Ch 8 - Appendicular Skeleton
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Chapter 8:The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Appendicular Skeleton Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton: the limbs
the supportive girdles
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The Pectoral Girdle
Figure 82a
Also called the shoulder
girdle Connects the arms to the
body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for armmovement
Consists of:
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the
manubrium
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The Clavicles
Figure 82b, c
Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
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The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and
collarbone
Anterior surface-subscapular fossa
Structures Body
Sides superior border
medial border (vertebral border) lateral border (axillary border)
Corners superior angle
inferior angle
lateral angle
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Head
Holds glenoid cavity
Which articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint
Coracoid process-anterior, smaller Acromion-posterior, larger
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Scapular spine:
ridge across posterior surface of body
Separates 2 regions:
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
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The Upper Limbsarms, forearms, wrists, & hands
Humerus-arm The long, upper armbone
Articulates with the pelvic girdle
Structures Proximal Epiphysis
separated by intertubercular
groove:
greater tubercle:
lateral
forms tip of shoulder
lesser tubercle:
anterior, medial
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Head:
rounded, articulating surface
contained within joint capsule
Neck:
Anatomical neck- margin of joint
capsule
Surgical neck: the narrow
metaphysis
Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity:
a bulge in the shaft
attaches deltoid muscle
Radial groove:
for radial nerve
posterior to deltoid tuberosity
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Distal Epiphysis
Medial and lateral epicondyles:
for muscle attachment
Condyle of the humerus:
Trochlea:
coronoid fossa & olecranon fossa
articulates with ulna
Capitulum: radial fossa
articulates with radius
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With radius
articulates with head of
radius
forms proximal
radioulnar joint
Ulnar head:
prominent styloid
process
attaches forearm to
wrist
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The Forearm-antebrachium Consists of 2 long bones: ulna & radius
Ulna Articulations
With humerus
Forearm ext
ended:olecranon (elbow
point) enters
olecranon fossa
Forearmflexed:
coronoid processenters coronoid fossa
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Radius Articulations
Ulnar notch: distal end
articulates w/ wrist & radius
Styloid process: stabilizes wrist joint
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Wrist 8 carpal bones:
allow wrist to bend and twist 4 proximal carpal bones
Scaphoid bone: near styloid process
Lunate bone: medial to scaphoid
Triquetrum: medial to lunate bone Pisiform bone: anterior to triquetrum
4 distal carpal bones Trapezium: lateral
Trapezoid bone: medial to trapezium Capitate bone: largest
Hamate bone: medial, distal
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5 Metacarpal Bones
long bones of the hand Numbered IV from lateral
(thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal
phalanges
Phalanges
Pollex (thumb): 2 phalanges (proximal,
distal)
Fingers:
3 phalanges (proximal,middle, distal)
Hands
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The Pelvic GirdleHipbones - Os Coxae
Made up of 3 fused bones: ilium
ischium
pubis Acetabulum - hip socket
meeting point of ilium,
ischium, & pubis
on the lateral surface ofthe os coxae
articulates with head of
femur
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Marks
Obturator foramen:
formed by ischial and pubic rami attaches hip muscles
Pubic symphysis:
gap between pubic tubercles
padded with fibrocartilage
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The Pelvis Consists of 2 ossa coxae, sacrum, & coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle,sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
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Lower LimbsFemur
Structures Proximal Epiphysis
Femoral head:
articulates with pelvis at
acetabulum Neck
narrow area between
head & trochanters
Greater & lesser
trochanters
tendon attachments
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Shaft
Linea aspera:
most prominent ridge of shaft
attaches hip muscles
Distal Epiphysis
Medial & lateral epicondyles:
above the knee joint
Medial & lateral condyles: form part of knee joint
Patella - kneecap A sesamoid bone
Base attaches quadriceps
femoris
Apex attaches patellar
ligament
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Tibia
Figure 813
Structures
Proximal Epiphysis Medial and lateral tibial
condyles
articulate with medial & lateral
condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity: attaches
patellar ligament
Shaft
Anterior margin: sharp ridge ofshinbone Distal Epiphysis
Medial malleolus: medial projection at ankle
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Fibula Fibula/tibia articulations:
head inferiortibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrane:
binds fibula to tibia Lateral malleolus:
lateral projection of ankle
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Ankle - tarsus consists of 7 tarsal bones
Figure 814a
Talus carries weight from tibia
across trochlea
Calcaneus (heel bone):
transfers weight from talus to
ground & attaches Achilles
tendon
Cuboid bone: articulates with
calcaneus Navicular bone: articulates with talus and
3 cuneiform bones
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
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Figure 814a
5 metatarsal bones
long bones of foot numbered IV, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes
phalanges
bones of the toes
hallux: big toe, 2 phalanges
(distal, proximal)
Other 4 toes: 3 phalanges(distal, medial, proximal)
Feet
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Arches Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot
to another
Figure 814b
Longitudinal Arch Calcanear portion: lateral
Talar portion: medial Transverse Arch
Formed by a difference in curvature betweenmedial and lateral borders of the foot