Citing Resources

8/13/2019 Citing Resources

1/59

Using and CitingResources


2/59

Basic idea behind Citing Source

When you research a topic you may use

information from articles, books, or the

Web to support your ideas. However, you

must credit the original authors of these

sources by citing them. To cite means that

you state where you found the information

so that others can find the exact itemagain. In this way we build upon the ideas

and knowledge of other people.


3/59

Why we refer?

To distinguish your ideas

To reinforce your argument

To show different perspectives

To allow fact-checking

To ensure the moral rights of the author

To avoid plagiarism

Read more
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/why-reference.phphttp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/why-reference.php


4/59

Citation

A citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric

expression that is included within the body of a

work to denote an entry in the bibliographic

reference. This is done in a bid to acknowledgethe relevance of the work of the other writer to

the topic of discussion at the particular area or

location where the citation appears.

Read more
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-bibliography-and-vs-citation/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-bibliography-and-vs-citation/


5/59

Bibliography

Bibliography refers to the list of books and

journals referred to by the researcher in

writing his or her thesis or dissertation. It

contains the list of the books in analphabetical order either showing the titles

of the books or the names of the authors

of the books.Read more
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-bibliography-and-vs-citation/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-bibliography-and-vs-citation/


6/59

Bibliography

Bibliography contains all sources that you

have used, whether they are directly cited

or not.

A bibliography includes sources that you

have used to generate ideas or read

around a topic, but have not referred to

directly in the body of the document.


7/59

Reference

Reference consists in the act of referring. As aresearcher you refer to some books and journals whilewriting the thesis or dissertation. As a matter of fact youwould include some references in the pages of yourthesis in the form of footnotes.

The footnotes contain the reference passages takenfrom the relevant books and journals from which youquote them.

At the end of each chapter you would give thecorresponding books and journals from which you have

picked the quotations mentioned in the footnotes. Theseare references.

Read More
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/


8/59

Reference

Reference lists (Called lists of workscited) contain a complete list of all thesources (books, journal articles, websites,

etc.) that you have cited directly in adocument. That means that if there are in-text citations for a source there is areference list entry, and vice versa.

Read More
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/reference-list-vs-bibliography.phphttp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/reference-list-vs-bibliography.phphttp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/reference-list-vs-bibliography.phphttp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/reference-list-vs-bibliography.php


9/59

A Researcher must

Take clear, accurate notes about where

you found specific ideas.

Write down the complete citation

information for each item you use.

Use quotation marks when directly stating

another person's words.

Always credit original authors for their

information and ideas


10/59

Citation Styles/Formats

There are a number of different styles or

formats for citations. Which style you use

depends upon the subject discipline you

are working in. Major styles are

APA

MLA

Chicago


11/59

Commonly Used Citation Style

The Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (APA). The APA styleis often used by students in the social sciences.

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.The MLA (Modern Language Association) style,is often used by students in languages andEnglish.

A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses,and Dissertations. This commonly-used style byKate Turabian is a student version of a longerguide, The Chicago Manual of Style.


12/59


13/59

Referencing using APA

There are two main parts to referencing

The f i rst indicating within your assignment

the sources of the information you have

used to write your assignment. This is

referred to as: citing in text, in text

citations or text citations

The second part to referencing is the

construction of a reference list.


14/59

Paraphrasing and summarising

There are two approaches to putting

authors' ideas into your own words:

Paraphrasing: putting the source

information into other words and phrases

Summarising: creating a shortenedversion of the source information


15/59

In text citations

Even though you have put someone elsesideas or information in your own words(i.e. paraphrased), you still need to show

where the original idea or informationcame from. This is all part of the academicwriting process.

When citing in text with in an assignment,use the author/s (or editor/s) last namefollowed by the year of publication.


16/59

Examples of In text citations

Water is a necessary part of every personsdiet and ofall the nutrients a body needs to function, it requiresmore water each day than any other nutrient (Whitney &Rolfes, 2011).

or Whitney and Rolfes (2011) state the body requires many

nutrients to function but highlight that water is of greaterimportance than any other nutrient.

or

Water is an essential element of anyones diet andWhitney and Rolfes (2011) emphasise it is moreimportant than any other nutrient.


17/59

Three, four or five authors

If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5) authors, cite allauthors the first time and from then on include only thelast name of the first author followed by the words et al.(etal.is Latin for andothers)

Examples:

Research can be defined as a systematic method ofcreating new knowledge or a way to verify existingknowledge (Watson, McKenna, Cowman & Keady,2008). (First time)

Deciding on a research method demands the researcherconsider carefully the problem or area of investigationbeing researched (Watson et al., 2008). (Second timeonward)


18/59

Six or more authors

If a work has six (6) or more authors, cite

only the last name of the first author

followed by et al. each time you refer to

this work.

Example:

(Mikosch et al., 2010)


19/59

Groups as authors

The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g.,corporations, associations, government agencies) areusually written in full each time they appear in a textcitation. The names of some group authors (e.g.,

associations, government agencies) are spelled out inthe first citation and abbreviated thereafter. Some groupsare recognised by an abbreviation (e.g., WHO for WorldHealth Organisation).

Examples:

First text citation: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007). Second & subsequent citations: (MOH, 2007).


20/59

Similar information referred to

by more than one author

There may be occasion to refer to more than

one source in relation to similar information. In

this case, list the sources in alphabetical order

within the brackets, separated by a semi-colon.Example:

Resilience is seen as the ability to overcome

adversary, combat stress and bounce back from

hardship (Dawson, 2006; Overton, 2005).


21/59

Citing a secondary source

Where possible use original material. However, if theinformation you wish to use is cited by another author,acknowledge the source you have read, showing it isa secondary source. This demonstrates you have not

read the original source but read about it in a secondarysource. Within the text citation, use the words as citedin to indicate this is a secondary source. In thereference list, include the author and details of thesource you actually read.

Example: Fawcett (as cited in Polit & Beck, 2008) outlined the four

main concepts


22/59

Direct quotes

Quoting directly from a work should be

done sparingly, in order to emphasis or

stress a point in your essay. When using a

quote, it must be copied exactly as writtenin the original work including any

punctuation or incorrect spelling. When

using a quote, include the authors lastname, year of publication and page

number/s where the quote appears.


23/59

Short quoteless than 40 words

To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words),

enclose the quotation within double quotation

marks.

Example: Cultural safety is based on attitudes which are

difficult to measure. It needs to be considered

alongside other equally important safety

requirements such as clinical, ethical, legal and

physical safety(Wepa, 2005, p. 25).


24/59

Longer quote40 words or more

For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in youressay as a freestanding piece of text or block form anddo not use the quotation marks. Double-space the entirequote. At the end of the quote, include the authorsname, year of publication and page number/s after the

full stop.Example:

Cultural safety considerations are similar in that studentsare interacting in a bicultural (two-personed) context,where they are the giver of a health service and the

client is the receiver of that service. These biculturalinteractions will be different with every interaction, butthe nursesawareness of the power differential betweenthemselves and client will be constant. (Wepa, 2005, p.25)


25/59

Quotations from online resources

Quotations from online resources that do notprovide page numbers

If the page number is not known, use aparagraph number. If the paragraph number

could confuse the reader, consider including asection heading e.g. discussion section.

Example:

The WTN exists to "encourage serendipity" --

the happy accidents of colliding ideas and newrelationships that cause the biggestbreakthroughs for individuals and institutions(World Technology Network, 2010, para. 2).


26/59

The reference list

1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors lastnames.

2. If there is more than one work by the same author, order them bypublication dateoldest to newest (therefore a 2004 publication wouldappear before a 2008 publication).

3. If there is no author the title moves to that position and the entry is

alphabetised by the first significant word, excluding words such as A orThe. If the title is long, it may be shortened when citing in text.

4. Use & instead of and when listing multiple authors of a source.

5. The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, while allsubsequent lines are consistently indented.

6. Capitalise only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if there is one,plus any proper namesi. e. only those words that would normally be

capitalised.7. Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of the

web document.

8. Do not create separate lists for each type of information source. Books,articles, web documents, brochures, etc. are all arranged alphabetically inone list.


27/59

Must for reference entry

1. Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials(Bloggs, J.).

2.Year of publication in brackets (2010).

3. Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first word of the title and thesubtitle, if any, and proper names. Italicise the title. Use a colon (:) betweenthe title and subtitle.

4. Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle(3rd ed.) or (Rev. ed.).Note: No full stop, after the title, if there is an edition.

5. Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state code whenpublished inside the USA, and the city & country, if published outside theUSA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New Zealand or Benalla, Australia orWeybridge, England). If there are two or more places included in thesource, then use the first one listed.

6. Publishers name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use termssuch as Publishers, Co., or Inc. but include the words Books & Press. Whenthe author and the publisher are the same, use the wordAuthor as thename of the publisher.


28/59

Bookone author

Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism

and travel. Rosedale, New Zealand:

Pearson Education New Zealand.

Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A

guide to creating iconic brand identities.

Berkeley, CA: New Riders.

Stein, R. (2001). Rick Steins seafood.

London, England: BBC.


29/59

Bookeditor& edition

Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2005). Cultural safety in

Aotearoa New Zealand.Auckland, New

Zealand: Pearson Education New

Zealand.

Collins, C., & Jackson, S. (Eds.). (2007).

Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society

(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia:Thomson.


30/59

Bookauthor & publisher are

the same

MidCentral District Health Board. (2008).

District annual plan 2008/09. Palmerston

North, New Zealand: Author.


31/59

Chapter in an edited book

Dear, J., & Underwood, M. (2007). What is

the role of exercise in the prevention of

back pain? In D. MacAuley & T. Best

(Eds.), Evidence-based sports medicine(2nd ed., pp. 257-280). Malden, MA:

Blackwell.


32/59

Serial/journal articles

1. Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.2.Year of publication in brackets. (2012)

3. Title of article. Capitalise only the first word of the title andthe subtitle, if any, and proper names. Use a colon (:)between the title and subtitle.

4. Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.5. Volume number, in italics. Do not use Vol. before the

number.

6. Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after thevolume number but not italicised.

7. Month, season or other designation of publication if there is novolume or issue number.

8. Include all page numbers.

9. Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].


33/59

Serial / journal article (print)

Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook:

Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki:

Nursing New Zealand, 16(7), 26.

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B.

(2010). Physical collisions and injury

during professional rugby league skills

training. Journal of Science and Medicinein Sport, 13(6), 578-583.


34/59

Serial / journal article (online

from a database

The database name and retrieval date are nolonger required. Include the home page of the

journal. This may require a quick web search tolocate the URL

Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton,A. (2009). Living with type 1 diabetes:Perceptions of children and their parents.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710.Retrieved fromhttp://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-1067


35/59

Serial / journalmore than one

author (onlineDOI)

The 6th ed. of the APA manual emphasises theuse of DOI (Digital Object Identifiers). Manypublishers, databases and online journals useDOIs. They are alpha-numeric codes that

usually appear on the first page of the article.Copy the DOI exactly as it appears.

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010).Physical collisions and injury during professionalrugby league skills training. Journal of Scienceand Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007


36/59

Internet sources

Where possible, include similar information, inthe same order, as you would for other types ofinformation and other sources (who, when,what) and then add the electronic retrieval

information required for people to locate thematerial you cited.1. Author/s of the document or informationindividual

or organisation/corporate author.

2. Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).3. Title of the document or webpage in italics.

4. Complete & correct web address/URL.


37/59

Internetno author, no date

When using information from the Internet

consider carefully the origins of the information.

Is it credible, valid and reliable? Sometimes it is

not clear who (author) wrote it or when (date) itwas written.

Example:

Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-

therapy.htm


38/59

InternetOrganisation /

Corporate author

Ministry of Health. (2008). Drug policy in

New Zealand. Retrieved from

http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_inde

x/About-drugs


39/59

Examples of various types of

information sources

Act (statute / legislation)Copyright Act 1994. (2011, October 7). Retrieved from

http://www.legislation.govt.nz

Blog post Liz and Ellory. (2011, January 19). The day of dread(s) [Blog post]. Retrieved from

http://www.travelblog.org/Oceania/Australia/Victoria/Melbourne/St-Kilda/blog-669396.html

Brochure / pamphlet Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki hauora

[Brochure]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care (Whakapai Hauora)

Charitable trust.

Brochure / pamphlet (no author) Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009). Wellington, New

Zealand: Ministry of Health.


40/59


information sources

Conference Paper Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the

learning experiences of the mature age student. In J. Terrell (Ed.),

Making the links: Learning, teaching and high quality student

outcomes. Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the New ZealandAssociation of Bridging Educators (pp. 104-116). Wellington, New

Zealand.

Dictionary

Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Baillieresnurses dictionary: For nursesand health care workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/


41/59


information sources

DVD / Video / Motion Picture Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), & Waititi, T. (Director).

(2010). Boy: Welcome to my interesting world [DVD]. New Zealand:Transmission.

elearningNZ. (2009, January 26). Learning in the 21st century: Part 1: What

is e-learning? [Video file]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKwLERpP78w

E-book Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from

http://safaribooksonline.com

Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 tothe max (2nd ed.). [e-book]. Retrieved from

http://books.google.co.nz


42/59


information sources Magazine White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-

97.

Moodle Darragh, L. (2010). Professional and cultural practice 513: Consent: Patient

care in professional and cultural practice [Moodle]. Palmerston North, New

Zealand: UCOL. Newspaper article Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give

generously. Manawatu Standard, p. 4.

Newspaper article (no author) Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manawatu Standard, p.

5. Newspaper (online) Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The Dominion

Post. Retrieved fromhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-could-replace-wallets


43/59


information sources

Personal communication

Personal communications are cited in-text only and are NOT

included in the reference list

Example:The no-tillage technology has revolutionised the way arable farmers

manage their operation (W.R. Ritchie, personal communication,

September 30, 2011).

Television programmeFlanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011).24 hours in A & E [Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel 4.


44/59


information sources Thesis (print) Smith, T. L. (2008). Change, choice and difference: The case of RN

to BN degree programmes for registered nurses (Masters thesis).Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

Thesis (online)

Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions insport (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia). Retrievedfromhttp://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704

Wikis (including Wikipedia)

Wikis can generally be written and edited by more than one person.Use wiki information wisely. Wikipedia can be a good starting pointto discover background information on a topic and you can use thecitations and links in any entry to verify information and locateoriginal sources.

Moodle. (2011). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle


45/59

Online Tools

Zotero

Bibme

Citation Machine

Citefast

Citelighter

Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy Citation Wizard

Oregon Public Education Citation Maker for MLA

Recipes4Success

RefDot - Chrome Extension Easy Bib - MLA

OttoBib
http://www.zotero.org/http://www.bibme.org/http://citationmachine.net/index2.phphttp://www.citefast.com/http://www.citelighter.com/http://21cif.com/tools/citation/http://secondary.oslis.org/cite-sources/mla-secondary-citationhttp://recipes.tech4learning.com/index.php?v=pl&page_ac=view&type=tools&tool=bibliographymakerhttps://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttp://www.easybib.com/http://www.ottobib.com/http://www.ottobib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttps://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttps://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttps://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttps://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/refdot/hdhekmbccpnbffkkdoinkjmggbcpcflohttp://recipes.tech4learning.com/index.php?v=pl&page_ac=view&type=tools&tool=bibliographymakerhttp://recipes.tech4learning.com/index.php?v=pl&page_ac=view&type=tools&tool=bibliographymakerhttp://secondary.oslis.org/cite-sources/mla-secondary-citationhttp://secondary.oslis.org/cite-sources/mla-secondary-citationhttp://21cif.com/tools/citation/http://21cif.com/tools/citation/http://www.citelighter.com/http://www.citelighter.com/http://www.citefast.com/http://www.citefast.com/http://citationmachine.net/index2.phphttp://citationmachine.net/index2.phphttp://www.bibme.org/http://www.zotero.org/http://www.zotero.org/


46/59

Zotero

Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help

you collect, organize, cite, and share

your research sources. It lives right where

you do your workin the web browseritself.

http://www.zotero.org/


47/59

Zotero features

Zotero is the only research tool thatautomatically senses content, allowing you toadd it to your personal library with a single click.

Zotero collects all your research in a single,

searchable interface. You can add PDFs, images, audio and video

files, snapshots of web pages, and reallyanything else.

Zotero automatically indexes the full-text contentof your library, enabling you to find exactly whatyou're looking for with just a few keystrokes.


48/59

Zotero features

Research items can be added to any number of namedcollections and subcollections, which in turn can beorganized however you like.

With saved searches, you can create smart collections

that automatically fill with relevant materials as you addthem to your library.

Assign tags to your library items to organize yourresearch using your own keywords.

The tag selector enables you to filter your library

instantly to view matching items.

Zotero can even use database and library data to tagitems automatically as you add them.


49/59

Zotero features

Whether you need to create footnotes,endnotes, in-text citations, or bibliographies,Zotero will do all the work for you, leaving youfree to focus on your writing.

Create citations in Word and OpenOffice withoutever leaving your word processor and addreferences to an email, a Google Doc, or someother editor simply by dragging one or more

references out of Zotero. Zotero supports thousands of publication

formats with more styles added daily.


50/59

Zotero features

Zotero automatically synchronizes your dataacross as many devices as you choose. Add toyour research library on your work PC, andorganize your collections on your home laptop.

Works well with others/Groups. Each group canshare its own research library, complete withfiles, bibliographic data, notes, and discussionthreads. Zotero groups can include as many

members as you please. Zotero groups can be private or public, open or

closed.


51/59

Mendeley

Mendeley is a free reference manager

and academic social network that can

help you organize your research,

collaborate with others online, anddiscover the latest research.

http://www.mendeley.com/
http://www.mendeley.com/http://www.mendeley.com/


52/59

Mendeley Features

Reference Manager

Generate citations and bibliographies in

Microsoft Word, OpenOffice, and LaTeX.

Citation styles for thousands of journals

Create bibliographies instantly

Flexible formatting Collaborate on bibliographies


53/59

Mendeley Features

Read and annotate your PDFs

Save time navigating PDFs

Annotate and highlight

Share annotations with others

Save and print annotations


54/59

Mendeley Features

Add and Organize

Organized PDFs

Easily sorted

Comprehensive search

Intuitive navigation


55/59

Mendeley Features

Share papers and collaborate

Team plans

Communication made easy

See when others add documents

Comment and like to start discussion

Watch projects progress over time


56/59

Mendeley Features

Backup, Sync and Mobile

Access your papers anytime, anywhere

Secure, synchronized and accessible

Across multiple computers

On any operating system

On the Web On iPhone / iPad (free!)


57/59

Mendeley Features

Network and Discover

Discover papers and public groups

Search millions of papers

Public groups

Build an online presence

Discover new collaborators


58/59

Compare online tools
http://www.mendeley.com/compare-mendeley/http://www.mendeley.com/compare-mendeley/http://www.mendeley.com/compare-mendeley/


59/59

Next Lecture

Unit III

Citing Resources

Documents

Transcript of Citing Resources