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Index

1968‘long 1968s’, 5, 46, 97–8, 99, 117, 154–70,

239, 254‘short 1968s’, 154–70‘small 1968s’, 9, 11spirit of ‘1968’, 3–7, 9‘spirit of the sixties’, 3

“A bas l’état policier” (“Down with the PoliceState”) (Grange, lyrics), 260

A floresta é jovem e cheja de vida (The Forest isYoung and Full of Life) (Nono), 40

Abba, 146Abbey Road studios, 242Academy of Ancient Music, 243“Accidents” (Thunderclap Newman), 165Action Musique, 267L’Action-image de la société (Willener), 115Adams, Eddie, 48Adams, John, 187Adlington, Robert, 3Adorno, Theodor W., 1, 43, 175, 189, 204, 238aesthetics of the fragment, 192Africa/Brass (Coltrane), 60African National Congress (ANC), 64, 67African Sanctus (Fanshawe), 175African Sketchbook (Dollar Brand), 74, 76–7Afrikaans, 68“Ain’t Got No – I Got Life” (Simone), 56–7“Akiramé-bushi” (“Resignation Song”)

(Azenbô), 91–2“Al Vent” (Raímon), 126Albergoni, Sergio, 42Alegre, Lizette, 123Ali, Tariq, 171, 180Alice in Wonderland, 183“Alla Turca” (Mozart), 203Allen, Clifford, 78Allen, Michael, 183Allende, Salvador, 130, 131alternative culture/lifestyleBritish music, 156, 168, 171–2, 174–5, 178,

179, 181, 187China and Hong Kong, 223

early music movement, 237, 238, 241, 248,253–41

Eastern Bloc, 207, 211, 221Germany, 190, 192Latin America, 131Netherlands, 13, 23Scandinavia, 144, 145, 146–7South Africa, 79

Alternativfestivalen (Alternative Festival),Sweden, 146–7

Altra Italia (concert series), 40Alvarado, Rodrigo Torres, 131The Ambassadors, 23Americablack pride, 54–60‘old, weird America’, 51–4overview, 10, 46–51political engagement, 46–63rock music, 60–3

Americana, 53, 54AMM, 8, 179, 180, 185AMMMusic (AMM), 179Amodei, Fausto, 37Amon Düül (I and II), 191–2Amsberg, Claus von, 15Amsterdam, 12, 23–28, 248An Chung, 106Anachronie I (Andriessen), 24Analisi del lavoro (concert series), 35Anatomy of a South African Village

(Dollar Brand), 74, 76ANC. see African National CongressAnderson, Jon, 154, 167, 167Anderson, Perry, 173Anderson, Stig ‘Stikkan’, 146“Andorra” (Seeger), 89Andriessen, Louis, 24early music movement, 247Netherlands avant-garde, 24, 25, 26, 27

Andrzejewski, Jerzy, 216Anglican hymnody, 164, 165The Animals, 70Anka, Paul, 215304

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Anthology of American Folk Music (Smith),53, 54

anti-authoritarianismBritish underground, 180early music movement, 240France, 261Netherlands, 14, 21Scandinavia, 144, 153spirit of ‘1968’, 8Vietnam, 117

anti-authoritarianism in Germanyanti-authoritarian music in an authoritarian

state, 195–8anti-authoritarian revolt by musical means,

191–3class struggle and music, 199fight against musical authorities, 202–4overview, 11, 188–91

Antibes Festival, 65, 71anti-commercialism, 144–7anti-diatonic progressions, 160, 162–4anti-Semitism, 216Anti-University, 180anti-war music, 51, 98–9anti-war songs, 82–3, 87, 93, 95, 110,

111, 117Antonioni, Michelangelo, 34, 35Any Day Now (Baez), 51apartheid, 65

and British rock, 156and South Africa, 64–5, 66, 68, 80

Apollon: una fabbrica occupata (Gregoretti), 36Appunti per l’auto di domani (Mida), 35April in Managua Central American Peace

Concert, 135Arab Spring, 1Arabic Numeral (Any Integer) for HF

(Young), 176Arbeit macht frei (Area), 43Area, 41, 42, 43–4, 45Argentina, 120, 133, 134, 135arias, 226–8Aron, Raymond, 255–6, 268, 272Arpino, Giovanni, 34“Arriving UFO” (Yes), 168art, 265, 271Art et Révolution, 265art music, 139, 148–9, 202Art Spectrum Exhibition, 183Arti e Mestieri, 41, 42Arts Lab Festival of New Music, 180Arvidsson, Alf, 142, 144, 148Ashley, Robert, 43

Asmussen, Svend, 73Association for the Advancement of Creative

Musicians, 60“Astral Traveller” (Yes), 168atonality, 60Auger, Brian, 53Aute, Luís Eduardo, 136‘authenticity revolution’, 240authoritarian personality, 189authoritarianism in Germany

anti-authoritarian agendas, 188–91class struggle and music, 199fight against musical authorities, 202–4

avant gardeAmerican popular music, 59–60British experimental alternativetradition, 176

British music, 158, 174, 175, 181, 187early music movement, 238, 247, 254France, 264, 269, 271Germany, 191, 192, 193, 202Italy, 36, 40, 42, 43Japan, 81May 1968 protests, 264, 269, 271Netherlands, 13–14, 17, 18, 24Scandinavia, 139, 148spirit of ‘1968’, 3, 8, 9

“Awaken” (Yes), 167–168Ayler, Albert, 77Azenbô Soéda, 91, 92

Bach, J. S., 162, 164, 237, 239, 243, 244, 247Badura-Skoda, Paul, 248Baez, Joan, 49

American popular music, 49, 51Cuban nueva trova, 127Japan, 83, 87

Bagatellen für B (Bagatelles for B[eethoven])(Bredemeyer), 203, 204

“Bài Ca May Áo” (“Song for Sewing Clothes”)(Xuân Hồng), 107

Bai, Di, 229Baimao nu (TheWhite-Haired Girl) (ballet), 78,

81, 82Baker, Laurie, 186Balestrini, Nanni, 30ballad tradition, 141–2ballet, 223, 224, 228–9Banco del Mutuo Soccorso, 41The Band, 16, 17Banks, Tony, 165Bantustans, 66, 67Baptism: A Journey through our Time (Baez), 15

Index 305






Barbieri, Gato, 74, 76, 77Barlow, Tani, 234–5Baroque musicearly music movement, 238, 239, 241, 242,

243, 244, 250nature of music, 4

The Basement Tapes (Dylan), 16Battaglia alla turca (Medek), 203, 204Bay of Pigs, 125, 127–8Bayle, François, 269BBC, 186, 187The Beach Boys, 69Beat culture, 171, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179‘beat’ music, 16Czechoslovakia, 210Germany, 195–7, 204Netherlands, 16, 17–18, 19, 20Scandinavia, 139

The BeatlesBritish music, 155, 165, 179collage form, 43Japan, 81Netherlands, 19, 20period instruments, 8, 246rivalry, 218

Beatrix, Princess, 15, 17bebop, 65Beckett, Alan, 173Beckett, Samuel, 183Bedford, David, 174, 180Beefeaters, 142Beer, Ronnie, 78Beethoven Bicentennial, 202–3Beethoven, Ludwig van, 202–3Beheiren. see Peace for Vietnam CommitteeBeijing operas, 225, 228Belafonte, Harry, 64Benda, Václav, 207Benjamin, (Sathima) Bea, 64, 65, 66, 70,

72, 79, 80Bennett, Richard Rodney, 174, 176Bennink, Han, 24Béranger, Pierre-Jean, 260Berberian, Cathy, 44Berio, Luciano, 34, 40, 43, 180,

247, 248Berkeley group, 189Berlin, 5, 191, 193Berlin Wall, 1, 198, 201Bernstein, David, 3Bertelli, Guartiero, 41Bethanien hospital, Berlin, 193“Bethanien Song” (Cardew), 193

Beweging voor de vernieuwing van demuziekpraktijk (Movement for theRenewal of Musical Practice), 25

Bieler, Wim, 19Biermann, Wolf, 197–8, 201, 204bigbit, 214Biko, Steve, 65, 68, 80Birtwistle, Harrison, 174, 246Black Artists Group, 60Black Consciousness Movement, 65, 68, 80Black Dwarf, 155, 178Black Mountain College, 177“Black Mountain Rag” (trad.), 91‘black’ music, 51, 54–60Black Panthers, 56, 57, 59, 62Black Power, 46, 57, 59Black September, 43Blackout, 217Bloemendaal, Wim, 21, 22, 23Blonde on Blonde (Dylan), 52“Blowin’ in the Wind” (Dylan, lyrics), 51, 88Blue Cheer, 62The Blue Notes, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26blues, 54Boehmer, Konrad, 200, 248Boeke, Kees, 251, 252, 253Boenisch, Hanne, 183, 185Bolan, Marc, 157‘Bomb Culture’ generation, 173, 174Bond films, 175Bondy, Egon, 213Bongaarts, Henk, 21Borio, Gianmario, 3Bosio, Gianni, 37Boulez, Pierre, 176, 180Boult, Adrian, 248bourgeois, 15, 36, 41, 148, 149, 195, 265Bowie, David, 166Bowman, James, 245, 246, 249, 254Boyd, Joe, 157Branca, Antonello, 35Brand, Dollar (Abdullah Ibrahim), 64, 65, 66,

68, 70, 74, 79, 80“Bratříčku, zavírej” (“Little Brother Close the

Gate”) (Kryl), 212Brazil, 5“Breaking Away” (The Beach Boys), 212Bredemeyer, Reiner, 198, 203Breuker, Willem, 17, 24, 26Breytenbach, Breyten, 68bridging high and popular culture, 149, 192,

244–6Brink, Andre, 68

306 Index






British musicalternative British experimental culture,

181–4British music in the Old and New Left,

172–4early music movement, 247–8, 249–50experimental alternative tradition, 174–6experimental legacy and counterculture,

186–7experimental music in the underground,

178–81experimental revolution, 158, 171–87Scratch Orchestra opposition and Maoism,

184–6British music. see also British rockBritish Musicians’ Union, 156British rock

aiming for bigger things, 157–60anti-diatonic progressions, 162–4experimentalism, Beat culture, and the

Underground, 177–8immediate impact of the events of 1968,

154–7overview, 154parallel tenth progressions, 164–7possible utopias, 167–70short ‘1968’ and the long, 154–70variety of visions, 160–1

Britten, Benjamin, 172, 246Bródy, János, 219Brookes, Oliver, 245Brotherhood of Breath, 70, 72, 78Brown, Earle, 171Brown, James, 55–6, 57, 58Brown, Timothy, 9Bruford, Bill, 160, 169–70Brüggen, Frans

bridging high and popular culture, 244–5early music and new music, 9, 247, 248early music and politics, 252, 253early music movement, 239education reform, 251old instruments, new technologies, 243period instruments of change, 241

Bryars, Gavin, 185, 187Buddhist activism, Vietnam, 99–100, 108Bun No.1 (Cardew), 187Burckhardt, Birgit, 182Burdocks (Wolff), 185–6Burg Waldeck International Festival of

Folksong and Chansonniers, 6, 157, 199Burnin’ Red Ivanhoe, 143Burroughs, William, 177

‘bush universities’, 67Bush, Alan, 172, 173, 186The Butlers, 64Butt, John, 238Bylsma, Anner, 239, 243The Byrds, 44

ca khúc (Vietnamese popular song), 97–9, 107,109, 111, 117

Ca Khúc Da Vàng (Songs of Golden Skin)(songbook), 110

Cacciari, Massimo, 32Café Dalia, 209Café Montmartre, 66, 75Cage, John

British experimental alternative tradition,175

British music in the Old and New Left,173–4

experimental revolution in Britain, 171, 172,177, 179

Italy, 43, 44Scratch Orchestra opposition and Maoism,185, 186

Calvet, Louis-Jean, 261, 262Calvino, Italo, 34, 37Camacho, Gonzalo, 123Camel, 169Camerini, Alberto, 43Can, 191, 192“Cancer” (Kryl), 212“Canción con todos” (“Song For All”) (Isella,

music), 134El Cancionero Popular (The Popular

Songbook), 36Cantacronache, 37, 40Cantonese opera, 230, 233Canzoniere del Lazio, 39, 40, 43Caos (Area), 45Cape, Safford, 238capitalism, 3, 15, 17, 23, 28, 190, 195Captain Beefheart, 23Caravan, 169Cardew, Cornelius

alternative British experimental culture, 174,175, 176, 181, 182, 183

British experimental legacy, 187British music in the Old and New Left, 174Cramps Records, 43experimental music in the Britishunderground, 179, 180

experimental revolution in Britain, 43, 172German anti-authoritarianism, 193

Index 307






Cardew, Cornelius (cont.)Scratch Orchestra opposition and Maoism,

184–5, 186Carlos, John, 46, 59Carlos, Wendy, 9, 246“La Carmagnole” (trad.), 260Carmichael, Stokeley, 57, 62Carocci, Giovanni, 33Carpitella, Diego, 38Carré (Stockhausen), 175Cartridge Music (Cage), 175Casa de las Americas, Cuba, 128–9Castaldi, Paolo, 43Castro, Fidel, 22, 128, 129, 131, 132Censier annex, Université de Paris, 258–9censorship, 67, 210, 211, 218, 219Cesaire, Aime, 68The Chambers Brothers, 17Chambers, Iain, 159Chan, Connie (Chen Baozhu), 230, 231–2, 233Chandler, Raymond, 54chanson paillarde (bawdy song), 260chansons, 259–60, 261, 262“Le chant des barricades”, 258–9, 260Chant, Michael, 178, 184Charta ’77, 213Chen Baozhu. see Chan, ConnieCherry, Don, 77Chicago blues, 173“Childlike Faith in Childhood’s End” (Van der

Graaf Generator), 166ChileChilean and Cuban musical exchange,

130–2dictatorship and solidarity years, 133nueva canción (new song)movement, 119, 120peace concerts, 135

China. see People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Communist Party (CCP), 224Christiania, Copenhagen, 144Chronicle of AnnaMagdalena Bach (Straub and

Huillat), 241–2Chun-Hung Ng, 231Ciao 2001, 42civil disobedience, 30, 193Civil Rights Act (1964), 51civil rights movement, 7, 10, 21, 57, 125, 126Clark, Paul, 225Clarke, Arthur C., 166class, 198–200La classe operaia va in paradiso (Petri, music by

Morricone), 36classical music

British rock, 158early music movement, 240, 244, 252France, 269Germany, 192, 199–200, 202Scandinavia, 148South Africa, 70, 76spirit of ‘1968’, 3, 4

Club Africana, 71, 72“Có Chúng Tôi Trên Mặt Đường” (“We are on

the Road”) (Pham Tuyên), 101Coca-Cola, 18Cohen, Deborah, 223Cohen, Joel, 243Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 79Coleman, Ornette, 59collage form, 35, 43, 76, 149, 182, 203Collegium Aureum, 248Collegium Musicum, 238Collins, Judy, 8, 246Coltrane, John, 60, 77Columbia University, 5, 47, 252Comet, 184Comité d’Action Révolutionnaire (CAR), 264,

265, 267Comité Révolutionnaire d’Agitation Culturelle

(CRAC), 264, 265, 267–8commercialism, 144–7, 151–2“La commune n’est pas morte”, 260communism, 22, 25Communist Party, 172–3, 174, 186, 210,

219, 262Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, 261Composizione per orchestra n. 2 – Diario

polacco ’58 (Nono), 33Concentus Musicus Wien, 243concernment, 7, 8Concert Agency Committee, 140Concertgebouw Orchestra, 17, 24, 25, 247Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT),

266–7Confucianism, 172, 182, 186conquistadores, 121con-ricerca (collaborative research), 33conscientious protesters, 2conservatories, 6, 250–1Consort of Musicke, 243consumerism, 17, 23Contropiano, 32Coolsma, Hans, 241Corner, Philip, 171“Corporal Clegg” (Pink Floyd), 156corrido, 120–1, 122Coudray, Jean-Marie, 268

308 Index






counterculture, 3, 5, 30, 171–2, 186–7, 254“Court of the Crimson King” (King

Crimson), 165Cousins, Dave, 169Cox, Tony, 180Cramps Records, 42–3, 44Cream, 154creativity

France, 263Germany, 11, 204Italy, 38Japan, 95Latin America, 123, 125, 127, 131Netherlands, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18South Africa, 79

Creedence Clearwater Revival, 50Creeley, Robert, 177Cris (Ohana), 269critical masses, 2Cronkite, Walter, 48cross-genre activities, 8–9csőves, 220Cuba

and the Netherlands, 22, 25Chilean and Cuban musical exchange,

130–2Cuban nueva trova emerges, 126–30Encuentro de Canción Protesta, 6, 124–6Latin American ‘new song’, 134nueva canción (new song)movement, 119, 120peace concerts, 135quinquemio gris (‘grey five-year period’), 127

Cuban Cinematographic Institute(ICAIC), 129

Cuban Revolution, 119cultural expression, 117, 204, 218, 259, 270cultural imperialism, 123, 150cultural intimacy, 115–16Cultural Revolution, 7, 222, 223, 225, 230culture

Beat culture, 171, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179bourgeois culture, 36, 41, 149, 265bridging high and popular culture, 149, 192,

244–6counterculture, 3, 5, 12–13, 30, 171–2,

186–7, 254democratisation of music culture, 139, 140,

144–5, 148role in capitalism, 265youth culture, 19–24, 27, 190, 232

Los Curacas, 39Czechoslovakia

1968 in the West and East, 206, 207

and Germany, 190, 200, 201and Netherlands, 22British rock, 156Czechoslovakia in 1968, 209–14overview, 6, 11, 205–6, 220

Czechoslovakian Musicians’ Union, 213

Dà Xué, 182Dadaism, 16, 43, 44, 264“Đa i Bác Ru Đêm” (“A Lullaby of Canons for

the Night”) (Trịnh Công Sơn), 112Daley, Richard J., 61Dane, Barbara, 98, 107, 126Danish Music Bill, 146Danmarks Radio (DR), 140Dansktoppen, 141, 152Darmstadt, 8, 175Das Alte Werk, 243Đất Khổ (The Land of Sorrow) (Hà Thúc

Cần), 34Davies, Hugh, 180de André, Fabrizio, 39de Certeau, Michel, 256–7De Gaulle, Charles, 257, 261De Gregori, Francesco, 39de Groot, Boudewijn, 18de Leeuw, Reinbert, 24, 247de Ruiter, Frans, 247, 250, 253De Simone, Roberto, 39De Volharding (music ensemble), 26De Volharding (Andriessen), 26Debray, Regis, 35Debussy, Claude, 156, 162Decca, 242–3Dedalus, 41Deep Purple, 196Degenhardt, Franz Joseph, 191, 199Democratic National Convention, 60Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 97, 98,

100, 106, 117democratisation of music culture, 139, 140,

144–5, 148Democrazia Cristiana (DC), 30den Daas, Jaap, 247Denmark

anti-commercialism, 145broadcasting media, 140, 141development of ‘1968’, 142, 143, 144end of ‘1968’, 152overview, 10politically or aesthetically progressive,149, 150

Scandinavia, 139

Index 309






Déry, Tibor, 219Il deserto rosso (Red Desert) (film), 9Destruction in Art Symposium (DIAS), 178“The Devil’s Triangle” (King Crimson), 158Dien Bien Phu, 99, 104diminished triad, 162Dirlik, Arif, 225Dischi del Sole, 37“Discipline” (King Crimson), 163Discos Puebla, 122Dissing, Povl, 142Dollar Brand Trio, 65, 71, 72, 74Dolmetsch, Arnold, 237, 244Dolmetsch, Carl, 244–5Donaueschingen, 8The Doors, 15“Le drapeau rouge” (“The Red Flag”), 261“Drei Kugeln auf Rudi Dutschke” (“Three Bullets

for Rudi Dutschke”) (Biermann), 201Dreyfus, Laurence, 238–9“Drifter’s Escape” (Dylan), 53Driscoll, Julie, 53drones, 8Drott, Eric, 3“Drowning Man” (Greenslade), 165–6drugs, 23, 182“Drunkard Returned from Heaven” (Folk

Crusaders), 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88DRV. see Democratic Republic of VietnamDubček, Alexander, 205–6, 210,

211, 212Duerden, Dennis, 76Dujuan shan (Azalea Mountain) (Wang

Shu-yuan, author), 229“Dựng La i Người Dựng La i Nhà” (“Rebuild

People, Rebuild Homes”) (Trịnh CôngSơn), 108–9, 115

Dunn, Christopher, 5Duoqing miaozei (A Romantic Thief ) (film),

87, 91Dutronc, Jacques, 261Dutschke, Rudi, 5, 180, 188, 189, 200, 201Dvorak, Antonín, 155Dylan, BobAmerican popular music, 51, 52, 53–4British music, 123, 161, 178Cuban nueva trova, 127Japan, 86, 88, 95–6Netherlands, 17, 18, 20Poland, 215

dystopian visions, 159–61, 166–7, 169“Dziwny jest ten świat” (“Miraculous is this

World”) (Niemen), 215

Early Music Consort, 242, 245Early Music journal, 241–2early music movementbridging high and popular culture, 244–6early music and ‘1968’, 237–54early music and new music, 246–8early music and politics, 251–4education reform, 248–51old instruments, new technologies,

242–4overview, 3, 11, 237–40period instruments of change, 240–2

East Germany1968 resonating in music, 200–2anti-authoritarian agendas, 189–90anti-authoritarian music in an authoritarian

state, 195–8class struggle and music, 198–200fight against musical authorities, 202–4overview, 11

Eastern Bloc1956 and the desire for freedom, 208–9‘1968’ in Czechoslovakia, 209–14‘1968’ in Hungary, 217–20‘1968’ in Poland, 214–17‘1968’ in the West and East, 206–8overview, 6, 11, 205–6, 220protest culture, 205–21student protests, 207

“Easy Money” (King Crimson), 165L’eclisse (Antonioni), 9Eco, Umberto, 30, 34–37Edizioni del Gallo, 37, 40education, 10, 121, 131, 145, 188, 200,

248–51, 266Eight Songs for aMadKing (Maxwell-Davies), 175Eisler, Hanns, 8, 37electro-acoustic music, 36, 43, 148electronic music, 9, 33, 42, 118, 251Ellington, Duke, 65, 66, 71, 72, 75Ellison, Psi (Peter), 183ELP. see Emerson, Lake and PalmerEmerson, Keith, 155–6Emerson, Lake and Palmer (ELP), 154,

161, 168EMI, 157, 242“En Vivo en Argentina” (“Live in Argentina”)

concert, 134Encuentro de Canción Protesta (Protest Song

Meeting), 6, 124–6Endrigo, Sergio, 39England. see British musicEnglish Bach Festival, 247–8

310 Index






enka songs, 83, 91“Epitaph” (King Crimson), 160–1Erichson, Wolf, 243ethnomusicology, 38Euren, Judith, 182European Economic Community (EEC),

144, 150Eurovision Song Contest (ESC), 146, 151Évariste, 269“Examination-Hell Blues” (Tomoya Taka’ishi),

82, 86, 88, 95L’Expérience acoustique (Bayle), 269experimental art, 16experimental music, 3experimental revolution in Britain

‘1968’ and the experimental revolution,171–87

alternative British experimental culture,181–4

British music in the Old and New Left,172–4

experimental alternative tradition, 174–6experimental legacy and counterculture,


178–81experimentalism, Beat culture, and the

Underground, 177–8Scratch Orchestra opposition and Maoism,

184–6Experimental Sound Group (GESI), 129L’Express, 115Eye of the Needle (Turner), 68La fabbrica illuminata (The Enlightened

Factory) (Nono), 8

factory novels, 34factory workers, 31–6, 231Falklands/Malvinas War, 134Family, 154Fanon, Frantz, 68Fanshawe, David, 175Fantasio, 23Fascism, 29Federal Republic of (West) Germany, 189 see

also West GermanyFederation of Italian Communist Youth

(FGCI), 31Feldman, Jill, 252Feldman, Morton, 171, 175–6, 186feminism, 5, 11, 229, 236Ferrat, Jean, 267Festa del proletariato giovanile, 42

Festival de la Canción Comprometida (Festivalof Committed Song), 8

Festival dell’Avanguardia della Musica e NuoveTendenze, 42

Festival dell’Unità, Italy, 8, 31, 37, 38, 42Festival des politischen Liedes (Political Song

Festival), East Berlin, 8Festival of Life, 61Festival of Sanremo, 37, 39Fête de la Humanité (Humanity Festival),

Paris, 8FIAT, 33Fictitious Report on an American Pop

Festival, 219Finardi, Eugenio, 43Finer, Carole, 186First Festival of Chilean New Song, 130–1“Flaming Dart” campaign, 103flash mobs, 1, 2floating signifiers, 268–9, 270Floh de Cologne, 191, 192Florilegium series, 243Das Floß der Medusa (The Raft of the Medusa)

(Henze), 68Fluff, 157Fluxus, 43, 171, 172, 177Fly (The Plastic Ono Band), 181Fo, Dario, 30“Folk Caravan”, 93Folk Crusaders, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89Folk Guerilla, 83, 93folk music

American popular music, 49–50, 51, 53,62–71

Italy, 36–41Japan, 81–96overview, 2, 3, 8Scandinavia, 139, 141–2, 150–1

Folk School concerts, 88Los Folkloristas, 36, 37Folk-songs (Berio), 40Fortini, Franco, 34, 37“Fortunate Son” (Creedence Clearwater

Revival), 50“Fracture” (King Crimson), 163, 164“FraKctured” (King Crimson), 164France

British rock, 156May 1968 as representation, 268–72music and May 1968, 255–72music as protest practice, 258–63overview, 6, 11, 255–8role of musicians, 263–8

Index 311






Franco-Vietnamese War, 99Frankfurt School, 30Frazier, Lessie J., 223Freak Out (Zappa), 23Free German Youth (FDJ), 195free jazzAmerican, 10, 59, 66, 148British music, 173European, 66France, 270Italy, 42Japan, 81overview, 3, 10South Africa, 10, 66, 72, 78

Free Jazz (Coleman), 59Free Peoples’ Concerts, 69freedom, 78–80Friendz/Friends, 178Fripp, Robert, 158, 162Frith, Simon, 111Fromm, Erich, 189The Fugs, 62

G8 summits, 1Gabriel, Peter, 165, 168“Gaikotsu no Uta” (“Song by a Skelton”)

(Okabayashi), 92Galamian, Ivan, 252Garay, Sindo, 127García, Ricardo, 130Gardiner, John Eliot, 248, 249Gare, Lou, 179Garrone, Margherita Galante, 37Gaslini, Giorgio, 31, 40“La gatta Cenerentola”, 40“Gẩy Đàn Lên Hỡi Người Ban My” (“Play

Music for Our Dear American Friends”)(Pham Tuyên), 105–6

GDR. see East GermanyGelmetti, Vittorio, 35gemin yangbanxi (‘revolutionary model

operas’), 223 see also model worksgender relations, 11, 223, 226, 229, 236Genesis, 154, 161, 165, 166, 168Genoa, 29Gentle Giant, 154, 160, 161, 165German Academic Exchange Services

(DAAD), 193German Democratic Republic (GDR), 190 see

also East GermanyGermany1968 resonating in music, 200–2anti-authoritarian agendas, 188–91

anti-authoritarian music in East Germany,195–8

anti-authoritarian music in West Germany,191–4

anti-authoritarian revolt, 188–204anti-authoritarian revolt by musical means,

191–3class struggle and music, 198–200fight against musical authorities, 202–4overview, 11student protests, 188

Gertze, Johnny, 65, 75GESI. see Experimental Sound GroupGesti (Berio), 247“Get ’em Out by Friday” (Genesis), 168“Gia Tài Của Mẹ” (“A Mother’s Legacy”)

(Trịnh Công Sơn), 115–16“Giải Phóng Miền Nam” (“Liberate the South”)

(Huỳnh Minh Siêng), 107Giannarelli, Ansano, 35Gillespie, Dizzie, 65Ginsberg, Allen, 171“Give Peace a Chance” (Lennon), 105Gleason, Ralph J., 52, 59Gli anni del giudizio (Arpino), 34Gnidrolog, 165Goehr, Alexander, 174, 175The Golden City Dixies, 64The Golden Earrings, 6Gong, 42“Gongchang mei wansui” (“Long Live the

Factory Girls”), 82, 85, 233González, Sara, 129Gracious, 162Gramsci, Antonio, 30, 35, 38, 38Granada Television, 179Grange, Dominique, 260, 267“La Grappignole”, 260Grappin, Pierre, 260The Grateful Dead, 11, 99Gravem, Dag Falang, 147, 150Great Britainaiming for bigger things, 157–60alternative British experimental culture,

181–4anti-diatonic progressions, 162–4British music in the Old and New Left, 172–4early music movement, 247–8, 249–50experimental alternative tradition, 174–6experimental legacy and counterculture,


178–81

312 Index






experimental revolution, 158, 171–87experimentalism, Beat culture, and the

Underground, 177–8immediate impact of the events of 1968, 154–7overview, 154parallel tenth progressions, 164–7possible utopias, 167–70Scratch Orchestra opposition and Maoism,

184–6short ‘1968’ and the long, 154–70variety of visions, 160–1

“The Great Digest” (The Great Learning)(Cardew), 180, 182, 183, 185, 186

Green, Richard, 154, 155, 156Greenslade, 165Gregoretti, Ugo, 35Grootveld, Robert Jasper, 15Großkopf, Erhard, 193The Group Image, 55“Group Sounds”, 81Gryphon, 161guajira (country music), 128Guccini, Francesco, 39Guest, Roy, 157Guevara, Alfredo, 128–9Guevara, Che, 25, 128, 247Guildhall School, 250The Guitarmen, 64Guthrie, Woody, 92, 96

“Hà Nội Điên Biên Phủ” (“Hanoi Dien BienPhu”) (Pham Tuyên), 103, 104–5

“Hà Nội Những Đêm Không Ngủ” (“SleeplessNights in Hanoi”) (Pham Tuyên), 103

Hà Thúc Cần, 108The Hague Royal Conservatory, 251Haigang (On the Docks), 224, 229Hair, 56, 181Hamill, Peter, 161“Handsome Johnny” (Havens), 49–50Hanoi, 103–4‘happenings’, 15, 16–17, 18, 171, 177, 178, 192,

210–11Harnoncourt, Nikolaus, 239, 243Harper, Roy, 157–8Harpsichord Music on Original Instruments

(Leonhardt), 240harpsichords, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245Harris, Bryn, 183Hart, Shirley, 157Harvest label, 157“Hát Trên Những Xác Người” (“Singing on the

Corpses”) (Trịnh Công Sơn), 112–13, 115

hausmusik movement, 238Havens, Richie, 47, 49Haynes, Bruce, 240, 242, 247, 251–2Haynes, Jim, 178“Heidi Heido”, 260“Hell” (Gracious), 162Hellqvist, Per-Anders, 147Helsinki Accords, 213Hendrix, Jimi, 20, 47, 210, 213Henry Cow, 41, 159Henze, Hans Werner, 200The Herd, 43Herzfeld, Michael, 115Het Leven, 26heteronomy, 3Hifi Stereophonie, 244high art, 171, 175, 181high culture, 149, 192, 244–6Highway 61 (Dylan), 53Highway 61 Revisited (Dylan), 52HIP. see historically informed performancehippie culture

American popular music, 56–7, 61–2British music, 158, 181, 183Czechoslovakia, 211early music movement, 237, 254Netherlands, 21, 23

Hirayama, Michiko, 44Hiroshima bomb, 173historical fidelity, 244historical performers, 237historically informed performance (HIP)

bridging high and popular culture,244, 246

early music and politics, 251–4early music movement, 237, 238, 239–40education reform, 250old instruments, new technologies, 242,243–4

overview, 3period instruments of change, 240, 241

Hitweek, 14, 17, 20Hlavsa, Milan, 213Hồ Chí Minh, 99Hobbs, Christopher, 181, 182, 185, 187Hoffmann’s Comic Theatre, 192Hogwood, Christopher, 243, 245, 249Holiday, Billie, 70Holland Festival, 247, 253The Hollies, 214, 215Holst, Gustav, 158Hong Kong

gender relations, 223

Index 313






Hong Kong (cont.)moviemusicals and newwomanhood, 229–32new womanhood and patriarchy, 232–5overview, 236riots, 222–3

Hongdeng ji (The Red Lantern) (model work),224, 228, 236

Hongse niangzijun (The Red Detachment ofWomen) (ballet), 224, 229

Hoogland, Stanley, 246, 253Hootenanny Club, 195Hoover, J. Edgar, 57Hopkins, John ‘Hoppy’, 178, 179, 180Horkheimer, Max, 189Horowitz, Michael, 171, 176“Huế Sài Gòn Hà Nội” (“Hue Saigon Hanoi”)

(Trịnh Công Sơn), 115Hue, 100, 108, 112Huillet, Danièle, 241huismuziek, 244, 253L’Humanité, 110Humphrey, Hubert, 56Hungarian Revolution, 209Hungary, 11, 209, 217–21Husák, Gustáv, 211Hüsch, Hanns Dieter, 191

I Ching, 182“I Get Up I Get Down”, 167“I Got It Bad and That Ain’t Good”

(Ellington), 73“I Got Life”, 56–7Ibrahim, Abdullah. see Brand, DollarICAIC. see Cuban Cinematographic

InstituteIdeological Study (Id) Group, 185, 186IEST. see International Essener Songtage“I-Feel-Like-I’m-Fixin’-To-Die Rag”

(McDonald), 50Iggy and the Stooges, 62“Il est cinq heures, Paris s’éveillent” (“Its Five

a.m., Paris Awakens”) (Dulronc), 261Illés, 218, 219“Imjin Gawa” (“Imjin River”) (Folk Crusaders),

85, 95The Impressions, 58, 59, 63improvisation, 8British music, 176, 178, 179, 181collective improvisation, 24, 270early music movement, 251free improvisation, 8, 26, 42, 176, 179, 181,

191, 200, 204Italy, 36, 42

Scandinavia, 145, 148, 149South Africa, 66, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79

In the Court of the Crimson King(King Crimson), 159, 160–1

“In the Land of Grey and Pink” (Caravan), 169In the Wake of Poseidon (King Crimson), 158Indeterminacy (Cage), 179indeterminacy/indeterminism, 174, 176,

186, 187Indian music, 8, 60‘indie labels’, 152industrial triangle, 30, 32The Insect Trust, 54instrument building, 242intellectuals, 30International Carnival of Experimental Sound

(ICES ’72), 185International Essener Songtage (IEST), 6,

191, 192International Poetry Incarnation, 178The International Times (IT), 52, 53, 54, 55, 56“L’Internationale”Japan, 82, 95May 1968 protests, 258, 261, 262Scratch Orchestra, 185

“Interstellar Overdrive” (Pink Floyd), 168Inti Illimani, 31, 132, 133irony, 45, 86–7, 115, 161, 203, 204Istituto Ernesto De Martino, 37, 41IT. see The International TimesItalyfactory workers, 31–6folk music as antagonistic culture, 36–41overview, 10, 29–31progressive rock and liberation, 41–5protest movements, 29–45

“It’s a Game” (String Driven Thing), 161Ives, Charles, 24Iwai, Hiroshi, 92

Jagger, Mick, 155, 171Japancollege-folk music, 82enka songs, 91–2Folk Guerilla, 93–5Kansai folk song movement, 83–7overview, 10, 81–3, 95rise of underground folk song, 81–96Self-Defence Forces, 90student protests, 6

Jara, Victor, 131, 132, 133jazzAmerican popular music, 52, 55, 59–60

314 Index






Eastern Bloc protest culture, 208, 209Netherlands, 26overview, 3Scandinavia, 139, 145, 148South Africa, 65–6, 67, 69, 79

Jazz Epistles, 74Jazz Section, 213–14Jethro Tull, 161“La jeune garde”, 261, 262Jiang Qing, 224, 225, 234John Wesley Harding (Dylan), 52–3, 54Johnson, Lyndon, 47, 48, 54, 125, 126Joki Freund Ensemble, 208Jona, Emilio, 37Jones, Elvin, 77Jong-Hwan Ko, 85Jonker, Ingrid, 68Joplin, Janis, 20Journey to the North Pole (Boenisch), 183“Journey’s End” (The Strawbs), 169Juanes, 135

Kagel, Mauricio, 203, 248Kaiser, Rolf-Ulrich, 191Kammermusik I. Von Menschen und Vögeln

(Chamber Music I. For People and Birds)(Schmidt), 201

Das Kaninchen bin ich (The Rabbit is Me)(Bredemeyer, music), 64

Kansai folk song movement, 82, 83, 88, 94, 95Karl, Gregory, 161“Karn Evil 9” (Emerson, Lake and Palmer),

161, 169Katagiri, Yuzuru, 86Katô, Kazuhiko, 85Kawaraban, 86, 89Kelly, Thomas, 238Kennedy, John F., 48, 99Kennedy, Robert F., 46, 47, 48, 55, 63Kenyon, Nicholas, 239Khánh Ly, 110, 113, 115Khrushchev, Nikita, 220Kick Out the Jams (MC5), 62, 63Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 201King Crimson, 154, 158, 160, 160, 162, 165, 169King Kong: An African Jazz Opera, 64King Mob, 184King, Jr., Martin Luther

American political engagement, 10, 46, 47, 63black pride, 55, 56, 57, 58British rock, 155, 164

Kinh Việt Nam (Prayer for Vietnam)(songbook), 110

Kinki Hôsô (Kinki Broadcasting), 85The Kinks, 6Kirkby, Emma, 243, 249Kjelsberg, Sverre, 151Klaus Renft Combo. see RenftKlavierstück IX (Stockhausen), 176Klompé, Marga, 28The Knack, 6Knights, Vanessa, 122“Knots” (Gentle Giant), 161Kobe, 6Kohout, Pavel, 210Komenský, Jan Amos, 212Kontaktnätet (Contact Network), 143Koopman, Ton, 253Körsam, 146Krautrock, 191, 192, 200, 204Kryl, Karel, 212Kubišová, Marta, 211Kuijken brothers, 238, 239, 243Kuijken, Barthold, 238, 246, 250Kuijken, Sigiswald, 238, 241Kunert, Christian, 198Kurzwellen für Beethoven (Shortwaves for

Beethoven) (Stockhausen), 203“Kuso Kuraé Bushi”, (“Go-to-hell song”)

(Okabayashi), 88, 92Kyôto, 6

Labyrint (Schat), 17, 24Lacy, Steve, 43, 45Laird, Michael, 245, 254Lake, Greg, 160, 168–9Lalandi, Lina, 247–8Lancaster, Byard, 77Landowska, Wanda, 237–8, 241Lang ru Chunri Feng (Her Tender Love),

229–30, 233Latin America

Chilean and Cuban musical exchange,130–2

Cuban nueva trova, 126–30dictatorship and solidarity years, 132–5Mexico, 120–4‘new song’ movement, 119–36overview, 7, 10, 25, 119–20peace concerts, 135–6

Le Glou, Jacques, 261Led Zeppelin, 196Lehner, Gerhard, 73“Lemmebesomethin’’ (Silverstein), 41“Lemmings” (Van der Graaf Generator),

161, 162

Index 315






“Lên Đàng” (“On the Road”) (Lưu HữuPhước), 107

Leninism, 206, 264Lennon, John, 155Leonhardt, Gustav, 239, 240, 243, 248, 253Leopold, Silke, 4LeRoux, Etienne, 68Lesser, Mike, 177, 182“Let’s Join the Riot Police”, 95“Let’s Join the Self Defence Forces” (Takada,

lyrics), 82–3, 89, 91, 95Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 268, 269Leydi, Roberto, 37, 38, 40LiberationMusic Groups (Đoàn Văn Công Giải

Phóng), 106Liberovici, Sergio, 37‘Lipsi’ dance, 190Litany for the 14th of June (Breuker), 17literature, 34Lityński, Jan, 215Live New Departures festival, 176Locke, Ralph, 260Lockwood, Annea, 178, 180“La locomotiva” (Guccini), 39London Free School, 178long ballad, 53“Long Live Man Dead” (Gnidrolog), 165Longjiang song (Ode to the Dragon River), 229Lotta Continua, 30Lucier, Alvin, 43Ludwig van (Kagel), 203“Luglio, agosto, settembre (nero)” (Area), 43Luns, Joseph, 28Lutyens, Elisabeth, 172, 174–5, 246Lưu Hữu Phước, 106–7Lytton, Paul, 45Macan, Edward, 158–9, 160, 164La macchina del tempo (Branca), 9

“Macht kaputt, was euch kaputt macht”(“Destroy What Destroys You”)(Scherben), 193

Mackerras, Charles, 248Mackintosh, Catherine, 246, 250, 254Macnaghten Concert series, 180Mafeje, Archie, 68–9Mai (record company), 143, 151Mailer, Norman, 61–2“Major Disaster” (Gryphon), 161Makeba, Miriam, 64“La Maldición de Malinche” (“Malinche’s

Curse”) (Palomares), 121–2Malvinas/Falklands War, 134

Manchester Group, 174, 175Mandela, Nelson, 67Manfred Mann, 53Mangelsdorff, Albert, 208Manguaré, 132Manns, Patricio, 133Mantovani, Sandra, 40Mao Zedong, 185, 224Maoism, 172, 184, 185, 186, 262, 263Maraini, Dacia, 30Marcangelo, John, 186Marcatrè, 38Marchetti, Walter, 43Marcus, Greil, 50, 53–4Marini, Giovanna, 31, 37, 41Marks, Dave, 65, 69Marmalade, 155The Marmalades, 70Marriner, Neville, 248“Mars” (Holst), 158“La Marseillaise”, 262Martin, Bill, 158, 159–60Marx, Karl, 27, 32Marxism, 42, 185, 206Masekela, Hugh, 64“Master Jack” (Marks), 69“Masters of War” (Dylan), 88, 161Matching Mole, 41Matsuyama, Takéshi, 85Matuška, Waldemar, 211Matusow, Harvey, 180, 185Maxwell Davies, Peter, 174, 175, 246, 248May 1968 protestsmusic and May 1968 in France, 255–72musical practices, 258–63musical representations, 268–72overview, 255–8role of music, 263–8

Mayfield, Curtis, 58–9, 63Mbeki, Govan, 67MC5, 61, 62McCarthy, Eugene, 48McCartney, Paul, 165, 179McDonald, Country Joe, 49, 50McGregor, Chris, 65–6, 68, 70, 71, 72, 78, 80McGregor, Maxine, 71Mea, Ivan Della, 31, 37Medek, Tilo, 203, 204medieval music, 242, 245, 249“Még fái minden csók” (“Every Kiss Still

Hurts”) (Illés), 218Mehegan, John, 74Melody Maker (MM), 154–5, 156, 157, 158

316 Index






Memoriale (Volponi), 34Menabò, 34Mendelssohn, Felix, 164Mengelberg, Misha, 24, 247Messiaen, Olivier, 180, 248Metró, 218Metrodora (Stratos), 44Mexico, 5, 6, 46, 59, 63, 120–4Mey, Reinhard, 199Meyer, Paul, 70Michnik, Adam, 215Mickiewicz, Adam, 215Mida, Massimo, 35“The Mighty Quinn” (Dylan), 53Mihashi, Kazuo, 92Milan, 29Milanés, Pablo, 126–9, 132, 134–5Miles, Barry, 178, 179militarism and its critique, 14, 108, 197“Miraculous is this World” (Nieman), 217“Mississippi Goddam” (Simone), 56Mitchell, Tim, 183Mitter, Armin, 201Mittler, Barbara, 225MNW (record company), 143, 151Möbius, Ralph (Rio Reiser), 193model works

as revolutionary genre, 223–6gender relations, 223movie musicals, 231new womanhood, 226–9, 234, 236overview, 11

modernism, 173“Modlitba pro Martu” (“Prayer for Marta”)

(Matuška), 211–12Moeketsi, Kippie, 75Moholo, Louis, 78, 80Mol, Hans, 21Mol, Pieter Jan, 22, 23Möller, Wouter, 252Moncada, 129Monk, Thelonius, 75Monterey Festival, 18The Moody Blues, 169Moorman, Charlotte, 185Moravia, Alberto, 30Morgenrood Rotterdam, 27Morricone, Ennio, 36Morris, William, 173Morrison, Jim, 20Morrison, Norman, 100, 106Mossmann, Walter, 199Mothers of Invention, 43, 191

Motown, 58Moustaki, Georges, 267The Move, 43‘movement-oriented turn’, 2movie musicals, 223, 229, 232, 236Mozambique, 71Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 203“Mr Media Man” (PLM), 186Mrożek, Sławomir, 216Munich Olympics, 217Munrow, David, 239, 242, 245, 249music education, 145, 248–51, 266music festivals, 8Music from Big Pink (The Band), 54music historiography, 3–4Music Now, 180Musica Antiqua Amsterdam, 248Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV), 180, 191La musica popolare, 10musical autonomy, 25musical canon, revolt against, 202–3Musica-Manifesto n. 1 (Nono), 40musicians’ strike, 266musicians’ unions, 266–8musicology, 2Die Musik der Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3Musikens Makt (The Power of

Music), 41, 42Mussorgsky, Modest, 168Muzak, 42Muziek Expres, 20Muziek Parade, 20

Nacksving, 143Nakagawa, Gorô, 86Napoli Centrale, 41National Liberation Front (NLF), 97, 98, 100,

106, 117National Socialism, 189, 199, 200NATO, 28Negri, Antonio, 32Neruda, Pablo, 131The Netherlands

1968 and music, 12–28cultural change, 12–13“Day of Anarchy”, 6, 17early music movement, 247, 248–9,250, 253

overview, 10, 12–14politicisation of avant-garde musicians,

24–8popular music and youth culture, 19–24Provo and music, 14–19

Index 317






The Netherlands (cont.)Rikskonserter (National Concert Agency),

140, 146, 147, 148student protests, 12, 13

New Culture movement, 236New Departures, 176, 177, 178new jazz, 59–60New LeftBritish music, 172, 173Germany, 6, 188–9, 193, 199, 200Japan, 82Nieuw Links, 21overview, 2, 7, 9Vietnam War, 7

New Left Review (NLR), 173New Musical Express (NME), 154New Reasoner, 173new womanhood. see womanhood“New World” (The Strawbs), 161New World symphony (Dvorak), 155New York, 5, 175–6Newport Folk Festival, 51Ngô Đình Diệm, 99“Ngọc Đuốc Mo-ri-xơn” (“Morrison, the

Human Torch”) (An Chung), 106“Người Con Gái Viẹt Nam” (“Vietnamese

Girl”) (Trịnh Công Sơn), 115Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 48Nicaragua, 119, 120, 135The Nice, 43Nicola, Noel, 129Niebiesko-Czarni (Blue-Blacks), 214Niemen, Czesław, 215, 217Nietzsche, Friedrich, 166Nieuw Links, 21Nieuwenhuys, Constant, 16Night Rite (MPNR21), 183Nixon, Richard M., 49, 100NLF. see National Liberation FrontNME. see New Musical Express‘no future’ generation, 220No to Co, 217“Noch”, (“Still”) (Biermann), 201“Nối Vòng Tay Lớn” (“Circle of Unity”) (Trịnh

Công Sơn), 116Nolthenius, Hélène, 250Nono, LuigiBritish music, 174Italian music, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40

Nordic Association of Non-CommercialPhonogram Producers (NIFF), 151

Norrington, Roger, 246, 248, 249, 254Norsk Rikskringskastning (NRK), 140

Norsktoppen, 141“North Country Blues” (Dylan), 86North Korea, 85Norwayanti-commercialism, 145development of ‘1968’, 142, 143–4end of ‘1968’, 151music in the broadcasting media, 140, 141overview, 10, 139transnational music, 150

Notenkrakersactie (Andriessen, Schat et al.), 247Novotný, Antonin, 210Ntshoko, Makhaya, 65, 75nueva canción (new song) movement, 10‘1968’ in Mexico, 120–4Chilean and Cuban musical exchange, 130–2dictatorship and solidarity years, 132–5overview, 10, 119–20peace concerts, 135–6

nueva trova (new song), 10, 120, 126nuevo cancionero (new song book), 120, 133’Nuff Said (Simone), 55, 56Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare, 39–40Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano, 37–40, 41Nuovo Consonanza, 42–3Nuttall, Jeff, 171, 173, 178, 179, 181Nylöf, Göran, 140Nyman, Michael, 186–7

objets trouvés, 41, 192Occupy Wall Street, 1, 5Ochoa, Amparo, 121Ochs, Phil, 49, 51, 52octatonic scale, 162“Ode to Joy” (Beethoven), 133Odéon theatre, Paris, 264Ohana, Maurice, 269Ohnesorg , Benno, 188Okabayashi, Nobuyasu, 88, 92Okinawa, 87Oktoberklub, 195, 201–2OLAS (Organisation of Latin American

Solidarity), 124Old Left, 2, 172–3, 174Olson, Charles, 177Olympia, 210Olympic Games, 46, 59, 63, 217Ombre rosse, 30Omega, 218OMUS (Organisation of Higher Music

Education), 147“One More Red Nightmare” (King

Crimson), 163

318 Index






Ono, Yoko, 179, 180opera houses, 6, 266operaismo, 32operas, 223, 224–5, 226–8oral traditions, 39organic intellectual, 30Original Confidence, 83Orme, 41Ortega, Sergio, 133Ortiz, Ralph, 178Ossorio, José, 124–5the ‘Other’, 3Ottieri, Ottiero, 34Oxbridge universities, 249–50Oxford Schola Cantorum, 249Oz, 178

Page, Robin, 177Palach, Jan, 201, 211Palisca, Claude V., 4Palmer, Carl, 168Palomares, Gabino, 121Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 64, 67Pannach, Gerulf, 197, 198Panzieri, Raniero, 32paradigm shifts, 1, 2, 4, 5Paradiso, 23parallel tenth progressions, 160, 164–7Paris, 5, 6, 181, 258–9, 266, see also May 1968

protestsParker, Charlie, 65Parra, Angel, 129, 131, 132, 133Parra, Isabel, 129, 131, 132, 133Parra, Violeta, 131Parrott, Andrew, 246, 249–50, 254Parsons, Gram, 156Parsons, Michael, 173–4, 175, 181, 183, 187Parti communiste français (PCF), 257, 262,

267–2Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI), 30–1, 32,

35–6Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI), 30Pas, Niek, 12, 13, 16Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 30A Passion Play (Jethro Tull), 46patriarchy, 231, 232–5, 236Pavese, Cesare, 33Paz Sin Fronteras (Peace Without Borders)

concerts, 135–6PCI. see Partito Comunista ItalianoPeace for Vietnam Committee, 83, 87, 93Peel, John, 156, 158peña night clubs, 131

“Penny Lane” (The Beatles), 165People’s Liberation Music (PLM), 186‘the people’s music’, 43People’s Republic of China (PRC), 7

model works and movie musicals, 222–36model works as revolutionary genre, 223–6movie musicals, 229–32new womanhood and patriarchy, 232–5new womanhood in the model works,226–9

overview, 7, 11, 222–3, 236Peppin, Biddy, 177Per voi giovani, 42performance practice scholarship, 241period instruments, 8, 9, 39, 237, 240, 242, 244,

245, 246Peru, 120“La petite Emilie” (trad.), 260Petri, Elio, 36Pham Duy, 112Pham Tuyên, 101, 103–6photographs, 46Piano Burning (Lockwood), 178pianos, 178, 242Pictures at an Exhibition (Mussorgsky),

168–9“Pictures of a City” (King Crimson), 165“Pied Piper” (radio programme), 242Pierrot, Paul, 178Pietrangeli, Paolo, 31, 37“Piggies” (The Beatles), 246Piil, Beate S., 144, 150“Pilgrims” (Van der Graaf Generator), 166Pink Floyd

British rock, 20, 156, 157, 160, 168experimental music in Britain, 8, 177, 179

pirate radio, 140–1Pirelli, Giovanni, 40, 41Pitt, Arthur A., 184The Plastic Ono Band, 56Plastic People of the Universe, 205, 212, 221“Playa Girón” (Rodríguez), 127–8Playboy Club, 175“Playboys and Playgirls” (Dylan), 88“Plegaría a un Labrador” (“Prayer to a

Labourer”) (Jara), 131Plummer, Mark, 158Plus-Minus (Stockhausen), 176“Pobre del Cantor” (Pity The Singer), 128poetry, 171, 174, 178Poland

desire for freedom, 208, 209effect of ‘1968’, 207, 214–17

Index 319






Poland (cont.)overview, 11, 220–1samizdat (self publishing), 207

Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), 216political songEastern Bloc, 207France, 263Germany, 199Italy, 36–7Netherlands, 22–3, 24–8

Politiek-Demonstratief Experimenteel Concert,6, 253

politrock, 192, 204Polskie Nagrania, 217pop-folk music, 82popular culture, 244–6popular musicAmerica, 46–63Britain, 171–2Italy, 38Japan, 81Netherlands, 13–14, 19overview, 2Scandinavia, 138–9, 141, 142–3, 152Vietnam, 118

Portelli, Alessandro, 40Portsmouth Sinfonia, 185postmodern plurality, 9, 192Prague Spring, effects onCzechoslovakia, 211, 213Germany, 200, 201, 203, 204Hungary, 218overview, 6, 7, 205–6, 221Poland, 216

PRC. see People’s Republic of ChinaPremiata Forneria Marconi, 41Presley, Elvis, 167, 179Preston, Stephen, 250Prévost, Eddie, 179The Primitives, 68, 69Private Company (band), 184Procol Harum, 165progressive music movement, 143–4, 147–9progressive rockBritish rock, 11, 154, 158Italy, 41–5Netherlands, 20, 26

Promenade Theatre Orchestra, 179, 184, 185Proms, 186, 187protest cultureAmerican popular music, 46–63British rock, 154–70

China and Hong Kong, 222–36early music movement, 237–54Eastern Bloc, 205–21experimental revolution in Britain,

171–87France, 255–72Germany, 188–204Italy, 29–45Japan, 81–96Latin America, 119–36Netherlands, 12–28overview, 1–3, 5–6Scandinavia, 137–53South Africa, 64–80Vietnam, 97–118

protest songsAmerican popular music, 49–51Cuba, 125–6Italy, 37Japan, 82, 95Netherlands, 18, 19Poland, 215Scandinavia, 142Vietnam, 107–8

Provo“Day of Anarchy”, 6early music movement, 249May 1968 protests, 264Netherlands unrest, 10, 12, 13–14, 21politicisation of avant-garde musicians, 24,

25, 26–7, 28popular music and youth culture, 14–19,

22, 24provotariaat (vs. klootjesvolk), 15“ProzaKc Blues” (King Crimson), 164psychedelia, 8, 20, 23, 54, 170psychodrama, 255–6, 268, 272psychological theories, 189public service broadcasting, 140, 152–3Puebla, Carlos, 128The Puhdys, 64Pulitzer Prize, 48punk rock, 62, 152, 220Puxley, Simon, 78

Q’65, 19“Qingchun agege” (“Youth A-go-go”), 232Qixi baihu tuan (Raid on the White Tiger

Regiment), 224Quaderni piacentini, 30Quaderni rossi, 30, 32Quadro Hotteterre, 252

320 Index






Quảng Đức, 99Quesada, Armando, 127Questo vuol dire che. . . (Berio), 40Quilapayún, 131–2, 133Quimantú, 133Quindici, 30quotation (musical), 202–3, 204“Quyết Thắng” (“Determined to Win”), 109R&B, 55Rabie, Jan, 68racism, 67, 173Rada, Petr, 211radio, 140–1Radio Free Europe, 212Radio Luxembourg, 218Radio One, 157Raímon, 125–6rap music, 59, 220Rashed, Rafia, 44“Rauchhaus Song” (Scherben), 193Re nudo, 30, 42Reconstructie (Andriessen, de Leeuw,Mengelberg,

Schat, van Vlijmen), 25, 26, 28, 247Record Collector, 159–60recorder music

bridging high and popular culture, 244–5,246

early music and new music, 247, 253early music movement, 9, 238education reform, 248old instruments, new technologies, 243period instruments of change, 241, 242

Recorder Music on Original Instruments, 243recording innovations, 242Red Army Faction (RAF), 193red music (nha c đỏ), 118Reeser, Eduard, 250“Refugees” (Van der Graaf Generator), 166Reich, Wilhelm, 189Reiser, Rio (Ralph Möbius), 193Renaissance, 159Renaissance music, 242, 245, 249Renft, 196, 197Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 97, 98, 100, 117“La révolution” (Évariste), 269Revolution (Q’65), 19“Revolution” (The Beatles), 19, 155“Revolution No. 9” (The Beatles), 179Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain

(Marxist-Leninist), 186revolutionary model operas (gemin yangbanxi),

223. see also model works

revolutionary musicFrance, 261, 262–3Vietnamese popular song, 109, 118

Revolutionary Symphony Shajiabang (Gemingjiaoxiangqu Shajia bang), 224

Reyes, Judith, 120, 121, 122–3Reynolds, Malvina, 89Rifkin, Joshua, 246Righart, Hans, 12, 28“Riot Police Blues”, 95Robben Island prison, South Africa, 67rock and roll, 18, 209rock music

American popular music, 49, 50, 52, 60British rock music, 154–70, 177–8Czechoslovakia, 209–10early music movement, 239, 252Eastern Bloc protest culture, 220–1Germany, 191, 195–7, 198Hungary, 218, 219–20Italy, 41–5Netherlands, 16, 20, 22, 26overview, 2, 3Poland, 214–15, 217Scandinavia, 138, 142–3, 149, 152

rock nacional (national rock), 134Rodari, Gianni, 37Rodowicz, Maryla, 217Rodríguez, Silvio

Chilean and Cuban musical exchange, 132Cuban nueva trova, 126, 127–8, 129Latin American ‘new song’, 123, 134–6

Rojas, Ricardo, 131The Rolling Stones, 3, 6, 43, 64, 69, 70, 74, 191“Rolling Thunder” campaign, 33Romero, Juan, 46Rooley, Anthony, 243Rosa, Alberto Asor, 32Rosamunde, entr’acte music of (Schubert), 204Rowe, Keith, 179, 185Royal College, 250Royal Conservatory, The Hague, 251Rubinoff, Kailan, 3rural life, 183RVN. see Republic of VietnamRzewski, Frederic, 176“Sag mir, wo Du stehst” (“Tell Me What Your

Politics Are”), 202Samspill (musicians’ organisation), 143San Francisco Chronicle, 52“Sẵn Sàng Bắn!” (“Ready, Fire!”) (Tô Hải), 103Sandinista rebels, 119

Index 321






Sanguineti, Edoardo, 30Santamaría, Haydée, 128–9“San’ya Blues” (“Doss-house Blues”)

(Okabayashi), 89Sarduy, Pedro, 130“Sárga Rózsa” (Illés), 219Sartre, Jean-Paul, 133Sassi, Gianni, 42, 43A Saucerful of Secrets (Pink Floyd), 44Savage Rose, 143“Say It Loud – I’m Black and I’m Proud”

(Brown), 56, 57Scabia, Giuliano, 33Scandinaviaanti-authoritarian music movements,

137–53anti-commercialism, 144–7culture and politics in 1960s, 138–40development of ‘1968’, 141–4end of ‘1968’, 151–3music in the broadcasting media, 140–1overview, 137–8politically or aesthetically progressive,

147–149socio-musicological surveys, 139–40transnational music and the people’s music,

149–51“Scatter Shield” (The Surfaris), 162Schafer, John, 110, 111Schat, Peter, 247early music movement, 247politicisation of avant-garde musicians, 17,

24, 25, 26Scherben (Ton Steine Scherben), 192–3Schiano, Mario, 31, 36Schmidt, Christfried, 201Schoenberg Ensemble, 26Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, 248Schonfield, Victor, 180‘School Raids’, 184Schubert, Franz, 204Sciascia, Leonardo, 30Scratch Orchestra, 172alternative British experimental culture,

181–4experimental music in the underground, 180experimental revolution in Britain, 172opposition and Maoism, 184–6organisation and ideology, 181–2politics, 184sex, drugs, travel, community, 182–3

Scratch Orchestra Improvisation Rite MC 10(Chant), 178

Searle, Humphrey, 172second feminist movement, 11second New Left, 173Second Viennese School (Zweite Wiener

Schule), 175, 176Seeger, PeteAmerican popular music, 49, 50, 51Germany, 202Italy, 37Japan, 83, 87, 89, 95Vietnam, 98, 105, 107

self-organisation, 2, 6–7Senegal, 5–6Sensible Variationen um ein Thema von

Schubert (Sensible Variations on a Themeof Schubert) (Medek), 203–4

sentimental songs, 108–16, 118Serguera, Jorge, 127serialism, 60Die Sestigers, 21, 22Els Setze Jutges (The Seven Judges), 37sexual liberation, 3, 21sexuality, 223SGS Thomson, 35Shajia bang (Shajia bang), 224, 234Shaonu xin (Young Lady’s Heart)

(film), 233Sharpeville massacre, 64, 66The Shatters, 64Sheaff, Lawrence, 179“Sheep” (The Strawbs), 162Shinjuku Station, 93, 94“Shô Gekijô” (“Little Theatre”) movement,

81Shrapnel, Hugh, 184Shuqin Huang, 235Siao, Josephine (Xiao Fangfang), 230,

231–2, 233Siebert, Wilhelm Dieter, 203Siegfried, Detlef, 16Sierra maestra (Branca; Gelmetti, music), 35signifiers, 268–9, 270Silber, Irwin, 107, 126Silence (record company), 143, 151Silva, Vicky, 186Silverstein, Shel, 142Simon, Paul, 161Simone, Nina, 55, 56–7, 58, 59Simonetti, Gianni Emilio, 42, 43Sinclair, John, 62Siné, 263Sinfield, Peter, 154Sing Out!, 126

322 Index






singer-songwriters, 6America, 51, 127, 195Eastern Bloc, 212Germany, 6, 191, 195, 197, 199, 204Italy, 39Japan, 81, 88, 92, 95, 96Latin America, 123, 127, 130, 133music festivals, 8Vietnam, 99, 108

Sisulu, Walter, 67Situationism, 16, 43, 264Situationist International, 16Sivertsen, Smith, 142Siwiec, Roman, 216Sixty-Two Mesostics Re Merce Cunningham

(Cage), 44Skałdowie, 217Skeaping, Roddy, 250Skempton, Howard, 181, 187Skowroneck, Martin, 241, 244Sladen, David, 176“The Slaughter of the Innocents” (King

Crimson), 164The Slippery Merchants, 58Sly and the Family Stone, 47, 58Smith, Dave, 174–5Smith, Harry, 53, 54Smith, Tommie, 46, 59, 187Smith-Sivertsen, Henrik, 152Snitzer, Herb, 243socialist aesthetics/realism, 11, 110, 127, 172,

195, 219–20‘socialist humanism’, 173Soft Machine, 8, 179“Soldat, Soldat” (“Soldier, Soldier”)

(Biermann), 197solidarity, 39, 93, 122–3, 133, 135, 201,

263, 267Solidarity Committee with the Struggle of the

Mexican People (CSLRPM), 122Solidarność, 216Solleville, Francesca, 267Solo with Accompaniment (Cardew), 176Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 210“Song Drowns Out the Sound of Bombs”

movement, 32, 33song movements

Brittany song movement, 271Kansai folk songmovement, 82, 83, 88, 94, 95nueva canción, 10, 119–20, 130, 132, 135nueva trova, 10, 120, 126nuevo cancionero, 120, 133

Occitanie song movement, 271“Youth Song Movement”, 100–3, 109

“Song Within a Song” (Camel), 169song-and-dance sequences, 230, 232Songs For My America (Viglietti), 133Sopot festivals, Poland, 208Sorbonne, 264Sosa, Mercedes, 133–4Soul Folk in Action (The Staple Singers), 58“The Sound of Silence” (Simon), 161Sour Cream, 253South Africa, 10

Benjamin’s aesthetic of spontaneity, 72–4British rock, 156case studies, 71–8Chris McGregor and the Blue Notes, 78discourses of freedom, 78–80Dollar Brand’s kind of freedom, 74–7Entertainment and Censorship law, 67implementing apartheid, 66–7jazz at home and abroad, 69–71overview, 10, 64–6Publications and Censorship bill, 67spontaneity and Black Consciousness, 64–80‘terrorism’ laws, 67white rebellion, 67–9

South African Communist Party (SACP), 64, 67Souvenirs d’enfance (Andriessen), 24Soviet Union, 210Soweto uprising, 64Spoleto festival, 40spontaneity, 16, 66, 71, 72, 73, 78, 79, 79Springer Press, 5, 188–9staatsgevaarlijk anarchisten, 14, 19Stacey, Jackie, 232Stalin, Joseph, 208, 209Stalinism, 172, 173, 208, 220Standage, Simon, 249, 252The Staple Singers, 17Stax Records, 58Stevens, Bernard, 172, 173Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 175, 176, 180, 182,

203, 248Stockholm Conservatory of Music, 148Stolk, Rob, 14, 16Stormy Six, 41Straniero, Michele Luciano, 37Stratos, Demetrio, 44Straub, Jean-Marie, 241Stravinsky, Igor, 162, 247, 248The Strawbs, 46, 47, 50Strayhorn, Billy, 71–2, 73

Index 323






“Street Fighting Man” (The Rolling Stones),19, 155

strike movement, 264, 266–8, 269String Driven Thing, 161string instruments, 241student protestsAmerican popular music, 47British music, 158early music movement, 249–50Eastern Bloc, 207, 216Germany, 188Italy, 32Japan, 82Netherlands, 12, 13, 22, 25overview, 2, 3, 4, 5–6, 11South Africa, 67

style(s). see under individual stylessubalternity, 38“Such is the Way to Lead a Life”, 226, 236“Supper’s Ready” (Genesis), 168Supraphon, 210The Surfaris, 47Surrealism, 180, 264Süverkrüp, Dieter, 191, 199svensktopp, 141Svensktoppen (The Swedish Top), 141Sveriges Radio (SR), 140, 141, 146, 148, 149Swedenanti-commercialism, 144–7development of ‘1968’, 142–3, 144end of ‘1968’, 152music in the broadcasting media, 140, 141overview, 10, 138–9politically or aesthetically progressive, 147–9progressive musical movements, 137socio-musicological surveys, 139–40transnational music, 150, 151

Sweet (Andriessen), 247“Swinging” London, 51, 53Switched-on Bach (Carlos), 246Syndicat Français des Acteurs (SFA), 266, 267Syndicat National des Artistes-Musiciens, 267Szczelkun, Stefan, 183Szörényi, Levente, 219Szörenyi, Szabolcs, 218Sztandar Młodych, 214

Takada, Wataru, 89–90, 91–2Taka’ishi Office, 88, 92Taka’ishi, Tomoya, 86, 87, 88, 92Tamayo, Luis Pavón, 126–7Tân Huyền, 106

Tangerine Dream, 191Tape from California (Ochs), 52“Tarkus” (Emerson, Lake and Palmer), 161, 169Taylor, Philip, 117Telefunken, 242, 243Telegraaf, 17Telephone Request, 84television, 7, 47–8Tempi stretti (Ottieri), 34Tenco, Luigi, 39terrorism, 38, 43–4, 67, 193Tet Offensive, 7, 48, 97, 100, 108, 112, 113‘text-sound composition’, 148–9Thälmann Variations (Cardew), 186Thema (Schat), 26“Think of Me with Kindness” (Gentle Giant),

165Third Reich, 188–9This Is My Country (Curtis Mayfield and the

Impressions), 58–9, 63“This Wheel’s On Fire” (Dylan), 53Thomas, William I., 271–2Thompson, Edward Palmer, 173“Thừa Thắng Ta Đi” (“We Go For Victory”)

(Trương Tuyết Mai), 101, 102, 109Thunderclap Newman, 165Tilbury, John, 175, 180, 185, 186Tillekens, Ger, 19, 20Tilly, Charles, 256timbre, 259, 260“Time Has Come Today” (Chambers

Brothers), 58Time Out, 178“The Times They Are A-Changin’” (Dylan),

53, 88“Tình Ca Của Người Mất Trí” (“Love Song of a

Mad Person”) (Trịnh Công Sơn), 115Tio i Topp (The Top Ten), Sweden, 141Tippett, Michael, 172, 246Tlatelolco massacre, 6Tô Hải, 103To our Children’s Children’s Children (The

Moody Blues), 169To You (Schat), 26Togliatti, Palmiro, 30“Tôi Sẽ Đi Thăm” (“I Shall Revisit”) (Trịnh

Công Sơn), 115“Tomo-yo” (“My Friends”) (Okabayashi), 89,

94, 95Ton Steine Scherben (Scherben), 192–3Tôshiba Record Industry, 85The Towers, 64

324 Index






trade union culture, 258, 266Traffic, 154“La Tragedía de la Plaza de las Tres Culturas”

(“The Tragedy of the Plaza of the ThreeCultures”) (Reyes), 120, 121

transnationality, 5–6, 7–8, 149–51Travail et Culture (TEC), 267travel, 7–8Treason Trials, 67Treatise (Cardew), 176The Tremeloes, 70Trịnh Công Sơn, 10, 92, 99, 108, 117, 118Tronti, Mario, 32Trotskyism, 172, 173, 257, 262, 263Trubadurzy, 217Trương Tuyết Mai, 101, 109Trybuna Ludu, 215Tsurumi, Yoshiyuki, 93Tube Train Rite (TMTTR38), 183Tudor, David, 175, 177, 186Turin, 29Turner, Bruce, 173Turner, Rick, 65, 68, 80Tyler, James, 243, 245Tyrannosaurus Rex, 157Tyrmand, Leopold, 208

UFO Club, London, 178, 179UK (United Kingdom). see Great BritainUmkhonto we Sizwe, 67Uncommon Market, London, 177, 182underground

British rock, 156, 187experimental music, 171–2, 177,

180–1underground folk songs in Japan

enka songs, 91–2Folk Guerilla, 93–5Kansai folk song movement, 83–7music and protest, 81–96overview, 10, 81–3, 95rise of underground folk song, 81–96student protests, 6

Underground Record Club (URC), 92Underground: Scene Special, 55un-gra (underground) songs, 83, 88union culture, 258, 266United Kingdom. see Great BritainUnited States of America

black pride, 54–60National Endowment of the Arts, 60‘old, weird America’, 51–4

overview, 10, 46–51political engagement, 46–63rock music, 60–3

Unitelefilm, 35Universities & Left Review, 173University of Amsterdam, 12University of Cape Town, 65, 68, 69University of the Witwatersrand, 69“The Unknown Soldier” (The Doors), 50Unser Ludwig (Our Ludwig) (Siebert), 203Uruguay, 133USA. see United States of Americautopian visions, 158–60, 167–70Utrecht University, 250

Valcarenghi, Andrea, 42van Asperen, Bob, 252van Bergeijk, Gilius, 27van Dael, Lucy, 241, 246Van der Graaf Generator, 154, 159, 160, 161,

162, 166van der Louw, André, 21, 23, 24van Duyn, Roel, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22van Hauwe, Walter, 252, 253van Vlijmen, Jan, 24, 247, 251vanguard groups, 258, 262, 264, 267Vår Musikk (Our Music), 143–4VARA (Dutch broadcasting

organisation), 21Vassal, Jacques, 263Vellekoop, Kees, 250Venezuela in questo momento di guerriglia

(Nono), 40Very Urgent (Chris McGregor and the Blue

Notes), 78, 80Vestey, Michael, 177The Vietnam Songbook, 34Vietnam War

American popular music, 46–7, 49, 50,53, 63

British rock, 155, 156early music movement, 252Eastern Bloc, 217Italy, 30Japan, 81, 87, 88Netherlands, 21, 22overview, 6, 7, 10Scandinavia, 149–50Vietnamese popular song, 97–8, 99, 117

Vietnam, popular song inmusical legacy, 117overview, 97–9

Index 325






Vietnam, popular song in (cont.)sentimental songs, 108–16songs of war and protest, 100–8war in Vietnam, 99–100war, protest and sentimentalism, 97–118

Vietnamese Communist Party, 100Viglietti, Daniel, 125, 129, 133Vinkenoog, Simon, 21violins, 241viols, 238visa/vise (Scandinavian national ballads), 142visionary music, 158–60Vitti, Monica, 35Vittorini, Elio, 34Vogelaar, Jacq Firmin, 27volcanto (volcanic song), 120Volonté, Gian Maria, 36Volponi, Paolo, 34von Huene, Friedrich, 242Vondelpark, 23Vreeswijk, Cornelis, 142

Wadland, Peter, 242–3“Waist Deep in the Big Muddy” (Seeger), 49Waldbühne, 196Waldeck Festivals, 6, 157, 199Walker, Scott, 156Ward, Brian, 60Warsaw Autumn festival (Warszawska

jesień), 208Warsaw Pact, 6, 190, 200, 211“Was verboten ist, das macht uns gerade

scharf ” (“What is Forbidden Makes UsHot”) (Biermann), 197

“Watcher of the Skies” (Genesis), 161, 165,166, 168

“Waterloo” (Abba), 146Watt (Beckett), 183“Way of Life” (Gentle Giant), 165“We Need You, Dany Cohn-Bendit”

(manifesto), 180“We Shall Overcome”American popular music, 59–60Japan, 86, 88, 95–6Latin American ‘new song’, 134

Webster, Ben, 75Welch, Chris, 154, 155, 156Wentink, Victor, 27Wenzinger, August, 238“Wer die Rose ehrt” (“WhoHonours the Rose”)

(Renft), 197West Germanyanti-authoritarian agendas, 188–9

anti-authoritarian revolt by musical means,191–3

class struggle and music, 198–200fight against musical authorities,

202–3overview, 6, 11

Westbury Music Fair, New York City, 55Westhues, Kenneth, 181, 182, 183, 184Wetton, John, 165“What Did You Learn in School Today”

(Paxton), 88“Where Have All the Flowers Gone”

(Seeger), 87“Which Side are You On” (Seeger), 202“White Plans”, 15White, John, 174, 175, 179, 185, 187“A Whiter Shade of Pale” (Procol

Harum), 431The Who, 6whole-tone scale, 162–4“Why? (The King of Love is Dead)” (Simone),

56, 63Wildflowers (Collins), 246Wilkie, Colin, 157Willener, Alfred, 270Williams, Raymond, 171, 187Williams, Richard, 158Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 176WMA. see Worker’s Music Association“Wo ai agege” (“I Love A-go-go”), 232Wolff, Christian, 171, 175, 180, 185–6Wolle, Stefan, 201womanhoodgender relations, 223, 236model works, 226–9movie musicals, 229–32patriarchy, 232–5

Woodstock Festival, 2, 6, 46–7, 49–50,65, 69

workerism, 10, 26, 33workers’ movements, 2, 27, 31–6, 216Worker’s Music Association (WMA),

172–3workers’ songs, 26World Festival of Youth and Students, 196

Xiao Fangfang. see Siao, JosephineXuân Hồng, 106, 107

Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui, 234yellow music (nha c vàng), 117, 118Yes, 154, 159, 160, 167 169yéyé, 271

326 Index






Yippies (Youth International Party), 61, 62, 184“Yo Canto la Diferencia” (“I Sing The

Difference”) (Parro), 131Young Communist (JJCC) movement in Chile,

129–30Young Flowers, 143Young, La Monte, 171, 176Young-Saeng Pak, 85youth culture, 19–24, 27, 190, 232‘youth movie musicals’ (qingchun gewupian),

230. see also movie musicals

youth proletariat, Italy, 42“Youth Song Movement” (Phong Trào Thanh

Niên Ca Hát), 100–3, 109

Zappa, Frank, 20, 23, 191, 210, 213Zaslaw, Neal, 239Zavattini, Cesare, 36Želva (Olympia), 210Zhiqu huifushan (Taking Tiger Mountain by

Strategy), 224Zolov, Eric, 5

Index 327






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