BIOCHIP

• • • •

• BY • B.GOWTHAM PATNAIK•

OVERVIEWINTRODUCTIONHISTORYDEFINITIONSTRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKINGBIOCHIP IMPLANTAPPLICATIONADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGECONCLUSIONFUTURE

INTRODUCTION

Collection of miniaturized test sites(micro arrays)

arranged on a solid substrate.

permits many test to be performes at the same time.

surface area is no longer than a fingurenail.

perform thousands of biological reactions in a few

seconds.

used to analyze organic molecules associated with

living organisms.

HISTORY

•Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.

•Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.

•Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are

either in development or being commercialized.

•Invented in 4G generation & the development is

stillcontinued.

YEAR SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION

1980Fredsanger&Walter Gilbert

DNA sequencing approach

1983 Kary MullisPCR which amplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities

1986 Leroy Hood

Flourescence based DNA sequency facilitating automation of reading DNA sequence

DEFINITION

• Collection of micro array

arranged on a substrate.

• Can perform millions of

operations

• Can also performs

thousands of biological

operations.

• Increase speed of

identification of genes.

COMPONENTS

Biochip implant system of two components:

1. Transponder

2. Reader or Scanner

TRANSPONDER

• It is the actual biochip implant.

• There are two types of transponders-active & passive.

• Using a passive transponder.

• Biochip and reader via low frequency radio waves.

Transponder consists of four parts:

1. Computer microchip

2. Antenna coil

3. Tuning capacitor

4. Glass Capsule

Fig:Biochip Components

• Computer Microchip: Microchip stores a unique

identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.

• Antenna Coil: this tiny primitve,radio

antenna"receives & sends" signal from reader or

scanner.

• Tuning Capacitor: this capacitor is charged by the

small signal sent by the reader.

• Glass Capsule: "Houses" the microchip,antenna

coil,capacitor.it is made of biocompatible material

such as soda lime glass.

Reader or Scanner:

• Consists of an "exciter"coil which creates

electromagnetic signal.

• Provides energy to "activate" the implemented

biochip.

• Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.

• Contain the software and components to decode the

receive code & display the result in LCD display.

• All do in milliseconds.

WORKING

• Reader transmits a Low-power radio signal and

activate the implanted biochip.

• ID number is transmitted by the transponder and

received by the reader.

• Reader display the ID number on the reader's LCD

display.

BIOCHIP IMPLANT

• Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin.

• Injection is safe and simple.

• Anesthesia is not required.

• Usually injected behind the Neck.

Fig:Perspective of actual size

BIOCHIPS CURRENTLY UNDER DEVOLPMENT

• Chips that follows footsteps

• Glucose level Detectors

• Oxy sensors

• Brain surgery with an ON-OFF switch

• Experiments with lost sight.

GLUCOSE DETECTOR

• Chip can be integrated

with Glucose detector.

• Chip allows to easily

moniter Diabetes.

OXYGEN SENSOR

• The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor .

• The oxygen sensor will be useful to monitor breathing rate.

• The oxygen sensor chips sends light pulses out into the body.

• The light absorbed to varying extent, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood,and the chip detect the light

APPLICATION

With a biochip,tracing of a person/animal anywhere in

the world.

A biochip can store and update FINANCIAL, medical

and demographic data, basically everything about a

person.

Biochip leads to a secured E-commerce system.

Biochip really have potential in replacing passport,

ATM, medical records etc.

ADVANTAGES

Small in size.

Faster & powerful.

Perform thousand of biological reactions in a few

seconds.

Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.

Ability to detect multiple viral agent in parallel.

Ease of use.

DISADVANTAGES

• They raise critical issue of personal privacy.

• They can be emplanted into ones body with out their knowledge.

SCOPE

A chip implanted some where in human body might serve as a combination of

1. Credit card

2. Driving license

3. Passport

4. Personal identification etc.

No longer would it be needed to worry about losing all above thing.

Can also widely established in veterinary field.

CONCLUSION

BIOCHIPS are:

Fast

Accurate

Miniaturized

Advantages upon conventional Analyzer

Expected to become economically advantageous

attributes that make them analogous to computer

chip.