BM Assignment 1A

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Types of Concrete and Its

Applications

Building Materials (BLD62003)

Assignment 1

Cecilia Tie Sing Lu (0314050)

Lee Qian Ying (0313749)

Sharon Chow Ci Yung (0313387)

Lee Pui Sun (0314584)

BQS MAR 2014 – BLD62003 Names of group members: Cecilia Tie, Lee Qian Ying, Sharon Chow, Lee Pui Sun

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Table of Content

No. Title Pg. No.

1 Cover Page 1

2 Table of Content 2~3

3 Introduction to Concrete 4

4 Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (ACC) 5

History of ACC 6

Composition of ACC 7

Manufacturing Process of ACC 8~9

Applications of ACC 10

Maintenance of ACC 11

Physical Properties of ACC 11

Advantages and Disadvantages of ACC 12

5 Introduction to Asphalt Concrete 13

History of Asphalt Concrete 14

Composition of Asphalt Concrete 14

Manufacturing Process of Asphalt Concrete 15

Applications of Asphalt Concrete 16

Maintenance of Asphalt Concrete 17

Physical Properties of Asphalt Concrete 17

Advantages and Disadvantages of Asphalt Concrete 18


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Table of Content (cont’ d)

No. Title Pg. No.

6 Introduction to Decorative Concrete 19~22

History of Decorative Concrete 23

Manufacturing Process of Decorative Concrete 24

Applications of Decorative Concrete 25~27

Maintenance of Decorative Concrete 28~29

Physical Properties of Decorative Concrete 30

Advantages and Disadvantages of Decorative Concrete 31

7 Introduction to Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) 32

History of RCC 33

Composition of RCC 33

Manufacturing Process of RCC 34

Applications of RCC 35~36

Maintenance of RCC 37

Physical Properties of RCC 37

Advantages and Disadvantages of RCC 38

8 Introduction to Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 39

History of SCC 40

Manufacturing Process of SCC 40

Applications of SCC 41

Maintenance of SCC 42

Physical Properties of SCC 42

Advantages and Disadvantages of SCC 43


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9 References 44~50

Introduction to Concrete

In the construction world, one of the materials that is used above all others is

concrete. Concrete is absolutely essential in the present world’s interest with new roads,

buildings and other constructions (Davies, n.d.).Concrete is a strong and handy

moldable construction material. Concrete is the mixture of Portland cement, water,

aggregates and admixtures. The aggregates are hardened and bonded by the paste or

gel formed by the cement and water. Concrete is very adaptable to a wide variety of

agricultural and residential uses as it is strong, durable, handy and economical.

Figure 1.0 Conventional Concrete Block

Source: http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif


http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif

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Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete

(ACC), autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete,

and porous concrete.

Figure 1.1 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Source: http://www.understanding-cement.com/images/aircreteblock.jpg


http://www.understanding-cement.com/images/aircreteblock.jpg

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History of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

In 1923, Dr Johan Axel Eriksson, a Swedish architect, tried his first attempt in

producing AAC. At that time, he was looking for a building material that had the

properties of wood-good thermal insulation, solid structure, easy to work but without the

disadvantages of combustibility, decay and termite damage. After one year, the very

first AAC production took place successfully in the year of 1924.

Figure 1.2 Dr Johan Axel Eriksson

Source: http://www.superbuild.co.nz/images/johan_axel_eriksson.gif


http://www.superbuild.co.nz/images/johan_axel_eriksson.gif

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Composition of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a unique building material, composed

from quartzite silica sand, water, lime, cement and anhydrite, which are processed with

a gas-forming aluminium paste, to create a highly porous, lightweight, insulating mineral

product. AAC are processed with cement and a rising agent to provide a building

material with large number of air pores – aerated concrete.


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Manufacturing process of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a precast product manufactured by combining

silica (either in the form of sand, or recycled fly ash), cement, lime, water, and an

expansion agent - aluminium powder, and pouring it into a mold.

With respect to structurally reinforced AAC products like lintels or roof panels, steel

rebar or mesh is also placed in the mold.

Once added to the concrete, the aluminium powder reacts with the silica, resulting in the

formation of millions of microscopic hydrogen bubbles.

The hydrogen bubbles cause the concrete to expand to roughly five times its original

volume.

The hydrogen subsequently evaporates, leaving a highly closed-cell aerated concrete.

The now aerated concrete is cut into blocks or panels which are then steam and

pressure cured in an autoclave.


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Figure 1.3 Manufacturing Process of AAC

Source: http://www.aacblockplant.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aac-production-

process-flow-chart.jpg


http://www.aacblockplant.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aac-production-process-flow-chart.jpg

http://www.aacblockplant.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aac-production-process-flow-chart.jpg

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Applications of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) can be fully integrated into the building into

the building system. AAC are used in the construction of wall, floor and roof. Besides

that, AAC is also used in either as a load-bearing capacity or as a non-load bearing

component such as cladding and infill.

Wall

AAC blocks are used to construct infill and load-bearing walls. Due to its high

level of compressive strength and its load-bearing strength is up to 3-storey high. Thus,

AAC is an ideal type of concrete to construct load-bearing structures.

On the other hand, AAC wall panels are used commonly in constructing steel and

concrete framed structures. These panels are ideal when there is a certain level of

difficulty in accessing the site as the panels are lighter than conventional concrete, thus

easy to transport.

Floor

AAC panels are also used in constructing floors. AAC panels are lighter than

conventional concrete and therefore easy to handle as well as reduce lifting

requirements. This reduces the time and cost in installing the floor panels.

Roof

AAC roof panels are used as it is ideal in easy and fast roof installation. AAC has

excellent thermal insulation properties resulting in lower energy consumption for cooling

and heating which makes AAC an excellent choice of material in constructing the roofs.


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Maintenance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

AAC last for a long period of time and does not require any maintenance.

Physical Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Appearance Light coloured and contain small voids

Structural Capability Half the load-bearing strength of

conventional concrete but can hold up to

three-storey high

Sound Insulation Good sound insulation

Fire Insulation Incombustible and does not explode


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) comes with more than a handful of advantages and minimal

disadvantages. The advantages and disadvantages of AAC are shown in the table below:-

Advantages Disadvantages

Air pockets provides good sound

insulation

Materials must travel a long distance

from the manufacturer, as a result, cost

per unit higher than ordinary concrete

Good compressive strength (load

bearing strength up to 3-storey-high)

Isn’t as strong as conventional concrete

More environmental friendly compared

to conventional concrete as AAC is

produced from recycled materials

-

Provides significant level of protection

against fire, therefore eliminates cost for

applying fireproofing

-

Final product contains no toxic

substances and no odour -

Prone to impact damage -

Not affected by harsh climate condition -

Will not degrade under normal

atmospheric condition

-

Excellent thermal insulation properties

resulting in lower energy consumption

for cooling and heating.

-

Low greenhouse gas emissions during

manufacturing and lifecycle -


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Introduction to Asphalt Concrete

Asphalt concrete is also simply known as asphalt, blacktop, or pavement. In the

late 1800s, it is being used for road and street construction, and then it grew rapidly with

the emerging automobile industry.

Figure 1.4 Asphalt Concrete

Source: http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif


http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif

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History of Asphalt Concrete

In the year 1870, Professor Edward de Smedt had created modern road asphalt

in Columbia University after his emigration from Belgium. The road asphalt was then

known as French asphalt pavement. The word “asphalt” comes from Greek “asphaltos”,

which means “secure”.

Figure 1.5 Prof. Edward de Smedt

Source: http://www.biographi.ca/bioimages/original.2254.jpg

Composition of Asphalt Concrete

The elemental ingredients of asphalt are carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen,

nitrogen, and trace amounts of iron, nickel, and vanadium. Asphalt binder and mineral

aggregate are also included in asphalt and then mixed together as well as laid down in

layer and compacted. There are different types of asphalt pavement used in


http://www.biographi.ca/bioimages/original.2254.jpg

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construction, such as Mix Type Selection, Perpetual Pavement, Porous Asphalt, Quiet

Pavement, and Warm-Mix Asphalt.

Manufacturing Process of Asphalt Concrete

Oil wells supply petroleum to oil refineries, which separated into various factions – one

of it is from the heaviest part of petroleum, asphalt.

It adapted in many ways, include “cutting back”, which means adding cutting agent, to

make it soft enough to use.

Then the asphalt cement may be emulsified so that liquid can be produced and it will be

an easy job to pump it through pipes, mixed with aggregate, or sprayed through

nozzles.

After that, pulverizing asphalt will be done to produce powdered asphalt. The asphalt

will be mashed and passed through fine mesh sieves for uniform size of granules.

Finally, asphalt will be oxidized or air blown for other purpose except paving. In this

process, a material that softens at high temperature than paving asphalt will be

produced.


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Applications of Asphalt Concrete

Asphalt is being used for road construction such as all kind of roads, parking

areas, as well as playing and sporting areas. However, it can also be used for various

purposes. For example, transportation, recreation, agriculture, industrial, and building

construction (floorings).

Figure 1.6: Example of road asphalt

Source: http://philipciccarello.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Asphalt_Road.jpeg


http://philipciccarello.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Asphalt_Road.jpeg

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Maintenance of Asphalt Concrete

Resealing every 3 to 5 years.

Physical Properties of Asphalt Concrete

Colours Primarily Black

Durability Less durable compared to conventional

concrete

Finishes None

Weather issues Softens in high heat


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Asphalt Concrete


Noise reduction and helps to prevent

accidents.

Cracks occur with problems like

uneven pavement surfaces,

inadequate mixing and laying

pavement over previous cracks

Rapid surface water dispersal Cost time and money to reseal

cracks every 3-5 years.

Good skid resistance Environmental issues occur due to

release of hydrocarbons which leads

to pollution.

Easy maintenance reduces traffic

disruption

Requires heavy equipment to install.

Clearer lane marking with coloured

asphalts

-

Totally recyclable -

Versatile and flexible -


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Introduction to Decorative Concrete

Decorative also called as architectural concrete. Decorative concrete not only

use in construction, It also provides an artistic finish and structural capability. Decorative

concrete can encompass many different looks and technique. It can include simple

coloring technique such as integral color, acid stains and others. Besides that, there are

varieties of treatment such as stamping, scoring and polishing that can change the

texture of the surface.


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Figure 1.7: Decorative Concrete

Source: http://www.stampedconcretegr.com/assets/stamped-concrete_75.JPG

(1) Stamped Concrete

Figure 1.8: Stamped Concrete

Source: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/stamped-concrete-1.jpg

Stamped concrete is a common technique of decorative concrete.

Stamped concrete involves pouring slab concrete then impressing both patterns


http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/stamped-concrete-1.jpg

http://www.stampedconcretegr.com/assets/stamped-concrete_75.JPG

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and textures onto the concrete before it is fully dry. There can be many patterns,

texture and color used in stamped concrete. Moreover, almost any natural stones

can be duplicated through stamped concrete. Stamped concrete is very durable

and has long service life.

(2) Scored Concrete

Figure 1.9 Scored Concrete

Source: http://a1concretors.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/grey-scored-concrete-

art_384.jpg


http://a1concretors.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/grey-scored-concrete-art_384.jpg

http://a1concretors.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/grey-scored-concrete-art_384.jpg

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Scored concrete can also called as cut concrete. It is a great way to give pours

and existing pour a different look. Scoring concrete is basically cutting a shallow into the

concrete. These cuts can be used to create a logo or pattern into the concrete. Scored

concrete is a great choice for renovation because it can be done on dry cement and

cutting lines in concrete.

(3) Polished Concrete

Figure 2.0: Polished Concrete

Source: http://www.polishedconcreteconcepts.com.au/assets/pcc1.jpg

Polished concrete is a concrete slab that is polished down until a shiny finish is

achieved. The process polished concrete is similar in theory to sanding wood. It can be

stained for some color. Polished concrete is one of the most innovative, economical and

environmentally friendly concrete available today. Besides that, polished concrete are


http://www.polishedconcreteconcepts.com.au/assets/pcc1.jpg

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low-maintenance because it are more long lasting and easy to clean than other

concrete. Due to its wide range of benefit, polished concrete is fast becoming the top

choice for residential concrete.

History of Decorative Concrete

Figure2.1 Lynn Scofield

Source: http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/decorative%20concrete

%202_tcm45-576836.JPG?width=592&404=404.png


http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/decorative%20concrete%202_tcm45-576836.JPG?width=592&404=404.png

http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/decorative%20concrete%202_tcm45-576836.JPG?width=592&404=404.png

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Between 1890 and 1920 many companies, especially precast companies who

produced members for building facades, used colors and stains to make their work

more interesting. Some companies mixed pigment into fresh concrete for a casting;

others flooded their castings in solutions similar to chemical stains.

Lynn Scofield was the first to manufacturer color hardeners and integral color for

concrete. His purpose is to making a dependable range of colors available to everyone.

In 1915, Lynn Mason Scofield started a business on Dearborn Street in Chicago that

was later renamed the L.M. Scofield Company. It was the first company to manufacture

color for concrete. His first products included color hardeners (cement, color, and

aggregate broadcast on the surface of fresh concrete to color and harden the surface),

colorwax integral color, sealers, and chemical stains.

Manufacturing Process of Decorative Concrete

Decorative concrete takes the mechanical properties of standard concrete and

transforms it into an aesthetically innovative medium that can be customized to meet

any décor, pattern, color, style or any unique construction project.

The transformation of concrete into decorative concrete is achieved through the use of a

variety of materials that may be applied during the pouring process or after the concrete

is cured.

Installing decorative concrete is a matter of mixing, pouring and stamping.

Stamped Concrete is the process of adding texture, color and patterns to concrete to

make it look like stone, brick, slate, cobblestone and many other products.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamped_concrete

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Applications of Decorative Concrete

Nowadays, the designers and homeowner always use decorative concrete in

their designs and plans. Decorative concrete has become the logical choice for many

construction projects because it delivers great value. Decorative concrete offers real

benefits in terms of performance, cost savings, and aesthetics. Common application of

decorative concrete includes:

Driveway

Decorative concrete is one of the most reasonable ways to beautify up the

entrance to your home. For many homeowners, decorative concrete has become tough

to pick the best choice. With varieties choices of styles, texture and colors for a

decorative driveway, decorative concrete might be puzzled regarding what is the best

for their home. Decorative concrete provides the best ways for homeowners to create a

unique driveway.


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Figure 2.2: Decorative Concrete Driveway

Source: http://www.hellerconcreteinc.com/images/100_0670.jpg

Retaining wall

A decorative concrete retaining wall is built using several forms depending on the

design, the length and the height of the desired wall. Decorative concrete retaining wall

has the stability and dependability of solid concrete that will has long service life and low

maintenance fees. Decorative concrete can be customized to designer and

homeowner’s liking and design right on site.


http://www.hellerconcreteinc.com/images/100_0670.jpg

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Figure 2.3: Decorative Concrete Retaining Wall

Source: http://static.concretenetwork.com/photo-gallery/images/400x400Max/vertical-

stamping_12/stamped-retaining-wall-california-decorative-concrete_1772.jpg

Interior Floor

Decorative concrete floors have become the new flooring material choice for the

designer and homeowners. It was because decorative concrete floors allow the widest

range of creative and unique design over other type of flooring. Decorative concrete

provides unlimited colors, textures and patterns.


http://static.concretenetwork.com/photo-gallery/images/400x400Max/vertical-stamping_12/stamped-retaining-wall-california-decorative-concrete_1772.jpg

http://static.concretenetwork.com/photo-gallery/images/400x400Max/vertical-stamping_12/stamped-retaining-wall-california-decorative-concrete_1772.jpg

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Moreover, decorative concrete not only attractive but also very cost effective.

Decorative concrete is the popular choice for interior floor because it create an

attractive, good light reflectivity and easy to maintain long-lasting surface.

Figure 2.4 Decorative Concrete Interior Floor

Source: http://www.designercustomconcrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Interior-

commercial-decorative-concrete-flooring-stone-thin-stamped-concrete-flooring-

1024x819.jpg

Maintenance of Decorative Concrete

Cleaning and sealing stamped and colored concrete should be done on a

regular basis just like any other home maintenance. The frequently of the maintenance

will depend on the amount of traffic, foot traffic, water, whether and any chemicals the


http://www.designercustomconcrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Interior-commercial-decorative-concrete-flooring-stone-thin-stamped-concrete-flooring-1024x819.jpg



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concrete is exposed to. Here are some general guidelines for cleaning and maintaining

the decorative (stamped) concrete:

Clean dirt/ filth off stamped concrete surface with a garden hose or pressure water.

Scrub the surface with liquid dish soap.

Clean well with pressure washer or garden hose until there is no sign of

soapsuds.


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Do not apply sealer to a wet surface. Sealer can only be applied once the concrete

surface is completely dry.

Physical Properties of Decorative Concrete

Resin Type Acrylic

Pigment Type Varies with color, Mica


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Solvents Glycol ethers, water

Shelf life 2 years

Flash point <200°F (93°C)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Decorative Concrete


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Beautiful decorative elements Lack of durability compared to other

finished surface

There are variety of choices when it

comes to picking a decorative

concrete

The initial cost of the project is higher

than some conventional floor

coverings

There is wide assortment of custom

design available

Bulging and premature cracking is a

common problem with decorative

concrete

Ease of installation. It is far less

labor-intensive to install a stamped

concrete surface than one made of

pavers, for which each paver needs

to be hauled and set.

Cost more time. There may be

considered prepare work and clean

up necessary

Reduced maintenance and longer

service life

-

Improve light reflectively and reduce

the urban heat island effect

-

Green and sustainable product, due

to its durability

-

Introduction to Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)


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Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is becoming the value engineered pavement

of choice for many applications. Its name is taken from the method of construction used

to build it. It is positioned with conventional or high-density asphalt paving apparatus,

then compacted with rollers. Like conventional concrete, RCC has the same basic

ingredients such as cement, water, and aggregates. But it's a drier mix stiff enough to

be compacted by vibratory rollers. These characteristics make RCC simple, fast, and

economical.

Figure 2.5: Roller Compacted Concrete

Source: http://www.rapidintl.com/descriptions/rcc1.jpg


http://www.rapidintl.com/descriptions/rcc1.jpg

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History of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Between year 1961 and 1964, roller-compacted concrete started its early

development with the construction of the Alpa Gera Dam near Sondrio in North Italy.

During the 1970s, RCC had been touted as a revolutionary material suitable for dam

construction. In the early stage, RCC was used for backfill, sub-base and concrete

pavement construction, but increasingly it has been used to build concrete gravity

dams.

Composition of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Roller-compacted concrete is a mixture of cement or fly ash, water, sand,

aggregates and a few common additives, but contains much less water. Types of mixing

equipment for Roller-compacted concrete include continuous flow mixers, tilt-drum

mixers, transit mixers and twin-shaft mixer insert.


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Manufacturing Process of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Preparation of subgrade or sub-base

Test section

Mixing process

Transportation

Placing

Consider Weather Conditions (At least 4°C)

Compaction

Joints

Finishing

Curing

Traffic (Protected from vehicular traffic during curing process)

Maintenance


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Applications of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Logging Facilities, Composting Areas, and Storage Yards

Pavement strength and durability are needed for this application to sustain the

heavy loads. Surface appearance, texture, and smoothness are not significant. Coarser

aggregates can be used. Roller Compacted Concrete is placed by the road graders and

dozers in the most basic applications.

Ports, Intermodal Facilities, and Heavy Industrial Facilities

These facilities are ideal candidates for Roller-compacted concrete as their huge

and open areas with some obstructions that may delay the process of construction.

Light Industrial Areas

Light industrial areas provide huge uninterrupted areas that are excellent for

Roller-compacted concrete.

Arterial Streets

Traffic is always a major concern when paving arterial streets. The agencies

have decided to use a single lift of Roller-compacted concrete pavement for arterial

streets. RCC pavements can speed up the process of construction, reducing both

project and user costs.

Local Streets

After construction, to accommodate the nearby businesses, light traffic has been

placed on the Roller-compacted concrete pavement within 1 day. Furthermore, for new

residential developments, RCC provides a tough working platform.


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Multi-Layer Pavement Systems for High-Speed Uses

Roller-compacted concrete is used primarily for roadways that need to carry

traffic at highway speeds. RCC provides a good platform for construction and allows to

reduce the thickness of the final surface of the pavement. In results, multi-layer systems

can be used cost-effectively in highway, airport, and heavy industrial applications and

should provide long-term performance.


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Maintenance of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

RCC doesn’t require any maintenance.

Physical Properties of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Flexural Strength High flexural strength

(500 to 1000 psi) (3.5 MPa to 6.9 MPa)

Structural Capacity High compressive strength

(4,000 to 10,000 psi) (28 MPa to 69 MPa)

Density High density

Water Content Low water content,

Presence of steel reinforcing No steel reinforcing

Types of finishing No finishing

Appearance Hard, durable, light-colored surface


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)


Can be delivered in a dump truck

instead of a mixing truck, the concrete is

ready for use and it is more convenient.

More environmentally sensitive than

Asphalt.

It is waterproof and can be used

throughout the whole year, this ensure

that the construction project will not be

delayed by the weather conditions.

Lack of mix design standards that

address varied environmental

conditions.

Able to withstand damage from freezing

and unfreezing.

Longer road closure is required.

Able to withstand heavy or specialised

loads.

To ensure the finish quality, it needs

learning best practices through training

and experience.

High temperatures, and hydraulic fluids

or fuels will not cause roller compacted

concrete to deteriorate.

-

Very easy to use. -

Good for a sub base like parking lot or

lower speed street.

-


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Less costly. -

Requires minimum of maintenance -

Introduction to Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), also known as Self-Consolidating Concrete

initially a concept originated from Prof. Okumara at the University of Tokyo. During the

1980’s, Japan is facing a major dilemma where the number of skilled construction

workers is declining day by day and this caused a negative impact to the quality of the

construction work. SCS can be the ultimate solution to this problem as it can be

compacted into every single corner of a formwork without vibration by means of its own

weight.


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Figure 2.6: Self Compacting Concrete

Source:

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v1aN_4xVQxk/TzCrjiKDbUI/AAAAAAAAElE/fpUWmdJ0LWo/

s1600/self+compacting+concrete.JPG

History of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was a concept proposed by a Japanese

professor, Prof. Okumara in the year 1986 but it first introduced into the French

construction industry in the end of the 1990’s. In the 1980’s, Japan’s construction

suffered a shortage in skilled workers. Sufficient compaction by skilled workers was

required to produce conventional concrete with high durability. SCC, a concrete that can

be compacted into every corners of the formwork purely by its own weight, was the

solution to the skilled workers shortage issue.

Manufacturing Process of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Determine required performance of SCC

Identify materials and equipment required to produce the correct SCC mix proportion

Design and adjust the SCC mix proportion


http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v1aN_4xVQxk/TzCrjiKDbUI/AAAAAAAAElE/fpUWmdJ0LWo/s1600/self+compacting+concrete.JPG

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Verification and adjustments on the performance of SCC mix are carried out in a

laboratory

Final verification of SCC mix is verified in a concrete plant or on site.

Applications of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

The area of application of Self-compacting concrete is very wide. It is divided

into horizontal application which are structures like floors, raft foundation as well as

paving, and vertical application which are structures like columns, wall panel and bridge

piers.

Horizontal Application

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is used in horizontal structures such as

floors, raft foundation and paving due to SCC’s self-leveling characteristic. The leveling

and finishing quality is crucial when SCC is at its fresh state. Therefore, thickening

agents such as starches and Welan gum are added with super-plasticlizers in order to

achieve the ultimate stability of the concrete. The strength of SCC is 40MPa when it is

in its hardened state.

Vertical Application

Vertical structures such as columns and wall panel are load bearing

structures. Therefore, concrete with high level strength has to be used to produce these

vertical load bearing structures. In order to reach the ideal strength target, the

water/cement ratio and mass of SCC has to be optimized. In the process of optimizing


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the water/cement ratio and mass of SCC, reactive mineral additives and super-

plasticlizers are added in order to reduce the water requirement.

Maintenance of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

SCC does not require any maintenance.

Physical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Filling Ability Flow into forms and reinforced concrete

without any voids

Passing Ability Able to pass through various obstacles and fill

in open spaces in formwork.

Stability Dynamic stability throughout transportation,

mixing and curing.

Presence of Reinforced Steel Yes


P a g e | 44

Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)


Decreases the required manpower which

is an advantages for developed countries

where the cost to hire skilled construction

workers is relatively high compared to

developing countries.

Requires high level of technology to

produce ready-mix concrete which is

requires a high cost and unaffordable for

developing countries.

More durable compared to conventional

concrete.

Hard to control the quality of SCC as it is

impossible to transfer entire volume of

SCC mix to the laboratory to carry out

quality-control tests.

Reduces the cost for equipment as a

vibrator is not needed to compact SCC.

Different types of super-placticlizers and

raw materials are needed to produce SCC

which is fairly expensive for developing

countries.


P a g e | 45

Has high level of strength which improve

the earthquake resistance.

-

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BM Assignment 1A

Business

Transcript of BM Assignment 1A