CELLS

QSR #2

1. The shape of a cell greatly depends on the ________ of that cell.

2. Use nerve cells and skin cells to explain #1.

3. Cells differ in both shape and _____. 4. True or false…larger cells are more

efficient at meeting their own needs than smaller cells. EXPLAIN!!!!!!!

The Discovery of Cells

Van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to observe cells using a simple light microscope It had one lens

Compound light microscopes use a series of lenses to magnify objects Can magnify up to 1500 times

The Cell Theory

Robert Hooke used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark Box-shaped structures Called these “cells”

Cell Theory (3 parts)

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells Unicellular – bacteria, certain algae and

fungi multicellular

2. The cells are the basic unit of life 3. Cells originate from other cells

2 types of cells

Prokaryotes Lacks internal

membrane-bound organelles

No nucleus Most are unicellular Bacteria/Blue Green

Algae

Eukaryotes Have true membrane

bound organelles Have nucleus Most are multicellular

Pros/Cons

Prokaryotes Pro: Very simple

make-up Con: Non-specialized

– don’t have different compartments that can do different things

Eukaryotes Con: Complex to

build Pro: Very specialized

E.COLI BACTERIA--prokaryote

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Liver Cell

Graded activity:

On a piece of construction paper, draw and label the parts to a prokaryotic cell. Must include:

1. color 2. all parts labeled 3. the functions of each part

QSR #3

1. ________ was the first person to coin the term “cells” after observing _____ cells under a compound light microscope.

2. Plant and bacterial cells are similar in that they both contain a _______ _______.

3. List 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. A._____________________________ B._____________________________ C._____________________________

Cell Membrane

Also called Plasma membrane 1. Separates the cell’s contents from the

materials outside the cell 2. Regulates what moves into and out of

the cell 3. Maintains __________________

                     

     

Plasma Membrane

Is Selectively permeable****** Means that it will allow certain materials in

while others cannot pass 2 Types of organic molecules make up

the cell membrane: Proteins Phospholipids

Made of 2 layers of phospholipids:

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Many proteins are located on the

membrane

1. Integral proteins – extend THROUGH the membrane

2. Receptor proteins – transmit signals across the membrane

3. Channel proteins – form pores that can open and close

A phospholipid:

Has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate molecule head attached to it

Phosphate Head region polar

Fatty acid Tail region Nonpolar region

QSR #4 1. The cell membrane, also called the ______

membrane is made of____ layers of phospholipids.

2. Draw a phospholipid. (Use these terms to label it: polar, nonpolar, fatty acid tails, phosphate head)

3. The _________ region of the membrane loves water while the _________ region does not.

4. List and explain the 3 types of proteins that are found in or along the cell membrane.

Cell Organelles

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

Internal Structure

A. Organelles: “cell organs” Perform specific functions

1. Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles

2. Nucleus

Contains a cell’s DNA or chromosomes Only found in EUKARYOTIC cells Enclosed in a double membrane– a

nuclear envelope Is filled with pores. Why?

____________________________

3. Nucleolus (concentrated DNA)

Dense center inside the nucleus JOB: make ribosomes

Some ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Some float around in the cytoplasm Ribosomes link together ______ ______s

to make proteins

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

ER: thin folds of

membranes found right outside the

nucleus 4a.Smooth ER: contain no ribosomes (has

a smooth appearance) 4b.Rough ER: house ribosomes

The ER makes up a highway for moving material throughout the cell

5. Mitochondria(POWERHOUSE) Transfers energy from ORGANIC MOLECULES

to ATP – which supplies the cell with energy!!! Bean-shaped Makes its own DNA (separate from nuclear

DNA) ****************************************************

QSR #7 1. List four levels of organization that combine to

form an organism. 2. _________ is a dense area of DNA found inside

the nucleus in which ________(s) are made. 3. Ribosomes are important since they are the sites

for ___________ synthesis. 4. Ribosomes leave the __________ and attach to

the ____ ____, or the highway of the cell. 5. The mitochondria contains its own ________ and

turns the energy from ________ molecules into ________ that will then supply the cell with ______.

6.Golgi Apparatus

A. Another system of flattened membranous sacs

B. processes, packages, and stores proteins – can alter and adjust them if necessary

7.Vesicles

“little taxis” Carry molecules where they need to go After a protein is made, part of the ER

pinches off to form a vesicle surrounding the protein This is how it gets to the Golgi

8.Vacuole

Think “Vacuum” Bigger in plants

sac for storage– mostly water

9. Lysosomes – one type of vesicle

Contain enzymes – “clean up crew” Defend the cell against invading bacteria

and viruses Break down damaged cell parts ****NOT found in plant cells****

(Look at animation under awe sci teachers) *********************************************

QSR #9 1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi

apparatus? 2. ___________ are vesicles that repair

damaged cell parts and keep out invading bacteria and viruses.

3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome gets from the nucleus to the golgi.

4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant cells, is much larger because ______________.

10.Cytoskeleton -- Microtubules

Network of thin tubes and filaments that give shape to the cell Ex: tent poles

Types: 1. cilia – short, hair-like extensions 2. flagella – long, whip-like tail used for

movement ****ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS****

Organelles for your cell model

Cytoplasm - icing Nucleus – Reese cups ER – rough and smooth – twizzlers, nerds on a rope Ribosomes - nerds Golgi Apparatus – air heads Vesicles – skittles, M&Ms Mitochondria – Mike n Ikes, hot tamales Vacuole (Central Vacuole for plants) – air heads Lysosomes – jelly beans cilia and flagella- twizzlers Cell Membrane – sour straws