A Global Perspecve of the HighFive: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Len ,

Auricularia, & Flammulina

Daniel J. RoyseThe Pennsylvania State University

World Mushroom Industry$51 Billion (USD)

Wild10%

Medicinal31% Edible

59%

Chang 1996 & 2013, Li 2012

Culvated edible $30 Bmushrooms

Wild mushrooms $5 BMedicinal

$16 Bmushrooms

Chang 2006, 2013

World Populaon vs. MushroomProducon

Billi

on

30kg

25

20

15

10

5

0

1978 1983 1986 1990 1994 1997 2002 2008 2012

World populaon

Mushroom producon

Mushroom Producon in SelectedCountries (2010)

China

Japan

USA

Netherlands

India

Poland

Spain

Others EU

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000Producn (x 1,000 t)

Yamanaka 2011, Li 2012, FAOSTAT 2013

Culvated Edible Mushrooms

Volvariella Others5% 10%

Flammulina5%

Auricularia6%

Len17%

Pleurotus27%

Agaricus30%

Chang 2006, ISMS 2007, Li 2012

Mushroom Producon in Chinaby Genus (2010, CEFA)

Pleurotus

Auricularia

Len

Agaricus

Flammulina

Coprinus

Agrocybe

Volvariella

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000Producn (x 1,000 t)

Li 2012

Mushroom Producon In ChinaChinese Edible Fungi Associaon vs. FAOSTAT

Mill

ion

t

2522.5%

20

15

10 31.8% CEFA

FAO

5

02002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year

Agaricus

•  30% of worldproduc

•  Primarily A. bisporus(some A. brasilensis)

•  White (90%)

•  Brown (10%)–  Crimini–  Portabella

Agaricus Producon in SelectedCountries (2010)

China

USA

Canada

Mexico

India

Netherlands

Poland

Spain

Others EU

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Producn (x 1,000 t)

Li 2012, FAOSTAT 2013

Agaricus producon - China•  Began in 1925 –

introduced from Europe•  1966, Fujian province -

large scale producon•  1996, 75% of

producon in China•  A1996, producon

began to spread northto Shandong, Henanand Xinjiang

Agaricus spawn - China

•  Spawn industry yet tofully develop–  Few suppliers–  Many farmers

produce own spawn•  Demand for commercial

spawn increasing•  100 million kg/year

•  $200-$300 million/year

h// www.sylvaninc.com/produconProcess.html

Agaricus - United States

Producn

Pleurotus spp.1%

White81%

Agaricus98% Brown

17%

Len1%

Brown value = 22%Specialty value = 6%

USDA 2014

Agaricus - United States

•  Value $1.05 billion(2013)

•  2nd largest producerin world – 400,820 T–  0% increase from 2011

•  Agaricus – New Dutchstyle farms

Agaricus - United States

•  65% in Pennsylvania

•  12% California•  3% organic sales•  87% sold fresh•  13% processed•  19% of growers

cerfied organic

Source: Phillips Mushroom Farms

Agaricus - United States

•  Number growersdecreasing–  -57% in 22 y

•  31 growers produced77% of total (> 4.50million kg each)

•  Price per kg–  2004 = $2.51–  2013 = $2.77

Num

ber g

row

ers

250

200

150

100

50

01991 1996 2001 2006 2013

Year

Agaricus - Netherlands

•  95% Agaricus bisporus

•  World’s 3rd

largest producer (260 M kg)•  140 M kg into canned and frozen mushrooms

–  Germany, France, Greece•  Most fresh exported to UK, Germany, France•  Three main compost producers•  Mostly fully colonized (phase III compost)

Agaricus - Netherlands

•  Three companies supplycasing soil

•  Number of growersdecreasing

•  75% of growers handharvest; 25% mechanical

•  Overall industry is highlymechanized

Num

ber g

row

ers

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

01990 2001 2011

Year

Agaricus - Poland, Ukraine and Russia

•  Producon connues tomove eastward

•  Poland now equalsoutput of Netherlands

•  80% Poland’s produconfor fresh market

•  Poland exports to Russiaand Ukraine

•  90% of Russian marketsupplied by Poland

Agaricus - Poland, Ukraine and Russia

•  Ukraine well posionedto increase share ofRussian market

•  Ukraine wages lower(1/2) than Poland

•  Raw materials lessexpensive in Ukraine

•  Ukraine mushroomslikely to replace Polishmushrooms to Russia

Agaricus - Biotechnology

•  50 years of genecresearch

•  First hybrids – 1980s

•  Breeding difficult•  Brown mushrooms

increasingly popular•  Brown hybrid

developed at Amycel•  20% increase in yield

Agaricus - Speed Spawn

•  Alternave to grainspawn

•  Less suscepble togreen mold disease–  Lile starch,

more protein•  Greater parcles per

unit weight–  Faster colonizaon

of compost

Pleurotus Producon in SelectedCountries and Regions

199787%

875,000 t

86%

2010 6.2 million t+618%

China Japan Rest of Asia N. America

C & S America EU Rest of E Africa

China – Pleurotus spp.

•  Primarily from 2 species:–  P. ostreatus, P. cornucopiae

•  Administrave agenciesguide farmers:–  Regions, and resources

•  Northeast of China (coolclimate & sawdust avail):–  P. ostreatus, P. eryngii,

P. nebrodensis

Japan – Pleurotus spp.

•  Pleurotus eryngii fastestgrowth since 2000 +453%

•  8.1% of total producon

•  Considered “best taste”•  Hokuto & Yukiguni – 65%

of produc

1,00

0 t

P. eryngii40

35

30

25

20

15

10

50

2000 2003 2006 2009Year

Growth in World Shiitake ProduconM

illio

n t

54.5

43.5

32.5 Others

2 Japan

1.5 China1

0.50

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012Year

Shiitake - China•  4 million tons

•  90% of total worldproduc

•  Ene communislied from poverty

•  Excellent quality

•  Logs exported to USA•  Harvest one flush –

discard (550 g)

Shiitake - JapanGrifola

Hypsizygus 9%24% Others

15%

Len22%

Flammulina30%

461,107 T

Fresh16%

Dried6%

101,000 T

Yamanaka 2009

Growth in World Auricularia spp.Producon (1986-2010)

Mill

ion

t4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

01986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2010

Year

Auricularia sp. – China

•  Major producer–  3.6 million tons

•  Earliest culvatedmushroom

•  Two species–  A. auricula, A. polytricha

•  Domescaon of wild typestrains selected forseason, locaon

Auricularia sp. - China

Auricularia sp. - China

Growth in World Producon ofFlammulina velu (1980-2010)

Mill

ion

t

2.5

2

1.5Others

1 Japan

0.5China

01980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Flammulina - Japan

•  50% increase 1990- 2009

•  On sawdust or corncobs•  Boes

1,00

0 t

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2000 2009

Year

Flammulina - China

•  1995 to 2010

•  +1,208%•  Many new farms in last 5 y

–  Bole technology•  One farm produces 60 t/d

–  Equivalent to 6% ofJapan total producon

–  80% for domesse

–  20% export–  Southeast Asia and Europe

Outlook

•  Mushroom consumpon/produconincreasing worldwide – industry connue toexpand

•  Increasing trend toward mechanizaon andbulk handling of materials

•  Consumers look to mushrooms to help sasfytheir need for a healthy diet – while enjoyingthe culinary characteriscs