“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Deviance 10e Chapter Eight: MENTAL DISORDER This multimedia...

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010

Deviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10e

Chapter Eight: Chapter Eight: MENTAL DISORDER

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IntroductionIntroduction

About 50% of American adults suffer from About 50% of American adults suffer from a mental disorder during their lifetime a mental disorder during their lifetime

Depression is "the common cold of mental Depression is "the common cold of mental illness" illness"

Stigma makes getting help difficult for Stigma makes getting help difficult for many people many people


Popular Beliefs Popular Beliefs

Myths:Myths: mentally ill individuals are extremely weirdmentally ill individuals are extremely weird mental illness is hopelessmental illness is hopeless there is a sharp, clear distinction between there is a sharp, clear distinction between

"mentally ill" and "mentally healthy" "mentally ill" and "mentally healthy" mentally ill individuals are crazed, violent mentally ill individuals are crazed, violent

peoplepeople people get more depressed in the winter people get more depressed in the winter


Types of Mental Disorder Types of Mental Disorder

Biomedical view of mental illness: mental Biomedical view of mental illness: mental illness is similar to a physical diseaseillness is similar to a physical disease Accepted by American Psychiatric Association Accepted by American Psychiatric Association

Psychological view: mental illness signals Psychological view: mental illness signals emotional problems of psychological origin emotional problems of psychological origin


Types of Mental Disorder – cont.Types of Mental Disorder – cont.

Psychosis: loss of touch with reality Psychosis: loss of touch with reality Schizophrenia: characterized by thinking and talking Schizophrenia: characterized by thinking and talking

in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways; in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways; hallucinations (hearing and/or seeing things that do hallucinations (hearing and/or seeing things that do not exist)not exist)

Manic-depressive disorder (or bipolar disorder): Manic-depressive disorder (or bipolar disorder): fluctuating between 2 opposite extremes of mood - fluctuating between 2 opposite extremes of mood - mania, (great elation, exuberance, and excitement), mania, (great elation, exuberance, and excitement), and depression (overwhelming despair) and depression (overwhelming despair)



Neurosis: less severe than psychosis; little Neurosis: less severe than psychosis; little distortion of reality; ability to behave in normal distortion of reality; ability to behave in normal way; neurotic symptoms prevent the sufferers way; neurotic symptoms prevent the sufferers from being as happy as they want to befrom being as happy as they want to be

1.1. anxiety reaction: generalized apprehension; becomes anxiety reaction: generalized apprehension; becomes phobia when a specific object (or objects) causes phobia when a specific object (or objects) causes anxiety anxiety

2.2. obsessive compulsive disorder: thoughts that interrupt obsessive compulsive disorder: thoughts that interrupt train of thought; ritualistic actiontrain of thought; ritualistic action

3.3. depression: feeling of sadness, dejection, and self-depression: feeling of sadness, dejection, and self-deprecationdeprecation

4.4. psychophysiologic disorders: includes hysteria, psychophysiologic disorders: includes hysteria, psychosomatic illness and conversion reaction psychosomatic illness and conversion reaction



Personality disorder: general category of Personality disorder: general category of deviant behavior that cannot be deviant behavior that cannot be diagnosed as psychotic or neuroticdiagnosed as psychotic or neurotic

blatant disregard for society's rules; thought blatant disregard for society's rules; thought to be linked to a lack of moral development -to be linked to a lack of moral development -failure to develop a conscience, acquire true failure to develop a conscience, acquire true compassion or learn to form meaningful compassion or learn to form meaningful relationshipsrelationships



The DSM-IV classification: lists over 300 mental The DSM-IV classification: lists over 300 mental disorders; by symptoms; help practitioners prescribe disorders; by symptoms; help practitioners prescribe appropriate medicationsappropriate medications

Criticism of manual:Criticism of manual: Merely descriptiveMerely descriptive Arbitrarily defines disorders in terms of a specific number of Arbitrarily defines disorders in terms of a specific number of

symptoms symptoms Encourages psychiatrists to eliminate symptoms, not causes Encourages psychiatrists to eliminate symptoms, not causes Promotes biological causes over environmental problems Promotes biological causes over environmental problems Defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders Defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders


Figure 8.1 Traditional Classification Figure 8.1 Traditional Classification of Mental Disordersof Mental Disorders


Social Factors in Mental Disorder Social Factors in Mental Disorder

Many social factors have been studied Many social factors have been studied as they relate to mental illness:as they relate to mental illness:

class differencesclass differences gender differencesgender differences ageage race and ethnicity race and ethnicity urban/rural environment urban/rural environment


A Global Perspective on Mental A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Disorder

Types of mental illness varies from Types of mental illness varies from culture to culture, e.g.: culture to culture, e.g.:

Latin America: people experience a fear that Latin America: people experience a fear that their souls have left their bodiestheir souls have left their bodies

Malaysia: people suffer from prolonged Malaysia: people suffer from prolonged screaming and swearing when startledscreaming and swearing when startled


Societal Responses to Mental Societal Responses to Mental Illness Illness

Historically, mentally ill individuals were treated Historically, mentally ill individuals were treated badly, suffering for example, primitive badly, suffering for example, primitive lobotomieslobotomies

Phillippe Pinel: 1793, instituted moral Phillippe Pinel: 1793, instituted moral treatment of the mentally ill; development of treatment of the mentally ill; development of asylumsasylums

Asylums later became dumping grounds for Asylums later became dumping grounds for persons with mental problemspersons with mental problems

Since 1955, new strategies have emerged Since 1955, new strategies have emerged


Societal Responses to Mental Societal Responses to Mental Illness – cont.Illness – cont.

Mentally ill persons are often viewed by Mentally ill persons are often viewed by the general public as dangerous, dirty, the general public as dangerous, dirty, unpredictable, worthless, and the brunt unpredictable, worthless, and the brunt of jokesof jokes

Courts often put them away in mental Courts often put them away in mental institutions or prisons institutions or prisons

involuntary hospitalization involuntary hospitalization incompetent to stand trial incompetent to stand trial insanity defenseinsanity defense


Societal Responses to Mental Societal Responses to Mental Illness – cont.Illness – cont.

Mental hospitals are total institutions, where Mental hospitals are total institutions, where persons are cut off from the larger society and persons are cut off from the larger society and lead enclosed, regimented lives that lead enclosed, regimented lives that dehumanize patients dehumanize patients

Mental hospitals routinely use tranquilizing and Mental hospitals routinely use tranquilizing and other drugs to alleviate symptoms rather than other drugs to alleviate symptoms rather than eliminate the cause of mental disorder eliminate the cause of mental disorder

Community mental health centers provide local Community mental health centers provide local care for the emotionally disturbed in the care for the emotionally disturbed in the neighborhood neighborhood


Perspectives on Mental Disorder Perspectives on Mental Disorder

Medical model: interprets mental illness as Medical model: interprets mental illness as similar to a physical disease; similar to a physical disease; identifiable/diagnosable causes; treatment identifiable/diagnosable causes; treatment similar to physical disease similar to physical disease

Psychosocial model:Psychosocial model: Psychoanalytic theory: Pioneered by Freud; Psychoanalytic theory: Pioneered by Freud;

resulting from conflicts in personality resulting from conflicts in personality Social stress theory: interprets stress as a Social stress theory: interprets stress as a

major contributor to the development of mental major contributor to the development of mental disorder disorder


Perspectives on Mental Disorder – Perspectives on Mental Disorder – cont.cont.

Followers of the Followers of the labeling modellabeling model believe believe that a mental disorder is not a sickness that a mental disorder is not a sickness but only a label imposed upon some but only a label imposed upon some disturbing behaviors disturbing behaviors

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