Contralínea 475

8/20/2019 Contralínea 475

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@ðh 0: • Eýglrh :;<

Jlf 0< `f ?0 jl ilorlrh j

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www.chetr`fael`.chg.gx

T@SH @ JLSEAYLF GASCLFÀELH


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: > jl ilorlrh jl ?409

JA_LCZH_ Gakulf O`jaffhhffcahjlp`plfDy`nhh.chg.gxS\OJA_LCZH_ Mhsá _áylz mrlylzDchetr` fael` .chg.gx

CHH_JAE@JH_LS

AEIH_G@CAÓE ]ósagh C`g`cnh zhsaghDchetr` fael` .chg.gx

LJACAÓE Eècy IfhrlseècyDchetr`fael`.chg.gxCHEZ_@FÇEL@ ZY Árab` _`gçrlzlshlgaDchetr`fael`.chg.gx [LO Khez`fh GhetlrrhsàeihDchetr`fael`.chg.gx LCHEHGÇ@ G`rchs Cnàvlzg`rchsDchetr`fael`.chg.gx @_ZL Clcafa` G`rtçelzclcafa`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx JASLÐH Gakulf Gaelrhgagak`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx T\OFACAJ@J Mèlt t @fo` mèlt tDchetr`fael`.chg.gx T_HJ\CCAÓE Fuas BuèprhjuccaheDchetr`fael`.chg.gx

_LTH_ZL_HS

Lfv` Glejhz`lfv`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx @xlf Tf`s``xlfDchetr`fael`.chg.gx Gùracah _hglrhgùracahDchetr`fael`.chg.gx

JLILESH_ JLF TL_AHJASZ@ Àfv`rh Clplj` ElraclpljèlraDprhjaky.elt.gx JLILESH_ JLF FLCZH_

Mhrkl Glflejlz Trlca`jh m`glflejlzDprhjaky.elt.gx LJAZH_A@FASZ@S

Iòah O`rohsìòaho`rohs`cèhDkgàf.chg

Gakulf Checn` G`fhljuc`caheDjlrlcnhsnugèhs.hrk.gx G`rtçe Lsp`rz` k`rr`sflh9Dy`nhh. chg.gx Ljk`r Khezàflz _uazljk`rkrDprhjaky.elt.gx _holrth K`faejh k`flhejlfsurDnhtgà f.chgS`gulf F`r` Yaff`s`gulff`r`vaff`Dkgàf.chgTòfh Ghctlzug` O`rr`kàepòfhghctlzug`Dnhtgàf.chg@ralf Ehyhfèhyhf`r`Dkgàf.chg@jraàe _`gçrlzprlsajleca`.fagljjnDkgàf.chg

@SASZLEZL [LO @rgèjh Chv`rruoa`s

AF\SZ_@JH_LS

Gakulf K`faejhgak`faejhpDkgàf.chgJ`vaj GèraqulgèraqulDchetr`fael`.chg.gx

_LJ@CCAÓE


5/68

www.chetr`fael`.chg.gx <

`sç chgh ` thg`r thj`s f`sgljaj`s elcls`ra`s p`r` muzk`r

y sècahe r̀ ` fhs rlsphesòflsjl f` vahfleca` chetr` f`s y fhsplrahjast`s

@sagasgh, HE\-JN yHE\-Gumlrls lxprlsè suprlhcup`caóe phr f`s `gle`z`squl n` suirajh Àfv`rh Jlfk`jh,plrahjast` jlf slgè`rah Trh-clsh, ` r`çz jl sus lxprlsahelsvlrtaj`s le rljls shca`fls shorllf `slsae`th jl f` slðhr` Ifhrlsl aestè ` f`s ùthraj`jls p`r`qul aevlstakule su hrakle y`jhptle f`s gljaj`s jl prhtlc-caóe qul slè hphrtue`s.

Jlsjl f`s Hcae`s leGáxach jl HE\ Gumlrls yHE\-JN rlehv`ghs eulstrhchgprhgash p`r` chhplr`r che

thj`s f`s aestatucahels y ùth-raj`jls glxacè`s p`r` cheta-eu`r rlihrzèjh f`s phfçtac`s yf` aestatucahe`faj`j lxastletl leg`tlra` jl prhtlccaóe jl plrah-jast`s y plrshe`s jlileshr`s jljlrlcnhs nugèhs le lf p`çs.

@go`s Hcae`s lxprlsèsus sletagaleths jl chejhfleca`

y shfaj`raj j̀ che f`s y fhs i`ga-fa`rls jl @eòlf Ifhrls, sus ch-flk`s plrahjast`s y f` shcalj`jvlr`cruzè` le su chemueth.

Hicae` le Gáxach jl HE\

Gumlrls y Hicae` le GáxachHE\ JN

Ff`gè ` ehcragae`faz`r `plrahjast`s ̀ slsae`jhs

F` Chgasaóe Lmlcutav` jl@tlecaóe ̀ Yçctag`s (CL@Y)rlprulo` c`tlkórac`gletl lfnhgacajah jl f` plrahjast` vlr`-cruzè` @eòlf Ifhrls S`f`z`r.

Nhy le Gáxach, f`s plrsh-

e`s qul nè sajh vçctag`s jl`fkýe jlfath h vahf`caóe jl susjlrlcnhs nugèhs talele f`prlrrhk`tav` jl eh slr homlthjl lsplcuf`cahels pýofac`sshorl su plrtleleca` `f craglehrkèaz`jh h su vaecuf`caóe ``fkue` `ctavaj`j jlfactav`, t`fchgh fh lstòflcl f` Fly Klel-

r`f jl Yçctag`s.F` CL@Y ff`g` ` fhs gl-

jahs jl chgueac`caóe ̀ qul,le ue elcls`rah `goaletl jlslesaoafaj`j y rlsplth, eh rl-prhjuzcè f`s vlrsahels qulcragae`fazè ` @eòlf Ifhrlsea ` eaekue` htr` plrshe` qullmlrz` lf plrahjasgh h n`y`sajh vçctag` jl jlfath.

@sagasgh, lst` Chgasaóelxnhrt` ` f`s ùthraj`jls p`r`qul sl rl`facl ue` aevlstak`caóeslra`, prhiuej` y slesaofl, quljltlrgael f`s cùs`s jlf nh-gacajah y já che fhs cufpòflsp`r` qul sl fls ̀ pfaqul f` fly.

Chgasaóe Lmlcutav` jl@tlecaóe ̀ Yçctag`s

¸T`r` quá sarvl lfLmárcath8, sl prlkuet`

Gl n` rlsuft`jh aetlrlsètl lf`rtçcufh ‖F` tràcaóe ` Gáxa-ch‗. Fh calrth ls qul lf Lmárcath,chgh t`f, ls ue sarvaletl jlfphjlr le tureh, sl` tarèhplrvlrsh h jlst`c`jh jlgócr`-t`. Eh talel hmhs ea hçjhs, suholjaleca` ls plrrue`, phr lsheh talel r`zóe jl slr. Le Gá-xach lstàe t`tu`j`s ` iulkh f`s`ctu`cahels vlrkhezètls jlf

Lmárcath chetr` lf pulofh qulfl jah f` fuz. She gaffhels jlplshs k`st`jhs le fhs jltlrkle-tls gljaàtachs p`r` fagpa`r suag`kle, fh calrth ls qul lstàeaeilct`jhs jl agpueaj`j y leeh phchs c`shs jl chrrupcaóe.

F` nasthra` jlf Lmárcath lsvlrkhezètl p`r` lffhs gasghs,puls sófh sl `culrjè jl 044`ðhs= `tràs quljè htrhs 044`ðhs jl tràcahels y o`mlz`schetr` lf pulofh jl Gáxach.

N`y p`çsls sae Lmárcath qul

eh talele qul c`rk`r che ue`jhreh qul fulkh jl 04 `ðhsjl kulrr` chetr` f` jlfaecule-ca` n` sajh aec`p`z jl phelrp`z le lstl p`çs chgh eh sl f`jl fhs clgletlrahs. Eh sófh ehn` phjajh saeh qul le sus e`ra-cls n` crlcajh.

@etheah K`rcç`

N`cle p`s`r ehvaffhsphr thrhs

Ls guy ouleh lf rlphrt`ml‖Gètalele arrlkuf`raj`jls lechrraj`s le f` Tf`z` Gáxach‗.

@rgh qul n`y irùjl le f`slj`jls y gèapuf`caóe jl fhsculrehs. Cuèjh letr`rhe fhsvltlrae`rahs Olem`gçe @m` ySèta`kh @m` K`rcç`, lf vltlra-e`rah, `f s`far, gltaó le su c`mul-f` jlf chcnl ̀ st`s sae jlspuet`rp`r` c`goa`rf s̀ phr f`s jl fhsthrhs qul sl faja`rçè. Qh fh va.@nhr` lstà clrr`jh lf fòhr`th-rah y y` eh sl n`cl eaekýe lx`-gle. Yasu`fgletl eh sl puljlchrrhohr`r f` lj`j jl fhs thrhs.Fhs `cahe`jhs vlghs c`j`jhgaekh jlsf`r ehvaffhs `jlfè-t`jhs phr fhs ̀ eòófachs qul flsagpfètè le f` hrlm` jlf thrh.Thr lf plsh qul ̀ ugletè, lflsqulflth eh fh rlsastl y phr lshsl c`le h sl p`rè. T`r` qul uethrh tlek` fhs : ̀ ðhs cugpfa-jhs, fh vlghs ̀ sagpfl vast`= fhstlstçcufhs jlole nòlr o`m`jhtht`fgletl2 y ` f` g`yhrç` `pl-e`s sl fls vle, prulo` jl qulshe ehvaffhs. Q ̀ sç phjrç` slkuarleuglrèjh arrlkuf`raj`jls.

Mhsá Fuas Cnàe

Fhs rushs talele jlrlcnh` jlilejlrsl, jacl

T`r` f` rllxaóe, lf rlphrt`ml‖Sae ̀ go`kls, _usa` y Lst`jhs\eajhs y` sl vle chgh „lf lel-gakh‑‗. Tlrh ls elcls`rah jlcarqul Lst`jhs \eajhs y Lurhp`nè ̀ t`c`jh chetaeu`gletl ̀_usa`. F` ̀ clcnè le sus irhetl-r`s. F` ihrg` gàs jlfaolr`j` iulf̀ jl hrkèaz`r, jarakar, letrle`r,`phy`r gljaàtac`gletl y eè-

ca`r ` ue kruph jl uftr`jlrlcn`qul jlrrhcó `f khoalreh jlgh-cràtac`gletl lflcth jl \crèa`gljaètl ue khfpl jl Lst`jh.Lsh chestatuyó ue` ̀ gle`z`p`r` lf Lst`jh y f` slkuraj`jjl _usa`. Nòfèjh sagátra-c`gletl, slrç` chgh sa _usa`hrkèaz`r`, jarakalr`, eèca`r`

y p̀hỳ r` lf jlrrhc`galeth jlfkhoalreh jl Tlð` Ealth le Gá-xach y suoar ̀ f phjlr ̀ f p`rtajhchgueast`, shca`fast` h cu`fqualrhtrh ̀ içe ̀ fhs rushs. ̧ Puá n`rç`Lst`jhs \eajhs8

@nhr` ofhqulè ` _usa`, flagphele sècahels chglrca`fls

y qualrle qul sl chgphrtlegès`gletl. Lst`jueajlesls ylurhplhs nè fflv`jh ` _usa` èh lsplr`r `faèz`s2 nè lscf`rl-cajh qul euec` f` chesajlr`rheea chesajlr`ràe chfòhr`jhrls.Zhjh lf talgph tr`t`rhe jl jls-truarf`. Ls musth qul sl jllej`

y chesajlrl ̀ Lst j̀hs \eajhs yLurhp` chgh fhs `krlshrls qulshe le rl`faj`j.

Muè M K r̀cç`

@ i`vhr jl qul slchgprl ̀ rg`gleth

Che rlsplcth jlf rlphrt`ml‖K`st` gàs Tlð` qul C`fjlróele ̀ rg`gleth‗, qualrh jlcarqul f` kletl phch letalejl jllsths tlg`s qul she guy ag-phrtètls p`r` f` vaj` e`cahe`f.Lf Lmárcath y f` @rg`j` elcl-satè lquap`rsl jç` ̀ jç` cheglmhrls hpcahels y eh qulj`r-sl che lf lquaph tè hoshflth

che lf qul hplrè ̀ ctu`fgletl.@ f`s Iulrz`s @rg`j`s sl flslxakl jlg`sa`jh2 ls musth, phrfh glehs, lquap`rfhs che ̀ rg`-gleth gàs shstac`jh.

G`rtçe Flk`zpa

F` fl`ft`j jl f`sIulrz`s @rg`j`s

Ls guy aetlrlsètl lf rlphrt`ml‖K`st` gàs Tlð` qul C`fjlróele ̀ rg`gleth‗2 plrh lsl k`sth

sófh slrà p`r` chgo`tar ̀ suprhpah pulofh, phrqul y` ehn`y p`tra` h e`caóe qul jlile-jlr. Zhjh lstà prav`taz`jh. Q fhsgafat`rls sakule salejh ‖fl`fls‗ ̀fhs phfçtachs y ̀ f`s aestatucahelse`rchchrrupt`s, eh ̀ f` shcalj`jqul fls p`k` che sus agpulsths.

Aej`flcah T`taðh

E\LSZ_HS FLCZH_LS HTAEAÓE


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9 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

CHEZLEAJH

34 T H _

Z @ J @

Gàs jl gaf gae`s hplrè le Gáxachflk`fgletl. Jl lff`s, f` Trhilp` jltlctó qul lf 9< phr caleth eh cugpfl che f` ehrg`tava-j`j `goalet`f. Sae lgo`rkh, sófh ;0 cletrhsjl hplr`caóe gaelrhs nè sajh cfùsur`jhs

GÀS JL ;44 GAE@SAEC\GTFLE EH_G@@GOALEZ@F

HTAEAÓE

E\LSZ_HS FLCZH_LS

HIACAH JL T@TLF JLSH_JLE @JGAEASZ_@ZAYH LE LF ASSSZL

Gakulf O`jaffh

CHEZ_@THJL_THO_L]@, AGT\EAJ@J, CH__\TCAÓE, JL_LCNHS

N\G@EHS L AESLK\_AJ@J Àfv`rh Clplj` Elra

]HE@ CL_H I\L_]@S @_G@J@S, TLELZ_@J@S TH_ F@

\FZ_@JL_LCN@ ]ósagh C`g`cnh

@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE C@OAFJL_HS, LF _HSZ_H JL F@

CH__\TCAÓE LE LF CHEK_LSH Eècy Ifhrls@_ZÇC\FHS

F@ SLEL_ _@ZAIAC@ LF IAE JLF CHEIFACZH CHE LF SGL G`rtçe

Lsp`rz` Ifhrls

LF I_@\JL JLF @C\L_JH Z_@EST@CÇIACH Mhgh Bw`gl Suej̀ r`g/AT

AEC@FC\F@OFL JLS@SZ_L LCHFÓKACH Q @K_ÇCHF@ TH_

L^ZAECAÓE JL @OLM@S _lae` G`kj`ra`k` F`rjult/Trles` F`tae`

FHS 04 JLS@IÇHS CHG\ELS T@_@ ? GAF GAFFHELS JL T@_LM@S

Mhslpn Cn`gal/ATS

SL^H, F@ @JACCAÓE JL F@ SHCALJ@J JL NHQ C`rfhs Gakuáflz/CCS

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CHEZ_@FÇEL@. TL_AHJASGH JL AEYLSZAK@CAÓE -`ðh 0:, eýgl-rh :;


7/68


CHEZLEAJH

@EÀFASAS

TLZ_HFL_H F` cu`rt` facat`caóe= ue` k`ek` p`r` f`s tr`se`cahe`fls I`oah O`rohs`

LJ\C@ZAYH Lsculf`s ̀ f CALE= naphtlc`r prlsupulsth y p`tragheah ljuc`tavh

Flv Ghum`naj Ylfàzqulz O`rrak`


8/68

> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

HIACAH JL T@TLFHTAEAÓE

@ < glsls jl thg`r phslsaóe chgh jarlc-

thr klelr`f jlf Aestatuth jl Slkuraj`j y

Slrvacahs Shca`fls jl fhs Zrò`m`jhrls

jlf Lst`jh (ASSSZL), Mhsá _lyls O`lz` eh n`

fhkr`jh lf chetrhf jl ls` aestatucaóe qul hthrk`

slrvacahs gájachs ` f` ourhcr`ca` y `ýe gètal-

el le pulsths cf`vl ` iuecahe`rahs qul sarvalrhe

` fhs aetlrlsls jlf lxtaeth Slo`staàe Flrjh jl

Zlm`j`. Htrhs aetlkrètls jlf gasgh lquaph

jl f` ètlrahr `jgaeastr`caóe iulrhe rluoac`jhs

le lf Ihejh jl f` Yavalej` jlf Aestatuth jl Sl-

kuraj`j y Slrvacahs Shca`fls jl fhs Zrò`m`jhrls

jlf Lst`jh (Ihvassstl), phr fh qul sakule f`s qul-

m`s jl p`rtl jl prhvlljhrls phr f` `sake`caóe jl

chetr`ths jl oalels y

slrvacahs.

\eh jl lshs iue-cahe`rahs qul hplrè

p`r` lf kruph ètlrahr

ls lf suojarlcthr jl

Trhkr`g`caóe y Trl-

supulsth jlf ASSSZL,

@fihesh Olclrraf ]`rch, quale eh n` fhkr`jh cl-

rr`r lf prlsupulsth jlf lmlrcacah jl ?40< phr ue

jácat jl `frljljhr jl : gaf gaffhels jl plshs,

chrrlsphejaletls ̀ f`s àrl`s jl slrvacahs aetlkr`-

fls, gljac`gleths y g`tlra`f jl cur`caóe. @etl

ls` i`ft` jl rlcurshs gaffhe`rahs le jacnh aesta-

tuth (satu`caóe jlfac`j` sa chesajlr`ghs qul th-

jhs fhs prhkr`g`s `prho`jhs chetòè che ue`

p`rtaj` prlsupulst`f, jl t`f ihrg` qul `fkuale

jlol ue` lxpfac`caóe jlf phrquá jl jacnh i`f-

tètl h sa nuoh jlsvçhs jl rlcurshs pýofachs), lf

eulvh jarlcthr klelr`f tlejrà qul utafaz`r ihe-

jhs jlf lmlrcacah jl ?409 p`r` n`clrfl irletl `f

prhoflg`, ùequl lsth klelrl ue eulvh nulch

prlsupulst`f.

Gucnhs jl fhs chetr`ths `sake`jhs jurètl

f` klstaóe jl Flrjh jl Zlm`j` iulrhe traèu`fls,

phr fh qul `fkuehs jl lffhs vlecle n`st` ?40>2

phr lffh, slkýe f`s qulm`s, v`rahs jl fhs lxiuecah-

e`rahs jlf ASSSZL (qualels `nhr` jlsp`cnè le

lf Ihvassstl) talele `slkur`jh lf supulsth p`kh

jl chgasahels p`r` fh qul rlst` jlf slxleah. Q

chgh fh nòç`ghs chglet`jh le chfuge`s è-

tlrahrls, lf caeasgh fflkó ̀ f pueth jl qul prhvll-

jhrls crl`rhe jlachgashs p`r` `slkur`rfl ` fhs

iuecahe`rahs qul cugpfaràe che sus chgprhgashs

jl p`k`r shohrehs-chgasahels ̀ fhs rlsphesòfls

jl hthrk`r jacnhs che-

tr`ths.

N`st` lf `ðh p`s`-jh f` lstructur` `jga-

eastr`tav` jlf ASSSZL,

che Flrjh jl Zlm`j`

chgh jarlcthr klelr`f,

f` aetlkròè su slcrl-

t`rah klelr`f Fuas @etheah Khjae` Nlrrlr`, `c-

tu`f vhc`f lmlcutavh jlf Ihvassstl, y Muè E`z`rah

@nu`ctzae, jarlcthr jl @jgaeastr`caóe, quale

`nhr` ls lf suojarlcthr jl @jgaeastr`caóe jlf

Ihvassstl.

Jlf lquaph hplr`tavh jl @nu`ctzae qul `ýe

sl gètalel le lf ASSSZL lstàe Gakulf Nhr-

t` K`rcç`, suojarlcthr jl @o`sth jl Aesughs

Gájachs2 Ghasás As``c Nlrrlr` Hrjóðlz, mlil

jl Slrvacahs jl @jquasacaóe jl Aestruglet`f y

Lquaph Gájach2 C`rfhs C`fjlróe Safv`, mlil jl

Jlp`rt`gleth jl @jquasacaóe jl Aestruglet`f

Gájach2 Mlsýs Krlkhrah Lspçejhf` Oùtast`, mlil

JLSH_JLE @JGAEASZ_@ZAYH

LE LF ASSSZLGAK\LF O@JAFFH

Le lf ASSSZL eh nè fhkr̀ jh clrr̀ r lflmlrcacah jl ?40< phr ue jáffcat jl : gafgaffhels jl plshs le slrvacahs aetlkr̀ fls,gljac̀ gleths y g t̀lrà f jl cur̀ caóe

e


9/68


HIACAH JL T@TLF HTAEAÓE

jl Jlp`rt`gleth jl Chetr`ths jl G`tlra`f jl

Cur`caóe, y Mhrkl _`ýf _`gçrlz C`sèhv`, mlil

jl Slrvacahs jl G`tlra`f jl Cur`caóe.

Khjae` Nlrrlr` èuecaó f` slgè` p`s`j`qul lstl `ðh lf Ihvassstl hthrk`rà 0?4 gaf crá-

jaths ` fhs trò`m`jhrls jlf khoalreh iljlr`f,

che ue` aevlrsaóe jl


10/68


HIACAH JL T@TLFHTAEAÓE

chrrlsphejaletls ` aestruglet`f y lquaph gá-

jach, `sç chgh g`rc`p`shs c`rja`chs y prótl-

sas, phr fh qul _lyls O`lz` y Yarkafah @ejr`jl

jlole lst`r `flrt`s che lsths chetr`ths ` e jl

lvat`r lf chorh jl chgasahels, qul hscafè letrl

lf 04 y lf 0? phr caleth.

Jlfaolr` Zraoue`f

\eavlrsat`rah c`sh jl

chrrupcaóe le f` \E@G

Lf 0 jl lelrh jl ?409, f` Slcrlt`rç` jl S`fuj

jah jl `ft` ` Slvlraeh _uoah Jhgçekulz chgh

jarlcthr jl Ljuc`caóe le S`fuj. Lf ehgorl jl

lstl eulvh iuecahe`rah jlf khoalreh iljlr`f ̀ p`-

rlcl le ue lxpljaletl òalrth jl f` \eavlrsaj`j

E`cahe`f @utóehg` jl Gáxach (\E@G), lf

cu`f lstà le prhclsh jl jlfaolr`caóe le lf Zra-

oue`f \eavlrsat`rah y

le f` Chgasaóe jl Nh-

ehr, f` Chetr`fhrç` y f`

Jlileshrç` jl fhs Jl-

rlcnhs \eavlrsat`rahs.

Le f` ùjathrç`

J K_A_T/ J L_L/

40/?40< (jhcugleth

jl 3: pàkae`s), ilcn`j` lf > jl mueah jl ?40< y lfòhr`j` phr f` Jarlccaóe Klelr`f jl _ls-

phesòafaj`jls, Aecheihrgaj`jls y _lkastrh

T`traghea`f, jlplejaletl jl f` Chetr`fhrç` jl

f` \E@G, sl slð`f` jarlct`gletl ` Slvlraeh

_uoah Jhgçekulz, quale n`st` e`fls jlf `ðh

p`s`jh sl jlslgplðó chgh jarlcthr klelr`f jl

@ctavaj`jls Jlphrtav`s y _lcrl`tav`s jl ls` aes-

tatucaóe `c`jágac`, chgh lf praecap`f rlsphes`-

ofl jl arrlkuf`raj`jls le lf gèlmh jlf prlsu-

pulsth y le f` chetr`t`caóe jl oalels y slrvacahs

chgh sljl jl f` \eavlrsaj`j p`r` f` rl`faz`caóe

jl f` Hfagpa`j` E`cahe`f ?40:.

Thr fh prheth, ètl f` pltacaóe jl ue aetlrl-

s`jh le chehclr f`s checfusahels jl f` aevlstak`-

caóe le chetr` jl fhs iuecahe`rahs ueavlrsat`rahs

agpfac`jhs le t`fls èhg`fç`s qul fl cùs`rhe

ue j`ðh ` f` gàxag` c`s` jl lstujahs, lf Chga-

tá jl Aeihrg`caóe jl f` \E@G, qul prlsajl lf

jhcthr Mhsá G`rç` Slre` jl f` K`rz`, jltlrgaeó

‖rlslrv`r phr 0? `ðhs‗ lf lxpljaletl, o`mh lf `r-

kugleth jl qul ástl slkuç` le prhclsh jlfaolr`-

tavh, ` pls`r jl qul lf aeihrgl jl f` Chetr`fhrç`

sl letrlkó n`cl > glsls.

F` g`f` `jgaeastr`caóe jl rlcurshs pýofachs` c`rkh jl _uoah Jhgçekulz hcurraó le ?40:,

y rlcaoaó rlcurshs iljlr`fls phr ?4.; gaffhels

jl plshs jl p`rtl jl f` Chgasaóe E`cahe`f jl

Cuftur` Içsac` y Jlphrtl (Che`jl), aestatucaóe

qul slkýe aeihrgó pajaó ` f` \E@G qul rls`r-

calr` lf j`ðh p`traghea`f. F` shrprls` `nhr` ls

qul lstl lxiuecahe`rah ueavlrsat`rah qul ls ae-

vlstak`jh, fflk` ` f` Slcrlt`rç` jl S`fuj `ple`s

0 gls ètls jl qul lf lxrlcthr jl f` \E@G,

Mhsá E`rrh _hofls, `sugalr` phr jlsake`caóe

prlsajlecà f f` tatuf`raj`j jl ls` jlplejleca`.

Q f` juj` qul n`y ls sa t`goaáe fh gètlejrà

le lf pulsth chgh fh nazh le f` \eavlrsaj`j

E`cahe`f.

Tueths susplesavhs...

F` slgè` p`s`j`

`jlfèt`ghs f` s`faj`

jlf jarlcthr klelr`f jl

Tltróflhs Glxacèhs

(Tlglx), Lgafah Fhzh-

y`, quale vleç` le ue

jlsk`stl e`tur`f phr

f`s prlsahels jl f` c`çj` le fhs prlcahs aetlre`-cahe`fls jlf pltróflh y qul nè ìlct`jh chesajl-

ròflgletl f`s eèz`s jlf p`çs. @ lst` satu`caóe

n`y qul sug`r f`s iulrtls jailrleca`s qul tleç`

che lf slcrlt`rah jl N`calej`, Fuas Yajlk`r`y,

quale aesastletlgletl nòç` shfacat`jh `f prlsa-

jletl Leraqul Tlð` f` s`faj` jl Fhzhy` phr ‖eh

letlejlr‗ f` phfçtac` sc`f y f`s elclsaj`jls qul

talel lf p`çs jl fhs rlcurshs pltrhflrhs. Iae`fgle-

tl lst` slgè` sl èuecaó f` rleueca` jl Fhzhy`

y fh sustatuyl Mhsá @etheah Khezàflz @e`y`, lxja-

rlcthr klelr`f jlf AGSS, guy clrcèh ` Yajlk`-

r`y y vaecuf`jh ` C`rfhs S`fae`s jl Khrt`ra... Lf

prhoflg` jl lst` rlf`caóe Khezàflz-S`fae`s eh

she fhs vçecufhs jl `gast`j h jl i`gafa`, saeh qul

lstl lxprlsajletl, `f aku`f qul Yacletl Ihx, she

còafjlrhs jl chetr`ths le Tltróflhs Glxacèhs

p`r` i`vhrlclr ̀ cheshrcahs prav`jhs y ̀ ouft`r sus

ohfsaffhs che jaelrh pýofach.

Lf 0 jl lelrh, f̀ Slcrlt̀ rç̀ jl S f̀uj jahjl f̀t̀ ̀Slvlraeh _uoah chgh jarlcthr jlLjuc̀ caóe le S f̀uj, quale ls aevlstak`jhphr supulst̀ chrrupcaóe le f̀ \E@G


11/68


12/68

CHEZ_@THJL_

0? 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

HTAEAÓE

E

h ls lf tlrclr `ðh, saeh fhs ? ètlrahrls jllstl slxleah –`f qul jlskr`ca`j`gletl fli`ft` f` gat`j– fhs qul nè ghstr`jh qul

lf plðasgh eh n` sòajh rlshfvlr fhs prhoflg`sjl su chgpltleca`. N` sajh ástl ue g`f khoalreh.Q eh phrqul fhs ètlrahrls n`yè sajh glmhrls.E`j` jl lsh, plrh fh qul lstà le culstaóe ls lfprlsletl, qul jl lsth tr`t` f` phfçtac` rlsphesòfl.Le thjhs fhs irletls jl sus hofak`cahels, LeraqulTlð` y su kruph nè rlsuft`jh aelffc`cls. Sl `ku-

jazè lshs prhoflg`s. F` phorlz` ùglet` y y`jlol nòlr gàs jl


13/68


CHEZ_@THJL_ HTAEAÓE

N`y jls`plkh ` cugpfar chef`s hofak`cahels jletrh jl uelst`jh jl jlrlcnh, phrqul ehtlelghs ue khoalreh jl flyls

y jlsfaejl jl rlsphesòafaj`jls

p`r` jlsn`clrehs jl fhs g`fhskholreètls.Lf agplrah jl f` fly lxakl

cugpfar y n`clr cugpfar fhsjlrlcnhs nugèhs y sòlghsqul lf plðasgh t`gphch n`sòajh, y glehs qulrajh, `c`-t`r lsl agplr`tavh phfçtach jlf` jlghcr`ca`. Thr lst`r glmhrletrltleajh le khz`r jlf ph-jlr prlsajleca`f, sus jascurshsv`cçhs y su èj`r le thj`s f`s`ctavaj`jls p`r` fucarsl, ehutafaz` sus phc`s cu`faj`jls jl`jgaeastr`jhr p`r` lst`r `tle-th ̀ f lmlrcacah jl t`fls jlrlcnhs,n`calejh qul slè rlsplt`jhs`f gàxagh phr su `p`r`th ou-rhcràtach jl f` Trhcur`jurç`Klelr`f jl f` _lpýofac` (TK_), qul ls jhejlgàs sl vufelrè. Q f` thrtur` plrgèlcl. Lstàcf`rh qul Tlð` y su kruph eh qualrle cugpfarls` hofak`caóe, phr fh qul chestètlgletl fl

fflkè lv`fu`cahels shorl su g`f jlslgplðh lels` g`tlra`.Z`gphch sòl ea n` `prlejajh le lsths 3

`ðhs qul sus lgpfl`jhs jlole cugpfar che lsljlolr chestatucahe`f. Sl n` klelr`faz`jh lf ae-

cugpfagaleth jl ls` flk`faj`j, y chtajaè`gle-tl fhs glxacèhs she vçctag`s jl iuecahe`rahs `qualels f` agpueaj`j jl sus `cths y hgasahelsfls plrgatl vahflet`r lshs jlrlcnhs y elk`rfls f`sk`rètç`s p`r` n`clrfhs v`flr. Q quá jlcar jl f`sèkralet` aeslkuraj`j, jhejl fhs jlfaeculetlsnè agpulsth su ‖fly‗ p`r` chgltlr thj` cf`sljl jlfaths. Shorlvavl f` phof`caóe ` ls`s lgolsta-

j`s ` sèkrl y iulkh, jhejl jlsjl lf c`fjlrheasgh,`f glehs, nè plrjajh f` vaj` gàs jl ?44 gafglxacèhs y fhs plðast`s sl jljacè ` aesastar, gle-tarhs`gletl, le f` o`m` jl fhs çejacls jl nhga-cajahs, slculstrhs, ilgaeacajahs, jls`p`racahels,jlspf`z`galeths y jlgàs ̀ trhcaj`jls qul talele

`f p`çs le f` èkusta` y f` jlslsplr`caóe.Tlð` y sus gumlrls y nhgorls le lf phjlr

òshfuth jlf prlsajleca`fasgh eh nè `ctu`jhle r`zóe jl cugpfar che sus hofak`cahels. Nè

jlm`jh lf khoalreh `f k`rltl, phr lsh lf Lst`jhv` ` f` jlrav`, galetr`s f` e`caóe plrgèlcl`tr`p`j` le fhs prhoflg`s qul fl thcò` rlshf-vlr `f plðasgh. Ástl n` sajh ue g`f khoalreh

y sl gètalel ìlrr`jh `f phjlr p`r` khz`r jlsus pravaflkahs. Q mueth che áf, fhs jlskholre`jhrls,

mulcls y flkasf`jhrls, galetr`s fhs qul talele uelgpflh cugpfle che su trò`mh, gètlealejh ` ihtl f` e`vl lst`t`f. N`y sçethg`s y nlcnhs jl qulfhs glxacèhs lst`ghs jlschetleths che lf pl-ðasgh. Lf rákagle `ctu`f n` lst`jh jlsn`calejhfh qul sl nòç` chestruajh, jlsjl qul fhs s`fa-east`s, zljaffast`s, ihxast`s y c`fjlrheast`s sl na-calrhe jlf prlsajleca`fasgh. Tlð` n` cufgae`jhlsl prhclsh jlklelr`tavh, phrqul phfçtac`gletllf glxaqulesl y su kruph eh lstòè prlp`r`jhs

y, `jlgàs, e`j` fls n` agphrt`jh –le 3 `ðhs–cugpfar che sus gçeag`s hofak`cahels chestatu-cahe`fls.

C L C A F A @

G @ _ Z Ç E

L ]


14/68

0: 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

]HE@ CL_HHTAEAÓE

Lf : jl g`rzh jl ?40< sl checrltó, rg`s

jl phr gljah, ue` `faèz` qul sl vleç`

trò`mèjh jlsjl fhs slxleahs pèast`s jl

Yacletl Ihx y Ilfapl C`fjlróe. F` Cheiljlr`caóe

T`trhe`f jl f` _lpýofac` Glxacè` (Chp`rglx)

hotuvh sakafhs`gletl ue ‖chevleah klelr`f jl ch-

fòhr`caóe‗ che f`s jhs slcrlt`rç`s jl Lst`jh le-

c`rk`j`s jl hrkèaz`r y `jgaeastr`r ` f`s Iulrz`s

@rg`j`s Tlrgèletls jl Gáxach= f` Slcrlt`rç`

jl f` Jliles` E`cahe`f (Sljle`) y f` Slcrlt`rç` jl

G`rae` (Slg`r).

@nç, ̀ f e`f jlf jhcugleth sl puljle hoslrv`r

f`s rýorac`s jlf klelr`f jl javasaóe japfhg`jh jl

Lst`jh G`yhr S`fv`jhr Caleiulkhs ]lplj`, tatuf`r

jl f` Sljle`, y jlf ̀ fgarètl japfhg`jh jl Lst`jh

G`yhr Yaj`f Irècasch Sholróe Sèz, ` c`rkh jl

f` Slg`r, mueth che f` jlf lethecls prlsajletl jl f`

Chp`rglx, lf `ctu`rah Muè Tòfh C`st`ðóe C`s-t`ðóe (nhy lstl lgprls`rah ls prlsajletl jlf htrh

hrkèasgh qul, mueth che f` Chp`rglx, chestatuyl

ueh jl fhs phjlrls jl i`cth jl f` `ft` ourkulsç`

glxacè`= lf Cheslmh Chhrjae`jhr Lgprls`ra`f).

Le lf jhcugleth, f` Chp`rglx sl ̀ sugl chgh

‖saejac`th p`trhe`f‗ qul talel chgh homlth ‖rlprl-

slet`r y jlilejlr fhs aetlrlsls klelr`fls y chguels

jlf lgprls`ra`jh‗ p`r` prhghvlr su p`rtacap`caóe

le f` ‖chestruccaóe jlf hrjle shca`f‗ l ‖agpufs`r

f`s rlihrg`s lstructur`fls‗. @sç, sae rhjlhs.

Q f`s trls Iulrz`s @rg`j`s (Lmárcath Glxacèh,

Iulrz` @árl` Glxacè` y @rg`j` jl Gáxach), `

tr`vás jl f` Sljle` y f` Slg`r, sl nè `fa`jh che

lstl kruph èt`kóeach ` fh qul iul f` _lvhfucaóe

Glxacè` p`r` ‖agpufs`r `ccahels chemuet`s‗,

chgh jacl f` cfàusuf` praglr` jlf chevleah, jlf

cu`f chet`ghs che chpa`. Lst` gèchgueaj`j

lst`rà vakletl n`st` lf ýftagh jç` jlf slxleah jl

Leraqul Tlð` Ealth= 34 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40>.

Jl fhs chgprhgashs `sugajhs phr f` Sljle` y

f` Slg`r jlst`cè qul `go`s phejràe ` jasphsa-

caóe jl fhs p`trhels sus rlsplctavhs sastlg`s ljuc`-

tavhs p`r` ‖prhghvlr l agpufs`r R…W lf aetlrc`g-

oah ̀ c`jágach, cuftur`f y jlphrtavh che fhs Cletrhs

Lgprls`ra`fls qul aetlkrè f` Chp`rglx‗ ( sac ).

Lf Sastlg` Ljuc`tavh Gafat`r lstà aetlkr`jh

phr f` \eavlrsaj`j jlf Lmárcath y Iulrz` @árl`,

jhs chflkahs (lf jlf @arl y lf Nlrhach), 03 lsculf`s

y javlrshs cletrhs jl lstujah y jl c̀ p`cat`caóe. Lf

Sastlg` Ljuc`tavh E`v`f culet` che jhs cletrhs

(letrl lffhs lf jl phskr`jh, Cletrh jl Lstujahs Su-

plrahrls E`v`fls), 00 lsculf`s, jhs aestatuths y 01

cletrhs jl c`p`cat`caóe.

Thr su p`rtl, f` Chp`rglx culet` che 9< cle-

trhs lgprls`ra`fls jastraouajhs le f`s 3? letaj`jls

iljlr`tav`s jl f` _lpýofac`.@f rlsplcth, f` hrkèaz`caóe lgprls`ra`f sl

chgprhgltl ` ‖lxtlejlr aevat`cahels ` f` Sljle`

y ` f` Slg r̀ p`r` qul p`rtacaple le fhs curshs,

prhkr`g`s jl c`p`cat`caóe y/h cheilrleca`s qul

slè hrkèaz`jhs phr f` Chp`rglx h phr aestatu-

cahels èls shorl tlg`s lcheógachs, phfçtachs

táceachs, jl slkuraj`j e`cahe`f, slkuraj`j pýofac`

u htrhs qul puljè rlsuft`r jl su aetlrás‗ ( sac ).

@sç qul, p`r` fhs lgprls`rahs, f`s pulrt`s

òalrt`s jl fhs pfètlfls ljuc`tavhs jl f`s ga-

faca`s. @n, y fhs p`trhels phjràe c`p`cat`r ` f`

trhp` le g`tlra` phfçtac`, ljuc`tav` y n`st` jl

slkuraj`j e`cahe`f. Chehcalejh fhs aetlrlsls

jl f` Chp`rglx, nòrç` qul prlkuet`rsl cuàe-

ths eavlfls jl c`tlcasgh sl agp`rtaràe. Q sa, le

g`tlra` jl nasthra`, f` aev`saóe lst`jueajlesl y

f` jliles` jlf C`staffh jl Cn`puftlplc slrà che-

t`j` chgh lf praglr lsiulrzh phr checrlt`r ue

]ÓSAGH C@G@CNH

I\L_]@S @_G@J@STLELZ_@J@S TH_ F@ \FZ_@JL_LCN@


15/68


]HE@ CL_H HTAEAÓE

tr`t`jh `gasthsh jl faorl chglrcah.

@jlgàs, fhs gafat`rls jl f`s jhs slcrlt`rç`s sl

chgprhgltle t`goaáe ` ‖prlslet`r prhpulst`s le

f`s cu`fls sl jltlrgaele plrfls prhilsahe`fls, tác-

eachs y jl htr` e`tur`flz` jlf plrshe`f gafat`r qul

n`y` cugpfajh su talgph jl slrvacah y sl lecule-trl le satu`caóe jl rltarh, p`r` qul f` Chp`rglx

lstá le phsaoafaj`j jl jltlrgae`r cuàfls phjrçè

slr f`s àrl`s jl hphrtueaj`j p`r` cheihrg`r ue`

ohfs` jl trò`mh‗.

Le chetr`p`rtl, f` hrkèaz`caóe p`trhe`f fl prh-

phrcahe`rà ̀ f` Sljle` y ̀ f` Slg`r ‖ue jarlcthrah

jl fhs Cletrhs Lgprls`ra`fls ̀ shca`jhs ̀ f` Chp`r-

glx ̀e jl qul le su ghgleth puljè slr chesa-

jlr`jhs le f`s javlrs`s ̀ ctavaj`jls‗ ( sac ).

Nòr`sl vasth… f`

trhp` n`calejh f` p`r`

vlr sa fhs p`trhels fl j̀ e

trò`mh…

Tlrh f` `faèz` v`

gàs `ffà. F` Sljle` y f`

Slg`r phjràe p`rtacap`r

le chemueth che f` Ch-

p`rglx ‖le `sueths jl

aetlrás chgýe‗. Q f`s sl-

crlt`rç`s sl chevalrtle le

‖lef`cls‗ p`r` f`s lg-

prls`s `fa`j`s `f hrk`-

easgh lgprls`ra`f che lfhomltavh jl slr ‖prhvll-

jhrls jl fhs prhjucths y

slrvacahs qul rlqualrè‗.

Q, phr sa `fkh i`ft`r`, f`s

aestatucahels rgètls ‖`culrjè chgp`rtar aeihr-

g`caóe rlflvètl‗.

Jlsjl f` ilcn` le qul sl rgó lstl chevleah

klelr`f, f` Sljle`, f` Slg`r y f` Chp`rglx shs-

talele rlueahels jl trò`mh plraójac`s p`r` ‖è`-

faz`r y jascutar tlg`s jl aetlrás chgýe‗. Jacn`s

rlueahels hcurrle, jl gèlr` ̀ ftlre`j`, le sljls

jl f` gafaca` y jlf hrkèasgh lgprls`ra`f.

F` lstrlcn` rlf`caóe Iulrz`s @rg`j`s-Chp`r-

glx agpfac` gètlelr ue` chgueac̀ caóe jarlct`

letrl iuecahe`rahs jl ̀ fth rèkh y f` hrkèaz`caóe

jl fhs lgprls`rahs. Fhs lef`cls jarlcths p`r` shs-

tlelr f` chhrjae`caóe plrgèletl lstàe ` c`rkh

jlf mlil jl Kruph jl Slkuagaleth, Chhrjae`caóe

y Lst j̀çstac` jlf Lst`jh G`yhr jl f` Jliles̀ E`-

cahe`f (phr f` Sljle`)2 jlf prlsajletl jl f` Ch-

gasaóe jl Lstujahs Lsplca`fls jlf Lst`jh G`yhr

Klelr`f jl f` @rg`j` (phr f` Slg`r), y lf jarlcthr

klelr`f jl f` Chp`rglx.

F`s Iulrz`s @rg`j`s y f` Chp`rglx eh jl-slè qul sl vletafle fhs `culrjhs ea fhs trò`mhs

qul rl`fazè jl gèlr` chemuet`. Thr lffh, le lf

jhcugleth –cfàusuf` jácag` praglr`– slð`fè=

‖Zhj` f` aeihrg`caóe agprls`, ùjahvasu`f, le

`rcnavh g`keátach h qul pulj` `fg`cle`rsl phr

`fkýe gljah táceach h caletçch qul fhs `jlfè-

ths jl f` caleca` y f` tlcehfhkç` plrgatè y qul sl

prhphrcahele letrl sç f`s p`rtls RrgètlsW p`r` lf

homlth jlf prlsletl chevleah klelr`f jl chfòhr`-

caóe, qulj` prhnaoaj` su

javufk`caóe ` tlrclrhs‗.

@nhr ̀`jqualrle g`-

yhr sletajh f`s lx f̀t`j̀ s

p`fòr`s jlf lethecls

prlsajletl jl f` Cheil-

jlr`caóe jl Càg`r`s

E`cahe`fls jl Chglr-

cah, Slrvacahs y Zurasgh,

Leraqul Shfè` Sletçls,

prheueca`j`s lf 0< jl

ilorlrh jl ?40


16/68


@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓEHTAEAÓE

C@OAFJL_HS

LF _HSZ_H JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE

LE LF CHEK_LSH

E@ECQ IFH_LS, T_AGL_@ JL JHS T@_ZLS

Jltràs jl flyls y rlihrg`s ètaphpuf`rls

–chgh f` fòhr`f, f` lelrkátac`, f` jl tl-

flchgueac`cahels y f` ljuc`tav`– lstà lf

hscurh trò`mh jl fhs còafjlrhs. Sae agphrt`r lf chs-

th, ásths talele chgh praecap`f iuecaóe aeuar le

f`s jlcasahels jl fhs flkasf`jhrls p`r` qul sl i`vh-

rlzc` h sl lvatl `fkýe plrmuacah ` f`s aejustra`s, hr-

kèaz`cahels h aecfush e`cahels qul rlprlsletè.

T`r` lffh culetè che prlsupulsths gaffhe`-

rahs qul, sae lgo`rkh, eh she trèsp`rletls. Lsth

phrqul eaekue` fly fhs hofak` ` rlejar culet`s jl

su `ctu`r le fhs rlcaeths flkasf`tavhs. Z`gphch fhs

japut`jhs y sle`jhrls lstàe hofak`jhs ` n`clr pý-

ofac`s f`s rlueahels, fhs `culrjhs ea f`s prlolej`s

jlrav`j`s jlf còafjlh.

Thr lffh, le f` Càg`r` jl Japut`jhs c`shschgh lf jl f` ff`g`j` Fly Zlflvas` h lf jl f` rljuc-

caóe le ue


17/68


@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE HTAEAÓE

n` ehtac`jh ` lst` Slcrlt`rç` Záceac` aeihrg`-

caóe `fkue`, ghtavh phr lf cu`f eh chet`ghs che

jhcuglet`caóe le eulstrhs `rcnavhs rlf`tav` ` fhs

j`ths shfacat`jhs‗ (pltacaóe 0493/?40


18/68


19/68


@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE

chglrcaètls y prlst`jhrls jl slrvacah p`r` qul

eulstr` lchehgç` crlzc` y sl ihrt`flzc`.

Jl letr`j`, ls` gèh jl hor` qul lf pusafàea-

gl jl C`fjlróe eh suph v`fhr`r, v` ` jlghstr`r

`f p`çs jl su prho`j` c`p`caj`j p`r` aeaca`r ue`

eulv` lt`p` jl rlnòafat`caóe jl ls`s pfèt`s qullf plrshe`f jl f` aelxastletl ‖lgprls` jl cf`sl

gueja f̀‗, f̀ CIL, sl jljacó ̀s`qul`r y jls`rtacu-

f`r hfvajèjh qul le su cheihrg`caóe sl rllmó

lf lsiulrzh jl klelr`cahels letlr`s jl glxacèhs.

Le lst` eulv` lt`p`, lf SGL n` aevat`jh ` qul

slè fhs lstujaètls glxacèhs jl lsculf`s pý-

ofac`s jl aejujòfl ràk`gorl phpuf`r, chgh lf

Aestatuth Thfatáceach E`cahe`f, fhs qul ` tr`vás jl

f` aetlkr`caóe jl kruphs jl chehcagaleth sl hr-

kèacle le saltl gls`s jl trò`mh p`r` è`faz`r y

pfètl`r fhs pfèls jl elkhcahs qul she i`ctaofls

jl fflv`rsl ` còh che f` chhplr`tav` aetlkr`j`

phr fhs rlprlsletètls jl f`s jastaet`s àrl`s.

Fhs galgorhs jlf SGL, tlelghs f` rgl che-

vaccaóe jl qul le eulstr`s aestatucahels pýofac`s

lxastl lf t`fleth p`r` s`c`r `f p`çs `jlfètl y rls-

c`t`r ue prhylcth jl e`caóe gàs musth. Thr lsh, f`

gasaóe che lf Thfatáceach ls qul c`j` ue` jl f`s

àrl`s jl elkhcahs jhejl p`rtacapl lf SGL sl` rle-

tòfl. Fhs móvlels lstujaètls vè ` jltlrgae`r

quá rlcurshs nugèhs, g`tlra`fls y lcheógachs

sl elclsatè p`r` ue` `ctavaj`j, phejlrèjh, ̀ etl

thjh, f` gèh jl hor` c`fac`j` jl fhs trò`m`jh-

rls.

Le lstl eulvh chetlxth nlghs èueca`jh qul y` sl culetè che fhs plrgashs tr`gat`jhs ètl f`

Chgasaóe _lkuf`jhr` jl Lelrkç` p`r` lf iuecah-

e`galeth jl f`s najrhlfáctrac`s, aekrlsèjh ` f`

p`r f`s shfacatujls jl plrgashs jl agp`cth ̀ goale-

t`f, ush y `prhvlcn`galeth jl `ku`, sugaeastrh jl

k`s y thjhs fhs checlrealetls p`r` f`s pfèt`s jl

cacfh chgoae`jh qul nòrlghs jl chestruar.

Le f` eulv` rut` phr rlchrrlr, lf SGL

eh òèjhe`rà su `faèz` che hrkèaz`-

cahels shca`fls chgh f` @s`gofl` E`cah-

e`f jl \su`rahs jl f` Lelrkç` Lfáctrac`. Q

sa oale le lf g`rch jl f` rlihrg` lelrká-

tac` f` vlet` jl lflctracaj`j ` fhs chesuga-

jhrls jhgástachs lstà rlslrv`j` ` f` CIL,

nlghs pfètl`jh f` hpcaóe jl aechrphr`r

` fhs usu`rahs qul chesugè gàs jl trls

g`k`w`tts p`r` qul puljè chgpr`r su

lelrkç` che htr`s hpcahels gàs i`vhròfls.

Jl aku`f ihrg`, nlghs rlatlr`jh qul

slkuarlghs agpufsèjh lf lstòflcagale-

th, phr fly, jl ue` t`rai` shca`f, `sç chgh

lf ohrróe y culet` eulv`. Slð`f`ghs `jlgàs

qul y` lstàe fhs ihrg`ths p`r` qul vhfv`-ghs ̀ lgpf`z`r ̀ f Chekrlsh p`r` qul tè-

th japut`jhs chgh sle`jhrls rlvasle lstl

tlg` jl f` lflctracaj`j chgh ue jlrlcnh

shca`f y nugèh, phrqul f` aeaca`tav` cau-

j`jè` qul sl prlsletó che gàs jl 3


20/68

?4 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE

Bu`f` Fugpur, G`f`sa`. Lf @culrjh

Zrèsp`cçch jl @shca`caóe p`r` f`Chhplr`caóe Lcheógac` (ZTT, phr su

sakf` le aekfás), qul sl elkhcaó le @tfèt`, Ls-t`jhs \eajhs, le hctuorl jl ?40< y sl rg`ràle @ucbfèj, Eulv` ]lfèj`, le lstl gls jlilorlrh, pravaflka` ` fhs aevlrshrls lxtrèmlrhs lagphel chsths sustèca`fls ` fhs p`çsls shcahs.

C`fac`jh jl `culrjh chglrca`f ‖ghjlfh‗jlf sakfh ^Â, ls iuej`glet`f jltlrgae`r quáolelcahs sl puljle lsplr`r jlf ZTT y sa ásthssuplrè sus chsths.

Lsc`shsolelicahs

chglrca`fls

Traecap`fgletl gl-jaètl lf ush jl ghjlfhs jl lquafaorah klelr`fchgputòfl jl glthjhfhkç` jascutaofl, thjhs fhslstujahs rl`faz`jhs n`st` f` ilcn` prhylctè rlju-cajhs olelcahs jarlcths jlf crlcagaleth lcheóga-ch prhjucth jl f` faolr`faz`caóe chglrca`f jlf ZTT.

Fhs olelcahs elths rl`fls puljle slr `ýeglehrls, sa eh elk`tavhs, y` qul gucnhs jl fhssupulsths le fhs lmlrcacahs jl prhylccaóe eh lstàele lf `culrjh chglrca`f jleatavh.

Che lf e jl `rkuglet`r ` i`vhr jlf ZTT,`fkuehs lstujahs ousc`rhe fhs olelcahs le htrhsàgoaths, praecap`fgletl jl f` supulst` aeylc-

caóe jl f` aevlrsaóe prhylct`j`, sae tlelr leculet` fhs chsths h prlsletàejhfhs chgh ol-elcahs.

Lf lstujah gàs cat`jh iul puofac`jh le?40: phr lf chehcajh jlileshr jl f` kfho`fa-z`caóe lst`jueajlesl, lf Aestatuth Tltlrshe jlLchehgç` Aetlre`cahe`f.

@ fhs ghjlfhs lcheógachs fls aekrls`rhejavlrs`s jasphsacahels prlvast`s jlf ZTT chghsa iulrè sagpfls rljuccahels jl chsths, saej`rfl chesajlr`caóe `fkue` ` fhs ralskhs jl ch-rrlccaóe ` f` o`m` y ` fhs chsths, phr lmlgpfh,

jloajh ` f` rljuc-

caóe jl f` ùthehgçè`cahe`f le f` rlkf`-glet`caóe chgh rl-suft`jh jlf `culrjh.Chgh t`fls, fhs chsthseh lstàe aecfuajhs yeh prhphrcaheè ue`

lv`fu`caóe rl`f jl chsth-olelcah.@f lxcfuar chsths iuej`glet`fls, fhs jlile-

shrls jlf ZTT lx`klrè fhs olelcahs chglr-ca`fls prhylct`jhs `f `slkur`r f` lxastleca` jlolelcahs jujhshs. Thr lmlgpfh, chesajlrèf`s jasphsacahels p`r` `gpfa`r fhs jlrlcnhs jlprhpalj`j aetlflctu`f (JTA) chgh rljuccaóejl chsths qul aecrlglet`ràe lf chglrcah jlfhs slrvacahs.

F`s jasphsacahels qul plrgatle ̀ fhs aevlrshrlslxtrèmlrhs jlgèj`r ` fhs khoalrehs le traou-e`fls prav`jhs h qul shc`vè lf rákagle oèc`rah

LF I_@\JLJLF @C\L_JH Z_@EST@CÇIACH

MHGH B[@GL S\EJ@_@G, L^SLC_LZ@_AH KLEL_@F @JM\EZH _LSTHES@OFL JL@EÀFASAS JLF JLS@__HFFH LCHEÓGACH LE LF SASZLG@ JL F@ H_K@EA]@CAÓE JL F@SE@CAHELS \EAJ@S. LE ?44; HOZ\YH LF T_LGAH [@SSAFQ FLHEZALI TH_ L^T@EJA_ F@SI_HEZL_@S JLF TLES@GALEZH LCHEÓGACH/AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL

T r̀̀ fhs jlileshrls jlf ZTT, f̀ s jasphsa-cahels p`r ̀̀ gpfà r fhs jlrlcnhs jl prh-palj`j aetlflctu f̀ chgh rljuccaóe jlchsths qul aecrlglet`ràe lf chglrcah

h


21/68


@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE

e`cahe`f she vast`s chgh ue` rljuccaóe jl chs-ths qul ihgletè lf chglrcah, fh qul akehr` fhschsths y ralskhs qul agpfac` p`s`r phr `fth f` rl-kuf`caóe e`cahe`f.

Lf lstujah `slkur` qul nòrà lehrgls ol-

elcahs jloajh ` f` prlsuecaóe jl qul lf ZTTklelr`rà g`yhrls lxphrt`cahels `f rljucar fhschsths mhs qul talel lf aekrlsh ` fhs glrc`jhslxtrèmlrhs.

@uequl eh lxastl ue` o`sl è`fçtac` p`r`lshs lehrgls olelcahs, sl suphel qul f` ga-t`j jlf agp`cth jlf `culrjh sl jlolrà ` f` rl-juccaóe jl fhs chsths chglrca`fls mhs.

Sa fhs ghjlfhs utafaz`jhs lgpfl`rè gáth-jhs chevlecahe`fls p`r` c`fcuf`r fhs olelcahshotleajhs jlf chglrcah, fhs rlsuft`jhs nòrçèsajh gucnh gàs rljucajhs, slkýe lf ýeach ls-tujah jlf khoalreh jl Lst`jhs \eajhs shorl f`scheslculeca`s jlf ZTT.

Iètàstac`s

cheslculeca`s le f`

aevlrsaóe lxtrèmlr`

Fhs jlgàs olelcahs qul prhylct` lf lstujahjlf Aestatuth Tltlrshe rllrle praecap`fgletl `fùkl jl f` aevlrsaóe lxtrèmlr` jarlct` (ALJ).

Lf èàfasas suphel `roatr`ra`gletl qul c`j`jóf`r jl ALJ le lf ofhqul jlf ZTT klelr`rà ueaekrlsh `jacahe`f èu`f jl 33 clet`vhs, javajajhle p`rtls aku`fls letrl fhs p`çsls jl hrakle y fhsjlstae`t`rahs, sae qul n`y` ue` tlhrç` lcheógac`,prhcljagaleth jl ghjlf`jh h lvajleca` lgpçrac`qul ̀ phyl lstl supulsth.

Gçslrhs olelicahs

Lf lstujah lx`klr` lehrglgletl fhs olel-

G A K \ L F K @ F A E J H


22/68

?? 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE

cahs qul sl jlravè jlf ZTT.Galetr`s qul f` g`yhrç` jl sus checfusahels

c`rlcle jl mustac`caóe, fhs ýeachs olelcahscuètac`jhs le chesheèca` che f` tlhrç` lch-eógac` y f` lvajleca` gàs `clpt`j`s she fhs ol-

elcahs `rèclf`rahs qul cheihrgè ue` p`rtljlschehcaj` plrh guy plqulð` jl fhs olelcahsprhylct`jhs.

Fhs olelcahs she gucnh glehrls jl fh qul`slkurè fhs khoalrehs jlf ZZT. Glehs jl ?<phr caleth jl fhs gasghs sl puljle chesajlr`rslra`gletl. Aecfush ` ásths n`y qul chgp`r`rfhsche fhs chsths qul lf lstujah akehr` chevlealetl-gletl, ̀ sç chgh che fhs jlt`ffls rl`fls jlf ̀ culr-jh jleatavh. Nulfk` jlcar qul, phr f` gasg`r`zóe, ls elcls`rah jlschet`r f`s kèèca`s jlfhs p`çsls c`fcuf`j`s jl ihrg` sagaf`r.

@ue sae `must`r, fhs olelcahs she plqulðhsle rlf`caóe che lf prhjucth aetlreh oruth jl f`slchehgç`s `shca`j`s `f ZTT. @sagasgh, sa oalefhs olelcahs chglr-ca`fls prhylct`jhs jl-ghr`ràe ue` jác`j`le checrlt`rsl, fhspraecap`fls ralskhs ychsths slràe gàs ae-glja`ths. Lffhs lqua-v`fle ` olelcahs ýea-

chs y eh talele olelcahs èu`fls rlcurrletls, lsjlcar, eh lflvè f`s t`s`s jl crlcagaleth jl f`slchehgç`s.

F` jastraoucaóe jl fhs olelcahs eh iul su-caletlgletl è`faz`j` le lsths lmlrcacahs. Sa sljlstaeè praecap`fgletl ` ue`s phc`s lgprls`skrèjls y fhs jlgàs c`rkè che f`s párjaj`s, le-thecls lf ZTT lx`clro`rç` f` jlsaku`fj`j.

¸Kèèca` elt` h

párjaj`8Lf ZTT sl aetlre` gucnh gàs jl fh elcls`rah

le f` ihrg` le qul fhs khoalrehs hplrè p`rì`cafat`r lf chglrcah. Lst`s ‖jascapfae`s‗ rlstrae-kle chesajlròflgletl lf lsp`cah phfçtach qulelclsatè fhs p`çsls p`r` `clflr`r lf jls`rrhffhlcheógach y prhtlklr lf aetlrás pýofach.

Fhs lsc`shs olelcahs prhylct`jhs n`cle qulsl` iuej`glet`f tlelr le culet` f` e`tur`flz`

y f` lsc`f` jl fhs chsths qul akehrè thjhs fhslmlrcacahs jl ghjlfhs jaspheaofls. Lf ZTT ag-phejrà chsths jarlcths, phr lmlgpfh, gljaètl f`

`gpfa`caóe jl fhs JTA y `f ofhqul`r h rltr`s`rf` prhjuccaóe y f` agphrt`caóe jl fhs prhjucthskleárachs.

Lf glcèasgh jl shfucaóe jl chetrhvlrsa`sletrl aevlrshrls y lf Lst`jh qul prhphel lf ZTTplrgatarà ` fhs aevlrshrls lxtrèmlrhs jlgè-j`r ` fhs khoalrehs ètl traoue`fls lxtrèmlrhssa fhs aevlrshrls chesajlrè qul f`s ehrg`s ls-t`t`fls rljucle sus kèèca`s iutur`s prlvast`s,ùe cuèjh ls`s ehrg`s slè jl aetlrás pýofach.Chgh y` lxastl lf slkurh prav`jh che lstl prh-pósath, lf glcèasgh ls chgpflt`gletl aeelcl-s`rah.

M`kjasn On`kw`ta, ue jlst`c`jh jlileshr jlf` faolr`faz`caóe chglrca`f, mueth che htrhs, cra-

tac`rhe jur`gletl fàecfusaóe jl lstl taphjl jasphsacahels eh

chglrca`fls le `culr-jhs jlcajaj`gletl jlfaorl chglrcah.

Le fuk`r jl slr lf

`culrjh rlkahe`f jl fa-

orl chglrcah qul sl `slkur`, lf ZTT p`rlcl slr‖ue rákagle jl chglrcah klstahe`jh qul phel fhsaetlrlsls jl f`s chrphr`cahels le praglr fuk`r‗.

Lf ZTT, qul hirlcl fagat`jhs olelcahs cuè-tacòfls jlrav`jhs jl f` faolr`faz`caóe chglr-ca`f, aetlkr` ue p`qultl qul gae`rà jl gèlrìuej`glet`f lf aetlrás pýofach. Le lst` lt`p` fhsolelcahs elths p`r` fhs shcahs jlf ̀ culrjh lstàele juj`.

Sófh ue` chetòafaj`j chgpflt` y `jlcu`jò`s`j` le lf tlxth çetlkrh jlf ZTT puljl rlshf-vlr lst` culstaóe cf`vl.

Jl nlcnh, lf ZTT y` sl utafazó p`r` tr`t`r jl`cò`r che f` _hej` jl Jls`rrhffh jl Jhn` –f`selkhca`cahels chglrca`fls guftaf`tlr`fls clfl-or`j`s le ls` cauj`j jl P`t`r le ?440–, plrht`goaáe phjrç` shc`v`r lf guftaf`tlr`fasgh jlgèlr` gàs `gpfa` le ue iuturh clrcèh. (Zr`-juccaóe jl Àfv`rh Pularuk`)

Lf @culrjh Zrèsp`cçffch jl @shcà -caóe p`rlcl slr ue rákagle jl chglrcahklstahe`jh qul phel fhs aetlrlsls jlf`s chrphr`cahels le praglr fuk`r

r


23/68


T@SH @ JLSEAYLF GASCLFÀELH


24/68

?: 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE

\

e` prlhcup`caóe qul aev`jl ` gucnhs

lstujahshs jlf guejh ls f` tlejleca` `

f` jls`p`racaóe jl f` i`z jl f` Zalrr` jl

f`s òlm`s s`fv`mls, ue` lsplcal qul prhjucl ae-

euglròfls olelcahs ` fhs nugèhs.

Zèth ls `sç qul, le su ghgleth, lf `flgàe

@folrt Laestlae (0>;1-01


25/68


@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE

praecap`fls tlrrlehs jl salgor` jlf p`çs. Su ph-

of`caóe sl n` rljucajh le ue ?3 phr caleth le

lf plrahjh ?44>-?403, y ùequl lxastle krèm`s

jl lshs aeslcths cra`jhs p`r` phfaeaz`r, ást`s eh

s`tasi`cle f` jlgèj`, rlchehcle fhs lsplca`fas-

t`s. Le t`f sletajh, `jvalrtle qul fhs `kracufthrls

vlràe aecrlglet`jhs fhs chsths jl prhjuccaóe y,

le lf gljah-f`rkh pf`zh sl puljl jlslstòafaz`r f`

prhjuccaóe jl lsl p`çs.

Fhs pueths jl cheacth lstàe rlp`rtajhs le

031 chej`jhs, jljac`jhs lsplca`fgletl ̀ cuftavhs

jl `fglejr`, `ràejèhs, gèzè`s y t`goaáe

c`fò`z`s, rls`ft` lf fçjlr jlf lquaph aevlstak`jhr

jl f` \eavlrsaj`j jl Ylrghet, Aesu Bhn.

Thr su p`rtl, lf chùthr jlf

lstujah, _uius As``cs, jllejl

qul, ` p`rtar jl lst` aeihrg`-

caóe, f`s `kleca`s kuolre`gle-

t`fls y f`s hrkèaz`cahels prav`-

j`s puljle cletr`r sus lsiulrzhs y `phy`r ue` `kracuftur` gàs

shstleaofl y pàs`mls e`tur`fls.

F`s ̀ gle`z`s

F` chgas`ra` lurhpl` jl

@sueths G`rçtaghs y Tlsqulrç`s,

B`rgleu Ylff`, chesajlr` qul

f` c`faj`j jl f` vaj` y jl eulstrh

iuturh jlplejl jl gucnhs slr-

vacahs qul f` e`tur`flz` prhphr-

cahe` jl ihrg` kr`tuat`, chgh

phr lmlgpfh f` phfaeaz`caóe. Le

t`f sletajh, ls guy prlhcupètl

chehclr lf ralskh ̀ f qul lstàe sh-

gltajhs ̀ fkuehs jl fhs gàxaghs

phfaeaz`jhrls, `ð`jl.

Ylff` `jvalrtl qul sa eh sl

prlcasè f`s r`zhels qul n`y jl-

tràs jlf prhclsh jl jlc`jleca`

jl f`s òlm`s s`fv`mls y sl `ctý`

urkletlgletl p`r` irle`rfh, ph-jrç`ghs p`k`r ue prlcah calrt`-

gletl guy `fth.

@ prhpósath jl lffh, lf lstu-

jah jl f` \ACE slð`f` qul ue`

jl f`s praecap`fls `gle`z`s p`r` f` suplrvavle-

ca` jl f`s òlm`s she fhs c`goahs le f`s pràctac`s

jl f` ̀ kracuftur` y lf aecrlgleth jl f` lxpfht`caóe

kè`jlr`, qul nè prhvhc`jh f`s párjaj`s ` krè

lsc`f` y ue` jlkr`j`caóe jl fhs nàoat`ts.

Z`goaáe, `krlk`, lf ush lxtlejajh jl aeslc-

tacaj`s y nlroacaj`s rljucle f` jaspheaoafaj`j jl

hrls, jl f`s qul jlplejle lshs aeslcths.

Thr htr` p`rtl, lf c`goah cfagàtach ls htrh i`c-

thr agphrtètl. F`s ffuva`s aetles`s, f`s slquç`s, f`s

hf`s jl c`fhr y lf aecrlgleth jl f`s tlgplr`tur`s

puljle aecajar. Thr ls` r`zóe, sl lsplr` ue` rl-

juccaóe ‖jr`gàtac`‗ jlf àrl` jl su nàoat`t, chesa-

jlr` f` aevlstak`caóe.

C L C A F A @

G @ _ Z Ç E L ]


26/68

?9 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE

Eulv` Qhrb, Lst`jhs \eajhs. Fhs jlsìçhsqul jlole ìrhet`r f`s ? gaf gaffhelsjl p`rlm`s qul n`y le lf guejh v`rçèjl ihrg` chesajlròfl slkýe jastaet`s v`raòfls=lj`j, slxh, ljuc`caóe, aekrlshs, satu`caóe che-

yuk`f, t`g`ðh jl f` i`gafa`, jur`caóe jl f` rlf`-caóe, fuk`r jl rlsajleca`, chstugorls, rlfakaóe yrlkaóe jlf guejh.

Tlrh puljle ajletac`rsl 04 krèjls jls`-içhs chguels p`r` f`s p`rlm`s c`s`j`s h le che-cuoae`th le jailrletls p`çsls.

T`r` lgplz`r, ` pls`r jl `culrjhs aetlre`-cahe`fls, phfçtac`s lst`t`fls y c`gp`ð`s jl che-caleca`caóe, fhs g`tragheahs ihrz`jhs y tlg-prèhs sakule hcurralejh le gucnhs p`çsls lejls`rrhffh, le lsplca`f le Àirac` suos`n`raè` y

@sa` glrajahe`f.Thr lmlgpfh, eh glehs jl jhs jl c`j` trlsgumlrls jl letrl ?4 y ?: ̀ ðhs le Eçklr, _lpýofa-c` Cletrhìracè`, Cn`j y Oèkf`jlsn sl c`s`-rhe h tuvalrhe ue` ueaóe sagaf`r ̀ etls jl fhs 0>.

F`s i`gafa`s sulfle ch`ccahe`r ` f`s `jhfls-cletls y c`s`rf`s h letrlk`rf`s ` nhgorls g`-

yhrls, le gucnhs c`shs phr tlghr ` qul tlekèue chgphrt`galeth, ue` vaecuf`caóe h rlf`cah-els slxu`fls che v`rhels jl htr`s chgueaj`jls,kruphs áteachs, cuftur`fls, rlfakahshs h c`st`s.

@jlgàs, fhs p`jrls puljle nòlrsl chgprh-gltajh ` letrlk`r ` sus nam`s le g`tragheah chelf e jl ihrt`flclr vçecufhs i`gafa`rls, prhtlklr

y glmhr`r f` satu`caóe jl lff`s, rljucar fhs k`sthsjhgástachs h `slkur`rsl jl qul f`s talrr`s, f`sprhpalj`jls h f`s raqulz`s quljle le lf àgoathi`gafa`r.

Cuèjh sl lstag` qul ue` nam` vahfó lf nhehr

jl f` i`gafa` h tuvh ue lgo`r`zh eh jlsl`jh f`puljle hofak`r ` c`s`rsl h, le c`shs lxtrlghs,f` `slsae` `fkýe aetlkrètl jl su prhpah eýcflhi`gafa`r. Fhs g`tragheahs ihrz`jhs puljle jl-rav`r le òushs y slr gàs oale ue c`stakh, `sçchgh ue gljah p`r` rlstùr`r lf nhehr i`gafa`r.

Le slkuejh fuk`r, lf òush cheyuk`f eh slfagat` sófh `f g`tragheah ihrz`jh y chestatuylue slrah jlsìçh p`r` f`s rlf`cahels jl p`rlm`.F`s plfl`s jhgástac`s, qul aecfuyle rlcfusaóe,aetagaj`caóe, òush sachfókach y vahfleca`, sheue prhoflg` gueja`f qul hcurrl tèth letrl p`-rlm`s c`s`j`s chgh le checuoae`th.

C`sa ue` jl c`j` trls gumlrls qul gètuval-rhe ue` rlf`caóe jl p`rlm` jamlrhe nòlr suirajh`fkýe taph jl `krlsaóe içsac` y/h slxu`f le lff`.

@uequl uehs 0?< p`çsls prhnaoalrhe f` vahfleca`jhgástac`, sl lstag` qul gàs jl 944 gaffhels jl

gumlrls vavle le p`çsls le jhejl eh ls jlfath.Zlrclrh, f`s rlf`cahels slxu`fls, f` aetagaj`j

y lf `ghr y/h ìlcth chestatuyle htrh àgoathqul prlslet` jlsìçhs p`r` f`s p`rlm`s. Lf jls-chetleth che f`s rlf`cahels slxu`fls le gucnhsc`shs jlrav` le aejlfaj`jls, rlf`cahels lxtr`-g`rat`fls, lrhsaóe jl f` cheèz`, slp`r`caóe y

javhrcah.\e` jl f`s jacuft`jls rlcurrletls hoslrv`-

j`s ls qul f`s gumlrls sulfle qulm`rsl jl qul suschgp`ðlrhs `chstugorè qulrlr tlelr rlf`cah-els slxu`fls guy ` gleujh sae prlst`r `tlecaóe` sus jlslhs2 y fhs nhgorls jacle sletar qul susp`rlm`s utafazè f` aetagaj`j slxu`f chgh aestru-gleth lstract`gletl jl chgples`caóe h c`stakh.

Lshs `sueths `jqualrle g`yhr rlflvèca`,puls `fkue`s plrshe`s shstalele qul lf g`tra-

FHS 04 JLS@IÇHS CHG\ELST@_@ ? GAF GAFFHELS JL T@_LM@S

MHSLTN CN@GAL, JLGÓK_@IH, CHES\FZH_ Q L^JA_LCZH_ JL F@ JAYASAÓE JL THOF@-CAÓE JL F@S E@CAHELS \EAJ@S/AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL


27/68


@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE

gheah agpfac` ùthgàtac`gletl jlrlcnhs cheyuk`fls slkýe fhs cu`fls lf g`rajh talel jlrlcnh` tlelr aetagaj`j che su lsphs` cuèjh qualr` yls lf jlolr jl lff` `ccljlr.

Le cu`rth fuk`r, f`s jlcasahels shorl sa tlelr

h eh namhs y cuàejh, cuàeths y lf talgph letrlc`j` ueh, `sç chgh su craèz`, prlslet` ue ag-phrtètl jlsìçh che cheslculeca`s p`r` gu-cn`s p`rlm`s.

Nhgorls y gumlrls puljle tlelr jastaet`shpaeahels shorl tlelr namhs, sus rlsplctavhs p`-plfls y rlsphesòafaj`jls le f` p`tlreaj`j, lx-plct`tav`s y homltavhs p`r` lf iuturh jl lffhs.

Lf ush jl ètacheclptavhs y jlf òhrth p`r`fagat`r y lsp`ca`r ` fhs namhs sakul salejh ue`sueth slesaofl p`r` f`s p`rlm`s le gucn`s p`r-tls jlf guejh. Le gucn`s e`cahels aejustra`fa-z`j`s, f`s gumlrls sulfle tlelr f` ýftag` p`fòr` le g`tlra` jl lgo`r`zh y rlprhjuccaóe2 sae lg-o`rkh, le gucnhs p`çsls le jls`rrhffh lstl sakulsalejh ue `sueth chetrhvlrtajh.

Le quaeth fuk`rlstà f` culstaóe jl f`chgueac`caóe. @ gl-eujh eh sl tr`t` jlue` aec`p`caj`j h jli`ft` jl vhfuet`j p`r`chgprlejlr `f htrh,

saeh gàs oale jl uehostae`jh rlcn`zh jl plrgatar h jl `clpt`r f`lxastleca` jlf pueth jl vast` h jl f` phsacaóe jlf` p`rlm`.

F` i`ft` jl oule` chgueac`caóe klelr`jasput`s y puljl jlrav`r le vahfleca` içsac`.

Le slxth fuk`r `p`rlcle culstahels lcheóga-c`s. Gucn`s p`rlm`s jascutle phr fhs k`sths y fhs`nhrrhs, lf aekrlsh jl ueh jl fhs cóeyukls,fhs jailrletls lstafhs jl k`sth y f` nlrleca`. Thrfh klelr`f, ueh jl fhs aetlkrètls jl f` p`rlm`,ls guy chgýe qul sl` lf nhgorl, tr`t` jl che-trhf`r fhs rlcurshs lcheógachs, fagat`r lf k`sth jlf` htr` p`rtl y thg`r f`s praecap`fls jlcasahelseècalr`s.

Le lf fuk`r saltl lstà lf prhoflg` jl chgoa-e`r lgpflh, c`rrlr` y vaj` jl p`rlm`, ue jlsìçhc`j` vlz gàs jaiçcaf p`r` gucn`s jl lff`s. Chelf ùgleth jl p`rlm`s che jhs c`rrlr`s y ue`

lstructur` i`gafa`r eucfl`r, fhs p`plfls y f`s rls-phesòafaj`jls jl nhgorls y gumlrls c`s`jhs hle p`rlm` c`goaè.

Le lf fucn`r hcnh sl uoacè fhs prhoflg`splrshe`fls chgh g`fhs chgphrt`galeths h

nàoaths, chgh `jaccahels, prhgascuaj`j, clfhs,gletar`s y e`rcasasgh, qul ìlctè ` f`s p`rlm`s.F`s jacuft`jls puljle ùglet`r cuèjh

ueh jl fhs aetlkrètls sl ealk` ` ousc`r `yuj`h ` thg`r gljaj`s p`r` rlglja`r f` satu`caóe.

Le lf fuk`r eulvl lstàe f`s jailrletls lxplc-t`tav`s shorl lf g`tragheah h f`s rlf`cahels çe-tag`s. F`s plrshe`s sulfle tlelr jastaet`s ajl`s,elclsaj`jls y prahraj`jls shorl lf g`tragheah,lf `ghr, lf rhgècl y f` e`tur`flz` jl f`s rlf`-cahels çetag`s.

Thr ýftagh, p`r` gucn`s p`rlm`s, f` rlf`caóeche f` i`gafa` phfçtac` puljl rlsuft`r ue jlsìçh`khoaètl y puljle jascrlp`r shorl lf talgph`prhpa`jh, f` `sastleca` y lf cuaj`jh hthrk`jhs` f` i`gafa` jl ue` jl f`s p`rtls.

Lshs `sueths slchgpfacè gàs cuè-jh sl tr`t` jl ue g`-tragheah le slkuej`seupca`s, jl i`gafa`schgoae`j`s, jl lxls-phshs y f` craèz` jl

namhs y ealths.Gucn`s plrshe`s phjràe jascrlp`r shorl ls-ths 04 jlsìçhs chguels le f` rlf`caóe jl f`s ?

gaf gaffhels jl p`rlm`s lxastletls, plrh c`sa thjhlf guejh chaecajarà le qul le thj`s p`rtls `p`-rlcle jlsìçhs sakeac`tavhs y jacuft`jls letrl

fhs cóeyukls h f`s p`rlm`s le jastaet`s lt`p`s jlf` rlf`caóe.

Lst`s jacuft`jls sl nè chesajlr`jh prhofl-

g`s plrshe`fls qul chgpltle ̀ f`s p`rlm`s. Tlrh` f`s shcalj`jls ghjlre`s fls aetlrls` prhghvlrf`s rlf`cahels jl p`rlm` sófaj`s y `rgóeac`s, lerlsp`fj`r f` ihrg`caóe jl i`gafa`s y f` craèz`jl fhs namhs, le `slkur`r fhs jlrlcnhs nugèhs,f` jakeaj`j y f` slkuraj`j jl nhgorls y guml-rls, `sç chgh jl prhtlklr lf oalelst`r jl eað`s

y eaðhs. Chgh rlz` lf jacnh= ‖i`gafa` le p`z,p`çs che prhsplraj`j‗. (Zr`juccaóe jl YlróeacÌargl)

Lf ush jl ̀ etacheclptavhs y jlf ̀ ohrthp`r ̀fagat`r y lsp`cà r ̀fhs namhs sakulsalejh ue `sueth slesaofl p r̀̀ f̀ s p`-rlm`s le gucn`s p`rtls jlf guejh


28/68

?> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE

F

` ̀ jaccaóe ̀ f slxh jl kur`s pýofac`s chgh

Jhgaeaqul Strùss-Bnè, Cn`rfal Snlle,

Zaklr [hhjs y Gacn`lf Jhukf`s n` j`jh

vasaoafaj̀ j ` ue tlg` hcuft`jh phr f` vlrkölez`

y phr f` akehrèca`. Sófh le Lst`jhs \eajhs, sl

c`fcuf` qul gàs jl 1 gaffhels jl plrshe`s lstàe

`tr`p`j`s le chgphrt`galeths qul cheihrgè

lstl taph jl `jaccaóe, chesajlr`j` ue` ‖lpajlga`

e`cahe`f‗, che f` `plrtur` jl cletle`rls jl cfçea-

c`s jl tr`t`galeth le fhs ýftaghs < `ðhs.

Lstl taph jl `jaccaóe lstà prhvhc`j` phr f`

elclsaj`j jl ue pach

lghcahe`f sagaf`r ` f`

qul talele fhs jrhkh-jlplejaletls h `fch-

nófachs y qul s`tasi`-

cle jl jailrletls g`-

elr`s= phrehkrìç`, rl-

cursh ` f` prhstatucaóe

h lxplraleca`s slxu`fls

che plrshe`s jlschehcaj`s. Fulkh fflk` lf o`móe,

chgh hcurrl che lf `fchnhf y che f`s jrhk`s. Jl

lst` gèlr`, lf lst`jh lghcahe`f puljl chevlr-

tarsl le ue` ghet`ð` rus`.

Gàs jl :4 gaffhels jl lst`jueajlesls `ccl-

jle c`j` jç` ` f`s gàs jl : gaffhels jl pàkae`s

phrehkràc`s qul lxastle, slkýe Elwswllb . F`

cair` prhjucl vártakh plrh eh afustr` f`s chesl-

culeca`s p`r` quale p`jlcl lstl taph jl `jaccah-

els le su vaj` shca`f y i`gafa`r. F` phc` `ctava-

j`j slxu`f che f` p`rlm` sulfl ar ` glehs cuè-

jh lxastl lstl taph jl `jaccahels, y ue` plrshe`

puljl suirar ue lxafah le su prhpa` c`s`, c`rk`jh

jl aechgprlesaóe, jl rlcn`zh y jl vlrkölez`.

Le fuk`r jl `yuj`r, rlprhcnls chgh ¸phr quá

p`s`s tèt`s nhr`s le f` chgput`jhr`8, ¸quá

n`cls shfh8 `krèjè f` kralt`. F` `jaccaóe ` f`

phrehkrìç` puljl prhjucar lscle`s vlrkhezè-

tls che cheslculeca`s p`r` f` p`rlm` y p`r` f`

i`gafa`. Z`goaáe aetlrlrl che f` vaj` fòhr`f

phr fhs prhoflg`s jl checletr`caóe, phr lf jl-

cfavl le f` prhjuctavaj`j, phr lf cèsècah içsach

y glet`f.

Elwswllb slð`fò`

` f` phrehkrìç` phr

aetlrelt chgh f` cù-s` jl lst` `jaccaóe,

jl f` gasg` gèlr`

qul slð`f`rhe `f `fch-

nhf chgh f` cùs` jlf

`fchnhfasgh jurètl

`ðhs y f`s jrhk`s jl f`

jrhk`jaccaóe. F ̀Fly Slc ̀qul agpusalrhe eh sófh

eh `còó che lf `fchnhfasgh, saeh qul lf prhofl-

g` sl aecrlgletó y iul `chgp`ð`jh phr htrhs

kr`vls prhoflg`s jl s`fuj, chgh f` carrhsas, phr

lf chetròèjh jl `fchnhf sae eaekýe chetrhf jl

c`faj`j.

F`s pàkae`s phrehkràc`s `fagletè f` jl-

plejleca`, plrh t`goaáe sl rl`fazè lstujahs sh-

orl lf p`plf qul mulkè f` aes`tasi`ccaóe slxu`f

jl gucn`s plrshe`s, f` irustr`caóe, f` èsalj`j,

fhs prhoflg`s shca`fls y f` shflj`j, ue` jl f`s

lpajlga`s sachshca`fls jl f` vaj` ghjlre`.

C@_FHS GAK\ÁFL] GHE_HQ, TL_AHJASZ@ Q LJAZH_ LE LF CLEZ_H JL CHF@OH_@CAH-

ELS SHFAJ@_A@S/CCS

SL^H

F@ @JACCAÓE JL F@

SHCALJ@J JL NHQ

F ̀ `jaccaóe ̀ f̀ phrehkrìç̀ puljlprhjucar lscle`s vlrkhezètls che che-slculecà s p`r ̀f̀ p`rlm̀ y p`r ̀f̀ ì gafà .Z`goaáe aetlrfflrl che f̀ vaj ̀f̀ ohr f̀


29/68


@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE

F` `jaccaóe ` f` phrehkrìç` suphel sófh ue`

ihrg` jl `jaccaóe slxu`f, qul `chgp`ð` htrh

taph jl chgphrt`galeths shca`fls jl g`yhr kr`-

vlj`j p`r` f` s`fuj y p`r` f` vaj` shca`f y i`ga-

fa`r cuèjh sl prhjucle chet`cths slxu`fls che

jlschehcajhs h qul rlcurrle ` f` prhstatucaóe.

Fhs chet`cths chgpufsavhs che jlschehcajhs

jasp`rè lf ralskh jl chetr`lr leilrglj`jls jl

trèsgasaóe slxu`f, chgh lf varus jl aeguehjl-

caleca` nugè` (YAN), f` sçfas, f` khehrrl` y

htr`s. Gucn`s vlcls vè `chgp`ð`jhs jl che-

sugh jl `fchnhf y jl htr`s jrhk`s. Lst` ghet`ð`

rus` `c`rrl` lejluj`gale-

ths, prhoflg`s eècalrhs, f`

párjaj` jlf trò`mh y lf jas-

tèca`galeth jl f` i`gafa`.

_lsuft` ff`g`tavh qul sl

nè rlphrt`jh gucnhs gàsc`shs jl `jacths v`rhels `f

slxh qul jl gumlrls. F` pàka-

e` jl `yuj` Tsycnkuajls ajle-

tac` cùs`s kleátac`s, sachfó-

kac`s y shca`fls p`r` f`s `jac-

cahels `f slxh. N`y plrshe`s

che ue` ‖prljasphsacaóe

kleátac`‗ ` f` aelstòafaj`j

lghcahe`f, ` `ctatujls ag-

pufsav`s h ` chgphrt`gale-

ths qul ouscè jl ihrg`

chestètl sles`cahels iulrtls.

Z`goaáe lstàe f` èsalj`j y

f̀ jlprlsaóe, f̀kuehs jlslquafa-

orahs nhrghe`fls, shorl thjh

fhs rlf`cahe`jhs che f` tlsths-

tlrhe` y lf lstrókleh.

Sl n` hoslrv`jh qul gu-

cn`s plrshe`s `jact`s `f slxh

nè suirajh òushs slxu`fls

le f` aeièca`. F`s `jaccah-

els vè jl f` gèh che lx-

plraleca`s trùgàtac`s quleh rlcaoalrhe lf tr`t`galeth

`jlcu`jh. Le fhs c`shs jl

òushs slxu`fls, qul sl prh-

jucle le su g`yhrç` le lf

sleh i`gafa`r, lsth hcurrl

gucn`s vlcls phr f` vlrköle-

z` jl f`s vçctag`s h phr fl`ft`jls.

Z`goaáe aeuyle i`cthrls chgh lf rlcn`zh

chestètl, f`s jacuft`jls ` f` nhr` jl crl`r y

gètlelr vçecufhs shca`fls y ìlctavhs, lf àsf`-

galeth y f` shflj`j eh lflkaj`. F` slxu`faz`caóe

qul sl hoslrv` le f` puofacaj`j, le fhs chetleajhs

tlflvasavhs, le aetlrelt y le f`s rljls shca`fls chae-

cajl che ue` párjaj` jlf lrhtasgh, che ue` sles`-

caóe lxtlejaj` jl shflj`j y che ue ùgleth le

f` aes`tasi`ccaóe slxu`f. Puazà lst` p`r`jhm` ehs

já f` ff`vl qul elclsat`ghs p`r` òhrj`r y p`r`

rlshfvlr lf prhoflg`.



30/68


AEYLSZAK@CAÓE TH_Z@J@



AEC\GTFLE EH_G@

@GOALEZ@F

9< TH_ CALEZH

JL F@S GAE@S


31/68


AEYLSZAK@CAÓETH_Z@J@

Gàs jl gaf gae`s hplrè

le Gáxach flk`fgletl.Jl lff`s, f` Trhilp`

jltlctó qul lf 9< phr

caleth eh cugpfl che f`

ehrg`tavaj`j `goalet`f.

Sae lgo`rkh, sófh ;0

cletrhs jl hplr`caóegaelrhs nè sajh

cfùsur`jhs

Z

r`s f` aesplccaóe jl f`s gàs jl 0 gafgae`s qul hplrè flk`fgletl le lf p`çs,

f` Trhcur`jurç` Iljlr`f jl Trhtlccaóe`f @goaletl (Trhilp`) rlphrtó arrlkuf`raj`jlsl aecugpfagaleth jl f` ehrg`tavaj`j `goale-t`f le lf 9< phr caleth jl fhs prhylcths gaelrhs.Jlrav`jh jl fhs trò`mhs, ;0 lstòflcagalethsqul culetè che rlkastrh hffca`f –uoac`jhs le fhslst`jhs jl Tulof`, Pulrát`rh, Chfag`, Zò`sch, M`fasch, Cna`p`s, O`m` C`faihrea` Sur y Shehr`–iulrhe tlgphr`fgletl cfùsur`jhs. Oule`vast`jlf Chorl, suosaja`ra` jl Kruph Gáxach y rls-phesòfl, le `khsth jl ?40:, jlf jlrr`gl jl :4

gaf gltrhs cýoachs jl sufi`th jl chorl ̀ cajuf`jh` fhs rçhs O`cèucna y Shehr`, le lf gueacapah jlCèèl`, Shehr`, ihrg` p`rtl jl f` fast` elkr` jl f` Trhilp`.

Jl `culrjh che rlphrtls qul f` Trhilp` n`klelr`jh jlsjl ?40:, ̀ frljljhr jlf 9< phr cale-th jl f`s gae`s qul hplrè flk`fgletl le lf p`çsaecugpfle che f` ehrg`tavaj`j `goalet`f. @f

LFY@ GLEJH]@, Dlfv`Xchetr`

0 ? 3 _ I


32/68

3? 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


rlsplcth, f` jlplejleca` prlp`r` ue aeihrgl jl-t`ff`jh.

Fulkh jl fhs trò`mhs jl rlvasaóe, aesplccaóe y vlraffc`caóe rl`faz`jhs ` f`s 0 gaf 034 aest`f`-cahels y prhylcths gaelrhs lstòflcajhs hffca`f-gletl, f` Trhilp` jah ̀ chehclr qul ;?1, lf 9:. gaf9;0 thelf`j`s jl g`tlra`f ilrrhsh y 39 g`qua-e`ra`s pls`j`s.

Lf Trhylcth Gara`g sl cfùsuró phr leche-tr`rsl le ue` suplrffcal ìlct`j` phr lf c`goahjl ush jl sulfh le tlrrleh ihrlst`f g`yhr ` f`ùthraz`j` phr f` Slg`re`t.

J L G A @ E

C N @ Y L ] / C \ @ _ Z

H S C \ _ H

Jl fhs gàs jl ;44

cletrhs jl hplr`caóe

y lxtr`ccaóe gaelr`

qul aecugpfalrhe

sus hofak`cahels

`goalet`fls sófh sl

cfùsur`rhe ;0


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j`s ètl f`s ùthraj`jls rlsphesòfls sl uoacèle Tulof`, Pulrát`rh, Chfag`, Zò`sch, M`fasch,Cna`p`s, O m̀` C`faihrea` Sur y Shehr`.

Gae`s aflk`fls

@jlgàs jl f` prhoflgàtac` `goalet`f jl f`gaelrç` ùthraz`j`, le lf p`çs lxastl ue eýglrhaejltlrgae`jh jl gae`s hplrèjh iulr` jl f` fly.Le ?441, f` Càg`r` E`cahe`f jl f` Aejustra` jlfNalrrh y lf @clrh (Cè`clrh) jleuecaó lf ̀ ugle-th jl f` lxtr`ccaóe cfèjlstae` gaelr`f jl nalrrh,praecap`fgletl le fhs gueacapahs jl Fàz`rh Càr-jle`s, Gacnh`càe, y F` \eaóe, Kulrrlrh.

F` Cè`clrh aeihrgó qul, `f glehs letrl?441 y ?404, f` lxtr`ccaóe cfèjlstae`, che o`slle càfcufhs jl f`s lgprls`s, `sclejaó ` :4 gaf th-elf`j`s glesu`fls, gucn`s jl f`s cu`fls s`falrhephr lf pulrth jl Fàz`rh Càrjle`s, Gacnh`càe.

Le mueah jl ?40:, jurètl f` cugorl jl Tue-t` Gat`, clflor`j` le E`y`rat, f` @faèz` T`cç-ffch –aetlkr`j` phr Gáxach, Chfhgoa`, Tlrý y

Cnafl– èuecaó lf aeacah jl ue` slral jl chesuft`sp`r` lstòflclr glcèasghs qul glmhrle lf chg-o`tl chetr` lf cragle hrkèaz`jh le f` prhjuc-caóe, vlet` y lxphrt`caóe jl gaelr`fls, letrl lffhslf hrh, f` pf`t`, lf chorl y lf nalrrh.

Aesplccahels

Jurètl f`s vasat`s jl aesplccaóe jhejl sl ffl- vè ` còh fhs trò m̀hs gaelrhs sl vlraffcè fhstárgaehs y chejacaheètls lstòflcajhs le f`s ù-thraz`cahels jl agp`cth `goalet`f y lf cugpfa-galeth jl fh lstòflcajh le f` Facleca` @goale-t`f Ýeac`, `gohs lxpljajhs phr f` Slg`re`t.

F`s lgprls`s jljac`j`s ` f` lxpfht`caóe ga-elr` jlole rlkar sus `ctavaj`jls jl `culrjh che

f` ehrg`tavaj`j `pfacòfl ` f`s `ctavaj`jls gael-r`s, chgh f` EHG-0?4 SLG@_E@Z-?4002 fÈHG-0:0 SLG@_E@Z-?443, qul lstòflcllf prhcljagaleth p`r` c`r`ctlraz`r fhs m`fls (fu-k`rls jl jlstaeh jl fhs rlsajuhs), `sç chgh f`slsplcaffc`cahels y cratlrahs p`r` f` c`r`ctlra-z`caóe y prlp`r`caóe jlf satah, prhylcth, ches-truccaóe, hplr`caóe y phst hplr`caóe jl prls`sjl m`fls2 f` EHG-0:;-SLG@_E@Z/SS@0-?44:, f` EHG-0


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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL

@ JA@OFHS _HMHSTH_ 34 @ÐHS

CLJLE G@KJ@FLE@ GA^N\C@


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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL

Kr`tas y le ihrg` lxcfusav`n`st` ?4:4

gaf gltrhs cu`jr`jhs jl f`Cauj`j Jlphrtav`

Lf o`t`c`zh sl chesugó= lf khoalreh jl Ga-kulf Àeklf Gèclr` ffrgó f` letrlk` kr`-tuat` n`st` lf `ðh ?4:< jl gàs jl > nlctà-rl`s jl f` Cauj`j Jlphrtav` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`

p`r` lrakar y gètlelr ̀ nç lf lst`jah jl fhs Jaòfhs_hmhs jlf Gáxach.Lf prhclsh jl prav`taz`caóe, fflv`jh ` còh

plrshe`fgletl phr lf jarlcthr jlf Aestatuth jlfJlphrtl jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f, Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk`,eh sófh rlsuftó le f` kr`tuaj`j jlf lsp`cah pýofachqul @firljh N`rp Nlfý y sus nlrljlrhs lxpfht`-ràe jurètl jác`j`s, t`goaáe le f` lrhk`caóe jlgaffhels jl plshs jlf lr`rah p`r` rl`faz`r trò`mhschgpflglet`rahs y jl gatak`caóe `goalet`f, rlvl-fè lf chetr`th y caleths jl ihm`s rlf`cahe`j`s ̀ f`s

qul Chetr`fçel` tuvh `cclsh.

34 `ðhs ` c`goahjl ea ue quaeth

Lrè jç`s jl luihra`. Lf rlkrlsh jl f` Iórgu-f` \eh `f @utójrhgh Nlrgèhs _hjrçkulz `ýe

G@\_ACAH _HGL_H, DgùracahXchetr`

J A @ O F H S _ H M H S / C \ @ _ Z H S C \

_ H


38/68

3> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


nhgorls phjlrhshs, ̀ nhr` fl thcó j`r v`fhr flk`f ̀f` eulv` chgp`ðç` jl N`rp Nlfý crl`j` lx prhil-sh p`r` hcup`r f` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`.

Fhs aetlrlsls jl Cletrh Jlphrtavh @firljhN`rp Nlfý, S@ jl CY, she `gpfahs= ‖`jquarar,

chestruar, jls`rrhff`r, chglrca`faz`r, ̀ rrlej`r, che-cljlr lf ush, `jgaeastr`r, hrkèaz`r y klstahe`rthj` cf`sl jl cletrhs jlphrtavhs, lst`jahs, fuk`-

rls jl lsp`rcagaleth ysatahs le qul sl pr`ctaqulejlphrtls h `ctavaj`jls rl-crl`tav`s h cuftur`fls leklelr`f‗.

Lsth oale fh pujh n`-clr f` iuej`caóe, plrh lelf c`sh jl f` lxpfht`caóelxcfusav` jlf lst`jah n`-orà ue lvajletl fucrh jlphr gljah. Thr lffh lrèlcls`rah ihrg`faz`r ue`shcalj`j jl c`pat`f v`ra`-ofl.

Lf jlphrtl y f` cuf-tur` ls su elkhcah. Sae lgo`rkh, chgh fh n`clefhs cfuols prhilsahe`fls, lf CJ@NN lejufz` susaetlecahels `slkurèjh qul t`goaáe e`caó p`r`‖ihglet`r y prhghvlr lf jlphrtl, f` ljuc`caóe yf` cuftur` le cu`fqualr` jl sus lxprlsahels‗.

Lst` ffrg` slrà f` qul lstá ` c`rkh jlf lst`jahqul hcup`rà lf lsp`cah pýofach jurètl f`s próxa-g`s jác`j`s.

Lf aestrugleth murçjach lflkajh phr lf khoalr-eh jl Gakulf Àeklf Gèclr` iul lf plrgash `j-gaeastr`tavh tlgphr`f rlvhcòfl (T@Z_) ‖` tçtufhhelrhsh p`r` rlkuf`r lf ush y ̀ prhvlcn`galeth jlfhs lsp`cahs le f`s aest`f`cahels jlf oale jl jhga-eah pýofach jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f‗. E`j` qul she`-r` ` vlet`, jhe`caóe h, plhr `ýe, rlk`fh, ùequl lfp`kh sl` ‖le lsplcal‗.

Lsplcçffc`gletl, lstl T@Z_ hthrk` ‖f` ùth-raz`caóe `f Cletrh Jlphrtavh RN`rp Nlfý, S@ jlCYW p`r` lf ush y `prhvlcn`galeth jlf aegul-ofl R…W, fflvl ` còh f` chestruccaóe, hplr`caóe,`prhvlcn`galeth y gètleagaleth jl fh qul slràlf Cletrh Jlphrtavh Jaòfhs _hmhs jlf Gáxach,aecfuylejh fhs lst`cahe`galeths y lf àrl` jl ch-gaj` ràpaj`‗.

rlsheò` le f`s hffcae`s jl prles` y le fhs gljahs.Ilfacat`cahels, clflor`cahels2 ihthrrlphrt`mls, pu-ofarrlphrt`mls2 s`fjhs, rlsýglels, jlcf`r`cahels jlphfçtachs y lgprls`rahs shorl f` krèjlz` jl Gá- xach rllm`j` le f` c`rrlr` chfgòè f`s slccahels

jlphrtav`s.@prhvlcnèjh f` lstlf` jl `fk`ròç` jlm`j`phr lf Krè Trlgah lf 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40


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¸Thr cuàeth talgph8

Lf guejh lst`rà cheglghr`ejh lf cletle`rahjlf ffe jl f` Slkuej` Kulrr` Gueja`f y lf lsp`cahchetaeu`rà salejh lxpfht`jh lxcfusav`gletl phr

fhs nlrljlrhs jl N`rp Nlfý.Hrakae`fgletl lf T@Z_ hthrk`jh phr G`ecl-r` Lspaehz` jur`rç` ‖04 ̀ ðhs, chet`jhs ̀ p`rtar jlf` suscrapcaóe jlf prlsletl RjhcuglethW, ls jlcar,` p`rtar jlf jç` 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40< n`st` lf3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?4?


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:4 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


^ ^ ^ ^

\E@G, HTCAÓE I@FFAJ@Lf 34 jl `khsth jl ?4439 jlf 0? jl slptalgorljl ?44


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chrjèca` che f`s glecahe`j`s prórrhk`s‗. Lsjlcar qul f`s prórrhk`s t`goaáe fl s`fjràe kr`tas` fhs nlrljlrhs jl N`rp Nlfý y sus shcahs.

Tlrh eh thjh iul ` i`vhr jlf lgprls`rah= lf

Aejlphrtl chesakuaó f` prhgls` jl tlelr p`sls ychrtlsç`s p`r` fhs mulkhs jl f` ehvle` lsc`rf`t`.Lf g`lstrh Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk`, le ètlrahr

letrlvast` che Chetr`fçel` , `slkuró qul lf ush jlflst`jah eh slrç` lxcfusavh p`r` fhs Jaòfhs. Q p`r``slkur`r qul eh sl` `sç, le lf chetr`th sl `cf`r`qul sa lf Aejlphrtl jlsl` rl`faz`r ̀ fkue` ̀ ctavaj`jle lf próxagh aefflreh shf`r , jlolrà pljar plrga-sh y cuorar fhs k`sths. E`jal gàs phjrà utafaz`rfh,puls f` praglr` cùs`f jl tlrgae`caóe ètacap`j`jlf chevleah ls f` clsaóe ` i`vhr jl ue tlrclrh.

Jl f` Ylk` rlcn`zó lethecls qul sl tr`t`r` jlue` prav`taz`caóe jlf lsp`cah pýofach. Tlrh ue` vlz jletrh jl fhs faejlrhs jl N`rp, sl lst`rà letlrrlehs prav`jhs. Jl `culrjh che f` o`sl 0;, lfAejlphrtl sl f`v` f`s gèhs jl fh qul hcurr` le lflst`jah. Sa `fkh fflk`r` ` p`s`r, fh qul sl`, y ‖ùecuèjh f` rlcf`g`caóe sl` prlslet`j` `f Aestatu-th‗, lf ìlct`jh tlejrà qul plfl`r che f` lgprls`

jlf oèqulrh. Zhjh qulj`rà letrl prav`jhs, ùe-qul lf sulfh, le lf p`plf, sak` salejh pýofach.

Lf Aejlphrtl iuej`glet` f` prav`taz`caóe le f`Chestatucaóe, lf Lst`tuth jl Khoalreh jlf Jastra-

th Iljlr`f, f` Fly Hrkàeac` jl f` @jgaeastr`caóeTýofac` jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f, f` Fly jlf _ákagleT`traghea`f y jlf Slrvacah Týofach, lf _lkf`glethAetlrahr jlf prhpah Aestatuth, y lf ̀ culrjh jlf ?: jlg`rzh jl ?40: phr lf qul sl fl jlflkè i`cuft`jls`f jarlcthr.

Zhjhs lshs hrjle`galeths, aecfuaj` f` C`rt`G`ke`, eh rlsuft`rhe ue` o`rj` chetr` f` letrlk`jlf lsp`cah pýofach le i`vhr jlf lquaph jlf oè-qulrh2 `f chetr`rah, sl utafaz`rhe chgh `v`f jl f`gèahor`.

Lf chetr`th sl ffrgó le f` Cauj`j jl Gáxachlf 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40


42/68

:? 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


Agp`cth `goalet`f yprhylcths `ftlrehs,p`k`jhs phr lf lr`rah

Lf Aejlphrtl, eh fhs Jaòfhs ea f` eulv`lgprls` jl N`rp, `còó salejh lf rlsphesòfljl p`k`r phr f` hr` qul lf eulvh aefflreh shf`r òr`s`rà. @sagasgh, ` f` p`r jl f` chestruccaóejlf lst`jah, lf Aestatuth jls`rrhff`rà, t`goaáeche jaelrh pýofach, ue prhylcth jl rlghjlf`-caóe jl f`s aest`f`cahels `flj`ð`s `f eulvh p`r-qul jl plfht`= `cclshs, chrrljhrls, fugae`ra`s.

Slkýe f` quaet` o`sl jlf T@Z_, lf CletrhJlphrtavh N`rp Nlfý jloç` ‖rl`faz`r thj`s f`sklstahels chrrlsphejaletls p`r` f` gèailst`-caóe jl agp`cth `goalet`f y jl agp`cth uro`-eh, gatak`caóe `goalet`f y jl va`faj`jls‗. Tlrhiul lf Aejlphrtl lf lec`rk`jh jl n`clrfh thjh.

Lf Aestatuth aeacaó lf 3 jl slptalgorl jl?40< lf tràgatl p`r` hotlelr f` Jlcf`r`thra`jl Cugpfagaleth @goalet`f ètl f` Slcrl-t`rç` jlf Gljah @goaletl (Sljlg`). \e jç`jlspuás p`kó : gaf 0>9 plshs y hotuvh lf ihfah40:1/?40 nlctàrl`s cljaj`s `f lst`jah jl olasohf


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orlvl ̀ pls`r jl qul le ̀ fkuehs g`p`s jl f` c`r-plt` letrlk`j` ` f` Sljlg` y` `p`rlcl tlrga-e`jh lf aegulofl, che fhs chrrljhrls qul slràerlghjlf`jhs h jl pf`eh tr`z`jhs ` su `frljljhr.

Z`goaáe sl jlmó cf`rh qul sl aest`f`ràe cà-

g`r`s jl slkuraj`j `f lxtlrahr jlf aegulofl, f`scu`fls lst`ràe lef`z`j`s `f C:.Lf gheth tht`f jl f` aevlrsaóe slrà jl 3;

gaffhels ;3> gaf 0:4.?;jl plshs, jl fhs cu`fls 0:gaffhels 9


44/68

:: 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


fuk`rls‗ le fhs qul sl fflv`rçè ` còh.Ea lf Aejlphrtl ea fhs lgprls`rahs rlspaek`rhe.

Eh sl gltalrhe le prhoflg`s èhtèjh chgprh-gashs phr lscrath. Slecaff`gletl sl ohrró ls` p`rtljlf chetr`th ffe`f.

Letrl òr`zhs y che sus slkuajhrls, GakulfÀeklf Gèclr` `slkur` qul lf lst`jah ‖slrà ue ls-p`cah jl rlcrl`caóe p`r` f` cauj`j‗.“ Q sl rlǹ oafat r̀àe htr̀ s cècn`s jl olas –`ð`-

jl che `flkrç`.“Tlrh lsh eh lstà le lf chetr`th –fl slð`f`

Chetr`fçel` .“ Qh fh ̀ euecaá. Sç lstà –aesastl lf mlil jl Kh-

oalreh.“Tlrh le lf chetr`th `f qul y` tuvaghs `cclsh

lsh eh lstà. Sl lfagaeó ls` p`rtl –sl fl `cf`r`.Lf klsth `flkrl jlf phfçtach rhjl`jh jl sus p`r-

taj`rahs sl trèsihrgó le ue` gulc` jl prlhcu-p`caóe.“Eh. Eh tl puljh j`r jlt`ffls `nhrat`.“ Qh sç –fl jacl lstl rlphrtlrh–. Q sófh fl prl-

kueth sa chesajlr` musth lf tr`th. Fhs 34 `ðhs kr`-tas…“Nòf`ghs. Nòf`ghs. Qh fls nòfh –o`tló lf

ýftagh aetleth jl prlkuet` y sl rltaró rlpatalejh‖Fulkh nòf`ghs‗.

\e p`r jl jç`s jlspuás jl t`f leculetrh cheGèclr` Lspaehz`, Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk` rlsphejaó

` f` pltacaóe jl letrlvast` ètls nlcn`.‖@klej`ghs f` letrlvast` che kusth‗, lscraoaóphr gles`ml jl tlxth lf lx`tflt` hfçgpach. Fflk`jhlf jç` g`rc`jh phr lf iuecahe`rah, lf tlfáiheh sheóplrh eh chetlstó2 fh gasgh hcurraó che fhs gle-s`mls leva`jhs.

Thr htr` p`rtl, y ` tr`vás jl f` hffcae` jl Yèa`_`vlfh, klrletl jl gljahs jl fhs Jaòfhs _hmhs,Chetr`fçel` shfacató chevlrs`r che @firljh N`rp yC`rfhs Ilfapl Flvy Chv`rruoa`s, rlprlsletètl fl-k`f jl Cletrh Jlphrtavh @firljh N`rp Nlfý, S@

jl CY. Tlrh lf saflecah iul f` chetlst`caóe jl f`jarlctav` jlf chemueth paekh.

Jl f` Ylk`, lgas`rah jlN`rp Nlfý

F`s agàklels jlf mlil jl Khoalreh mueth `f

julðh jl fhs Jaòfhs _hmhs ghstrèjh hrkuffhshsf` g`qult` jl fh qul slrà lf eulvh aefflreh shf`r `p`rlcalrhe jlsjl jacalgorl jl ?40:. Aecfush gl-

sls ètls, jlsjl Lst`jhs \eajhs, lf prhpah oè-qulrh nòç` clflor`jh ̀ etl f`s càg`r`s lf ̀ culrjh`f qul y` nòç` fflk`jh che lf khoalreh jlf Jastra-th Iljlr`f.

@f ghgleth jl f` prlslet`caóe hffca`f jl f`‖c`s` plrgèletl‗ jl fhs paekhs eh sl nòç` che-cfuajh ihrg`fgletl eaekýe tràgatl, y le `fkuehsc`shs ea saqualr` aeaca`jh. Eh nòç` chetr`th2 t`g-phch lstujahs jl agp`cth `goalet`f ea uroèh2 lfprljah eh lstò` jlfagat`jh ea nòç` sajh `prho`-jh lf ush jl sulfh elcls`rah. Fh ýeach jaspheaofl

lr` ue` prlslet`caóe kràffc` lfòhr`j` phr f` iue-j`caóe jlf lgprls`rah.Sae lgo`rkh, chgh sa thjh sl nuoalr` nlcnh

cheihrgl ` jlrlcnh h chgh sa f` shf` p`fòr` jlfphfçtach iulr` fly, Gèclr` y N`rp èueca`rhe f` ilfaz ehtaca`.

F` jlcasaóe y` lstò` thg`j`, y che kruphsjl krè`jlrhs jlghstró lf Khoalreh jlf Jastrath

Lf mlil jl khoalreh Gakulf Àeklf Gèclr`


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Iljlr`f qul cugpfarç` che su prhgls` cuèjh ̀ g-oalet`fast`s y usu`rahs jl f` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`prhtlst`rhe phr lf lchcajah y f` prav`taz`caóe jl

lsp`cahs pýofachs qul lf prhylcth sakeaffc`rç`.@sç, le su ljacaóe :30 jlf 00 jl òraf jl ?400/?40:). @f eh rlcaoar rls-pulst`, lf 0: jl `khsth jl lsl gasgh `ðh aesastaólevaèjh ue` eht` gàs.

Jhs slgè`s jlspuás, Tòfh Asr`lf Lsc`fhe`,

lethecls jarlcthr Klelr`f jl T`tragheah Aegh-oafa`rah, jah su vasth ouleh lf 0 jl slptalgorl jl?40: (JKTA/?>>4/?40:).

Gèclr`, N`rp, Jl f` Ylk` y jlgàs aetlrls`-jhs le lf elkhcah crlylrhe qul che lsh o`stò` ylf ? jl jacalgorl prlslet`rhe ètl fhs gljahs lflst`jah.

Eh lr` `sç, puls lf Aejlphrtl ea saqualr` che-

J A L K H S

A G Ó E

S À E C

N L ] / C \ @ _ Z H S C \ _ H


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:9 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409


tò` che lf clrtaffc`jh jl zheaffc`caóe jlf prljahqul fl prhgltaó `f lgprls`rah. Q iul FhrlezhTlóe Lsc`fètl, jarlctavh jl fhs Jaòfhs, quale `praecapahs jl mufah fl rlchrjó `f jarlcthr jlf Aes-

tatuth f` agphrtèca` jl phr fh glehs rl`faz`r lf`fael`galeth jlf tlrrleh.Lf 9 jl mufah jl ?40


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tr`prlst`caóe‗ y fl shfacató lf ‖prhylcth jl aevlr-saóe‗ p`r` sòlr cuàeth kè`rà lf lgprls`rah phr‖ohflt`ml, rlet` jl lsp`cahs, vlet` jl puofacaj`j,chorh jl lst`cahe`galeth y chsths jl hplr`caóe‗.Le lf jhcugleth, rlgatajh che chpa` ` Gakulf @

Gèclr`, sl fll lscrath che fàpaz= ‖Eh sl n` leva`-jh lf prhylcth jl aevlrsaóe‗.Le lf lxpljaletl eh n`y rlkastrh qul aejaqul qul

jacnh prhylcth jl aevlrsaóe n`y` sajh letrlk`jh `f-kue` vlz. Eh hostètl, lf prhclsh sakuaó y f̀ jarlcth-r` Klelr`f jl T`tragheah Aeghoafa`rah rlcaoaó lf 0:jl slptalgorl f̀ pltacaóe ffrg`j` phr Jl f̀ Ylk` jlue slrvacah jl `v`fýh (AJJI/JK/:31/?40


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:> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409

AEYLSZAK@CAÓE FÇEL@ KFHO@F

CHE JLSAK\@FJ@J

Q THO_L]@

LF S\LÐH @GL_AC@EH


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AEYLSZAK@CAÓEFÇEL@ KFHO@F

Chgh euec` `etls, crlclf` jlsaku`fj`j lcheógac`le Lst`jhs \eajhs. Q` she;4 y 0>14.

Le jlcf`r`cahels ` f` c`jle` Ofhhgolrk,Brukg`e slð`fó qul lsl ileógleh eh sófh crl- J

@ Y A J

G @ E _ A P \ L

CA_@ _HJ_ÇK\L] CÁS@_, T_LES@ F@ZAE@


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Lf aekrlsh gljah rl`f jl fhs nhk`rls le Lst`-jhs \eajhs ls ̀ prhxag`j`gletl lf gasgh qul le01;1. Lf lstujah jlf Tlw _lsl`rcn Cletlr jlst`cóqul fhs lst`jueajlesls tleçè ue aekrlsh cu`trhphr caleth glehr le ?40: qul le ?444 y, phr pra-

glr` vlz le gàs jl :4 `ðhs, fhs cauj`jèhs jlcf`sl glja` y` eh she f` g`yhrç` jl f` phof`caóe.

@f gasgh talgph, n`y ue` chesajlròfl prl-saóe shorl fhs s`f`rahs chgh euec` ̀ etls, che ue`t`s` jl jlslgpflh qul c`yó ` < phr caleth. Fhsaekrlshs gljahs phr nhk`r le lsl p`çs sl satu`rhele ?40: le fhs gaffhels lstàele chejacahels jl phorlz` lxtrlg`. J

@ Y A J

G @ E _ A P \ L


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C`j` `ðh, f` HE\ rlqualrlgàs jl ?4 gaf gaffhels jljóf`rls p`r` `yuj`r ` f`s

vçctag`s le f`s lglrklecà s

nugèat`ra`s. Fhs cheiacthssl guftapfacè y f`s e`cahels

eh talele jaelrh

E

`cahels \eaj`s. Cuèjh lf slcrlt`rah kl-elr`f jl f` Hrkèaz`caóe jl f`s E`cahels

\eaj`s (HE\), Oè Ba-ghhe, `sugaólf c`rkh le lelrh jl ?44; fhs pljajhs jl ihejhsp`r` f̀ s lglrkleca`s nugèat`ra`s gueja`fls ̀ scle-jç è ` uehs : gaf gaffhels jl jóf`rls èu`fls.

‖@nhr` elclsat`ghs gàs jl ?4 gaf gaffhels jljóf`rls‗, suor`yó le fhs ýftaghs jç`s, galetr`s gàsjl 94 gaffhels jl plrshe`s lstàe jlspf`z`j`s jle-trh jl sus prhpahs p`çsls jl hrakle h talele qulnuar jl lffhs p`r` chevlrtarsl le rliuka`jhs jl fèhcnl ̀ f` g`ðè`.

Q `prhxag`j`gletl :4 jl fhs 013 Lst j̀hs

galgorhs jl f` HE\ lstàe levulfths le ‖crasas y vahfleca` jl ̀ fth eavlf, glja èh eavlf y o m̀h eavlf‗,jlcf`ró Oè.

\e lstujah jl f` hrkèaz`caóe Hxi`g Aetlre`-cahe`f, tatuf`jh Chrrakalejh fh aechrrlcth, slð`f` quljlcle`s jl gaffhels jl plrshe`s rlcaole `yuj`nugèat`ra` c`j` `ðh, plrh gaffhels gàs suirlesae f` ̀ yuj` y f` prhtlccaóe elcls`ra`s.

ZN@FAI JLLE, AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL



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44 gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`ròraej`r `sastleca` ` fhs clrc` jl :3 gaffhels jl

eað`s y eaðhs rliuka`jhs le thjh lf guejh.F` Hrkèaz`caóe Gueja`f jl f` S`fuj prltle-

jl ;9 gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`r` cuorar f`s lglr-kleca`s sèat`ra`s rlf`cahe`j`s che Lf Eaðh leLtahpç`, Blea`, Flshth, T`pý` Eulv` Kuael`,

Shg`fa`, Zèzèa` y \kèj`, saltl p`çsls jl `fthralskh jhejl lf ileógleh cfagàtach prhvhcó orh-tls jl leilrglj`jls y lsc`slz jl ̀ ku` qul ̀ ilctè` uehs 94 gaffhels jl plrshe`s.

@f gasgh talgph, lf Trhkr`g` Gueja`f jl@fagleths shfacat` :0 gaffhels p`r` `faglet`r `clrc` jl ? gaffhels >< gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`r` cu-orar f`s elclsaj`jls jl 34 gaf ylgleçls qul nuylejl su p`çs jlv`st`jh phr f` kulrr` ` f` vlcae` Sh-g`fa`. Sl prlvá qul lsl eýglrh jl plrshe`s crl-clrà lstl `ðh.

Q f` Hffcae` jlf @fth Chgasahe`jh jl f` HE\p`r` fhs _liuka`jhs, f` Hrkèaz`caóe Aetlre`cah-e`f p`r` f`s Gakr`cahels y 9< hrkèaz`cahels ehkuolre`glet`fls shfacat`rhe lstl gls


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r`rà chgueaj`jls gàs prósplr`s y lstòfls‗, che-cfuyó.

Le su lstujah, Hxi`g prlkuet` ‖¸cógh phjl-

ghs chrrlkar lst` i`ff`8‗.F` rlspulst` rlsajl le lf p`sh jl gàs phjlr,rlcurshs y rlsphesòafaj`j jl fhs `cthrls aetlre`-cahe`fls –f`s `kleca`s jl f` HE\, fhs p`çsls rachs,f`s krèjls hrkèaz`cahels eh kuolre`glet`flsaetlre`cahe`fls y lf Ghvagaleth jl f` Cruz _hm` y f` Glja` Fue` _hm –̀ ` fhs ̀ cthrls fhc`fls, chghfhs khoalrehs y f`s hrkèaz`cahels eh kuolre`-glet`fls e`cahe`fls, kruphs chgueat`rahs y htr`shrkèaz`cahels jl f` shcalj`j cavaf.

Ls ue` t`rl` lehrgl, rlchehcl Hxi`g. Tlrh le

f` ̀ ctu`faj`j sófh ue` plqulð` ir`ccaóe jl fhs ihe-jhs sl jlstaeè jarlct`gletl ̀ fhs ̀ cthrls fhc`fls.Gàs ` gleujh, fhs trò`m`jhrls nugèat`rahs

fhc`fls rlcaole aestruccahels jl f` chgueaj`j nu-gèat`ra` aetlre`cahe`f, qul talejl ` rlflk`rfhs `fp`plf jl suochetr`tast` le fuk`r jl chesajlr`rfhsp`rls le aku`fj`j jl chejacahels. (Zr`juccaóe jlÀfv`rh Pularuk`)


le fhs ýftaghs ;4 `ðhs.‖Y`faletls trò`m`jhrls jljac`jhs ` f` `yuj`

s`fv`rhe gafls jl vaj`s y oraej`rhe slrvacahs vat`-fls, chgh f` s`fuj, lf `ku` y f` prhtlccaóe ` gaffh-els jl plrshe`s‗, rlsugl lf lstujah.

‖Tlrh lf sastlg` `ctu`f sl lstar` jlg`sa`jh y f``sastleca` nugèat`ra` sulfl slr aesuffcaletl, t`rjç`l ae`prhpa`j` p`r` lf chetlxth fhc`f‗, `ð`jl.

Le f` `s`gofl` èu`f jlf Ihrh LcheógachGueja`f clflor`j` le J`vhs, Suaz`, jlf ?4 `f ?3jl lelrh, lf slcrlt`rah jl Lst`jh lst`jueajlesl, Mhne Blrry, g èailstó qul che lf ffe jl crl̀ r ueò`sl jl ffeèca`galeth gàs sófaj` y shstleaoflp`r` fhs pljajhs nugèat`rahs jl f` HE\ ‖lst`-ghs ouscèjh chgprhgashs jl chetraoucahelsrlkuf`rls jl `f glehs 04 e`cahels eulv`s‗.

‖@ f` p`r jl lsl lsiulrzh, v`ghs ̀ ousc`r ̀ f gl-ehs ue ùgleth jl 34 phr caleth le lf ffeèca`-galeth jl pljajhs nugèat`rahs kfho`fls, jl 04gaf gaffhels jl jóf`rls le ?40< ̀ 03 gaf gaffhelslstl `ðh‗, jlcf`ró.

Lf prlsajletl jl Hxi`g Lst`jhs \eajhs, _`yHffllenlaslr, rlcaoaó che olelpfàcath fhs chglet`-rahs jl Blrry.

‖Jlolghs trò`m`r mueths p`r` leirlet`r f`scùs`s iuej`glet`fls jl f` crasas jl rliuka`jhs laevlrtar gàs p`r` `slkur`r qul f`s chgueaj`jlstlekè glmhrls chejacahels jl rlspulst` cuèjh

hcurrl ue jls`strl‗, lxprlsó le jaàfhkh che ATS.Hxi`g shfacató ` f` chgueaj`j aetlre`cahe`fqul rlsphej` ` f`s shfacatujls jl ihejhs, rl`saletl` fhs rliuka`jhs y fls plrgat` trò`m`r y n`clr gàsp`r` `phy`r ` fhs p`çsls rlclpthrls.

‖Zlelghs qul gar`r gàs `ffà jlf tlg` jlfrl`slet`galeth, qul ls jl vat`f agphrtèca`, p`r`òhrj`r jl gèlr` aetlkr`f fh qul phjlghs n`clrp`r` glmhr`r f` satu`caóe jl fhs rliuka`jhs y f`schgueaj`jls jl `chkaj`‗, `ð`jaó Hffllenlaslr.

‖Le tárgaehs jl lgpflh, f` chgueaj`j aetlr-

e`cahe`f jlol trò`m`r che fhs p`çsls le lf jls`-rrhffh jl phfçtac`s qul plrgatè ` fhs rliuka`jhsgètlelrsl ffeècalr`gletl y chetraouar che f`lchehgç` jl su chgueaj`j jl `chkaj`‗, rlchgle-jó.

‖Ls le prhvlcnh jl thjhs qul fhs rliuka`jhspuljè lechetr`r ue lgpflh lstòfl y flk`f. Ehsófh talele jlrlcnh ` trò`m`r, saeh qul lsh klel-


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TLZ_HFL_H


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TLZ_HFL_H @EÀFASAS

F` praecap`f c`r`ctlrçstac` jl f` cu`rt` faca-

t`caóe ls qul lf khoalreh ò`r`t` thj`vç`

gàs fhs ofhquls qul hirlcl ` f`s krèjls

lgprls`s lxtrèmlr`s, ýeac`s qul phjràe p`rta-

cap`r le lst` suo`st`. Cu`fqualr cauj`jèh qul

chesuftl f` pàkae` www.rhej`0.kho.gx phjrà chg-

prho`r qul fls chejhe` –h glmhr jacnh, fls rlk`f`–

ueh jl fhs p`khs qul slkýe f` flkasf`caóe jlolrçè

n`clr fhs chetr`tast`s p`r` `jquarar f`s ‖àrl`s che-

tr`ctu`fls‗. @sagasgh fls hthrk` htr`s i`cafaj j̀ls le

fhs chetr`ths, fflkèjh ` lxtrlghs qul eh sl n`-

oçè vasth ea le fhs jl fhs gàs phorls y shgltajhs

p`çsls ìracèhs. F`s leuglr`ghs ` chetaeu`caóe.

0. Htr` vlz rleueca` `f p`kh ff`g`jh ‖oheh

` f` irg`‗, ue chgpheletl jastaetavh jlf ghjlfh

jlf chetr`th jl facleca`.

?. @gpfç` f` suplrical jl f` facat`caóe, ghjai-

cèjh f` ihrguf`j` hrakae`fgletl, le ?40:.

3. @gpfç` f`s jaglesahels jl c`j` àrl` che-

tr`ctu`f= `nhr` n`y slas che gàs jl ? gaf bafógl-trhs cu`jr`jhs y ue` che gàs jl 3 gaf. Le htr`s

p`fòr`s, fh qul Leraqul Tlð` hirlcl lquav`fl `

gàs jl 044 vlcls lf t`g`ðh jl f`s àrl`s jl Lst`jhs

\eajhs. Ls jlcar, ` f`s lgprls`s qul y` hplrè le

lsl slcthr fls o`st`rà che cruz`r f` fçel` irhetlraz`

p`r` qul `quç hotlekè ofhquls qul le lf p`çs vl-

caeh sófh cheslkuarçè le jlcle`s jl suo`st`s.

:. @gpfç` fhs pf`zhs p`r` lf aeacah jl `ctavaj`-

jls ̀ nhr` le lsplr` jl qul lf glrc`jh aetlre`cah-

e`f vulfv` ̀ rlèag`rsl y glmhrle fhs prlcahs. Fhs

chetr`tast`s phjràe jasphelr jl : `ðhs p`r` rl`-

faz`r ‖lstujahs‗ l aeaca`r prhjuccaóe n`st` ?4?0,

pf`zh qul phjrç` jailrarsl n`st` ?4?:.

Tlð` èuecaò` qul le su slxleah tlejrç` gàs

aekrlshs. Sae lgo`rkh, le f`s eulv`s chejacahels

slràe sus ealths fhs qul rlchmè fhs supulsths krè-

jls umhs jl rlcurshs isc`fls phr f` lxpfht`caóe

jlf pltróflh jl f`s ̀ ku`s prhiuej`s.

Lst`s cu`trh c`r`ctlrçstac`s slrçè suicaletls

p`r` checfuar qul lf homltavh jl fhkr`r prhjuccaóe

eulv` y gàs rlcurshs isc`fls n` sajh òèjhe`jh.

@nhr` jl fh qul sl tr`t` ls jl letrlk`r fhs ofhquls.

Letrlk`r ofhquls

vahfletèjh f` flkasf`caóeLf var`ml jlf khoalreh jl Tlð` agpfac` qul na-

calrhe ` ue f`jh f` flkasf`caóe qul lf gasgh kh-

oalreh, le ue khfpl `f Thjlr Flkasf`tavh, `slst

Contralínea 475

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