Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology.
-
Upload
mervin-randall -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology.
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Anthropology Experience
Biological Anthropology
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Biological AnthropologyDescribe and explain the human organism
Primatology
Paleoanthropology
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
The Scientific Method
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
The Scientific Method
Occam’s Razor Start with simplest hypothesis first Saves time and resources
Falsifiability Hypothesis must be testable Makes science possible
Two rules when conducting science:
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Before DarwinGeorges Cuvier (1724 – 1829)
Catastrophism
Divine Origins
Charles Lyell (xxxxx)
Uniformitarianism
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829)
Principle of Use and Disuse
Principle of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Natural Selection
More Children Than Adults
Intraspecific Variation
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Natural SelectionReproductive Success
Some variations live to reproduce
Differential MortalitySome variations die before reproducing
Current environmental conditions determine which variations will experience reproductive success and
which will suffer differential mortality.
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Natural SelectionGenetic Drift
Random genetic changesProvides new variations in a speciesProvides opportunity for speciation via natural selection
Changing Environments
New VariationsSpeciation or
Extinction
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Whence Variation?
Meiosis/ Sex: the productionand union of haploid gametes
Mutations During Meiosis: introduces new variations
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
TaxomonyAnanolgies
Traits shared due to similar function
HomologiesTraits share due to common ancestry
Ancestral TraitsTraits a specie inherited form its ancestors
Derived TraitsNew traits a specie derived from natural selection
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Primate Characteristics
Elongated DigitsOpposable ThumbFlat NailsFriction Skin
Semi-erect Posture Reduced Sense of SmellStereoscopic VisionLarge Brain/Body Ratio
Adaptations for an arboreal habitat:
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Primate Taxonomy
Primate
AnthropoidProsimian
Monkeys, Apes, Hominids
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Prosimians
Lemur
Tarsier
Loris
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Monkeys (Arboreal Quadrupeds)
New World MonkeysTropical forests of southern Mexico, Central, and South America Some have prehensile tails
Old World MonkeysSouth and East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Gibraltar (the southern tip of Spain)Some are terrestrialNone have prehensile tails
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Apes (Brachiator Anatomy)
Long armsCurved phalangesScapula on the backRaised Pelvis
Knuckle-walking
CultureAfrica and Asia
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Fossils
Mineralized Fossils
Impression Fossils
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Dating Methods
Reveal how old an object is in relation to other objectsDoes not provide numerical datesExample: Stratigraphic Dating
Relative Dating
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Dating Methods
Directly dating an object by chemical meansAlso called chronometric or absolute datingExample: Potassium Argon Dating
Direct Dating
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Australopithecus afarensis
4.2-2.5 mya433 cc mean cranial capacityLong armsCurved phalangesHeight - F: 3.4 ft./ M: 5 ft.Apish cranial anatomy
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Australopithecus africanus
2.5 mya454 cc mean cranial capacityLong armsCurved PhalangesHeight - F: 3.8 ft./ M: 4.5 ft.Apish Cranial Anatomy
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Paranthropus2mya475 cc mean cranial capacity“Dished” faceSagittal crestLarge mandibleLarge grinding teethSimilar body to Australopithecus
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Homo habilis2.0 mya612 mean cranial capacityLess apish cranial anatomyHeight – M: ? / F: 3.3 ftOldowan Tools
ManufacturedManuports
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Homo erectus1.9 mya994 cc mean cranial capacityLess apish faceFully modern body
Acheulian ToolsFlakedBifaced
MigrationAs far as China and Northern Europe
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Why Bipedalism?
Greater view above grassesCarry things furtherMore energy efficientThermoregulation
Less sunlightExposure to cooler air
The Savanna Hypothesis
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
How More Brains?
Must keep brains cool Vascular system
Endocasts reveal cranial vascular system
A. africanus selects strong cranial ‘radiator’ to cool brains
Allows encephalization
The Radiator Hypothesis
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Human Variation
UV Radiation A stressor
MelaninTan (Temporary)
Natural Selection: Darker Populations
Skin Color
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Human Variation
Bergmann’s Rule Cold Climate = Bulky Body
Allen’s RuleWarm Climate = Longer Limbs
Body Shape
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Human Variation
Nasal IndexBreadth/height x 100
Increases according to the humidity of the air in which the population evolved
Nose ShapeAir must be 95% humidity before
it reaches the lungs