author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Cell Theory Cell Theory Prokaryotic Cells...

Cells

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Cell Theory

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Membranes

Cell Division

http://www.isstavanger.no/


Institute for Social Marketinghttp://www.ism.stir.ac.uk/projects_cancer.htmaccessed 28.01.08

The Cell Theory

A. Cell Theory

B. Cell Size

C. Multicellular Organisms

D. Stem Cells

http://www.ism.stir.ac.uk/projects_cancer.htm



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A. Cell Theory

1. The cell theory states that:

a. living organisms are composed of cells

b. cells are the smallest unit of life

c. cells come from pre-existing cells

2. Evidence for the cell theory is a result of international collaborative efforts_

University of Cincinnati Clermont Collegehttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/Cells_Lab/CELLS.htmaccessed 28.01.08

THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES COULD BE INTRODUCED HERE: THE ACCUMULATION OF EVIDENCE THAT ALLOWS A HYPOTHESIS TO BECOME A THEORY; WHETHER A THEORY SHOULD BE ABANDONED WHEN THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT IT DOES NOT OFFER A FULL EXPLANATION; AND WHAT EVIDENCE IS NEEDED FOR A THEORY TO BE REJECTED OR ADAPTED.

Theory of Knowledge

TOK

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/Cells_Lab/CELLS.htm


3. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life

a. metabolism

b. response

c. homeostasis

d. growth

e. reproduction

f. nutrition_

California State University, Stanislaushttp://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/classification.htmaccessed 25.01.08

http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/classification.htm


1. Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit

a. molecules (1 nm)

b. thickness of membranes (10 nm)

c. viruses (100 nm)

d. bacteria (1 µm)

e. organelles (up to 10 µm)

f. most cells (up to 100 µm)_

B. Cell Size


SustainPackhttp://www.sustainpack.com/nanotechnology.htmlaccessed 28.01.08

THE BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES IN THE ADJACENT LIST ARE BEYOND OUR ABILITY TO PERCEIVE DIRECTLY. THEY MUST BE OBSERVED THROUGH THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. IS THERE ANY DISTINCTION TO BE DRAWN BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS DEPENDENT UPON OBSERVATIONS MADE DIRECTLY WITH THE SENSES AND KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS DEPENDENT UPON OBSERVATIONS ASSISTED BY TECHNOLOGY?

Theory of Knowledge

ClickTOK

http://www.sustainpack.com/nanotechnology.html


2. Cells have an individual three-dimensional nature/shape that should be appreciated_

Internet FAQ Archiveshttp://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Hea-Irr/HIV-AIDS.htmlaccessed 28.01.08

http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Hea-Irr/HIV-AIDS.html


3. An important factor limiting the size of cells is the surface area to volume ratio

a. the rate of heat production/waste production/resource consumption of a cell is a function of its volume

b. the rate of exchange of materials and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area_

The Voltage Gatehttp://thevoltagegate.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.htmlaccessed 15.01.09

Play

http://thevoltagegate.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.html


C. Multicelluar Organisms

1. Multicellular organisms show emergent properties

a. emergent properties arise from the interaction of component parts: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts_

University of Winnipeghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16protis.htmaccessed 28.01.08

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16protis.htm


2. Cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (differentiation)

a. genes are needed for cells to develop into specialized cells_

Answers.comhttp://www.answers.com/topic/embryogenesis?cat=healthaccessed 28.01.08

http://www.answers.com/topic/embryogenesis?cat=health


b. each cell has a copy of every gene

c. only the genes that are needed to differentiate are expressed

d. once a cells begins to develop along a pathway, it cannot change paths (committed)_

Campbell, Mitchell, ReeceBiology, Concepts and Connections2000

MB Scientific http://www.mbscientific.com/1_MorphogenesisGeneAngle.htmaccessed 28.01.08

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http://www.mbscientific.com/1_MorphogenesisGeneAngle.htm


D. Stem Cells

1. Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways

2. Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells, for example:

a. stem cells were used to restore the insulation tissue of neurons in laboratory rats (2005)

b. resulting in subsequent improvements in their mobility_

Public Stem Cell Bankinghttp://publicstemcellbanking.com/accessed 28.01.08

THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS BALANCING THE HUGE OPPORTUNITIES OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING AGAINST THE CONSIDERABLE RISKS—FOR EXAMPLE, STEM CELLS DEVELOPING INTO TUMOURS. ANOTHER ISSUE IS HOW THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CONVEYS INFORMATION ABOUT ITS WORK TO THE WIDER COMMUNITY IN SUCH A WAY THAT INFORMED DECISIONS ABOUT RESEARCH CAN BE MADE.

Theory of Knowledge

TOK

http://publicstemcellbanking.com/


The End


Prokaryotic Cells

A. Structure and Function

B. Reproduction




1. Prokaryotic cells are single celled and do not have a nucleus

2. They are small and simple in structure_

A. Structure and Function


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3. Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote

a. cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and nucleoid (region containing naked DNA)_


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3. Know the function of the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes and nucleoid (region containing naked DNA)_

Designs for Wellbeinghttp://www.relax-well.co.uk/MRSA-information-10.htmlaccessed 06.02.08

Play

http://www.relax-well.co.uk/MRSA-information-10.html


B. Reproduction

1. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission_

NOVA Science Nowhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3401/04-bact.htmlaccessed .6.02.08

PlayPlay

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3401/04-bact.html


The End


Eukaryotic Cells

D. Comparing Cells

E. Extracellular Matrix


A. Overview of the Cell

B. Manufacture & BreakdownC. Energy, Support, Movement


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A. Overview of the Cell

1. An organelle (mini organ) is a discrete structure within a cell and has a specific function

2. General Functions

a. manufacture

b. breakdown

c. energy processing

d. support and movement_

The Internet Encyclopedia of Sciencehttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/plant_cell.htmlaccessed 29.02.08

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/plant_cell.html


1. Nucleus- control center

a. surrounded by a nuclear envelope

b. contains DNA (chromatin) which directs the cell’s activities

c. nucleolus makes ribosomes_

B. Manufacture & Breakdown



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2. Endoplasmic reticulum- network of passageways

a. rough ER (dotted with ribosomes) produces proteins for export

b. smooth ER builds lipids

3. Ribosomes assemble proteins

a. free ribosomes are not attached_



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4. Golgi apparatus packages products in membrane-bound vesicles

a. modifies, stores, and transports_



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5. Vacuole- large membrane-bound sacs that store:

a. undigested food & water

b. color pigments & poisons

6. Lysosome- a vacuole that contains digestive enzymes

a. breaks down nutrients, bacteria, and old organelles_


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C. Energy. Support. Movement

1. Chloroplasts convert energy from the sun into sugars

a. site of photosynthesis

b. found in plants and algae_



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2. The mitochondria releases energy from sugar

a. site of cellular respiration

b. found in plant and animal cells

c. called “the powerhouse”_



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3. The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

a. microtubules give shape, rigidity, & organization

b. microfilaments enable movement & shape change


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4. Cell walls are strong protective coverings found in plant cells

a. made of cellulose microfibers which criss-cross over one another



5. Some cells have projections that enable the cell to move

a. cilia- short and numerous, move back-and-forth

b. flagella- long thin whip-like, move with a “S-shaped” movement_


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D. Comparing Cells

1. There are several differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells_

Charlotte Country Day School http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/biology/resources.htmaccessed 29.02.08

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

naked DNA DNA associated with proteins

DNA in cytoplasm DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope

no mitochondria mitochondria

70S ribosomes 80S ribosomes

no internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions

internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions

Click

http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/biology/resources.htm


2. There are three distinct differences between plant and animal cells, plant cells have:

a. cell wall

b. chloroplasts

c. large central vacuole


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E. Extracellular Matrix

1. The plant cell wall maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake, and holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity

2. Animal cells secrete glycoproteins that form the extracellular matrix

a. this functions in support, adhesion and movement_

Science Dailyhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071217092914.htmaccessed .29.02.08

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071217092914.htm


The End


Membranes

A. Membrane Structure

B. Diffusion & Osmosis

C. Types of Transport



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A. Membrane Structure

1. The plasma membrane separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings

a. the membrane acts like a layer of skin_


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2. Each membrane is composed of phospholipids, proteins, & cholesterol (carbohydrates may also be present)

a. forms a phospholipid bilayer that is fluid-like

b. proteins scattered throughout float like icebergs

1) glycoproteins

2) integral proteins (embeded)

3) peripheral proteins (surface)_


Think


3. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes

a. phosphate groups (heads) are negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged polar ends of water molecules

b. fatty acids (tails) are nonpolar and are repelled by water, tucking to the inside to avoid water_

BROOKLYN COLLEGEhttp://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/phosphb.htmaccessed 01.10.07

BROOKLYN COLLEGEhttp://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/phosphb.htmaccessed 01.10.07

Click

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/phosphb.htm

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/phosphb.htm


4. Other functions include

a. hormone binding sites

b. immobilized enzymes

c. cell adhesion

d. cell-to-cell communication

e. channels for passive transport

f. pumps for active transport_ EoL



1. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

a. equilibrium is reached when particles are evenly spread out_

B. Diffusion & Osmosis



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3. Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration_


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C. Types of Transport

1. Membranes are selectively permeable and control what passes across through:

a. passive transport

b. active transport

c. bulk transport_


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2. Passive transport- diffusion across a membrane

a. simple diffusion occurs between phospholipids

1) small/uncharged molecules (O2, CO2, H2O)

b. facilitated diffusion through protein channels

1) large/charged molecules (proteins, sugars, and ions)_



3. Active transport- the use of energy to move molecules across the membrane usually against the concentration gradient

a. protein pumps change shape to transport solutes

b. ATP is hydrolysed to ADP (provides the energy)

c. terminal P-group attaches to the protein, causing it to change shape

d. eg. sodium-potassium pump (nerve impulses)_


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4. Bulk transport- the use of membrane vesicles to move large particles across the membrane

a. the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break, and re-form

1) exocytosis- spills contents outside of the cell

2) endocytosis- takes materials into the cell_


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5. Vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell

a. proteins made at ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and enclosed in a membranous vesicle

b. vesicle buds from the rough ER and fuses with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus

c. proteins are processed by the Golgi_


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d. vesicle buds from the Golgi and fuses with the plasma membrane

e. products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis_


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The End


Cell Division

A. The Cell Division Cycle

B. Mitosis

C. Stages of Mitosis

D. Cytokinesis

E. Cancer




A. The Cell Division Cycle

1. All cells come from other cells

2. The division (involving mitosis) of cells in living things allows for:

a. growth

b. embryonic development

c. tissue repair

c. asexual reproduction_


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3. The process of cell division involves:

a. interphase (90%)

b. mitosis

c. cytokinesis_


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4. Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur:

a. G1: growth, many biochemical reactions including protein synthesis

b. S: synthesis, DNA replication occurs*

c. G2: growth, preparation for division (mitochondria and chloroplasts divide)_

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5. Mitotic phase: division of cell *

a. mitosis- nucleus divides (PMAT)

b. cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides_



B. Mitosis

1. Mitosis is the process of splitting the nucleus during cell division

2. It produces two genetically identical nuclei

3. Four stages of mitosis:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase_


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1. Prophase- DNA condenses

2. Metaphase- DNA lines up in the middle

3. Anaphase- DNA separates

4. Telophase- DNA relaxes_



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a. supercoiling of chromosome makes DNA visible, chromosomes are doubled (two identical chromatids)

b. centrioles move to opposite poles, attachment of spindle microtubules (plant cells lack centrioles)

c. breakage of nuclear membrane, nucleolus ‘dissappears’



4. Telophase- DNA relaxes_author unknownaddress unknownaccessed unknown


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a. supercoiling of chromosome makes DNA visible, chromosomes are doubled (two identical chromatids)

b. centrioles move to opposite poles, attachment of spindle microtubules (plant cells lack centrioles)

c. breakage of nuclear membrane, nucleolus ‘dissappears’








a. chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

b. spindle fibers/microtubules connect centromere of each chromosome to poles

c. some spindle fibers go from pole to pole








a. splitting of centromeres

b. movement of sister chromatids (now often called chromosomes) to opposite poles

c. pulled by spindle fibers

4. Telophase- DNA relaxes_







4. Telophase- DNA relaxes

a. chromosomes ‘disappear’ as the DNA uncoils (needed for normal transcription…)

b. spindles disappear

c. reformation of nuclear membranes, nucleolus reorganize/reappear_







4. Telophase- DNA relaxes

a. chromosomes ‘disappear’ as the DNA uncoils (needed for normal transcription…)

b. spindles disappear

c. reformation of nuclear membranes, nucleolus reorganize/reappear_


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D. Cytokinesis

1. Mitosis (nuclear division) is almost always followed by cell division

2. Cytokinesis differs in plants and animals:

a. animal cells pinch in the middle to separate cells

b. plant cells form a cell plate in the middle on which a new cell wall is built_


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1. Tumours (cancers) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue

2. Benign tumour is a mass of normal cells

3. Malignant tumour is a mass of cancer cells

a. when cancer spreads it is called metastasis

b. cancer is treated by radiation and chemotherapy_

E. Cancer



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The End


author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Cell Theory Cell Theory Prokaryotic Cells...

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