EMOTIONEMOTION

EmotionEmotion

• An An emotionemotion is a mental and is a mental and physiological state associated with a physiological state associated with a wide variety of wide variety of feelings, , thoughts, and , and behavior. .

• A conscious mental reaction (as anger or A conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in physiological and behavioral changes in the body. the body.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES CHANGES

Internal ChangesInternal ChangesGalvanic skin response (polygraph Galvanic skin response (polygraph

instrument)instrument)Glandular changes(adrenal gland)Glandular changes(adrenal gland)PupillometricsPupillometricsNeural(sympathetic& Neural(sympathetic&

parasympathetic)parasympathetic)Heart and pulse rateHeart and pulse rate

External Changes External Changes (Non-Verbal Communication of (Non-Verbal Communication of

Emotions)Emotions)• Voice QualityVoice Quality• Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions• Body Postures:Body Postures:

Gestures and the way we move Gestures and the way we move communicate our emotionscommunicate our emotions

• Explicit ActsExplicit Acts Such as slamming doors, smiling Such as slamming doors, smiling etc…etc…

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions

ROBERT PLUTCHIK’ s ROBERT PLUTCHIK’ s Wheel ModelWheel Model

• Plutchik's model is based on an emotion Plutchik's model is based on an emotion wheel. This shows eight basic emotions. wheel. This shows eight basic emotions. These are made up of four pairs of These are made up of four pairs of opposites: joy and sadness, acceptance and opposites: joy and sadness, acceptance and disgust, fear and anger, and surprise and disgust, fear and anger, and surprise and anticipation. According to Plutchik we anticipation. According to Plutchik we cannot experience opposite emotions at the cannot experience opposite emotions at the same time. They are also positive (joy, same time. They are also positive (joy, acceptance, anticipation and surprise) or acceptance, anticipation and surprise) or negative (anger, fear, disgust and sadness). negative (anger, fear, disgust and sadness). Positive emotions are seen to have a Positive emotions are seen to have a positive impact on our health while negative positive impact on our health while negative emotions can make us ill. emotions can make us ill.

Two Dimensional Two Dimensional approachapproach

• Positive Affectivity/Negative Positive Affectivity/Negative Affectivity Affectivity pleasantness/unpleasantness and pleasantness/unpleasantness and attention/rejection, proposed by attention/rejection, proposed by Schlosberg1941, PA and NA are Schlosberg1941, PA and NA are independent dimensions i.e. person independent dimensions i.e. person can be high on both at the same time can be high on both at the same time e.g. enthusiastic yet angry also.e.g. enthusiastic yet angry also.

THEORIES OF EMOTIONTHEORIES OF EMOTION

• James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange Theory • Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard Theory • Schachter-Singer Schachter-Singer

TheoryTheory • Lazarus TheoryLazarus Theory

• The The James-Lange theoryJames-Lange theory of emotion argues of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal as an and then we interpret this arousal as an emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.any emotion based on this event.

• EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you and late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens.  You notice these and your breathing deepens.  You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation.  your body's preparation for a fearful situation.  You then experience fear.You then experience fear.

Event Arousal Interpretation Event Arousal Interpretation EmotionEmotion

• The The Cannon-Bard theoryCannon-Bard theory argues that argues that we experience physiological arousal and we experience physiological arousal and emotion at the same time, but gives no emotion at the same time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior.   outward behavior.   

• EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a dark EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a dark alley late at night.  You hear footsteps alley late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens.  At the same time as breathing deepens.  At the same time as these physiological changes occur you these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.also experience the emotion of fear.

• Schachter-Singer TheorySchachter-Singer Theory According to this theory, an event causes According to this theory, an event causes

physiological arousal first.  You must then physiological arousal first.  You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion.are able to experience and label the emotion.

• EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a dark alley EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a dark alley late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens.  Upon faster, and your breathing deepens.  Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself.  This behavior is dangerous alley by yourself.  This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

Event Arousal Thought EmotionEvent Arousal Thought Emotion

• Lazarus TheoryLazarus Theory states that a thought states that a thought must come before any emotion or must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.  In other words, physiological arousal.  In other words, you must first think about your situation you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion. before you can experience an emotion. 

• EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a EXAMPLE:  You are walking down a dark alley late at night.  You hear dark alley late at night.  You hear footsteps behind you and you think it footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.time experience fear.

Event Thought Emotion Arousal

STRESSSTRESS

“ “A physical or psychological A physical or psychological stimulus that can produce mental stimulus that can produce mental tension or physiological reactions tension or physiological reactions that may lead to illness.“that may lead to illness.“

TYPES OF STRESSTYPES OF STRESS

• EustressEustress• DistressDistress• Hyper stressHyper stress• Hypo stressHypo stress

EustressEustress

Eustress is a type of short-term Eustress is a type of short-term stress that provides immediate stress that provides immediate strength. Eustress arises at points of strength. Eustress arises at points of increased physical activity, increased physical activity, enthusiasm, and creativity. Eustress enthusiasm, and creativity. Eustress is a positive stress that arises when is a positive stress that arises when motivation and inspiration are motivation and inspiration are needed. A gymnast experiences needed. A gymnast experiences eustress before a competition.eustress before a competition.

EustressEustressIt is the stress that is healthy orIt is the stress that is healthy or

gives one a feeling of fulfillment. gives one a feeling of fulfillment. Acing your examsAcing your examsGetting a promotion Getting a promotion VacationsVacations

DistressDistress

Distress is a negative stress brought Distress is a negative stress brought about by constant readjustments or about by constant readjustments or alterations in a routine. Distress creates alterations in a routine. Distress creates feelings of discomfort and unfamiliarity. feelings of discomfort and unfamiliarity. There are two types of distress. Acute There are two types of distress. Acute stress is an intense stress that arrives stress is an intense stress that arrives and disappears quickly. Chronic stress and disappears quickly. Chronic stress is a prolonged stress that exists for is a prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months, or even years. Someone weeks, months, or even years. Someone who is constantly relocating or who is constantly relocating or changing jobs may experience distress.changing jobs may experience distress.

HyperstressHyperstress

Hyperstress occurs when an Hyperstress occurs when an individual is pushed beyond what he individual is pushed beyond what he or she can handle. Hyperstress or she can handle. Hyperstress results from being overloaded or results from being overloaded or overworked. When someone is overworked. When someone is hyperstressed, even little things can hyperstressed, even little things can trigger a strong emotional response. trigger a strong emotional response. A Wall Street trader is likely to A Wall Street trader is likely to experience hyperstress.experience hyperstress.

HypostressHypostress

Hypostress is the opposite of Hypostress is the opposite of hyperstress. Hypostress occurs hyperstress. Hypostress occurs when an individual is bored or when an individual is bored or unchallenged. People who unchallenged. People who experience hypostress are often experience hypostress are often restless and uninspired. A factory restless and uninspired. A factory worker who performs repetitive worker who performs repetitive tasks might experience hypostress.tasks might experience hypostress.

Causes of stressCauses of stress 1.1. Death of spouse, family, near relative Death of spouse, family, near relative

or friend. or friend. 2.2. Injury or illness of any family member.Injury or illness of any family member.3.3. Separation or divorce from partner. Separation or divorce from partner. 4.4. Not sufficient money to raise your Not sufficient money to raise your

standard of living etcstandard of living etc5.5. Threats: physical threats, social Threats: physical threats, social

threats, financial threat, other threats. threats, financial threat, other threats. 6.6. Uncertainty. Uncertainty. 7.7. Lack of sleep. Lack of sleep. 8.8. Somebody misunderstands you. Somebody misunderstands you. 9.9. Setback to your position in society.Setback to your position in society.

Symptoms of StressSymptoms of Stress

• Memory problemsMemory problems• IndecisivenessIndecisiveness• Inability to Inability to

concentrateconcentrate• Trouble thinking Trouble thinking

clearlyclearly• Poor judgment Poor judgment • seeing only the seeing only the

negativenegative• Headaches or Headaches or

backachesbackaches• Muscle tension and Muscle tension and

stiffnessstiffness

• Diarrhea or Diarrhea or constipation constipation

• Nausea, dizzinessNausea, dizziness• Chest pain, rapid Chest pain, rapid

heartbeat heartbeat • Weight gain or lossWeight gain or loss• Skin breakouts Skin breakouts

(hives, eczema)(hives, eczema)• Loss of sex driveLoss of sex drive• Frequent coldsFrequent colds

• MoodinessMoodiness• Agitation Agitation • RestlessnessRestlessness• short tempershort temper• Irritability , Irritability ,

impatienceimpatience• Inability to relax Inability to relax • Feeling tense and Feeling tense and

“on edge”“on edge”• Feeling Feeling

overwhelmedoverwhelmed• Sense of loneliness Sense of loneliness

and isolation and isolation • Depression or Depression or

general unhappinessgeneral unhappiness• Eating more or lessEating more or less

• Sleeping too much Sleeping too much or to littleor to little

• Isolating yourself Isolating yourself from others from others

• Procrastination , Procrastination , neglecting neglecting responsibilitiesresponsibilities

• Using alcohol, Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs cigarettes, or drugs to relaxto relax

• Nervous habitsNervous habits• Teeth grinding Teeth grinding • Overdoing activitiesOverdoing activities• overreacting to overreacting to

unexpected unexpected problemsproblems

Effects of stressEffects of stress

• Migraines Migraines • Ulcers Ulcers • Heartburn Heartburn • High blood pressure High blood pressure • Heart disease Heart disease • Diabetes Diabetes • Asthma Asthma • Skin problems Skin problems • Chronic head ache Chronic head ache • Mood swings Mood swings • Substance abuse Substance abuse • Memory disturbances Memory disturbances • Heart attack due to Heart attack due to

increased blood increased blood pressure, sugar and pressure, sugar and cholesterol cholesterol

• Stroke due to similar Stroke due to similar reasons reasons

• Weight loss Weight loss

• Anxiety Anxiety • Depression Depression • Eating disordersEating disorders• Substance abuse.Substance abuse.• Chest pain Chest pain • Cold clammy skin with Cold clammy skin with

gooseflesh gooseflesh • Flushing and feeling of Flushing and feeling of

warmth warmth • Breathlessness Breathlessness • Dry mouth with Dry mouth with

difficulty in speaking difficulty in speaking and swallowing and swallowing

• Abdominal discomfort Abdominal discomfort • Aggravation of Peptic Aggravation of Peptic

Ulcer Ulcer

Healthy ways of coping StressHealthy ways of coping Stress

• Learn how to say “no”Learn how to say “no”• Avoid people who stress you outAvoid people who stress you out• Take control of your environmentTake control of your environment • Avoid hot-button topicsAvoid hot-button topics• Pare down your to-do listPare down your to-do list• Express your feelings instead of Express your feelings instead of

bottling them up.bottling them up. • Be willing to compromise.Be willing to compromise. • Be more assertive.Be more assertive. • Manage your time better.Manage your time better. • Reframe problems.Reframe problems. Look at the big Look at the big

picture. picture. • Adjust your standards. Adjust your standards.

• Set aside relaxation time.Set aside relaxation time. • Connect with others.Connect with others.• Do something you enjoy every day. Do something you enjoy every day. • Keep your sense of humor.Keep your sense of humor.• Exercise regularly.Exercise regularly. • Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet. • Reduce caffeine and sugar.Reduce caffeine and sugar. • Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. • Get enough sleep.Get enough sleep. • Focus on the positive.Focus on the positive.• Don’t try to control the Don’t try to control the

uncontrollable.uncontrollable.• Look for the upside. Look for the upside. • Share your feelings.Share your feelings. • Learn to forgive.Learn to forgive.

How to cope with stress?How to cope with stress?

•Coping refer to the specific efforts, Coping refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events.stressful events.

Two Strategies for copingTwo Strategies for copingEmotion-focused coping strategies Emotion-focused coping strategies Problem-solving strategiesProblem-solving strategies

Emotion-focused coping strategiesEmotion-focused coping strategies

•Emotion focused strategies involve Emotion focused strategies involve releasing pent-up emotions, releasing pent-up emotions, distracting one-self, managing hostile distracting one-self, managing hostile feelings, meditating, using systematic feelings, meditating, using systematic relaxation procedures, etcrelaxation procedures, etc

•Strategies aimed at changing the way Strategies aimed at changing the way one thinks or feels about a stressful one thinks or feels about a stressful situation. situation.

Relaxation TechniquesRelaxation Techniques• Autogenic relaxation:Autogenic relaxation:

– Autogenic means something that comes from within youAutogenic means something that comes from within you..• Progressive muscle relaxation:Progressive muscle relaxation:

– In this technique, you focus on slowly tensing and then In this technique, you focus on slowly tensing and then relaxing each muscle group. This helps you focus on the relaxing each muscle group. This helps you focus on the difference between muscle tension and relaxationdifference between muscle tension and relaxation

• Other Techniques includeOther Techniques include– Yoga Yoga – Tai chi Tai chi – Music Music – Exercise Exercise – Meditation Meditation – Hypnosis Hypnosis

Unhealthy ways of coping with stressUnhealthy ways of coping with stress

• Smoking Smoking • Drinking too much Drinking too much • Overeating or undereating Overeating or undereating • Zoning out for hours in front of the TV Zoning out for hours in front of the TV

or computer or computer • Withdrawing from friends, family, and Withdrawing from friends, family, and

activities activities • Using pills or drugs to relax       Using pills or drugs to relax       • Sleeping too much Sleeping too much • Procrastinating Procrastinating • Filling up every minute of the day to Filling up every minute of the day to

avoid facing problems avoid facing problems • Taking out your stress on others (lashing Taking out your stress on others (lashing

out, angry outbursts, physical violence) out, angry outbursts, physical violence)

ConclusionConclusion•Stress is always present in one Stress is always present in one

form or another. Its up to an form or another. Its up to an individual how he/she copes and individual how he/she copes and alleviates stress.alleviates stress.

•Coping strategies are not always Coping strategies are not always going to solve stress they are going to solve stress they are dynamic; every individual has dynamic; every individual has different strategies to deal with different strategies to deal with stress.stress.

STRESS QUESTIONAIREAnswer Yes or No to each of the following questions:1. Do you have a feeling of continuous anxiety and sometimes of

panic?2. Do you feel tired all the time and find that you complain more

and more of notgetting enough sleep?3. Are you always worrying about your health? Do you feel your

work is suffering?4. Do you often feel depressed for no good reason?5. Are you tense and restless and unable to relax?6. Do you get sudden tremors – “the shakes”?7. Are you afraid of being alone?8. Do you ever want to end it all?9. Do you sometimes wonder if you are losing your mind?10. Do you take other people’s criticisms as personal threats or

rejections?

11. Do you lose your temper more often and find it harder to get along with others?12. Do you find it hard to concentrate these days?13. Do you feel remote from people who were close to you and things you love like friends, sports, books?14. Have you started to let your appearance run down – are you careless about your clothes?15. Are you worrying a great deal, taking life more seriously, enjoying it less?16. Are you dependent on tranquilizers to carry you through the day?17. Is it becoming harder for you to make small decisions, such as what to have for dinner, what to do next?18. Do you dread ordinary everyday situations caring for your children or even going

to the store?19. Has your attitude toward food changed do you find it tasteless, hard to care if you

eat or not?20. Do you find yourself living more and more in the past?

If you answered yes to three or four questions, you are not coping well and areheaded for trouble.