Climbing and the daily energy cost of locomotion in wild ...
A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to...
![Page 1: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion.
Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity
![Page 3: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Swimming.
– Since water is buoyant gravity is less of a problem when swimming than for other modes of locomotion.• However, since water is dense, friction is more
of a problem.– Fast swimmers have fusiform bodies.
S p h e r e
D i s k
t e a r d r o p
L a m i n a r f l o w a n d t u r b u l e n c e
![Page 4: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• For locomotion on land powerful muscles and skeletal support are more important than a streamlined shape.– hopping – walking – running– crawling
![Page 5: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Gravity poses a major problem when flying.– The key to flight is the aerodynamic structure of
wings.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 34.26
![Page 6: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Hydrostatic skeleton: consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.– Earthworm– Cniderian– Squid
Skeletons support and protect the animal body and are essential to
movement
![Page 7: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Exoskeletons
• Endoskeletons
• Exo & Endoskeletons
![Page 8: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Human Skeleton Joint Movement
![Page 9: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Muscles come in antagonistic pairs.
Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting
![Page 10: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle.– The sarcomere is the
functional unit of muscle contraction.
– Thin filaments consist of two strands of actin and one tropomyosin coiled about each other.
– Thick filaments consist of myosin molecules.
![Page 11: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction.
Interactions between myosin and actin generate force during muscle
contractions
![Page 12: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• At rest tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding sites on actin.
• When calcium binds to the troponin complex a conformational change results in the movement of the tropomyosin-tropinin complex and exposure of actin’s myosin binding sites.
Calcium ions and regulatory proteins control muscle contraction
![Page 13: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• But, wherefore the calcium ions?– Follow the
action potential.– When an action
potential meets the muscle cell’s sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stored Ca2+ is released.
![Page 14: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Review of skeletal muscle contraction.
![Page 15: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• An individual muscle cell either contracts completely or not all.
• Individual muscles, composed of many individual muscle fibers, can contract to varying degrees.
Diverse body movements require variation in muscle activity
![Page 16: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Contraction Response
![Page 17: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
– Graded muscle contraction can also be controlled by regulating the number of motor units involved in the contraction.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 49.38
![Page 18: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Slow-Twitch Versus Fast-Twitch
Muscle Fibers
![Page 19: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ATP is Generated by:1. creatine phosphate
ADP + creatine phosphatecreatine + ATP
2. lactic acid fermentationFrom stored glycogen via anaerobic glycolysis; glucosepyruvic acid (no O2) lactic acid
O2
3. aerobic respirationKrebsCO2 + H2O + ATP
Energy for muscle contraction:Energy for muscle contraction:ATP is the only energy source ATP(ATPase + H2O) ADP + Pi
![Page 20: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fast glycolitic: white muscle fibers, low myoglobin, anaerobic glycolysis, few mitochondria, fast twitch fibers, high glycogen stores, short bursts, fatigues easily
Slow oxidative: red muscle, aerobic, high myoglobin, low glycogen stores, lots mitochondria, slow, tonic, long distance
Fast oxidative: red pink, aerobic, fast, high myoglobin, intermediate amt. of mitochondria, intermediate glycogen, intermediate fatigue resistance
Ratio- red:white (all 3 types in body)
Ex. fish- long distance blue fin tuna- mostly red meatquick bursts- yellow tail- more white meat
![Page 21: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sprinter- anaerobic respiration
Long distance Runner- aerobic respiration
![Page 22: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Other Types of Muscle.
– Smooth muscle:• No striations• Found lining the walls of hollow organs.• Autonomic Nervous System• Slow contractions
– Cardiac muscle:.• Intercalated discs facilitate the coordinated
contraction of cardiac muscle cells.• Striations• Autonomic Nervous System
![Page 23: A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d395503460f94a12d48/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)