Citing sources and listing referenceshome.hit.no/~hansha/documents/theses/Referencing.pdf · Citing...

Citing sources and listing references

Patricia Florsenior librarian

Telemark University College, The Library

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Using and referring to sources

• How to avoid plagiarism• How and when to cite sources• Reference styles• How to write a reference list (literature list)


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Using sources

• Necessary to use the work of others in your thesis:– State of the art– To show the need for further research– To compare findings– To synthesize the findings of others

• Must always give credit to the original authors


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Why should you name your sources?

• Give credit to the original author• Allow others to read what you have read

– Follow up – the reader can get more information– Quality control – have you used the information correctly?

• Place your work in a wider context


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Plagiarism

• Publishing other people’s work as your own


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Plagiarism

• Unethical• Illegal• Cheating – punishes with sanctions or even expulsion• You don’t learn anything!

• Plagiarism: where do you draw the line?


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How to avoid plagiarism

• Keep a record of where you found the information• Name your source• Use quotations, or• Paraphrase (write in your own words)• Take care in copying and pasteing from electronic sources


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How to cite sources

• Refer to them in the text• Reference list (literature list)


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Citing sources in the text

• Your should cite your sources when you:– Refer to a source– Use quotations– Paraphrase (indirect quotes)– Summarize

• N.B. You do not need to cite information that is commonknowledge, eg. Well-known dates and events


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Refer toOriginal text:

Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to writeabout literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

• According to Murray (2002) …– Either quote– Or paraphrase

• All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature ….. (Murray, 2002)


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Refer to

• Other studies have found similar results (Smith and Jones, 2000, Lie et al., 2003)


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Quotations

• Short quotes (up to 3 lines): use quotation marks ” ”• Longer quotes (more than 3 lines): new paragraph,

indented

According to Murray (2002)Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. Even if you would rather write about the literature in several chapters – rather than just one – so that it is integrated in your argument, it might be helpful, for the moment, to think of it as a separate unit in your argument.

(Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)


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Paraphrasing

• Rewriting another author’s text in your own wordsOriginal text:

Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to writeabout literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

• ParaphraseAll thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation to the topic ofthe thesis, but this does not necessarily have to be in the form of a literaturereview. (Murray (2002)


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Summarizing

• Putting the main idea(s) into your own words• Including only the main point(s)• Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and

take a broad overview of the source material• Must cite your source.


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Is this a paraphrase?

Original text:

Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to writeabout literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

• According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review, but everythesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relatesto others’.


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No! This is also plagiarism! • According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review,

but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’.

• Even though the source is given, this is word for word as the author wrote it.

• How should it be written?All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation

to the topic of the thesis, but this does not necessarily have to be in the form of a literature review. (Murray (2002)


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Exercise

• Use the extract from Fundamentals of engineeringthermodynamics

– Paraphrase a short part of the text and quote your source.


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How to refer

• Keep records of the publications you read• Choose a reference style

– Harvard– APA (version of Harvard)– Vancouver

• Refer to publications in the text• Make a reference list at the end of the thesis


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TUC

• No standard referencing style• Choose a style and stick to it!


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Harvard and APA reference styles

• Author and year of publication in the text– Example: According to Murray (2002)

• Alphabetical reference list– Alphabetical by author (or by title if no author)– Example:

• Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open UniversityPress.

– Harvard: http://essential.tbs.uce.ac.uk/harvard.html– APA: http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/apa.pdf


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Vancouver style

• References numbered in the text– Example: Not every thesis has a literature review (1)

• Numerical reference list in the same order as in the text– Example:

1. Murray R. How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2002; p. 101.

– Vancouver http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/vancouver.pdf


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Electronic reference managers

• Scientific Workplace– Latex

• EndNote


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Personal communications, lecture notes

• Do not normally place them in the reference list• Quote them in the text:

– According to Bernt Lie … (Personal communication, 12.01.2006)

• Use foot notes if necessary:– (1) Lie, Bernt. Lecture on …. at TUC, 25.10.2005

• Check with the person that you have quoted him/her correctly


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Books

• Housecroft, C.E. & Sharpe, A.G. (2005). InorganicChemistry. (2nd ed.) Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall.


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Chapter in book

• Hansen, P.D. (2003). Adaptive tuning methods of theFoxboro I/A system. In: V.J. VanDoren (ed.), Techniquesfor Adaptive Control, pp. 23-54. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.

APA style


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Journal article

Hauge, T.A., Slora, R. & Lie, B. (2005) Application and roll-outof infinite horizon MPC employing a nonlinear mechanisticmodel to paper machines. Journal of Process Control. 15, pp. 201-213.


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Diez, M.D., Fjeld, M., Andersen, E. & Lie, B. (2006). Validation of a compartmental population balance model of an industrial leaching process: The Silgrain process. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(1) pp. 229-245. Available from: ScienceDirect at http://www.sciencedirect.com/ [accessed: 31.08.2007]


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Conference report

• Crawford, G.I. (1965). Oxygen in metals. In: Lenihan, J.M.A & Thompson, S.J. (eds.), Activiation Analysis: Proceedings of a AFT Advanced Study Institute, Glasgow, August 1964. London: Academic Press, pp. 113-118.


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Web document

• Energy and Environmental Technology (2007). [Online]. Available from: http://www.hit.no/nxceng/content/view/full/6448[Accessed 31.08.2007 ]


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Secondary source

• Refer to the document you have actually read

• In text:– Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,

p. 45)

• In reference list:– Thibodeau, G . A. & Patton, K. T. (Ed.). (2002).The Human Body

in Health and Disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.


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Exercise

• Write a reference in Harvard style for a– Book– Journal article (pdf version)– Journal article (html version)– Conference paper

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