CARBS & LIPIDSCellular Fuels

CARBS - Monosaccharides Simple sugars

• Monomer used produce all other forms

• Source of instant energy

Examples:• Glucose• Fructose • Galactose

CARBS - Disaccharides Double Sugars Examples:

• Maltose: glu + glu• Lactose: glu + gal• Sucrose: glu + fru

+

=

CARBS - Polysaccharides Complex Carbs Dehydration Synthesis

• Bond monomers together by removing water

CARBS - Polysaccharides Energy storage:

• Starch (alpha glucose) Long chains Plastids of plants

• Glycogen (alpha glucose) Branched molecule Liver & muscles of animals

CARBS - Polysaccharides Building materials

• Cellulose (beta glu) Cell walls of plants Humans unable to

digest• Chitin (beta glu +

N2) Mushrooms cell walls Arthropod exoskeletons

(add CaCO3)

CARBS – Harvesting the Energy

Hydrolysis – chem. rxn used to break bonds btw monomers & release energy.

CARBS – Storing the energy

Dehydration synthesis: removing –OH from 1 monomer & a H from another in order to bond them together

LIPIDS – Building Blocks Glycerol Fatty Acids

LIPIDS: Triglycerides Saturated Fats

• All single C-C bonds (full of Hydrogen)• Solid @ rm temp• Animals fats

LIPIDS - Triglycerides Unsaturated Fats

• Un – 1 double C=C bond; polyun - >1 C=C bond

• Liquid @ rm temp• Plant & fish fats

LIPIDS – Hydrogenated (Trans)Fats

Synthetically add H’s to an unsat fat to convert it into a saturated fat

Why???• Increased shelf-life & flavor, spreadable

LIPIDS - Phospholipids Make up cell membranes (bilipid

layer) 2 fatty acid chains & a phosphate

group

LIPIDS - Steriods Composed of ~20 Carbons twisted

into 4 rings

LIPID Functions: Long term energy storage Insulation

• Cold (layer under skin)• Nerve endings (myelin sheath)

Hibernation Regulate diffusion thru c. mem Protection Communication btw cells (hormones) Metabolism (fat soluble vitamins –

A,D,E,K)