Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of...

49
Emotion, Stress, and Health • Chapter 11 11-1

Transcript of Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of...

Page 1: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotion, Stress, and Health

• Chapter 11

11-1

Page 2: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Chapter Outline

• The Nature of Emotion• The Nature of Stress • Culture and Control• Stress and Emotion• Coping with Stress • How Much Control do we have over our

Emotions and our Health?

11-2

Page 3: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

The Nature of Emotion

• Emotion is a state involving:1. Physiological changes in the face, brain, and body2. Cognitive processes such as interpretation of events3. Cultural influences that shape the experience and expression of emotion

11-3

Page 4: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

The Nature of Emotion

• Emotion evolved to help people meet the challenges of life– Motivates, helps decision making

and planning, builds relationships

• Pleasurable emotions are adaptive– Increase mental flexibility,

creativity, reduce stress, build social bonds

11-4

Page 5: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Function of Facial Expressions

•Emotions can contradict logic and thus have a negative effect on decision making BUT we require emotions in order to make decisions

5

Page 6: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotions and the Body

• Primary emotions– Emotions considered to be universal and

biologically based – Generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy,

surprise, disgust, and contempt– Each has distinctive physiological reaction and

facial expression

11-6

Page 7: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotions and the Body

• Secondary emotions– Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and

vary across individuals and cultures– Ex) jealousy, insecurity, disapproval, paranoia

11-7

Page 8: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

The Face of Emotion

• Evolutionary explanations say that emotions are hard-wired and have survival functions– Evidence for the universality of 7 facial expressions

of emotion (Ekman, 1997)• Emotions recognized cross-culturally• Genuine versus fake emotions can be distinguished• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/

surveys/smiles/

11-8

Page 9: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Functions of Facial Expressions

• Facial expressions reflect our internal feelings, but can also influence them

• Facial feedback– The process by which the facial muscles send

messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

11-9

Page 10: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Functions of Facial Expressions

• Emotions help us communicate emotional states & signal others (survival value)–Begins in infancy, babies convey emotions & can interpret parental expressions

Still face experiment (2 min 50 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEbZht0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZSfw45LsAIBaby recognizes emotion (40 seconds)

11-10

Page 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Prefrontal Cortex• Left prefrontal cortex:

involved in motivation to approach others; damage results in loss of joy

• Right prefrontal cortex: Involved in withdrawal and escape; damage results in excessive mania & euphoria

11-11

Page 12: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Amygdala

–Evaluates sensory information and determines its emotional importance–Assesses threat–Damage results in abnormality in processing fear

11-12

Page 13: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Mirror Neurons•The discovery by Giacomo Rizzolatti– Neurons that fire when a person or animal

observes others carrying out an intentional action– They are involved in empathy, imitation, and

reading emotions

13

Page 14: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Mirror Neurons•May cause us to inadvertently mimic someone’s expressions, gestures (even accents!)•Synchronization/mimicry builds relationship •Mirror neurons go to sleep when people look •at individuals they dislike or are prejudiced against.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education Canada 14

Page 15: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Mirror Neurons

• Mood contagion– A mood spreading from one person to another, as

facial expressions of emotion in the first person generate emotions in the other

– Nonverbal signals can cue emotional responses in others as well

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education Canada 15

Page 16: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotion and the Mind

• Experience of emotion depends on two factors:1)Physiological arousal 2) Cognitive interpretation–We label the physiological changes … but may not always be accurate• E.g., Capilano Bridge study (1974)• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0aMEkGlcQE

11-16

Page 17: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotion & Gender

•Stereotypes that women are emotional and men are reserved•Little evidence that one sex feels any of the everyday emotions more often than the other

11-17

Page 18: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotion & Gender

• But … people see what they expect to see (stereotypes guide expectations/perceptual set – remember perception!)– Western cultures associate “angry” with males and

“happy” with females

• Differences exist in how emotions are expressed, and how they are perceived by others.

11-18

Page 19: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotional Expressiveness

• Stereotypical gender differences may arise from the fact that women are more willing to express their feelings

• Women are more likely to . . . – Smile more often– Gaze at listeners more– Have more emotionally expressive faces– Use expressive hand & body movements– Touch others more often– Talk about their emotions

11-19

Page 20: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Emotional Expressiveness

• North American men only express one emotion more freely than women:

– Anger towards strangers, especially other men, when challenged or insulted

– Expectation that men will control or mask negative emotions

– Consequence is increased difficulty in recognizing when men are seriously unhappy

11-20

Page 21: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Communicating Emotions

• Display rules

– Social & cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions

11-21

Page 22: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

The Nature of Stress

• What is stress?• A stimulus that triggers arousal– Many different things to different people• E.g., conflict with parents or partner, frustration with

life, feeling overwhelmed with work or caring for others, etc.

• Stress is influenced by physiology, cognitive processes, and cultural rules

11 - 22

Page 23: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

General Adaptation Syndrome

• Hans Selye, 1956– Enhanced our understanding of the mind-body

connection– Keeping our bodies in balance– Failure to cope with or adapt to stressors can

produce “diseases of adaptation”

11-23

Page 24: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

General Adaptation Syndrome

1. Alarm Phase–Body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to deal with immediate threat

11-24

Page 25: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

2. Resistance Phase– Body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that

cannot be avoided– Physiological alarm responses occur but increase

vulnerability to other stressors

11-25

Page 26: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

3. Exhaustion Phase– Persistent stress depletes the body of energy– Increased vulnerability to physical problems &

illness

11-26

Page 27: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Stress & the Body

• HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) axis– A system activated to energize the body to respond to

stressors (crucial for short-term stress responses)

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyP8L3qTW9Q• Start 30 seconds in

11-27

Page 28: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Coping with Stress• Immediate way of coping is to reduce physiological arousal

caused by stress/reduce tension: – Journaling – Art work– Meditation– Talking to someone– Praying – Social support (more on this soon)– Do something you enjoy

28

Page 29: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

• Emotion-focused coping– Concentrates on the emotions the problem has

caused (anger, anxiety, grief etc.) – After tragedy or disaster, emotions may be

overwhelming– This may be the only realistic option when the

source of stress is outside the person’s control

11-29

Page 30: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Coping with Stress

• Problem-focused coping–Dealing with a problem by solving the problem itself–Define the problem, research options–Increases feeling of control and speeds recovery

11-30

Page 31: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Cognitive Coping

• Three effective cognitive coping methods:1. Reappraising the situation– Reappraisal: thinking about problem differently– Become aware of your thoughts– Evaluate content– Challenge negative perceptions by questioning

their validity

11-31

Page 32: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Cognitive Coping

2. Learning from the experience– Looking for a positive change from the

experience– Gain strength and resilience – Find meaning in tragedy

11-32

Page 33: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Cognitive Coping

3. Making social comparisons– Social comparison: compare self to others who

are believed to be less fortunate or in a similar situation but doing well

11-33

Page 34: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Social Support

• Do not always need professional help…• Social support– Assistance from others in your network of family,

friends, neighbours, and co-workers– Provide concern and affection, resources,

connection

11-34

Page 35: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Social Support

• Friendships can reduce the risk of health problems– Associated with fewer colds, less harmful stress

reactions, and longer lives• Social support may enhance health because it

bolsters the immune system (greater sense of control & optimism)

11-35

Page 36: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Social Support

• Under stress, women who got a supportive touch from their close partner resulted in a reduced stress response

11-36

Page 37: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Oxytocin

• “fight or flight” mechanism does not explain social responses to stress

• Oxytocin – a “tend and befriend mechanism” – If social contacts are supportive and comforting,

stress responses decline– Seeking friends, helping others – May affect sensitivity of HPA axis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFWmHjePPOM– 1 minute

11-37

Page 38: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Stress and the Mind

• Some persons experience extremely stressful situations and do not become ill

• How we respond to stress may protect us – Optimism – Sense of control

11-38

Page 39: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Optimism & Pessimism

• Optimism – general expectation that things will go well despite setbacks – associated with better health relative to pessimists:

• Relative to pessimists, optimists tend to:– Live longer (lower physiological response to stress)– Take better care of their health – Are active problem-solvers– Don’t give up – Keep a sense of humour

11-39

Page 40: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

The Sense of Control

• Locus of control• People can tolerate all kinds of stressors if

they feel able to predict or control them– Crowds, work place

• Feelings of control can reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health

11-40

Page 41: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Hostility

• Being easily angered is a significant risk factor all on its own for impairments of the immune system, elevated blood pressure, heart disease, and even slower healing of wounds

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education Canada

11-41

Page 42: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Positive Emotions

• Positive emotions can have healthful benefits

– The nun study– Positive emotions may counteract high arousal

caused by negative emotions/chronic stressors

11-42

Page 43: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Positive Emotions

• People who express positive feelings are also more likely to attract friends and social support (contributes to good health)

• Everyone feels negative emotions, importantly is having a higher ratio of positive emotions

11-43

Page 44: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Managing Negative Emotions

• Suppression of negative emotions can have detrimental health effects– Inhibition is physically challenging– By trying to avoid a thought, you are actually

rehearsing it - prolonging an emotional response

11-44

Page 45: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Managing Negative Emotions

• Controlling anger– Venting typically worsens physical and mental

discomfort– People often feel worse after an angry

confrontation– Cannot control emotional reactions but can

control subsequent behaviour

11-45

Page 46: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Benefits of Confession

• Confession (divulging private thoughts that make you ashamed, worried or sad) linked to better health

• Writing a journal can increase immune system functioning and positive emotions, and decrease illness

11-46

Page 47: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Expressing Emotions

• More likely to attain a healthy perspective (forgiveness)

• Promotes empathy• Removes the situation to outside of the self • Forgiveness does not mean ignoring or

denying wrongdoings

47

Page 48: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

Forgiveness

11-48

Page 49: Emotion, Stress, and Health Chapter 11 11-1. Chapter Outline The Nature of Emotion The Nature of Stress Culture and Control Stress and Emotion Coping.

End of Chapter 11

11-49