Biochip - Life on a Chip

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Transcript of Biochip - Life on a Chip

LIFE ON A CHIP

Abstract of the Presentation

What are Biochips? The Biochip Technology The Biochip Implant System Working of a Biochip Merits and Demerits Applications

Introduction-

Biochips are microprocessor chips-an outcome of the fields of Computer Science, Electronics & Biology.

They were first developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.

The major biochip manufacturing companies are A.V.I.D. (American Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems and Destron-Fearing Corporation.

It is a bio-security device that accurately tracks information regarding what a person is doing and who actually is doing it.

A single electronic card can replace everything in your wallet including, your cash, your credit cards, your ATM card, your ID cards, your insurance, medical records.

The Biochip Technology-

Biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification purposes.

The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate between the biochip and reader.

The Biochip Implant System-

The biochip implant system consists of 2 major components-1) The transponder2) The reader

The Transponder-

The transponder is the actual biochip implant.

It is passive -contains no battery or energy of its own.

Being Passive, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance.

It is inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge.

The transponder consists of 4 parts-

Transponder

Antenna Coil Tuning Capacitor

Glass CapsuleComputer Microchip

Computer Microchip-

It stores a unique identification number of 10-15 digits.

The storage capacity of the current microchips is capable of storing only a single ID number.

The unique ID number is permanently "etched" or encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly.

It contains electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the "reader".

Antenna Coil-

It is a tiny, primitive, radio antenna that "receives and sends" signals from the reader or scanner.

Tuning Capacitor-

It stores a small electrical charge sent by the reader or scanner.

Charge activates the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the computer chip.

It is tuned to same frequency as reader.

Glass Capsule-

It is a small capsule - 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice that "houses" the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor.

Made of biocompatible material (i.e. soda lime glass) and is hermetically (air-tight) sealed.

Polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule to provide a compatible surface with which the bodily tissue fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip.

The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe

Biochip and Syringe

The perspective of the actual size-

The Reader-

It consists of :

• An "exciter" coil which creates an EM field that, via radio signals and provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to "excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip.

• A receiving coil that receives the ID number sent back from the "activated" implanted biochip.

This whole process takes place very fast (in milliseconds).

The reader also contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD display.

Working of a Biochip-

1. The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, via radio signals, which "activates" the implanted biochip.

2. This "activation" enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals.

3. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display.

4. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate.

5. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal.

Merits-

The ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel

Viral typing (AIV, FMDV, Rabies)

Drive policy for diagnostics and disease control

Epidemiological tracing

Interagency collaboration

Demerits-

These methods have problems that a DNA chip cannot be fabricated at high density

Mass production is limited. Thus, these methods are applicable to fabrication of a DNA chip for study.

Applications-

1) Genomics

2) Proteomics

3) Biodiagnostics and (Nano) Biosensors

4) Protein Chips for Diagnosis and Analysis of Diseases

5) Cellomics

6) Biochips can detect cancers before symptoms develop

Biochips under development-

Chips that follow footsteps

Glucose level detectors

Oxy sensors

Brain surgery with an on-off switch

Adding sound to life

Experiments with lost sight

Conclusion

THANKYOU

PREPARED By-

ManishaAbdullah

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