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Module 1

Fundamentals for

Using MicrosoftWindows PowerShell v2

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Module Overview

Install and customize Windows PowerShell v2

Explain where Windows PowerShell v2 fits into the MicrosoftWindows Management Framework

Create and use PSDrives to manipulate files, folders, andother storage systems

Locate, display, and interpret the built-in help for a cmdlet Extend the shell by using PSSnapins and modules

Locate the cmdlet or cmdlets that canperform a specific task

Use cmdlets within the shell pipeline

Display the properties, methods, andother members of an element

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Lesson 1: Windows PowerShell TechnologyBackground and Overview

Describe how Windows PowerShell can act as both acommand-line shell and a back-end engine for running

administrative commands

List the system requirements for Windows PowerShell v2

Install and customize Windows PowerShell v2

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The Purpose of Windows PowerShell

Windows PowerShell is not a scripting language

At least, it is not onlya scripting language

PowerShell is an engine designed to execute commands thatperform administrative tasks, for example

Creating user accounts

Configuring services

Deleting mailboxes

PowerShell provides a foundation upon which MicrosoftsGUI-based administrative tools can rest

Actions can be accomplished in its command-line console

Actions can also be invoked within GUIs by executing PowerShellcommands in the background

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Installing Windows PowerShell v2

Windows PowerShell is pre-installed by default in WindowsServer 2008 R2 and Windows 7

Windows PowerShell is a Web download for Windows XP,Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, and Windows Server2008

Windows PowerShell requires the Microsoft .NET Framework

2.0 with Service Pack 1

The Windows PowerShell ISE requires the Microsoft .NETFramework 3.5 with Service Pack 1

Windows PowerShell exposes newer functionality in newer

versions of Windows Older versions of Windows will have a slightly reduced feature set,

because those versions do not contain the underlying functionalitythat a feature requires

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What Else Will You Need?

PowerShell is designed to be extended through snap-ins andmodules

Snap-ins and modules can be provided by Microsoft, or otherthird-party organizations

You can write your own snap-ins and modules

Snap-ins and modules tend to relate to particular products, roles,

features, or technologies

Snap-ins and modules may have system requirements beyondPowerShells own requirements

Snap-ins and modules will tend to have their own documentationand help

Think about modules and snap-ins as similar to the MMCssnap-ins

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Where Is Windows PowerShell Used?

Windows PowerShell is used within a number of Microsoftand third-party products, including:

Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 and later

Microsoft System Center Data Protection Manager

Microsoft System Center Operations Manager

Microsoft System Center Virtual Machine Manager

Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and later

Get-Mailbox | Sort Size | Select first 100 | Move-Mailbox Server2

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Demonstration: Installing the ISE inWindows Server 2008 R2

Learn how to install the Windows PowerShell ISE onWindows Server 2008 R2

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Discussion: Benefits of Having the Shell Everywhere

Will your organization consider a wide deployment ofPowerShell?

What questions or concerns might you have?

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Demonstration: Customizing the Shell

Learn how to customize the appearance of the consolewindow and the PowerShell ISE

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Lesson 2: Windows PowerShell As an InteractiveCommand-Line Shell

Explain the purpose and use of PSDrives

Navigate the Windows file system and other PSDrives byusing cmdlets

Explain the relationship between cmdlets, aliases, andparameters

Locate and interpret built-in help for a cmdlet, includingdetailed help and usage examples

Extend the shell by using a PSSnapin or module

Customize the output of a simple cmdlet

Locate the correct cmdlet given a specific administrativetask

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Discussion: What Shell Commands Do You Know?

What command would you use to perform each of thefollowing tasks:

Change directories

List the files and subdirectories in a directory

Copy a file

Display the contents of a text file

Delete a file

Move a file

Rename a file

Create a new directory

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Navigating the File System

PowerShell recognizes many command names you alreadyknow

Most common file-and-folder management commands from bothcmd.exe and common Unix shells are available

The parameters of the commands are often different

For example, the following command will generate an error:

External commands, such as ipconfig.exe, pathping.exe, and

so on, continue to run exactly as they always have The distinction is that external commands are external

executables, whereas commands such as dir are internal (orintrinsic) commands

dir /s

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Demonstration: Navigating the File System

Review how to navigate and manipulate the file systemwithin the shell

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Hierarchical Storage

The Windows file system is a hierarchical storage system

It consists of containers (folders, directories), which can containleaf elements (files) as well as other containers

The file system is not the only hierarchical storage system inWindows. Also organized in a hierarchy are:

The registry

The certificate store

Active Directory

One of PowerShells key design strategies is to adopt a set oftechniques or processes, and then use them for similar tasks

The commands to navigate the registry are the same as thoseused to navigate the file system

The commands to navigate Active Directory are the same asthose used to navigate the file system

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Demonstration: Navigating Other Forms of Storage

Learn how to navigate other forms of storage usingcommon hierarchical storage commands

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One Set of Commands for Many Forms of Storage

The ability to use a single set of commands to navigate manyforms of storage is made possible by a PowerShell feature

called a PSDrive provider

The PSDrive provider is an adapter that connects to a storagesystem and presents it to PowerShell

This enables common commands, such as cd and dir, to be used

against different kinds of storage Commands are passed to the provider of the drive you are

accessing, and the provider does whatever is necessary toimplement the command

Several providers ship with PowerShell by default:

The file system IIS

The registry SQL Server

The environment variables Active Directory

The certificate store

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Managing PSDrives

The Get-PSDrive cmdlet

Lists all currently-available drives. By default, this includes aFileSystem drive for each logical disk in your computer.

The New-PSDrive cmdlet

Creates a new drive. You must provide the drive name (whichdoes not include the final colon), the name of the provider to

use, and a starting location or path.

The type of location or path you provide will depend upon theprovider you are using for that drive.

The Remove-PSDrive cmdlet

Removes an existing drive. You can even remove the defaultdrives like HKCU: or ENV:, although these will be re-createdwhen you open a new shell window or tab.

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Demonstration: Managing PSDrives

Learn how to manage PSDrives within the shell

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Aliases, Not Commands

Most of the common commands youve seen in the shell areactually PowerShell aliases

Aliases are shorter nicknames for a command

Dir is an alias to the Get-ChildItem command

Cmdlets are built-in commands, which are distinct fromexternal commands such as ipconfig.exe in several ways:

Cmdlets use a consistent verb-singularNoun naming convention.

Cmdlet verbs are taken from a strictly controlled list of verbs.

Cmdlets are written in a .NET Framework language such asVisual Basic or C#, as they are physically packaged in .NET

Framework assemblies with a .DLL extension.

In reality, the shell does not contain any built-in cmdlets. Itloads several snap-ins automatically when you open a new shellwindow or tab.

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Managing Aliases

You are not limited to using the shells pre-defined aliases.

You can create your own aliases You can import and export aliases to share them with colleagues

and coworkers

Get-Alias displays a list of all defined aliases. You could alsorun Dir Alias: to see a directory listing of the ALIAS: drive.

New-Alias creates a new alias. You must provide the aliasname as well as the name of the command for which it willbe a nickname.

Del or Rm can be used to delete aliases from the ALIAS:

drive.

Import-Alias and Export-Alias enables you to import andexport alias lists from and to a file.

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Asking for Help

PowerShell at its core is defined for discoverability

It includes a built-in help system, aliased to Help

The PowerShell help system uses several parameters to reveal

more information about commands

-detailed displays more detailed help

-exampleswill display usage examples

-full displays everything, including detailed help, per-parameter

help, and usage examples

-online opens a Web browser and displays the cmdlet help fromthe Microsoft Web site. This Web site can contain updated orexpanded information that has not yet been released in a productupdate or service pack.

Help commandName

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Demonstration: Asking for Help

Learn how to use the Windows PowerShell help system

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Consistency Is Discoverability

Another of PowerShells discoverability features is in itsconsistent cmdlet names

Their verb-singular Noun construction enables you to often guessthe proper command for accomplishing a task

The Get-Command cmdlet

Makes it easier to locate a cmdlet with a partial cmdlet name, or

a guess

Get-Command accepts wildcards, so you can run Get-Command*proc* to discover cmdlets that have proc as part of theirname

Get-Command has a verb parameter, so you can run Get-

Command verb get to see all Get cmdlets

Get-Command has a noun parameter, so you can run Get-Command noun *event* to see all cmdlets that have event aspart of their noun

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Demonstration: Discovering Commands

Learn how to discover cmdlet names using a variety ofshell discoverability techniques

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Reading Help and Using Parameters

PowerShell cmdlets typically support one or moreparameters

The help file for each cmdlet includes a syntax summary for itsassociated parameters

Some parameters, called switches, dont require a value

Other parameters require a value, with the help file telling youwhat kind of value the parameter expects

Even other parameters have required values, which must be

provided in order for the cmdlet to function

Finally, some parameters are optional

-Recurse

-Exclude

[-Name]

[-Include ]

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Extending the Shell

The default cmdlets of the shell are not the only onesavailable

Microsoft and third-party software developers create additionalcmdlets and PSDrive providers

Additional cmdlets are made available through snap-insand modules

Get-PSSnapin

Add-PSSnapin

Remove-PSSnapin

Import-Module

Remove-Module

Get-Module

Get-PSSnapin registeredGet-Module list

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Demonstration: Extending the Shell

Learn how to extend Windows PowerShell

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Mini-Shells

Software developers can create mini-shells

A mini-shell is essentially a subset of the normal features ofPowerShell

In a mini-shell, a developer may add new cmdlets, block accessto cmdlets, or block access to certain parameters of cmdlets

The purpose of mini-shells is to provide a constrained

environment that helps ensure technical consistency They help ensure that product-specific extensions dont conflict

with other extensions that are already loaded

SQL Server 2008 ships with a mini-shell You cannot load other extensions within its mini-shell

You can load a normal PowerShell window and manually load theSQL Server 2008 extensions

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Progress Check

You have at this point learned most of the major skills youneed to use PowerShell effectively!

You know how to:

Add shell extensions

Get a list of available cmdlets

Locate, display, and work with help

Run cmdlets and see their output

Everything going forward will build upon these simple

foundation skills

Using these skills, you can teach yourself to use any newPowerShell feature or extension

The rest of this course will focus on teaching different cmdletsand the specialized skills for using them effectively

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Cmdlet Output

PowerShell includes a series of built-in defaults that definehow cmdlet output is displayed

Three main cmdlets are useful in customizing cmdletoutput:

Format-Table, which uses the alias Ft

Format-List, which uses the alias Fl

Format-Wide, which uses the alias Fw

Get-Service | Format-ListGet-Process | Fw

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Piping

The act of directing the output from one cmdlet to theinput of another is called piping

You have seen piping before:

Piping is used extensively in PowerShell It is not uncommon to string together a sequence of a half-

dozen cmdlets, all connected with pipes

Data flows from one cmdlet to another, gradually refining andmanipulating that data into what is needed at the time

PowerShell cmdlets are designed to work this way

In fact, Piping is so powerful and important that the entirenext lesson is dedicated to its topic

dir | more

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Demonstration: Customizing Cmdlet Output

Learn how to change the format of cmdlet output

Lab A: Using Windows PowerShell As an

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Lab A: Using Windows PowerShell As anInteractive Command-Line Shell

Exercise 1: Searching for Text Files

Exercise 2: Browsing the Registry

Exercise 3: Discovering Additional Commands and ViewHelp

Exercise 4: Adding Additional Commands to Your Session

Exercise 5: Learning How to Format Output

Estimated time: 50 minutes

Logon information

Virtual machine LON-DC1

Logon user name Contoso\Administrator

Password Pa$$w0rd

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Lab Scenario

You work as a systems administrator.

You have installed Windows Server 2008 R2 and need tolearn how to automate some tasks. You heard thatPowerShell was great for this sort of thing and need tostart learning how to use it.

You have used command-line utilities in the past and want

to get started working with PowerShell as quickly aspossible.

Youre also looking for tips on how you can discover thingsin PowerShell on your own.

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Lab Review

Review Questions

What is the name of the cmdlet with the alias dir?

How many Registry PSDrives are available in PowerShellby default?

How many commands are there with the noun Service?

What command is used to load modules into your currentsession?

How do you format PowerShell output in a list format?

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Lesson 3: Using the Windows PowerShell Pipeline

Explain how the Windows PowerShell pipeline works

Explain the purpose of attributes and actions

View the attributes and actions of a given element

Use the pipeline to pass elements from one cmdlet toanother

Explain how Windows PowerShell takes cmdlets elementoutput and creates a textual display

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The Pipeline

All Shell commands execute in something called a pipeline

You can imaging this to be a literal pipe through whichinformation can flow

Each cmdlet is a pumping station, and the pipeline connectseach pumping station to the next

Each station can take information out of the pipeline, or put

information into the pipeline Cmdlets execute in order from left to right, with the pipe

character (|) providing the delimiter between cmdlets

Get-Process Format-List

Import-CSV New-ADUserEnable-

ADAccount

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The Problem with Text

PowerShell is not the first shell to use a pipeline

Cmd.exe and Unix shells have used pipelines in the past The other shells, however, piped text from one command to

another

Piping text requires that text to be correctly formed as it passesfrom command to command

The following command wont work in cmd.exe:

Other shells required complex text manipulation (a la grep,sed, awk) to prepare one commands output text for pipinginto another commands input parameters

This is not efficient

plist | kill

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Cmdlets Do Not Produce Text

PowerShell discards text output in favor of object output

A PowerShell cmdlet always produces objects, not text

Objects are self-contained, functioning pieces of the OS, aserver technology, or feature

A process is an object

A service is an object A file or folder is an object

A user account, or group, or OU, or domain is an object.

Objects have properties, which describe attributes of the

objectPid Name Image--- ------------------------- -------------092 Notepad notepad.exe098 Windows Paint mspaint.exe112 Calculator calc.exe164 Windows PowerShell powershell.exe

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Terminology

Windows uses terminology that sometimes seems related tosoftware development

Keep in mind that these are just words

Using them does not imply that you need to become aprogrammer in order to use PowerShell

For example:

You have seen the word elementto refer to things that a cmdletplaces in the pipeline

The more formal word for elements is objects

These objects have attributes

The formal term for attributes isproperties

Dont let PowerShells terminology turn you off!

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Properties, or Attributes

Objects typically have one or more properties

These properties describe attributes of the object Some shells might represent these attributes in a list or table

However, as youve already learned, having to manipulatethis text is overly time-consuming

The data structure of an object, however, makes it easy toaccess properties of an object

Pid Name Image--- ------------------------- -------------092 Notepad notepad.exe

098 Windows Paint mspaint.exe112 Calculator calc.exe164 Windows PowerShell powershell.exe

This course will sometimes use the word properties, andother times use the word attributes

The actual words arent important

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Discussion: Object Attributes

What are some of the attributes of a Windows service?

What are some of the attributes of an Active Directoryuser account?

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Object Properties

PowerShell cmdlets produce objects

PowerShell cmdlets also accept objects as input Specific parameters of cmdlets can be designed to look forspecific properties on incoming objects

For example, the Get-Service cmdlet contains a parametercalled computerName

Data for parameter could also be fed from anothercmdlets output, without need for text manipulation

Get-Service computerName SEA-SRV2

Get-Computer

Inventory

Get-Service

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Finding Properties

The Get-Member cmdlet

Will show you the members of an object which has beenpassed into it

Shows the type name, the formal and unique name by whichan object is known

Is a cmdlet you will find yourself using often, to determine the

contents and characteristics of objects

Get-EventLog Security newest 10 | Get-MemberGet-Process | Format-List *

Get-Service | Get-Member | Out-GridView

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Demonstration: Working with Properties

Learn how to find and use object properties in the shell

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Common Parameters

Every cmdlet includes along withits other parameters

These are a short list of parameters that the shellautomatically adds to every object

To view common parameters, use the command:

Two useful common parameters are:

-confirm prompts you to confirm the operation on each objectthat is processed

-whatif does not actually perform the operation, but insteadcreates a list of what operations would have been performed

help about_commonParameters

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Redirecting Output

The shell provides several Out- cmdlets, which are used toredirect command output to a different location

Out-Gridview

Out-Printer

Out-File

Out-Host

Out-Null

Refer to these cmdlets help files for parameters that

further specify output characteristics

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Demonstration: Redirecting Output

Learn how to use output redirection

h f l

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The Power of a Pipeline

PowerShell passes objects in the pipeline until the veryend of the pipeline

At the end of the pipeline, whatever objects remain are passedto a special cmdlet called Out-Default

This passing to Out-Default is automatic

Out-Default passes objects to Out-Host by default , which

produces text that you read on the screen

Because objects are not converted to text until the laststep, you can continue to use their properties until thevery end

Get-Process Format-List[Out-

Default]

C i N M k A i

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Caution: Never Make Assumptions

Dont make assumptions about property names or thevalues they contain

For example, dont assume that a DriveLetter property existson an object when the actual property is in fact DeviceID

Always use Get-Member to verify property names, and

pipe objects to Format-List * to verify the contents ofthose properties

This process takes very little time to verify, but it will save youa great deal of time and frustration

L b B U i th Wi d P Sh ll Pi li

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Lab B: Using the Windows PowerShell Pipeline

Exercise 1: Stopping and Restarting a Windows Service

Exercise 2: Exploring Objects Returned by PowerShellCommands

Exercise 3: Processing PowerShell Output

Estimated time: 30 minutes

Logon information

Virtual machine LON-DC1 LON-CLI1

Logon user name Contoso\Administrator Contoso\Administrator

Password Pa$$w0rd Pa$$w0rd

L b S i

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Lab Scenario

You are server administrator in an enterprise. You have acomputer on which you want to make administrative

changes, such as working with Services.

Working with those services using the GUI addsadministrative overhead, so you wish to use WindowsPowerShell to accomplish the necessary tasks.

To better understand how Windows PowerShell willinteract with those services, you also need to explore themembers, properties, and output options for the necessarycommands.

L b R i

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Lab Review

Review Questions

How can you use PowerShell to see what a command willdo before you actually do it?

What are the two most common categories of members onobjects and what are they used for?

What command is used to show PowerShell data in a grid?

M d l R i d T k

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Module Review and Takeaways

Review Questions

How many optional parameters does the Ps commandhave?

What parameter, if any, of Get-EventLog will make thecmdlet connect to a remote computer?

What cmdlet or cmdlets exist to stop or start services?

How many properties does a Service object (which isproduced by using Get-Service) have?

What module might add cmdlets for managing ActiveDirectory?