Ch. 23Section 2

Revolution Brings Reform

and Terror

The Assembly Reforms FranceThe Rights of Man

National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens

Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”

A State-Controlled ChurchNational Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials

This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics

The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen

August 26, August 26, 17891789

• Liberty!

• Property!

• Resistance to oppression!

• Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of Man and of the Citizen

Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas

1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men?men?

2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies?colonies?

3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?men were born free?

4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights?rights?

Louis Tries to EscapeLouis, worried about his future,

attempts to leave FranceRevolutionaries catch the royal

family near the Austrian Netherlands border

Forced to return back to Paris

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Marie Marie AntoinettAntoinett

e e and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

The Royal Family Attempts to The Royal Family Attempts to FleeFlee

Divisions DevelopA Limited Monarchy

In September, 1791 Assembly finishes new constitution

Stripped king of much of his authorityCreated Legislative Assembly

New body created to pass lawsHad ability to approve/reject declarations of war

Factions Split France Major problems including debt, food

shortages remain Assembly split

Radicals-(left) Opposed monarchy Wanted sweeping changes in government

Moderates-(center) Wanted some changes in government

Conservatives-(right) Limited monarchy Few changes in government

Émigrés-nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power

San-culottes - lower class who want more change from the Revolution

War and ExecutionProblems with other countries

Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war (Legislative Assembly)

France at War – summer of 1792 Prussian forces soon threaten to attack

Paris Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000,

many of whom support the king Pressured by the mob, Legislative

Assembly deposes the king, then dissolves, new legislative body forms National Convention takes office in September,

forming French republic

Jacobins Take Control Radical political

organization behind the 1792 governmental changes

After a close vote, Louis XVI found guilty of treason and beheaded by guillotine

The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle class.

Created a vast network of clubs.

The War ContinuesFrench army wins great victory

against Prussians and AustriansIn 1793, Britain, Spain, and

Holland join forces against France

National Convention forces draft of 300,000 to reinforce army

The Terror Grips France

Divided CountryNot all people in France support all

changes of the Revolution

Robespierre Assumes Control

Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin leader rules France for a year

Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator

Reign of Terror – Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents

Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette

85% of those killed are middle or lower class

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

End of the Terror Another Change in Government

In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed

Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radical beliefs

Moderate leaders write new constitution Two-house legislature and five-man

Directory restore order New government makes Napoleon

Bonaparte commander of armies

““Triumph of the Third Triumph of the Third Estate”Estate”