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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010
Deviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10e
Chapter Seven: Chapter Seven: SUICIDE
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
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IntroductionIntroduction
Myth: depression is the major cause of Myth: depression is the major cause of suicide suicide
Myth: suicide bombers are generally Myth: suicide bombers are generally psychotic, or at least irrational, poor and psychotic, or at least irrational, poor and uneducateduneducated
Every year about 31,000 Americans Every year about 31,000 Americans commit suicide commit suicide
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Varieties of Suicidal Experience Varieties of Suicidal Experience
3 types of suicidal experiences: 3 types of suicidal experiences: 1.1. some some threatenthreaten suicide; 40% attempted to suicide; 40% attempted to
kill themselves in the past; many use the kill themselves in the past; many use the attempt as a means of achieving some attempt as a means of achieving some objective in life – and don’t want to dieobjective in life – and don’t want to die
2.2. suicide suicide attemptersattempters are ambiguous in their are ambiguous in their intent; most do NOT succeed intent; most do NOT succeed
3.3. 2/3 who 2/3 who commitcommit suicide had prior attempt suicide had prior attempt
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Groups With Higher Suicide Rates Groups With Higher Suicide Rates
Stats are not always reliableStats are not always reliable Traditionally, suicide rates are higher in urban Traditionally, suicide rates are higher in urban
areas areas Today, suicide rates are higher in rural areas Today, suicide rates are higher in rural areas The suicide rate is higher among whites than The suicide rate is higher among whites than
blacks in the U.S.blacks in the U.S. Protestants have higher suicide rates than Protestants have higher suicide rates than
Catholics, who in turn have higher rates than Catholics, who in turn have higher rates than Jews Jews
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Groups With Higher Suicide Rates Groups With Higher Suicide Rates – cont. – cont.
Men are more likely to kill themselves Men are more likely to kill themselves than womenthan women
Attempted suicide rates are higher Attempted suicide rates are higher among women than menamong women than men
Men are more likely to use lethal Men are more likely to use lethal instruments such as firearms instruments such as firearms
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Groups With Higher Suicide Rates Groups With Higher Suicide Rates – cont. – cont.
Divorced persons have the highest Divorced persons have the highest suicide rate, married the lowest rate, and suicide rate, married the lowest rate, and single individuals are intermediate single individuals are intermediate
U.S. suicide rates tends to rise with U.S. suicide rates tends to rise with increasing age increasing age
Findings on the relationship between Findings on the relationship between social class and suicide are contradictory social class and suicide are contradictory
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A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers
Relatively well-off; middle class; better Relatively well-off; middle class; better educated than their countrymeneducated than their countrymen
Mostly young, male and single, and see Mostly young, male and single, and see themselves as martyrs themselves as martyrs
Suicide attacks have been common Suicide attacks have been common throughout historythroughout history
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Situational Factors in Suicide Situational Factors in Suicide
Teenagers today are much more likely than in Teenagers today are much more likely than in past to kill themselvespast to kill themselves
Going to college is associated with higher Going to college is associated with higher suicide ratessuicide rates
Suicide in prison is relatively common Suicide in prison is relatively common People with fatal diseases have higher rates of People with fatal diseases have higher rates of
suicide; this holds true for AIDS suicide; this holds true for AIDS Mass media has an influence on suicide – Mass media has an influence on suicide –
highly publicized suicides tend to result in highly publicized suicides tend to result in national suicide rates increasingnational suicide rates increasing
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Global Perspective on Suicide Global Perspective on Suicide
Suicide rates are higher in industrialized Suicide rates are higher in industrialized countries countries
In Western countries, suicide rates peak In Western countries, suicide rates peak in the spring and bottom out in winter in the spring and bottom out in winter
Suicide occurs more often in the Suicide occurs more often in the beginning of the week and very rarely on beginning of the week and very rarely on weekends weekends
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Social Responses to Suicide Social Responses to Suicide
Suicide rates are related to how a society Suicide rates are related to how a society responds to itresponds to it
When a loved one commits suicide, When a loved one commits suicide, survivors tend to feel guilty survivors tend to feel guilty
Patients have the right to refuse life-Patients have the right to refuse life-sustaining treatment (living will)sustaining treatment (living will)
Several individuals and organizations try Several individuals and organizations try to prevent suicide to prevent suicide
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Figure 7.1 Age and Suicide Figure 7.1 Age and Suicide
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Sociological Theories of Suicide Sociological Theories of Suicide
To sociologists, causes of suicide do not To sociologists, causes of suicide do not reside within the individual but rather within reside within the individual but rather within the group to whom the individual belongs the group to whom the individual belongs and the individual’s interaction with agents and the individual’s interaction with agents of social institutions.of social institutions.
Durkheimian theory:Durkheimian theory: social integration: social integration: involves persons attaching involves persons attaching
themselves to groupsthemselves to groups social regulationsocial regulation: involves individuals being : involves individuals being
coercively regulated by a groupcoercively regulated by a group
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Figure 7.2 Durkheim’s Theory Figure 7.2 Durkheim’s Theory
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Sociological Theories of Suicide – Sociological Theories of Suicide – cont. cont.
Henry and ShortHenry and Short theory: interprets theory: interprets suicide as an act of aggression directed suicide as an act of aggression directed toward oneself that results from three toward oneself that results from three factors – sociological, psychological and factors – sociological, psychological and economiceconomic
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Sociological Theories of Suicide – Sociological Theories of Suicide – cont. cont.
Phenomenological theories:Phenomenological theories: Theory of suicidal meanings:Theory of suicidal meanings: individuals individuals
impute specific meanings to their impute specific meanings to their prospective suicidal actsprospective suicidal acts
Theory of suicide process: Theory of suicide process: interprets the interprets the social meanings of suicide as a social social meanings of suicide as a social prohibition against suicide so that the prohibition against suicide so that the suicidal person must overcome the suicidal person must overcome the prohibition before taking his or her own lifeprohibition before taking his or her own life