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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Chapter 13
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Late 1600s – treatment was advocated
19th c. – Most common recommendation was for institutionalization
Early 20th c. – Attention to war veterans brought about laws to assist individuals
National organizations developed – Easter Seals and the March of Dimes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984)
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F., 19 S. Ct. 992 (1992)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Chronic – e.g., cerebral palsy
Acute – e.g., childhood cancers
Progressive – e.g., muscular dystrophy
Episodic – e.g., epilepsy
Congenital – present at birth
Acquired – occurs after birth
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
a severe … impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease, and impairments from other causes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Monoplegia – only one limb is affected
Hemiplegia – one side of the body is affected
Paraplegia – only legs are affected
Tetraplegia (formerly called quadriplegia) – involves all limbs and trunk of the body
Diplegia – both legs or both arms are affected
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Types of Paralysis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Cerebral palsy – “paralysis of the brain.”
disability in muscle control, posture, and movement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Spina bifida – bones of the spinal column are not closed
Hydrocephalus – cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Spinal cord injury – break, severe bruise, or other damage to spinal cord that affects motor and sensory functions.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – deterioration of muscles
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation (redness, swelling, and soreness) of the joints – autoimmune disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
…an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Closed head injury – no physical injury to the skull
Open head injury – skull is fractured and membrane surrounding the brain
is penetrated
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Cognitive skills
Processing ability
Language
Academic achievement
Emotions
Behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Car/motorcycle accidents Falls from
bicycles
Playground accidents
Shaken baby syndrome
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
…having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that… adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Asthma – lung disease that causes episodes of extreme difficulty in breathing.
Triggers in environment cause airways to swell and produce mucus
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Epilepsy (seizure disorder)
Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only part of the brain; involuntary twitching of muscles or rapid eye blinks
Generalized 1)tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses consciousness, falls, and arms and legs contract2)absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to 30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Cancer – uncontrolled division of abnormal cells1)Leukemia (white blood cell cancer)
2)Brain tumor
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Caused by hemoglobin S that reduces O2
About 9% affected in U.S.
Homozygous recessive (ss)H
eterozygous: (Ss) “carriers” Can transmit gene to offspring
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Type I Diabetes (juvenile) – body cannot break down sugars and store them due to a lack of insulin (hormone and protein)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Cognitive and academic – varies widely
Behavior, Emotional, and Social –
Behavior problems may be present Student may have low self-esteem May need help relating to peers
Physical and medical – teachers must learn about each student’s challenges and needs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Medical condition and physical functioning
Intellectual functioning
Academic achievement, language, and related areas
Behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Infants/toddlers – services at home
Preschoolers – in-home, center-based, or preschool programs
Services focus on family relationships as well as treatment for the child
Early interventionists help family locate and access needed resources
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
In general education classrooms:
About 50% of students with physical disabilities and health impairments
Less than 33% of students with traumatic brain injury
Many students receive services in special education classrooms, residential facilities, at home, or in hospitals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Public School Placements for Students with Physical and Health Disabilities: Time Spent Outside General
Education (in percentages)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Postsecondary education
Transportation
Living arrangements
Career choices
Agency supports
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Access to education
Aids for posture and mobility
Aids for communication Aids for learning Related services
Factors related to disability
School re-entry Responding to emergencies