223, See also Authority to rule

Competition with State Authority, 2, 11, 15, 17, 158, 204, 206–212, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223

Famille Nombreuse, 60, 79, 83, 85, 87, 103, 104, 106, 208

Family Allowances (France), 79, 91Family as a Moral Good (United States),

20, 110, 164, 165, 171, 174, 196, 204, 205, 210

Family Law, 213, See also Divorce; Pacte civil de solidarité (France); Civil Code (France)

Changes to during Progressive Era (United States), 125, 160–162

Revolutionary reform (France), 33, 213, 214, 215

Family Policy, 22, 159Family Suffrage, 59, 60, 85Family Tribunals (France), 30, 31, 35Family Vote, 60, 85, See also Family

SuffrageFamily-state Compact, 213, 215Farmers, 74, 98, 127, See also agricultural

labor; Deferments from Conscription (United States); Exemptions from Conscription (France)

Fascists, 52, 53, 103Father Draft crisis, 20, 186, 190, 191, 192,

193, 195, 197, 199, 209Faust, Drew Gilpin, 118Federalism (United States), 115, 158Fédération nationale des associations de

familles nombreuses, 86

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Feminist scholars, 3, 10, 11, 211, 213Feminist state theory, 3, 10, 11, 215Marxist feminists, 10

Fertility, 55, 71Flandin, Pierre-Étienne. See Prime

Ministers (France)Foucault, Michel, 12–14, 17, 18Franco-Prussian War, 49, 58, 207Fraternité, 31, 51Freely Creative Administration, 158,

See also Selective Service SystemFrench Revolution, 16, 27, 29, 37, 54, 57French Third Republic, 1, 17–19, 36, 48,

53–60, 61, 65, 71, 78, 109, 137, 207, 208, See also Demographic Crisis; Dreyfus Affair; Anti-clericalism; Solidarité

Establishment of, 46, 47, 49, 54, 78, 207Political currents, 48, 49–53, 59, 60, 64,

65, 68, 75, 102, 207Front Populaire. See Popular Front

Garde mobile, 45, 46General Staff (United States), 66, 82, 91,

122, 123, 127, 128, 134, 151, 165, 192Geo-military competition, 8Germany, 50, 52, 54, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73,

76, 79, 81, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 101, 102, 103, 108, 126, 128, 165

Gillett, Frederick H. See Representatives (House, United States)

Goldberg v. Rostker, 222Governmentality, 12, 18, See also Foucault,

MichelGrande Armée, 86Great Britain, 50, 86, 117, 123, 132, 136,

155–158, 209Great Depression, 163, 164, 203Groupe parlementaire pour la protection

de la natalité et de la famille, 77Guardians, 31, 35, 36, 56, 59,

See also Family Law; Children; Dependence

Hamilton, Alexander, 117Hanley, Sarah, 213Hardwick, Julie, 213Hershey, Lewis B., 172–182, 185, 188,

190, 192, 194, 195Hickel, Walter K., 153High Command (France), 60, 64, 66, 68,

72, 95

Hitler, Adolphe, 101, 102, 106Honnorat, André. See Senators (France)Household Authority, i, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17,

21, 29, 33, 71, 80, 109, 110, 116, 143, 146, 153, 156, 158, 195, 200, 212, See also Familial Authority

Housewives, 9, 11, 80, 108, 124, 162

Ignace, Edouard. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Immigration, 125, 217, 218Impressment of idle poor, 120Individualism, 33, 51, 77, 115,

See also LiberalismIndustrial wartime production (France), 63,

72, 73, 77, 84, 107Industrial wartime production (United

States), 20, 21, 116, 117, 127, 133, 136, 137, 143, 146, 154, 166, 168, 176, 181–184, 188, 189, 191, 198, 202–205, 209

Industrialization, 50, 55Informal draft rules (WWII), 169–173,

177, 179, 182, 183, 185–187, 189, 190, 193, 196, 197, 199, 205

Inheritance rights, 30Isaac, Auguste. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Italy, 38, 40, 52, 103

Jacobinism, 3, 27Jaurès, Jean, 51, 61, 65, 83, 88Jourdan Law of 1798, 38Judge Advocate General, 128, 135, 147July Monarchy, 43, 47

Keith, Jeanette, 152, 153Kennedy fathers, 221Kerr, John H. See Representatives (House,

United States)Kilday, Paul. See Representatives (House,

United States)Kilgore, Harley M. See Senators (United

States)

Labatut, Lucien. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Labor Unions, 94Landry, Adolphe. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Le Play, Frédéric, 58, 59Lefèvre, André. See War Ministers (France)

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Legists (France), 213–214Legitimacy, political, 2, 9, 20, 40, 206,

See also Domination; AuthorityPrinciples of, 6, 18

Lettres de Cachet, 30, 31Levée en masse, 37–38Levi, Margaret, 6Levy of Three-Hundred Thousand (France),

37, See also Revolutionary warsLiberalism, 28, 29, 31, 33, 52, 53, 54, 55,

57, 71, 215, 218Autonomy, Ideal of (France), 29Exclusions of, 29Feminist critique of, 8, 10Political Theory of, 29, 32, 51Pro-family criticism of, 87Rights, 52, 60Universality, Ideal of (France), 29, 30,

48, 53, 75Ligue des Familles nombreuses de

Marseille, 104Lincoln, Abraham. See Presidents (United

States)Local Autonomy (United States), 116, 158,

209Locarno Agreement, 93Lorraine, 47, 54, 73Lottery (France), 37, 39, 44–45, 61, 63,

66Lottery (United States), 138Louis XVIII, 43, See also Bourbon

RestorationLouis-Napoleon. See Napoleon IIILouis-Philippe, 45, See also July Monarchy

Maginot, André. See War Ministers (France)

Maginot line, 108Marriage Epidemic, 144Marxist Feminists. See Feminist ScholarsMasculinity, 65, 111Mass Army

Demise of, 219, 223Formation of, 38, 101

Maternal Authority, 109, 161Maternalism, 11, 80, 161Mayors, 39, 44, 50, 92,

See also Administrative Reform (France)

McNutt, Paul V., 20, 165, 176, 181–196, 209, See also War Manpower Commission

Medical Advisory Boards (United States), 135, 136

Mère au foyer. See HousewivesMessimy, Adolphe. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Mettler, Suzanne, 163Michel, Sonya, 205Militia (France), 37, 65, 83, 84, 93, 95, 100Militia (United States), 122, 123, 129, 137,

157, See also National GuardColonial era, 117Local militia, 117, 122, 208State militia, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122,

208Militia Act of 1903 (United States), 122Millerand, Alexandre. See Presidents

(France); War Ministers (France)Millikin, Eugene D. See Senators (United

States)Minister of Defense and War. See War

Ministers (France)Modernization, 17, 28, 48, 57, 109, 110,

210, See also State ModernityMonopoly of Violence, 7, 8, 13, 110, 151,

205, See also Weber; Neo-WeberiansMontebello, Adrien Lannes de.

See Deputies (Chamber, France)Monteilhet, Joseph, 61Morocco, 91, 93Mothers’ Pensions (United States), 125,

160, 161Mourier law, 73Mourier, Louis. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)

Nail, Pierre le. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Napoleon III, 45, 46, 49, 61, See also Second Empire

Napoleon Bonaparte, 15, 32, 33, 38–42, 45, 47–48, 54, 59, 86, 208

Napoleonic Codes, 36, 42, 56, 57, 59, 207, 215, See also Civil Code, Penal Code

Naquet Law (France), 57Nation in Arms, 1, 48, 61, 65, 68, 81, 84,

207, 208National Assembly. See ParliamentNational Defense Act of 1916 (United

States), 127, 129, 134National Guard (France), 44, 47, 61National Guard (United States), 122–123,

127, 129, 133–137, 140, 151, 152, 165

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National Industrial Recovery Act (United States), 164

National Service Code (France), 220Nationality Law (France), 34, 79, 124Nationality Law (United States), 170Neo-Weberians, 2, 8Netherlands, 10New Deal, 163New Zealand conscription, 155–158Nixon, Richard. See Presidents (United

States)North Africa, 99Nouelle, Georges. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Nuclear Family, 8, 42, 57–60,

164, 179Nurses, 154, 159, 184, 200,

See also Women’s Services (United States)

Nye, Robert, 65

Offen, Karen, 29Office of Emergency Management, 176Officer Corps, 64–65, 66Old Regime, 27, 30, 34, 35, 40Onuf, Peter, 116Orphans, 40, 44, 59, 62, 66, 74, 75, 119

Pacifism, 65, 78, 126, 127, 152, 161Pacte civil de solidarité (PACS),

217–219Paid Exonerations (France), 61Paid Substitutes (France)

Abolishment of, 39Napoleonic conscription, 38, 39Revolutionary conscription, 38

Paid Substitutes (United States), 120Painlevé, Paul. See War Ministers

(France)Paris Commune, 47, 49, 60, 61Parliament (France), 1, 37, 43, 44, 46,

51–53, 57–73, 77–83, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101–103, 108, 109, 131, 208

Paternal Authority, i, 20, 28, 36, 54, 56, 59, 75, 196, 200, 207, 210, See also Patriarchy

Paternity Suits (France), 31, 59Patria Potestas, 30, 35, See also Paternal

Authority; PatriarchyPatriarchalism, 9, 10Patriarchy, 9–12, 211, 213

Patrimonialism, 7, 9, 10, 214, See also Traditional Authority

Patureau-Mirand, Joseph. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Paul-Boncour, Joseph. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Pauperism, 204Pearl Harbor, 174, 175, 176, 179, 185,

188, 195, 197Pelletier, Madeleine, 108Penal Code (France), 28, 33, 36, 42, 80Père de Famille, 42, 58–60, 208Pétain, Phillipe. See Prime Ministers

(France); Vichy FrancePhysical Examinations, 39, 137, 138, 141,

220Plattsburg, New York, 126, 127, 165,

See also Preparedness MovementPlus Grande Famille, 74, 85, 86, 90,

See also Demographic crisis; Pronatalism

Poincaré, Raymond. See Prime Ministers (France)

Poland, 108, 165Popular Front (France), 51, 52, 102Post-colonial states, 216Prefects, 15, 28, 36, 40, 50

During Bourbon Restoration, 47, 48During Second Empire, 48Napoleonic Innovation, 40–41Role in organizing conscription, 41,

44, 46Third Republic Reforms, 47, 49, 50

Pregnancy, 68Preparedness Movement, 125, 126, 127Pre-Pearl Harbor Fathers, 188, 195, 197Presidential powers (United States), 116,

122, 127, 165, 185, 209Presidents (France)

Chirac, Jacques, 219Doumergue, Gaston, 97, 102Millerand, Alexandre, 72, 77Thiers, Adolphe, 46, 47, 60, 61

Presidents (United States) Carter, Jimmy, 221Lincoln, Abraham, 119–120Nixon, Richard, 221Roosevelt, Franklin D., 163, 165, 174,

180, 181, 185, 194, 195, 209Roosevelt, Theodore, 20, 122, 125–128Wilson, Woodrow, 19, 125–129, 148,

149, 153

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Prime Ministers (France) Blum, Léon, 51, 102Clemenceau, Georges, 74Doumergue, Gaston, 97, 102Flandin, Pierre-Étienne, 102Pétain, Phillipe, 108Poincaré, Raymond, 55, 88Reynaud, Paul, 108

Private Sphere, 5Pro-familialism, 59, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79,

85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 98, 103, 105

Professional Army (France), 37, 43, 60, 61, 64, 65, 95, 219

Professional Army (United States), 117Progressive Era, 115, 125, 152, 160, 162Pronatalism (France), 17, 18, 54, 57, 58,

67–71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 85, 86, 88, 94, 97, 98, 103, 105, 107, 158, 207, 208, See also Demographic Crisis

Property Rights, 51, 65, 123Provost Marshal General, 120, 135, 138,

140, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 167

Prussia, 45–47, 49, 50, 58, 60, 61, 121, 122, 125, 145, 207

Public Sphere, 5, 29

Quebec Easter Riots, 156Quotas (France), 38, 39, 41Quotas (United States), 116, 121, 134,

185, 203

Radicals (France), 51, 52, 64, 78, 93, 94, See also French Third Republic

Rational bureaucratic authority, 4, 5, 9, 18, See also Authority; Rational Bureaucratic

Reclassification (United States), 148, 177, 186, 188, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198

Reconstruction (United States), 121Reemployment (United States), 168Rehnquist, William H., 222Reinach, Joseph. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Representatives (House, United States)

Elston, Charles H., 194Gillett, Frederick H., 133Kerr, John H., 182Kilday, Paul, 185, 191, 193

Reproductive Duties (France), 17, 71, 73, 80, 109, 158, 207

Republicanism (France), 48, 49, 53, 54, 75, 81, 207

Republicans (French Parliament), 51, 57, 64, 65, 66, 79

Reserve Service, 43, 67, 74, 91, 96, 99, 107

Reserves (France), 61, 62, 68, 81, 82, 84, 90, 95, 96, 97, 100, 107

Active reserves, 46, 67Armée territoriale, 61, 62, 67, 81, 82,

84Disponibilité, 90, 93

Resistance to Conscription (France), 38, 41, 65, 95

Resistance to Conscription (United States), 120, 121

Réville, Marc. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Revolution, French, 3, 29–34, 37, 53, 59, 207, 215

Revolutionary Wars (France), 37, 38Revolutionary Wars (United States), 117Reynaud, Paul. See Prime Ministers

(France)Rhine, 73, 83, 91, 93, 101Rights, 9, 29, 31, 33, 35–37, 52, 53,

56–60, 71, 76, 78, 79, 80, 123–125, 161, 162, 163, 164, 208, 217–220, See also Citizenship, Liberalism

Rognon, Etienne. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 171, 172Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. See Presidents

(United States)Roosevelt, Theodore. See Presidents

(United States)Root, Elihu. See War Secretaries (United

States)Rosanvallon, Pierre, 16, 27, 29Roussel Law (France), 55Royalists, 43, 50Russian revolution, 78, 79

Saint-Cyr, Gouvion. See War Ministers (France)

Saint-Cyr Law, 43Same-sex marriage, 23, 216, 217Schuman, Robert. See Deputies (Chamber,

France)Scott, Joan Wallach, 29Second Empire (France), 47, 48Security State, 80–83, 88, 94, 95, 104–110

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Selective Service System (SSS), 1, 4, 16, 19–22, 110, 115, 116, 136, 140, 144, 147, 150–158, 160, 164–188, 191–193, 196–205, 208, 209, 222, 226, 235, See also Classifications; Local Autonomy; Freely Creative Administration

Appeals, 137, 139, 145, 150, 167Battle with War Manpower Commission

(WWII), 181, 190, 194Cancellation of Draft, 221Civilians, 149, 190Director (WWII), 167, 173, 181, 194, 195Draft Boards, 21, 116, 137, 139, 143,

153, 171, 179, 203, 209Draft Status, 19, 140, 183,

See also ClassificationsEstablishment of in 1917, 209Governors, 138, 139, 167Interwar Hiatus, 150, 151Local Discretion, 144, 148, 153, 157,

169, 171Male-only registration, 154National Headquarters, 143–147, 167,

170, 171, 172, 179, 186, 196Organization of (WWI), 116, 134, 135Organization of (WWII), 166, 167Postwar, 220, 221Registration, 137, 138, 140, 146–150,

165, 166, 173–177, 199State Headquarters, 150, 167

Sénac, Jean. See Deputies (Chamber, France)

Senate, France. See ParliamentSenate, United States. See CongressSenators (France)

Honnorat, André, 69Strauss, Paul, 58

Senators (United States) Calder, William M., 130Chamberlain, George, 127Kilgore, Harley M., 181Millikin, Eugene D., 192Taft, Robert, 178, 192Thomas, Charles, 133Wheeler, Burton K., 185–197

Servicemen’s Dependents Allowance Act (United States, WWII), 177

Sexual division of labor, 3, 154, 183, 223, See also Caregiving; Breadwinners; Patriarchy

Sexuality, 12, 58, 217

Shenk, Gerald E., 153Single women, 77, 118, 161, 191Slacker marriages, 144, 145, 147, 148, 204Slackers, 130, 144, 151Slaves, 117, 118, 119, 124, See also Civil

War (United States)Social Security (United States), 163, 164Socialists (France), 50–52, 61, 64, 65, 68,

69, 70, 78, 79, 81, 83, 88, 89, 93, 95, 102

Soldiers’ allowances, 87, 91, 108, 132, 134, 158, 160, 164, 178, 193

Solidarité, 51, 52, 55, 243Soult law of 1882, 43Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu. See War

Ministers (France)Soutien de Famille, 62, 63, 91,

See also Exemptions from Conscription (France)

Sovereignty Familial, 14, 22, 33, 36, 42, 160,

215–219, 222Paternal, 18, 28, 160, 162, 205, 209,

See also Patriarchy; Paternal AuthorityState, 5, 214, 222

Spanish flu epidemic, 92Spanish-American war, 121, 122Standing Army, 66, 117, 121, 122, 126,

127, 158State Authority, 2–23, 36, 41, 42, 48, 111,

116, 206, 210, 212, 216, 217, 223Co-optation of familial authority, 75,

206, 208State, Modern, i, 2–23, 111, 210–216State Modernity, 4, 14, 42, 210, 212Statisticians, 46, 55, 76, 86, 104, 182Stimson, Henry L. See War Secretaries

(United States)Strauss Act (France), 57Strauss, Paul. See Senators (France)Students. See Exemptions from

Conscription (France); Deferments from Conscription (United States)

Substantive Justice, 16Suffrage, Women’s, 29, 59, 77–79, 123,

125, 160–163, 241Supreme Court (United States), 120, 222Syria, 91

Taft, Robert. See Senators (United States)Taxation, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 60, 62, 69,

79, 129, 214, 217

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Territorial Army. See Reserves; Armée territoriale

Territorial Pacification, 5Thiers, Adolphe. See Presidents (France)Third Republic. See French Third RepublicThomas, Charles. See Senators (United

States)Tilly, Charles, 8, 214Tocqueville, Alexis de, 15, 27Total War, 4, 17, 20, 22, 75, 80, 81, 84,

107–110, 154, 158, 165, 204, 208, 210, 212

Traditional authority. See AuthorityTreaty of Frankfurt, 46,

See also Franco-Prussian WarTreaty of Versailles, 93, 100, 101, 108

Union Army Conscription, 119, See also Civil War (United States)

African Americans, 120Class resentment, 121Conscription Act of 1883, 119Constitutionality of, 119, 120Division into two classes, 119, 121Draft avoidance, 121Enrollment Act of 1884, 121Enrollment Boards, 120, 121Family exemptions, 119, 121Paid substitutes, 120, 121Resistance to, 120, 121

Universal Conscription, 2, 6, 16Development of, 17, 45, 48, 54, 61, 66,

71, 106, 128, 132, 136, 157, 204, 207, 208

Myth of, 1, 2, 5, 6Universal Military Training and Service, 1,

54, 128, 132, 150Universality, Ideal of. See LiberalismUpton, Emory, 122

Venality, 214Vendée, 37, 38Verdun, 72, 87, 101Verjus, Anne, 32–33Veterans, 79, 89, 98, 100, 160, 168, 200Veterans’ pensions, 160Vichy France, 49, 53, 109Voluntary Enrollment, 134

War College Division. See Army War CollegeWar Department (United States), 137, 140,

146–151, 165–168, 179, 191, 201, 203

War Manpower Commission, 20, 165, 167, 168, 176, 180–200, 204, 205, 209, See also McNutt, Paul V.; Father Draft Crisis

Criticism of by Congress, 193, 196, 209

Curtailment of Powers by Congress, 20, 194, 209

Diminishment of Dependency Deferments, 176, 193

Establishment of, 176Purpose, 176

War Ministers (France), 107Barthou, Louis, 91, 92Clemenceau, Georges, 74Étienne, Eugène, 68Fabry, Jean, 105, 106Lefèvre, André, 81, 82Maginot, André, 88, 89, 101, 108Millerand, Alexandre, 72, 77Painlevé, Paul, 93–99Saint-Cyr, Gouvion, 43Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, 43, 44

War of attrition, 72, 77, 101War Risk Insurance Act (United States),

140War Secretaries (United States)

Algier, Russell A., 122Baker, Newton D., 127–130, 134–140,

149, 150, 153, 189Root, Elihu, 122–123, 125Stimson, Henry L., 186, 191

Wartime Industry, 20, 21, 73, 116, 117, 175, 176, 182, 198, See also Exemptions; and Women’s mobilization into industry

Wartime Powers, 20, 210Washington, George, 117Weber, Max, 4–15, 17, 19, 42, 65, 66, 158,

210–212Weberians, 3, 7–10, 14, 22, 110, 210,

See also neo-WeberiansWelfare State (France), 212Welfare State (United States), 160, 215Western Political Development, 4, 7, 211Wheeler bill, 196, 197Wheeler, Burton K. See Senators (United

States)Widows, 28, 30, 32, 40, 44, 62, 63, 74, 83,

89, 100, 120, 121, 159Wilson, Woodrow. See Presidents (United

States)

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Wives, 4, 10, 20, 31–37, 56, 59, 71, 73, 123, 124, 129, 132, 138–149, 160, 169–172, 177–179, 186, 187, 192, 198, 220, See also Dependence

Woloch, Isser, 33, 39Women’s activism, 160–162,

See also MaternalismWomen’s Land Army of America. 154,

See also Women’s Services (United States)

Women’s mobilization into industry, 154, 175, 181–184, 198, 204, 209

Women’s paid labor market participation, 11, 57, 154, 161, 162, 163, 183, 200

Women’s Services (United States) WWI, 154WWII, 183, 184, 191, 200

Wood, Leonard, 122, 126Work or Fight

WWI, 146, 149WWII, 182, 185, 186, 188, 193

Zola, Émile, 55

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