အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၃)

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(3)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / e,kefv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf?

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*⑦�✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✡☎☛☞✆✂✟✌✡

jrefrmou ❯✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✔✔ ✕ ✖✗✘✖✑✙

2006 ckESpf/ {✰✚✛✙✜✢✣✑ ✤✜✣✑✥✘✜✑✦✧★✩✑✪

2

22222 tvif;tdrfr* ✫✬✭✮✯ ✱✲✳✴✵✶✷✱✸✹✲✮✵✺✷

rmwdumtvif;tdrfpum; 4

uAsm❩✻✼✽✾✿❀❁❂✾❃❁✿❀ armifpdef0if; (ykwD;ukef;) 6a=omif;❄❄'la&..'la&..oGm;..[kef..[kef ❊❅❆❇❈❉❋●❈❋❍ 7nwk rsdK;udkrsdK; 8+rdK@jy armifvSrsdK; (csif;acsmif;+cH) 9acwf a0,Hatmif ("gwk) 10avxJu oabmw&m; vif;cg; 11

umwGef;tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm; atmfyDus,f / pdk;aomfwm 12

[efav; / 0vHk;

ordkif;qdkif&m okw/ &oZlvdkif 7 &uf/ 7 &uf Zlvdkif... 0if;wifhxGef; 147 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;tcif;udk... &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 22&efukefwuUodkvfESifh wuorsm;... aZmf+idrf;vwf (74) 26

EdkifiHa&; okw/ &opHkuGefjrLepfwap>eJ@ zufqpfo&J a'gufwmarmifarmif}uD; 30wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&J@ tdkif'efwpfwD aqmif;0if;vwf 35r[mrdwftEkynmESifh pmay.wm&m 0if;wif 40

3

33333 tvif;tdrfr*■❏❑▲▼ ◆❖P◗❘❙❚◆❱❲❖▲❘❳❚

xD;udkrvdk +irf;omvdkonf t&SifoH0&mvuFm& 45omoem oef@&Sif;apvdk...... aqGOazgif; 49*g&0cJ=urf; rif;udkEdkif 52awma=umif abm*aA' armifomcsdK 55u|efru t*FvdyfrS r[kwfwm armif t=unfawmf 59yd\mcsdef aA'if pHZm%Dbdk 70

0w ❼❨❬❭❪

ol@Zmwfodrf;ESifh u|efrZmwfvrf; jzLESif;xdkuf 75

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tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; (9) ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 92&Jabmfrsm;. trSwfw& pum;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rSxkwfa0+yD;aompmtkyfrsm; 101

4

44444 tvif;tdrfr* ❫❴❵❛❜ ❝❞❡❢❣❤✐❝❥❦❞❛❣❧✐

tvif;tdrfpum;

tvif;tdrfonf acwf/ pepfudk jzwfoef;&if; qufvuf csDwufaeygonf? qufIqufIvnf; csDwuf jzwfoef;&rnf jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&;onf r+yD;jywfao;acs? xdk@twGuf }udK;pm;=u&OD;rnfjzpfonf?

acwfonf vlawGtay:rSm rlwnfaeonf[k qdkcsifonf? vltrsm; aexdkif/qufqHaygif;oif;/ usifh}uHaer_rsm;onf acwf. yHk&dyfyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyifaumif;rGefjcif; t&yf&yftwGuf }udK;pm; yrf;pm;/ paw; aexdkif &yfwnfae=uolrsm; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfonf?

t"rRr_rsm;udk "rRr_rsm;jzifh tHwk.? trSm;rsm;udk trSefrsm;jzifh awG@xd.? trkef;w&m;rsm;udk cspfjcif;arwWmjzifh wkef@jyef.? xdkuJhodk@ olawmfpif/ olawmfaumif;tmZmenfrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm ay:xGef;zdk@ vl@avmuY vdk.? odk@rSom +idrf;csrf;om,maomvl@b0rsm; &rnfjzpfonf? tzufzufrS tm%m&Sifrsm; yaysmufrnfjzpfonf?

5

55555 tvif;tdrfr*♠♥♦♣q rst✉✈✇①r②③s♣✈④①

vl@avmurSm trdkufw&m;rsm;jzifh igwaum aumIr&ay? todkuft0ef;/ywf0ef;usif/ ,Ofaus;r_/ pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm; toD;oD;&Sd=u.? vdkufavsmnDaxGpGmaexdkif/ usifh}uH+yD; &yfwnfae=u&rnf jzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu vlay: vlaZmf tm%m&Sifrsm;toD;oD; ay:xGef;vmrnf jzpfonf? acwfonf npfnrf;ayvdrfhrnf? rmefrme ESifh trkef;w&m;rsm; }uD;pdk;ayvdrfhrnf?

avmu vSy/ at;csrf;apzdk@ jrwfEdk;=uonfh tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;onf xdk@twGufa=umifhyif tm%m&Sifudk wdkufzsuf./ xdk@twGuf r+yD;qHk;ao;aom ppftm%m&SifpepfcsKyf+idrf;a&;udk wzufwvrf;rS wydkifwEdkif/ tkyfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh yg0ifaeOD;rnfjzpfonf?

ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;

6

66666 tvif;tdrfr* ⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷❸❹❺❻❽❶❾❿❷⑨❺➀❽

1973 ua&;cJŒwJŒuAsmyg?Julyta&;tcif;awGeJŒ ywfoufjyD;cHpm;a&;zGJŒ jzpfwmyg?'Dwkef;u RIT ausmif;om;b0yg?b,fpmapmifrSmrSazmfjycGifŒr&

cJŒwJŒuAsmav;yg?cHpm;}unfŒ }uygOD;?

rdk;&GmonfŒ nZlvdkifusvsSif

tr ykHjyifajympjrJ?

wpfcgwkef;uykHjyifpI trajymqJ

rsuf&nf0Ja0Œ rdk;zGJwpfjydKufjcKef;xpfcdkufrSm &SdKufoHwpfckvGifŒpifonf?

ykHjyifxJrSm,rf;aiGŒyg. tm%mrl;,pf

zufqpfyg. onfŒxufonfŒxufa&SŒrqufEdkif oufjyif;vdSKufzdk

rsuf&nfpdk&ZlvdkifvrSm

tr tjrJikdwwf.?

ZlvSdKifykHjyif&ifrSmEkopftm%m,pfol vlwef;vlpm;jcm;em;owfrSwf igjrifwwfcJŒ&yfwnfrSKrSef todOm%fjzpftrsdK;cspfatmif rdk;xpf&GmcsZlvdkifvYtr tarGay;cJŒonf?

a}omf tckZlvdkifvrdk;wpfnrSm igŒom;a&$piftdyf,m0ifcsdef ykHjyifa[mif;vnf;igajymqJyifa}uuGJemusnf;p&mwpfcgwkef;uZlvdkifvrSmZlvdkifvrSm?

ZlvdkifykHjyif

armifpdef0if; ( ykwD;ukef;)3/ 5/ 1973

7

77777 tvif;tdrfr*➁➂➃➄➅ ➆➇➈➉➊➋➌➆➍➎➇➄➊➏➌

a=omif;²²²'la&²²²'la&²²²oGm;²²²[kef²²²[kef

rpdk;&drfygeJ@uAsmwpfyk'favmuf &Gwfvkduf¶Hkr#eJ@awmhaumif;uif}uD;u +ydKusrvmEdkifygbl;?

uAsmwpfyk'favmuf &Gwfvkduf¶HkeJ@vnf;awmfvnf;oHawGjrnf[nf;

ausmufawmif}uD;vnf; +ydKusrvmb;l?

uAsmwpfyk'favmuf &Gwfvkduf¶Hkr#eJ@av}uD;rdk;}uD;awGus

rkefwkdif;awG usrvmbl;?

jynfolvlxk a&SŒarSmufrSm,kdifeJ@eJ@ uAsmq&mwpfa,muf"awmuf" wpfcsufacguf+yD;

uAsmwpfyk'favmufaigufirf;vkdufwJh tcgusrS...

tJ'D wkdif;jynfuaetm%m&SifawG xGufajy;ukef=uawmhwmyJ..?

Edkifjrefrm

8

88888 tvif;tdrfr* ➐➑➒➓➔ →➣↔↕➙➛➜→➝➞➣➓➙➟➜

+rdKŒ jyawmeufxJajccsrSm;wJh n[m

ta,mifaqmiftvif;pawGxdrSef

aoqHk;0HykavGawG+yHK;ae=uaygh?

b0rSmb,fvkdtyfrufrSrpGufzufbJtdyfpufcGifh&wJh nwpfnudkawmifhwcJhwm=umaygh ighrSm?

aeawmh0ifyg&JŒnu a&mufrvmcJh

aomufvufpbD,mykvif;awGom

rl;vJusuGJ&if;rkd;vif;oGm;&jyefw,f?

aeawmhxGufvmyg&JŒnudkra&mufcJh&

aomufvufpaq;vdyfwkdawGom

tdyf&mab;rSmjyef@usJi&Jcef;qefqefb0udkb,ftcsdefxdpifwifysHoef;aejyOD;rSmvJ?

vl&,fvkd@ odwwfpuwnf;uydkufpdyfwkdufuyf+idcJhwJhylr_taxGaxGr,lvnf;&/ ,lvnf;&r&vnf;ay/; &vnf;ay;eJ@0 a=uG;wpfck&JŒ"m;oGm;ESvHk;om;ay:rSm ckwfarmif;aew,f?

aysmfatmiftdyfpuf&aumif;rSef;rodwwfwJh Ekd;xr_rSm+rdKŒ jy[mn&JŒt&nftaoG;awGudkaoG;at;at;eJ@owfjzwfayuyfuyf qkdif;oHAHkoH=um;rSmrsufvHk;awGom a,mifudkif;vmw,f?tdyfpufcsifygaygh?'DvkdtcsdefrSm wpfa&;avmufawmhtdyfa&;00tdyfpufyg&ap?

n&JŒ+idrf;csrf;r_rSmn&JŒqdwf+idrfr_rSmwdrfv$mpD;wJh tdyfrufvnf;rygacsmufurf;yg;xJ ajcacsmfuswJhtdyfrufvnf;rygaumif;aomtdyfpufjcif;wpfckpdwfvkdvuf& pD;qif;aewJhnudkawmifhwcJhwm =umaygh ighrSm?

nwk

rsKd;udkrsKd;

9

99999 tvif;tdrfr*➠➡➢➤➥ ➦➧➨➩➫➭➯➦➲➳➧➤➫➵➯

+rdKŒ jy

aeylylxJwpfudk,fvHk;c|wfjyxm;wJh

+rdKŒ }uD;?

rsufpdvnfaewJhvlawmif

vl&nfvnfae+yD?

bmrSef;rodwJhwHwm;}uD;awGaqmuf+yD;

ac|;pufawGeJ@a&}uD;aewJh..+rdKŒ?

jynfhwefqmeJ@rdef;raumif;/

cGJcGJjcm;jcm; jrifwwfatmifrD;xdefxdefvif;zdk@ vkdw,f?

udk,fh tom;t&nf²²²udk,frodbJrdwfuyfvdrf;+yD;/ tkyfpkzGJŒ uae=uwJh

ta&jym;a&m*gonfawG=um;oeyfcg;pufawG..b0 ysufoGm;wmawmfawmf=um+yD..?

armifvSrsKd;(csif;acsmif;+cH)

10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr* ➸➺➻➼➽ ➾➚➪➶➹➘➴➾➷➬➚➼➹➮➴

tusOf;axmif awGutmZmenfordkif; jywdkufawGjzpf?

t&ufqdkif awGuvli,f Centre awGjzpf?

w&m;&kH;uyGJpm;wef;jzpf?

v,fuGif;awGuppfa&;jyuGif;awGjzpf?

&Jpcef;utvSLcHr yfjzpf?

tpdk;&tzGJ@uvl&$ifawmfawGjzpf?

bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawGuppfqifa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpf?

wuUodkvfawGuusufuodkvfawGjzpf?tufusLau;&Sif;u

usufusLau;&Sif;jzpf?

vlawGuydk@ukefawGjzpf?

aq;&kHawGuqif;&Jom; yaysmufa&;ZkH awGjzpf?

tokbtdrfuavmif;upm;&kHawGjzpf?

uGrf;,mqdkifuaq;cef;jzpf?

ppfwyfutpdk;& arG;jrLa&;pcef;jzpf?

a=omf... acwf... acwfjzpfcsif&mjzpfwJh acwf?

aoewfut&l;vufxJ a&mufaeovdkwdkif;jynftajctae t&yf&yftwGufrv$Jomra¶Smifom tm%modrf;vdkuf&onf?

acwf

a0,Hatmif("mwk)

11

1 11 11 11 11 1 tvif;tdrfr*➱✃❐❒❮ ❰ÏÐÑÒÓÔ❰ÕÖÏ❒Ò×Ô

avxJu oabmw&m;

avxJrSma&aiGŒawG/ zkefr_ef@awG

aemuf+yD; rsKd;aphawG/ 0wfr_efawG/ iSufawGaemuf+yD;awmh uGefu&pftydkif;tpawG/

ydk;r$m;awG/ AHk;pawG/ vlawGavxJrSm urBm}uD;wpfck jzpfxGef;aew,f?

avxJu urBm}uD;xJrSmpum;vHk;awG/

arsSmfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnforf;wmawGavxJu urBm}uD;xJrSm

pepfwnfaqmufwmawG/ +ydKuswmawGavxJu urBm}uD;xJrSm

tpdk;&tzJGŒawG/ eif;jym;awGavxJu urBm}uD;xJrSm

EdkifiHawmfwpfck &Sdaew,f?

avxJu EdkifiHawmfrSmtvHk;pHkysufokOf;wmawG/ tdyfrufawG/avxJu EdkifiHawmfrSmzrf;qD;axmifcswmawG/nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwmawG/avxJu EdkifiHawmfrSmtdrfajc&m rJhwmawG/vGwfvyfcGi fhqHk;¶_H;wmawG/vlrsKd;a&; cJGjcm;wmawGavxJrSmjzpfxGef;aewJh urBm}uD;twGif;uEdkifiHawmfxJrSm b0rsm;pGm &Sifoefaew,f?

avxJu b0awG&JŒ qufoG,fr_[mt[yfuGmwmawG/ wef;rwlwmawG/avxJu b0awG&JŒ &Sifoefr_rSmy yuQ tjrKaw &SdaewmawG/avxJrSmrkcs awmfvSefa&;}uD; &Sdaer,f? ?

vif;cg;

12

1 21 21 21 21 2 tvif;tdrfr* ØÙÚÛÜ ÝÞßàáâãÝäåÞÛáæã

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

13

1 31 31 31 31 3 tvif;tdrfr*çèéêë ìíîïðñòìóôíêðõò

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

14

1 41 41 41 41 4 tvif;tdrfr* ö÷øùú ûüýþÿ⑦�û✁✂üùÿ✄�

"Zlvdkif 7 &uf...7 &ufZlvdkif...rarhEdkifwJh ausmif;om;ordkif; xm0pOfeD..."qdkwJh pmom;[m 7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfykHudk *k%fjyKpyfqdkxm;wJh oDcsif;wyk'fxJupmom;wa=umif;yg? [kwfygw,f/ "qJAif;Zlvdkif (ac: ) 7 &uf Zlvdkifta&;awmfykH}uD;" [mArmjynf&JŒ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;rSm ausmif;om;ordkif;rSm b,f awmhrS arhaysmufvdk@r&EdkifwJh/ arhazsmufcsefvSyf ausmfv$m;oGm;vdk@ r&EdkifwJh/ tjrJxm0& eDaer,fh ta&; awmfykHrSwfwdkif}uD; wckygyJ?

ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; rausnmEdkifcif udkvdkeDacwfwavsmufudk c%xm;//vGwfvyfa&;ausnm+yD;p acwfwavsmuf twGif;rSmudk/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;a=umif; wavsmufrSm/ ta&;tcif;eJ@ ta&;awmfykHawG ay:aygufcJhwm ta&twGufawmfawmfrsm;rsm; ( Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwf ta&;awmfykH/ [,f&Dwefta&;tcif; pojzifh pojzifh) &SdcJhygvsuf wEdkifiHvkH; vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusefyg0ifqifEGJcJh=uwJh "1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH (&Spfav;vkH;t a&;awmfykH}uD;)" rwdkifciftxdtwGif;/ Adkvfae0if; ppftm%m&Siftkyfpdk;r_ acwfwavsmuf twGif;rSmudk wjcm;aomta&twGuf renf;vSwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh u|ef;qG,fta&;tcif;/ wuUodkvf a&$&wkv_yf&Sm;r_/OD;oef@ psmyeta&;tcif;/ 75 ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwf pojzifh pojzifh) &SdcJ h

"Zlvdkif 7 &u ff ff f...7 &ufZlvdkif...

rarhEdkifwJh ausmif;om;ordkif; xm0pOfeD..."

0if;wifhxGef;

15

1 51 51 51 51 5 tvif;tdrfr*☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✌✍✎✠✏✑✡✞✌✒✎

ay:aygufcJhygvsuf qJAif;*sLvdkif (ac: ) 7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfykH}uD;[m wjcm;aomausmif;om;ta&;tcif; ta&;awmfykHawGxufudk ydkrdkpl;&S ay:vGif+yD;/ ydkrdkxl;jcm;wJhteuft"dyg,fawG &Sdaew,fvdk@ ,lqrdygw,f?

bmha=umifhvJ ´(b,fvdkawG jzpfysufcJh=uw,f/ b,fvdkawG &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfcHcJh=u&w,f/ ppftpdk;&[m b,fvdkawG rdkufrdkuf¶dkif;¶dkif; ,kwfrm&rf;um;cJhw,fqdkwmawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ tjzpftysuf&JŒ jzpfpOfawGta=umif;udk rSwfwrf;wif=u ajym=uqdk=u a&;om;cJh=uwmawGuawmh (jynfhpkHvkHavmuf+yDvdk@ rqdkEdkifao;wJh wdkifatmif)/awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdae+yD jzpfwJhtwGuf usaemfuawmh 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh0daooawG udk 'Dae&mrSm EdkifiHa&;zufuaeyJ &SK hjrifaz: jy=unfhcsifygw,f? )

7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfykH}uD;[m Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk aAGaqmfOD;pwif wdkufyGJqifcJhwJh ta&;awmfykH jzpfw,f/ ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ajrjrSKyfo+*Kõvfypf+yD;/vufeufeJ@ t=urf;zuf tm%modrf;,lum Adkvfae0if;acgif; aqmifwJh ppftkyfpk[m 1962ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk pwif xlaxmifvm&mrSmppftpdk;&&JŒ w&m;rSswr_ vkH;0r&SdwJh trdef@tm%mawGudk &J&J&ifh&ifh jyefvnfwkH@jyefqef@usifuef@uGuf jyo=u&mu ppftm%m&Sif¶l;awG&JŒ }udKwiftpDtpOf&Sd&Sd ,kwfrm&ufpufr_awGa=umifh 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD; jzpfay: vmcJh&wm jzpfw,f?

ppfwyftm%modrf;wufvm+yD; (4) v ausmfausmf/av;t=umrSmyJ 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD; ay:xGef;cJh&wm jzpfwJhtwGuf/ 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;[m Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk aAGaqmfOD; qef@usiftHwk jycJhwJh awmfvSefwJh ta&;awmfykH}uD; jzpfw,f? ordkif;0ifta&;awmfykH}uD; jzpfoGm;w,f?

'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;[m ppftpdk;&&JŒ rqv qdk&S,fvpfrsufESmzkH;udk yxrqkH;qGJc|wfjyvdkufEdkifwJh ta&;awmfykH}uD; jzpfw,f/ Adkvfae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh ppftpdk;&[mtm%modrf; wufvm+yD; r=umrD/ &SdaewJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ htpnf;tiftm;pkawG tygt0ifjynfolvlxk}uD; w&yfvkH;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;Edkifzdk@/ jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk wnfaqmufzdk hqdk+yD;/ 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkif (4) &ufae@rSmyJ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv ygwD ) udk pwif xlaxmifcJh&mrSm rqvygwD pwif xlaxmifay:aygufvm+yD;(3) &uft=umrSm "7 &ufZlvdkif ta&;awmfykH}uD;" ay:aygufvmcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?

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16

1 61 61 61 61 6 tvif;tdrfr* ✓ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✢ ✣ ✘ ✤ ✥ ✙ ✖ ✜ ✦ ✣

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17

1 71 71 71 71 7 tvif;tdrfr*✧★✩✪✫ ✬✭✮✯✰✱✲✬✳✴✭✪✰✵✲

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18

1 81 81 81 81 8 tvif;tdrfr* ✶✷✸✹✺ ✻✼✽✾✿❀❁✻❂❃✼✹✿❄❁

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19

1 91 91 91 91 9 tvif;tdrfr*❅❆❇❈❉ ❊❋●❍■❏❑❊▲▼❋❈■◆❑

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20

2 02 02 02 02 0 tvif;tdrfr* ❖P◗❘❙ ❚❯❱❲❳❨❩❚❬❭❯❘❳❪❩

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&Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfyk H }uD;umvtwGif;wkef;uvJ rqvaemufqk H;orw}uD;vkyfcJhwJh a'gufwm armifarmifu wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;xkudk avajyxdk;jywJhtaeeJ@ "ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftODudk jyefvnf aqmufvkyfzdk h twlvufwGJ+yD;aysmfaysmfyg;yg; yEMufcs=u&atmif" vdk h r&Jw&J aoG;wdk;prf;=unfhcJh zl;ygao;w,f?ausmif;om;awGudk owfjzwf+yD; vufrSm aoG;txyfxyf pGef;aeolawGeJ@twl/ vuf&SdvJtowfcHae qJjzpfwJh ppfrSefwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;om; or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udkjyefaqmufzdk@ b,fvdkvkyf+yD; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; tkwfjrpfcs yEMuf¶dkufjyEdkifyghrvJ? a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ pum;[m taumif;qkH; jyufvkH;wp vdkyJ jzpfcJhygw,f?

'gayrJh 'guvJ bmudk az: jyaeovJqdkawmh ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD}uD;udpP[m tm%m&Sif azgufjyefa&;orm; tkyfpdk;olawG&JŒ &ifawGxJrSmvJ vkH;0 azsmufzsufypfvdkufvdk@r&wJh udpP}uD;tjzpf qef@usifzufuae todtrSwfjyK xm;&&if; tjrJvdkvdkacsmufjcm; aoG;ysuf ae&wJhoabm/ wae@ae@rSm rkcsudk rv$JraoG jyefvnfay;qyf&r,fh"aoG;a=uG;/ ordkif;a=uG;" &Sdaewmudk vufcH todtrSwfjyK xm;vdkuf&wJh oabmvdk@,lqcsifygw,f?

7 &ufZlvdkifta&;awmfykH}uD;[m aemufESpfrSmqdk&if ESpf (50) wif;wif;jynfhygawmhr,f? awmfvSefwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/ ausmif;om;ordkif;eJ@ qufpyfaewJh/ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ta&;awmfykHeJ@ oydwfawGudk oauFwjyK trSwftom;jyK+yD; az: jy=unfhr,fqdk&if e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; acwfumvwkef; uawmh

21

2 12 12 12 12 1 tvif;tdrfr*❫❴❵❛❜ ❝❞❡❢❣❤✐❝❥❦❞❛❣❧✐

- 1936 - ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;&JŒ trSwftom;[m udkek/ udkatmifqef;- 1938 - taxGaxGoydwfta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ trSwftom;[m udkA[def;

(ocifA[def;)/ udkvSa&$ (a'gufwmvSa&$) vdk@ qdk=uygw,f?'Dvdk qdk&if Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;ausnm+yD; aemufydkif;/ ppftm%m&Siftkyfpdk;r_

qef@usifa&; wdkufyGJawGtwGif;u 1962/ 7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ trSwftom;[mb,folawGjzpfrvJ?

usaemfuawmh usaemfh&JŒwOD;csif;tjrift& 1962 / 7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ trSwftom;uawmh udkouf (Auo)/ udkAaqGav; (wuo)vdk@yJ qdkvdkufcsifygw,f// owfrSwfvdkufrdygw,f?

aemufxyf tjrJvdkvdk trSwf&aeoifhwm wckuawmh ppfwyf&JŒ ypfcwfr_a=umifh'%f&m jyif;jyif;xefxef &aewJh=um;u ajrmif;jrom; wuUodkvfausmif;om; "udkausmf0if;"[m ol hcEMmudk,fay:u pD;usvmaewJh aoG;awGeJ@udk rEWav;aqmif eH&Hay:rSma&;xdk;jyoGm;cJhwJh "7 &uf Zlvdkif rarh=ueJ@" qdkwJh aoG;opPm ur`nf;pmwef; vdk@yJqdkvdkufcsifygw,f? //

0if;wifhxGef; 13/ 6 / 2011

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ESifhtvif;tdrf pmaytiftm;pkylaygif;xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?

22

2 22 22 22 22 2 tvif;tdrfr* ♠♥♦♣q rst✉✈✇①r②③s♣✈④①

'DEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufwrf; qufwdkufoufqdk;&Snfaewm 46 ESpf&SdoGm;yg+yD/ 'D&mpkESpf w0ufeD;yg;ordkif;rSm Armjynf jynfolawGeJ@ ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m7 &uf Zlvdkif txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;awGudk yHko mefrsdK;pHkeJ@ wESpfrjywf txdrf;trSwfusif;ycJh=uygw,f/ 'g bma=umihfvJ? 'Dta&;tcif;&JŒ txdrf;trSwfvuQ%m? ta&;ygr_pwmawGu bmawGvJqdkwm qef;ppfoHk;oyf xm;oihfw,f xifygw,f?

7 &uf Zlvdkifta&;awmfyHk[m qdk&S,fvpf qdkif;bkwfwyf? trsKd;om;a&; pum;awGvd_ifvd_ifajym+yD; ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk (1958 ckESpfwkef;uvdk ajrprf;c&rf;ysdK;r[kwfbJ) twnfwus wnfaqmufvmwmudk ppfOD;rSm xdyfwdkufwdkufcJh=uwJh/ toufawGpaw;cJhwJh wdkufyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;wdk@[m 1958 ckESpf tm%modrf;wkef;u &uf&ufpufpufvkyfjyxm;wm? tm%modrf;wJh rwfv 2 &ufae@nrSm orRweJ@ 0ef}uD;awGtygt0if EdkifiHa&;orm;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk "xdef;odrf;"vdkufwm? tjypfrJh 17 ESpfausmif;om;av; p0frDrDodkufudk =uufuav;/ iSufuav; owfovdk owfjzwfjyxm;wm?wzufrSmawmh qdk&S,fvpfpum;awG oHaumif;[pfaewm pwmawGa=umihf EdkifiHa&;avmurSm Adkvfae0if;wdk@udk a=umufoleJ@? acG;uwufuae tvkyfta=uG; jyKcsifolawGomv$rf;rdk;aeygw,f?

'DvdktcsdefrSm jynfol@&ifaoG;awGvnf;jzpf/ jynfol@qENudk a&mifjyef[yfolawGvnf;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk ppfOD;rSm xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkif

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;

7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;tcif;udk bma}umihf ESpfpOftxdrf;trSwfjyKae&ovJ

23

2 32 32 32 32 3 tvif;tdrfr*⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❶❽❾❷⑨❺❿❼

ypfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifw,fqdkayr,fh ausmif;om;awG bufuawmhtyfwdkav;rSrudkif vufeufrJh qENjy=uwmjzpfygw,f? udkvdkeDvufxufupvdk@ ArmjynfrSmvkyfaeusenf;vrf;twdkif; tifrwef+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy=uwmjzpfygw,f?

'gayr,hf tm%mrkef,dkaewJh/ rmefwufaewJh ppftpdk;&[m tJ'Dwkef;uwwdkif;wjynfvHk;/ ajray:rSm olwdk@udkqef@usif (tmcH)aewJh wckwnf;aom tiftm;pkudk&uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;ypfcJhygw,f? tm;vHk; udk,fpm; wdkuf&wmjzpfvdk@vnf; wefzdk;trsm;}uD; ay;vdkuf&wmygyJ?

tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;or*~rtaeeJ@ vkyf&udkif&wm b,favmuf cufw,fqdkwm oabmaygufatmif Oyrmwck xyfaxmufjycsifygw,f? tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwfygbl;?Adkvfae0if;wdk@u tm%modrf;+yD; "awmfvSefa&;aumifpD" qdkwmudk wnfaxmifa=umif;a=unmvdkufawmh vuf0JqdkwJh yrnw xJu wcsKdŒu axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f? 'DtcgrSm Auoxdyfydkif;rSm a&mufaewJh yrnw =oZmruif;olwOD;uol@tcGihfta&;udk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyf+yD; tm%modrf;wmudk axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f?

tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfw,fvdk@ ajym&wmu wjcm;vlawGeJ@ rwdkifyifcJhwmudk qdkvdkwmyg?aemufawmh ol[m rqv&JŒ vli,hfa&;&mrSm wm0ef}uD;}uD;&/ rEWav;wuUodkvfarmfuGef;xdef;tvkyf& aumif;pm;oavmuf aumif;pm;oGm;ygw,f? qdkvdkwm acgif;aqmifr_xJrSm tawG;tac: t¶_yftaxG;awG &Sdoavmuf &Sdaew,fqdkwm jzpfygw,f?

tJ'D rqvudk axmufcHwJh vlawG[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ausmif;om;avmuxJudkjyefr0ifEdkifawmhygbl;? t&dyfawmif reif;&Jawmhbl; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif ausmif;om;avmurSm &J&Jawmufpum;awG tvGefajymwwfwJh wyfOD;opfu vlawG[mvnf;Adkvfae0if;wdk@[m zufqpfawG jzpfw,fvdk@ajym+yD; t+rD;ukyfoGm;=uum? ausmif;jyifrSmyJv_yf&Sm;=uygawmhw,f?

1963 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;u +idrf;csrf;a&; pum;ajymyGJvkyfwmudk tcGihfaumif;,l+yD;ausmif;om;awGu ausmif;om;or*~awG jyefazmfxkwfzdk@vkyf=uawmh +rdKŒe,feJ@ c¶kdifor*~awG azmfxkwf+yD;wJhaemuf wuUodkvfor*~awGudk jyefazmfxkwfzdk@ vkyf&ygw,f?'DtcgrSm or*~a&G;aumufyGJrSm 0if+ydKifr,hf ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&; wyfOD;tzGJ@udk jyefpkpnf;wJhtaeeJ@ nDvmcHac:wm? tr_aqmiftzGJ@ jyefzGJ@wmawG vkyf&ygw,f?

udk,fwdkifyg0ifcJhwJh rEœav;wuUodkvfu ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD; nDvmcHudkwuUodkvf y&0k%fta&SŒu yef;jcHxJrSm vkyfcJhygw,f? 'DtcgrSm txufrSmajymcJhwJh rqvudk axmufcHwJh qdk&S,feD ausmif;om;tpkxJu 4-5 a,muf vmwufygw,f? olwdk@[mb,foleJ@rS rE_wfquf/ pum;rajymygbl;? 'gayr,hf olwdk@uvnf; tr_aqmifpm&if;wckwifvmygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ nDvmcHrSm wu,fwrf; ajymvmqdkvm=uawmh wufa&mufol

24

2 42 42 42 42 4 tvif;tdrfr* ➀➁➂➃➄ ➅➆➇➈➉➊➋➅➌➍➆➃➉➎➋

ausmif;olausmif;om;awG&JŒ tjrifu odyfjywfom; &Sif;vif;aewmrdk@ tJ'DvlawG[mtpnf;ta0;r+yD;cifrSmyJ wdwfwdwfukyfukyf xGufoGm;cJh&ygw,f?

vlowfyGJ}uD; vkyfxm;wJh &efukefrSmawmh tJ'D tpkuvlawG[m tem;awmifvmruyfcJhygbl;? qdkvdkwm tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifydkif;rSm tawG;tac:¶_yfaxG;r_[m b,fwkef;u twdkif;twmeJ@rS rwlatmif &Sdaew,fqdkwm jzpfygw,f?'gayr,hf aemufqHk;awmh ausmif;om;xkuyJ tqHk;tjzwfay;oGm;ygw,f? ausmif;om;xk[m enf;enf;av;rS rsufaphrvnf/ em;ra,mifygbl;? tm%modrf;olawG[mppftm%m&SifawGom jzpfw,f/ 'ga=umihfrdk@ qef@usif&r, fqdkwmudk tjywfyJjrifcJh=uygw,f?

'ga=umihfrdk@ wuorSmyJ t"du A[dkjy+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk xdyfwdkufawG@cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;xkeJ@ wuo&JŒ oabmxm;udk tapmqHk;eJ@ txif&Sm;qHk;azmfjycJhwmawGxJrSm vlawGrarhEdkifwJh tjzpftysufwckuawmh p0frDrDodkuf tokbrSmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkouf u ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;jzpfygw,f? ykykwufwuf udkouf[mteD;tem;rSm&SdwJh tkwf*lwckay:wufum Adkvfae0if; ppftpdk;&udk vufnSdK;aigufaigufxdk;+yD;vlowform;awGvdk@ pGJcsufwifcJhygw,f? pum;ajymaumif;wJh udkouf&JŒrdef@cGef;[m tokbydk@aqmifwJhy&dowfudk rsuf&nfawGt=um;uae =uufoD;arG;nif; xapcJhw,fvdk@ ajymprSwf&SdcJhygw,f?

tJ'Dvdk jywfom;r_awG/ awGa0r_awG/ opPmazmufr_awG ¶_yf¶_yfaxG;axG; awG@jrifae&wJh wuUodkvfe,fajrrSm ausmif;om;or*~tpOftvmeJ@ b,fwkef;u/ b,fvdkrSrywfoufzl;wJh ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m ausmif;om;awGudk rme&efnSdK;eJ@ aemifusOfatmifqHk;rr,f qdkwmrsKd; oabmxm;+yD; Armjynfordkif;rSm r&Sdzl;wJh owfjzwfr_}uD;w&yfudkusL;vGefvdkufygw,f? or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udkvnf; 'dkif;erdkif;eJ@ +zdKcGJypfvdkufygw,f?

'DrSm ajymzdk@vdkwmvmu wu,fvdk@om ausmif;om;awGu 7 &uf Zlvdkifta&;awmfyHkudk rqifE$JcJh&if bmjzpfrvJ qdkwmygyJ? ordkif;udk "wu,fvdk@om" awGeJ@csOf;uyfoHk;oyfvdk@ roihfawmfwmrdk@ 'Dtcsufudk tus,f raqG;aEG;awmhayr,hf 7 &ufZlvdkif ta&;awmfyHka=umihfom 1963 ckESpfwkef;u v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ 1969 - 70 ckESpf wdkufyGJawG/74 - ar/ ZGef tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_/ a&$wd*Hk ta&;tcif;/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif; pwmawGqufay:vmwmvdk@ &J&JyJajymcsifygw,f? tJ'D wdkufyGJpOfawGrSm 7 &uf Zlvdkif pdwf"mwf[m0if;vufawmufyaewJh rD;¶_;wefaqmifvdk jzpfcJhw,fqdkwm b,folrS rjiif;Edkifygbl;?

1962 ckESpf/ 7 &uf Zlvdkif ae@rSmom ausmif;om;awGu aemufwGef@jyefvSnhfoGm;&if 'DwdkufyGJpOfawG[m &ufa&G@qdkif;wm jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f? 7 &uf Zlvdkifjypfr_}uD;udk usL;vGefrdwJh Adkvfae0if;rSmawmh aowJhtxdyJ tJ'DvlowfyGJeJ@ or*~+zdzsufr_wdk@&JŒwap>ajcmufvSef@wmudk cHoGm;&ygw,f? aemuf+yD; olwdk@wGif; *dk%f;wdkufyGJawGrSm vufpGJ

25

2 52 52 52 52 5 tvif;tdrfr*➏➐➑➒➓ ➔→➣↔↕➙➛➔➜➝→➒↕➞➛

vufeufwcktjzpf oHk;pGJwmvnf; cHcJh&ygw,f?wveJ@ ajcmuf&uf eef;pHvdkuf&wJh azmif;um;pm; orw OD;armifarmif u

or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udk aysmfaysmfyg;yg; jyefaqmuf=uwmayghvdk@ jyKwfumeD;tcsdeftxdajymaewm[m Adkvfae0if;udk,fpm; (Adkvfae0if; cdkif;vdk@) 7 &uf Zlvdkif jypfr_}uD;awGtwGufEdkifiHudk avajyxdk;aecJhwmom jzpfygw,f?

wu,fusawmh 7 &uf Zlvdkif wdkufyGJ[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufwJh wdkufyGJjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepf wnf&Sdaeoa&GŒ 7 &uf Zlvdkif tawG;tac:/ 7 &uf Zlvdkifpdwf"mwfeJ@ 7 &uf Zlvdkif tvHawmf[m ta&;ygae/ vrf;jyaer,fqdkwm bmrS,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&m rvdkygbl;? ?

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;

➟ udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm;- zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl- tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

xGufjyD

26

2 62 62 62 62 6 tvif;tdrfr* ➠➡➢➤➥ ➦➧➨➩➫➭➯➦➲➳➧➤➫➵➯

e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; }udK;yrf;r_ordkif;wpfav#mufxkdrSwpfzef ppftm%m&SifESifh wpfygwD tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;wpfav#mufrSonf ,ae@acwf ausmif;om;rsKd;qufwdk@txd trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. A[kdcsufrtjzpf qufvuf&Sifoef&yfwnfaeonfrSm trd&efukef wuUodkvf}uD;yifjzpfonf/ 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaomawmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfcH ppfaumifpDrS wkdif;jynftm%mudk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf&efukefwuUodkvf(Rangoon University)udk &efukef0dZmESifh odyHwuUodkvf (Rangoon

Art and Science university, RASU)[k trnfajymif;vJcJhonf/&efukefwuUodkvfonf +Adwdo#udkvkdeD e,fcsJ@wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHukd odrf;,lxm;pOf

ay:aygufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv? 1 &uf? Ak'<[l;ae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvfudk pwifzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ &efukefwuUodkvf zGifhvSpf+yD; ra&S;raESmif; 1920 ckESpf?'DZifbmv? 5 &ufae@rSmyif jrefrmwkd@. ikwfv#dK;aysmufuG,faeaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfwdk@udk E_d;qGEdk;=um;apcJhonf/ yxr wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwf}uD; jzpfyGm;cJhonf?

(2)jrefrmwdk@tzdk@ ausmif;oifynma&;pepfrSm udkvdkeDacwfwGif;rSmrS pwifcJhjcif;

&efukefwuUodkvfESifh wuorsm; ordkif;a=umif;

aZmf+idrf;vwf(74)

27

2 72 72 72 72 7 tvif;tdrfr*➸➺➻➼➽ ➾➚➪➶➹➘➴➾➷➬➚➼➹➮➴

jzpfonf/ 1855 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#ydkif atmufjrefrmjynf? &efukef+rdK@wGifyxrqHk;aomtpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ xkdausmif;odk@ wufa&mufaom ausmif;olausmif;om;ta&twGufrSm q,f*%ef;yifrjynfh[k rSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf? 1860jynfhESpfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (68)a,muftxd wkd;wufcJh+yD; 1861 - 62 wdk@wGifausmif;om;OD;a& wkd;wufr_ r&Sd jcif;a}umifh xkdausmif;udkydwfcJ h&+yD; 1868 ckESpfausmif;jyefvnfzGifhvSpfaomtcg ausmif;om;OD;a& (15)OD;om &Sdonf[k rSwfom;avhvm&ygonf? xdkYaemuf 1872 ckESpfwGif xkdtv,fwef;ausmif;udkyif txufwef;ausmif;tqifhowfrSwfjrSif hwifcJ haomfvnf; 1880 ckESpfrSom tXrwef;(Grade VIII)udkpwifoif}um; ay;EdkifcJhonf?

1879 ckE Sp f? Zefe0g& Dv? 1 &ufae@wGi f xk dtxufwef;ausmif;ud k&efukefaumvdyf(Rangoon College)[k umvuwWm; wuUodkvf(tdEd,)u todtrSwfjyKcJhonf?

1883 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyf 0dZm (B.A) wef;udk pwifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJh+yD;jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJu yxrqHk;0dZmbGJ@& cJholrSm armifwl jzpfonf?

1886 ckESpftpwGif &efukefaumvdyfudk t+rJwrf; aumvdyftjzpf udkvdkeDtpdk;&utodtrSwfjyKcJh+yD; jrefrmjynfynma&; qif'Dudwfu tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJcJhonf?

1894 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyfESifhpif+ydKif Aufywpf aumvdyfxGef;ay:vmcJhonf? (3)1909 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfwuUodkvf tufOya'wpfckudk rl=urf;a&;qGJ&ef

ynma&; qif'Duwfu cef@tyfaom txl;aumfrwDu pOf;pm;cJhonf[k rSwfom;&onf?1915 ckESpfodk@a&mufaomtcg &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;/ausmif;ol OD;a& (567)OD;&Sdvm+yD jzpf&m jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHu jrefrmjynfwGif wuUodkvfwpfck zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef Oya'=urf;wpfcka&;qGJ&ef tdEd,xHwifjycJhonf? xkdumvrS yxrurBmppfwGif; umv jzpfaoma=umifhwuUodkvfwnfaxmif&ef rjzpfEdkifao;aomfvnf; wuUodkvfpnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm; a&;qGJxm;&efom tdEd, tpdk;&u jrefrmtpdk;&udk ta=umif;jyefEdkifcJhonf?

(4)1919 ckESpf/ rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuUodkvf zGJ@pnfyHkpepftwGuf

tpD&ifcHpmudk txufuqkdcJh+yD;aom txl;aumfrwDu ynmrif;}uD;xHay;ydk@cJhonf/ynmrif;}uD;u tdEd,rS ynma&;pepfwGif txl;u|rf;usifolig;OD;ESifh r'&yfwuUodkvf(tdEd,)rS armfuGef;xdef; rpPwm tuf(zf)'sLpAm&D wdk@udk aiGa=u;tukeftuscH zdwfac:um&efukefwuUodkvf tufOya'(University Act Rangoon)udka&;qGJapcJhonf? xkdodk@a&;qGJ&mwGif txl;aumfrwD. t}uHjyKcsuf tqdkwifoGif;csufrsm;udk tajcjyK a&;qGJ

28

2 82 82 82 82 8 tvif;tdrfr* ➱✃❐❒❮ ❰ÏÐÑÒÓÔ❰ÕÖÏ❒Ò×Ô

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(5)w.u.o [k twkdaumufac:a0: }uaom wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*~

(University Student's Union)onfvnf; &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; zGifhvSpf+yD;onfESifhESpfrsm;r=umrDyif ay:aygufzG J@pnf;cJ honfudk avhvmawG@&S d&onf? w.u.o udkpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu t"du OD;wnfcsuf (3) &yfrSm

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(2) rdrdudk,fudk tm;xm;rSDckdEdkifpGrf;&Sd+yD; vGwfvyfpGm vkyfudkifouf&Sif aexkdifpGrf;&Sd&efESifh

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1926 ckESpfwGif jrefrmq&m0ef}uD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpf/ csrf;om}uG,f0aom olaX;}uD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfol a'gufwmOD;ndKu wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*~taqmuftODwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf aiG'*Fg;jym;(usyf)aygif; wpfodef;ckepfaomif;(170000)udk&ufa&mpGm vSL'gef;cJhonf? 1930 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 12 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvftaqmifae ausmif;om;/ol rsm;ESifh ae@wuf ausmif;om; taygif;onf tpnf;ta0;}uD;wpf&yf usif;ycJh+yD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf udkausmfcif/udkwifhaqGESifh udkb*srf;wdk@udk a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcJh}uonf? tqkdyg ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f oHk;OD;onf w&m;ol}uD;OD;bESifh awG@qHkcJh}u+yD; ausmif;om;or*~. Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; a&;qGJa&;twGuf aumfrwDwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlnDr_ &&SdcJhonf?

1930 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv? 20 &ufaeYwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;u ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;&ef wnDwnGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 31 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm; or*~(w.u.o)udk zGJ@pnf;cJh&m xkd w.u.otzGJ@. tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@onf w.u.o orkdif;wpfav#muf yxrqHk; zGJ@pnf;cJhaomtzGJ@jzpfonf? jrefrmhyxrqHk; wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*~. OuUXrSm udkausmfcifjzpf+yD; 1962 ckESpf w.u.o udk ppfwyfrS t=urf;zufowfjzwf +zdKcG+JyD;csdef txd w.u.o

29

2 92 92 92 92 9 tvif;tdrfr*ØÙÚÛÜ ÝÞßàáâãÝäåÞÛáæã

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aZmf+idrf;vwf (74)

30

3 03 03 03 03 0 tvif;tdrfr* çèéêë ìíîïðñòìóôíêðõò

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aemuf w&uf ESpf&uft}umwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;tjyD; ,cif udkvkdeDEdkifiH trsm; vGwfvyfa&;&vma=umif;/ vGwfvyfpEkdifiHtrsm;pkrSm vuf0J0g'bufodk@ ,drf;=ua=umif;/ okd@ygvsufESifh vHk;0 vuf0JEkdifiHtjzpfodk@ra&mufrjcif; vuf0Jtkyfpku rauseyfI uGefjrLepfolykefrsm; ay:vma=umif;/ tar&duefacgif;aqmifaom tjcm;tkyfpkuvnf; uGefjrLepfrjzpfjyD;a&m[k oabmxm;um/uGefjrLepfqef@usifolqdkvSsif rnf olŒudkrqkd axmuf cHtm;ay;a=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh tar&dueftultnD,laom zGHŒ+zdK;pEkdifiHtcsKdŒwGif 'Drdkua&pD qdyfokOf;oGm;jyD; ppftm%m&Sif/

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0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku tm%m&SifrSeforSsonf vufeufjzifh tm%m&vmouJhokd@vufeufjzifhyif jzKwfcsjcif; cHwwf&um; ?&efudkumuG,fEdkif&ef uGefjrLepftm%m&SifESifhzufqpftm%m&Sifwdk@onf ygwDydki fcg;ydkufaqmifwyf xm;avh&Sd a=umif;/ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;uawmh EdkifiHydkif ppfwyfrsm;udkudk,f ydkifcg;ydkufaqmifwyfozG,f toHk;cswwfa=umif;/odk@aomf ppftm%m&Sifonf wyfrsm;ESifh uif;uGmonfrSm =umoGm;ygu "vufeufykdif&SSif"ppfaoemywd. jzKwfcsum tm%modrf;jcif; cH&um Zmwfwlom; tpm;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk rm&S,fa[mif; yDblqGef*,rfESifh rm&S,fopf q&pfwmem&yfudk Oyrmay;Ia[moGm;ygonf?

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OD;Ek}uD;u uGefjrLepf0g' raumif;a=umif; "vlxkatmifoH" jyZmwfjzif h0g'jzef@cJhonf? 4if;jyZmwfudk owWrwef;oHk; jrefrmpmtjzpf jyXmef;vkdufI ausmif;om;wkdif;odae=uonf? OD;Auav;u &kyfpHkpmtkyftjzpf a&;qGJay;jyD;/ wtkyfudk 15 jym;jzifha&mif;ojzifh vlwef;pm;ra&G; zwfEkdifoGm;cJhonf? ausmif;oHk;rl&if; jyZmwfpmtkyf. a&mif;aps;rSmvnf; 25 jym;om &Sdonf?

4if;jyZmwfudk jyef=um;a&;XmerS &kyf&Sif&dkufjyD; jrefrmjynftEHS@ vSnfhvnfumtcrhJhjyoonf? xkdpOfu &efukef+rdKŒawmfYyif tdrfwdkif;Y a&'D,kdrxm;Ekdif=uao;/ a&'D,kduufquf qkdonfrSm ray:ao;? av;vHaom wdyf&Daumf'g}uD; rsm;yif ay:p tajctaejzpf&um; awmaevlxkrSm tpkd;&u tvum;vmjyrnffhh &kyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tar&duefjyef=um;a&;Xme (USIS) rS vSnfhvnfjyonfh 0g'jzef@ h&kyf&Sifum;rsm;udkarSsmf=uonf?

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32

3 23 23 23 23 2 tvif;tdrfr* ☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✌✍✎✠✏✑✡✞✌✒✎

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OD;Ek. vlxkatmifoH&kyf&Sif atmifjrifvkdufyHkrsm;udkazmfjy&aomf....(1) olykefwkd@u rkqdk;r}uD;wOD;. EGm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;jyD;qGJ,loGm;pOff rkqdk;r}uD;u

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(3) &JabmfjzL Adkvfat;azESifh tzGJŒudk uGefjrLepf AdkvfawmufxGef;ESifh tzGJ huvdrfnmzdwf/ aoewfESifh awhum vufeufcsckdif;jyD; ypfowfcef;?

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33

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jrefrmvlxk}uD;rSmawmh zqyvwdk@ arG;cJhaomo&J}uD;. '%fudk 26 ESpfausmfESifho&J}uD;.wynfh bDvl;obuf}uD; rsm;.'g%fudk27 ESpfausmf pkpkaygif; &mpkESpf xuf0ufausmf tvl;tvJcHxm;&jzifh raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;&efrS tjrefu,fwifay;rnfh 0dZ‰m"kkd&folawmfjrwfwfwdk@udk ajrSmfawmfaZmESifh armae =uygawmhonf? 2015 a&G;aumufyGJu0dZ‰m"kkd&f olawmfjrwfwfdk hu dk&SmazGawG@&SdEdkif ygrnfavm?

vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfu a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tem*wWHo^m%fawmfjzifh a&SŒa&;udk=unfhjyD; "ig bk&m;. omoemwmfudk ig. om;awmfrsm;jzpfaom&[ef;rsm;u zsuf=uayvwWH@" [k}udKwifa[mudef; xkwfxm;cJhyg onf? &[ef;wk&[ef;a,mif/ &Sifwk&Sifa,mifwdk@a=umifh omoemawmf qkwf,kwfvmonfrSm trSefjzpfygonf?

jrefrmppfwyfudk wnfaxmifay;cJhol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmawmh a*gwrAk'<uJhodk@oAŠnKwa&$ m%fawmfvnf;r&cJh/ tem*wWHo^m%fawmf vnf;&Sdolr[kwfI/ tem*wfudk}udKrjrifIom jrefrmppfwyf. zcif}uD;jzpfcJ h[ef &Sdygonf? tem*wfudk}udKjrifIolaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfudk ol.om;rsm;jzpfaom ppfAdkvfppfom;rsm;u zsuf=uawmhrnf/udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk,fu|efjyefvkyfrnfhwyf/ olŒorD;t&if;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh 'kuQay;rnfhwyfjzpfawmhrnfrSef;om od&SdcJ h&ygu "udk,fhvlrsdK;udk,f EdSyfpufrnfhwyfrsdK; xlaxmifay;cJhrnfhtpm; wkdif;wyg;om;vufatmuf u|efom;aygufjzpf ae&wmu ydkaumif;ygvdrfhOD;rnf"[k ajymcJhrnfrSm rcGswf?

,cktcsdef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;om toufjyef&SifvmcJhygu jzpfEdkifzG,frsm;rSm...(1) ol. om;ajr;rsm;ozG,fjzpfaom ,ckacwf ppfAdkvfppfom;rsm;udk qHk;ryJhjyif&ef

34

3 43 43 43 43 4 tvif;tdrfr* ✧★✩✪✫ ✬✭✮✯✰✱✲✬✳✴✭✪✰✵✲

oltm;xkwfrnfrSm aocsmonf? odk@aomfvnf; q&m&if; o&J}uD;udk yif csrf;omray;awmhbJ owfjzwf pm;aomufvkduf=uaom bDvl; obuf}uD;rsm;u "zcif}uD;aombdk;ataom" rr_awmhbJ tZmwowfr SpcJhaom "tzowf rif;ig;quf" vrf;pOfudkvdkufawmhrnfrSm aocsmoavmuf &dSonf?

(2) bk&m;c|wfaomfrS ru|wfawmhrnfh "ol.om;ajr;rsm;" udk qHk;r r&ojzifh"vGefukefjyD/ vGefukefjyD/ jrefrmjynfol vlxk}uD;a&/ 'DvdkwyfrsdK; xlaxmifay;cJhrdwmusKyftrSm;ygbJ? usKyfudkom owf=uygawmh" [k qkdavrnfavm?

(3) odk@r[kwf &Sufa'gojzifh *syefvrf;pOfvkdufjyD; "[&muD&d” vkyfcg ol@udk,fudkol owfaornfavm/ pOf;pm;p&myif jzpfygawmhonff?

a'gufwmarmifarmif}uD; ar 10/ 2015

(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS ul;,laz: jyygonf)

35

3 53 53 53 53 5 tvif;tdrfr*✶✷✸✹✺ ✻✼✽✾✿❀❁✻❂❃✼✹✿❄❁

&yfuGufxJrSm nOfheufoef;acgif wpfvrf;0if wpfvrf;xGuf/ acG;a[mifoHacG;tloH wnHnH wpDpD=um; xJrSm [dk+cHxJ0if/ 'Dtdrfa&SŒ&yf/ wHcg;awGudk w0kef;0kef;w'dkif;'dkif;xkESuf+yD; "AsdKŒ..tdrf&[email protected]&Sifwdk@ {nfhpm&if; ppfr,fvkd@ " AsdKŒ atmf[pfcdkif;wmawG/{nfhpm&if; ppfwJhtzJGŒxJrSm vdkufygcdkif;aewmawG [m armifjzLeJ@armifndKwdk@&JŒ udk,fydkift&nftaoG; t&nftcsif; Identity awGeJ@ vHk;0qef@usifbufjzpfae?

yef;csD/ yef;yk/ *Dw/ obif/ ¶kyf&Sif tEkokckreJ@ oufqdkifwJh vpOfxkwf r*~Zif;wpfapmif ay:aygufcJhzl;yg w,f? tEkynm&SifawG udk awGŒqHk+yD;olwdk@&JŒ tEkynmawG/ olwdk@&JŒtEkynmt,ltq tawG;tac:awG ta=umif;udk aqmif;yg;awGa&;zdk@ tJ'Dr*~Zif;t,f'DwmtzGJŒ twGuf wwfEdkifwJhbufu u|efawmf yHhydk;ulnD a&;om;ay;cJhzl;ygw,f?e,fa'oawGudkvnf; r=umc% c&D;xGuf+yD; &yfa0;utEkynm&SifawGudk oGm;a&mufawGŒqHk&if; aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJhzl;ygw,f? wpfcgrSmawmh vli,fyef;csD q&m wpf a,mufeJ@awGŒqHkcGifh&cJhygw,f?

tJh'Dwkef;u e²0²wppftpdk;&eJ@ e²t²z ppftpdk;& vufxufxHk;pHtwdkif; pme,fZif;avmuudk zdESdyf uef@owf csKyfcs,fr_ awGrsm;jym;wJh pmaypdppfa&;'g%fudk tvl;tvJ

wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&J @tdkif'efwpfwD

aqmif;0if;vwf

36

3 63 63 63 63 6 tvif;tdrfr* ❅❆❇❈❉ ❊❋●❍■❏❑❊▲▼❋❈■◆❑

cHae=u&wJh tcsdefjzpfwJh twGuf r*~Zif;pmrsufESmrSm vli,fyef;csD q&m&JŒ avmutjriftawG; wcsdKŒudk a&;om;azmfjycsifyg&ufeJ@ csef vSefxm;cJh&wm ESajrmp&myg? rSwfrdaeygao;w,f? tJh'Dwkef;u yef;csDt,ltqawG ta=umif; pum; pyfrdae=u&if; vli,fyef;csDq&mu/ vlawG&JŒ a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh wcsdKŒaysmufqHk;ae&wJh ppftm%m&Sif awG&JŒzdESdyfuef@owfabmif cwfxm;cH&r_awG ta=umif;ajymovdk tJ'Dtm%m &SifawG}uD;pdk;rif;rlae orSsumvywfvHk;rSm wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh vlwpfOD;csif;pD&JŒ udk,fydkif Identity

awG[mvnf; 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;avmufatmif aysmufqHk;ae&OD;rSmyJqd kwmajymvmygw,f?

vlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity qdkwmrSm ol[m b,folvJ? ol[mbmvJ qdkwmt"du usygw,f? vli,f yef;csDq&mu u|efawmhfudk Oyrmay;+yD; ajymoGm;wm pdwf0ifpm;zdk@vnf; aumif;ovdk 0rf;enf;zdk@ vnf; aumif;ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh olajymjyoGm;wmuu|efawmfwdk@wdkif; jynfrSm =uufajceD olemjyKwyfzGJŒ0if wpf a,mufqdkygawmh? olŒ&JŒ Iden-

tity u =uufajceD olemjyKjzpfw,f? olŒemrnfu armifjzLqdkygawmh? armifjzL&JŒ tvkyf[m rGefjrwfw,f? ta&;ay: xdcdkuf'g%f&m&wJh vlemawGudk armifjzLu ulnDapmifha&Smufw,f? olwwfu|rf;wJh=uuf ajceDa&S;OD; olemjyKenf;t& vlemawGudk }udKwifu,fq,fjyKpk apmifha&Smufr_ ay;w,f? aemufwpfcg armifndK qdkygawmh? armifndKu&yf&GmeJ@ +rdKŒ }uD;jy}uD; awGrSm rD;ab; umuG,fa&;twGuf olwwfu|rf;wJh rD;+idrf;owftwwfynm &yfawGudk ,Hk=unfouf0if+yD; jynfolvlxkudk ulnDu,fq,f umuG,fapmifha&SmufaewJh rD;owfwyfzGJŒ0if wpfa,muf jzpfw,f?

'gyifrJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh =uufajceDwyfzGJŒ0if armifjzLeJ@ rD;owf wyfzJGŒ0ifarmifndKwdk@udk olwdk@&JŒ udk,fydkif Identity awG uae+yD; aoGznfoGm;atmif/ aysmufysufoGm;atmif/ ppftpdk;& ppftm%m ydkifawGuae+yD; }udK;udkiftoHk;cs ae=uwm 0rf;enf;p&maumif;wJh ta=umif; vli,fyef;csD q&mu u|efawmhfudk ajymjyw,f? wu,fawmh =uufajceDolemjyKwyfzJGŒ0if armifjzLqdkwJh vlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity eJ@ rD;owfwyfzGJŒ armifndK qdkwJhvlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity [m/ wdkif;jynfEdkifiHt0ef; rSm "txufwef;us " vSwJh Iden-

tity awGyJjzpfw,f?'gayrJh tm%mydkifawGu olwdk@ (2) a,mufudk b,fvdk cdkif;ap toHk;cs

aevJqdkawmh &yfuGufxJrSm nOfh eufoef;acgif wpfvrf;0if wpfvrf;xGuf/ acG;a[mifoHacG;tloH wnHnH wpDpD=um;xJrSm[dk +cHxJ0if/ 'Dtdrfa&SŒ&yf/ wHcg;awGudk w0kef;0kef; w'dkif;'dkif;xkESuf+yD; "AsdKŒ tdrf&Sif wdk@ tdrf&Sifwdk@ {nfhpm&if; ppfr,fvkd@ "AsdKŒ atmf[pfcdkif;wmawG/{nfhpm&if; ppfwJhtzJGŒxJrSm vdkufygcdkif;aewmawG[m armifjzLeJ@ armifndKwdk@&JŒ udk,fydkift&nftaoG; t&nftcsif; Identity awGeJ@ vHk;0qef@usif bufjzpfaewJh ta=umif;

37

3 73 73 73 73 7 tvif;tdrfr*❖P◗❘❙ ❚❯❱❲❳❨❩❚❬❭❯❘❳❪❩

yef;csDq&mav;u u|efawmhfudk ajymjyygw,f? xdkenf;wlpGmyJ?wpfcg wpfcg wcsdKŒ+rdKŒe,f awGu tm%mydkif ¶kH;tzJGŒtpnf;awG[m vloGm;vrf;/

um;/ pufbD;/ qdkuf u,f/ qdkufum;/ jrif;vSnf; oGm;wJh vrf;ab;0J,m wpfavSsmufvrf;ydwfqdk@ vkrwwfaps;a&mif; ae=uwJh vrf;ab;aps;onfawGudk toHcsJŒpufeJ@atmf[pf+yD; z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif; cdkif;wJh ae&mrsdK;rSm vnf; armif jzLqdkwJh =uufajceDwyfzJGŒ0ifeJ@armifndKqdkwJh rD;owfwyfzGJŒ0ifvdkrsdK; wyfzGJŒ0ifawGudk olwdk@&JŒ t"du twwfynm/ olwdk@&JŒrGefjrwf txufwef;usvSwJh OD;wnf&nf &G,fcsuf/ olwdk@&JŒ yifr tvkyftudkif Identity

awGuaeaoGznf aysmufuG,f oGm;atmif csKyfudkifcdkif;ap aewmawG[m obm0w&m;eJ@aoGz,fr_yJvkd@ vli,fyef;csDq&mav;u ajymjyygw,f?

olqdkvdkwmu v,form;[m pdwfat;csrf;ompGmeJ@ olŒ&JŒ v,fvkyfief;cGifxJrSmyJarGŒavsmfcGifh &Sd&r,f? tvkyform;[m ol&oifh&xdkufwJh vkyftm;caiGeJ@ olŒ&JŒ vkyfief;cGifxJrSm ab;tEœ&m,fuif;&Sif; usef;rmpGm vkyfudkifcGifh &Sdae&r,f?xdkenf;wl &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolausmif;om; ausmif;olwdkif;[mvnf; udk,fh&JŒ udk,fydkif Identity t& qENeJ@arSsmfrSef;csufjynfhjynfh00 wpfOD;csif; tcGifhta&; rSsrSs wweJ@ b0udk wnfzGJŒEdkif=u&r,f? yef;csD q&m[molŒyef;csDcHpm;r_/ olŒtEkynmudk olŒtawG;udk vGwfvyfpGm b,folŒ&JŒ csKyfudkif zdESdyfxm;qD;r_&JŒatmufrSmrS r&Sdap&bJ awG;ac: cHpm; yHkazmfzefwD;EdkifcGifh &Sdae&r,f? 'gudk yef;csDq&mav;u ajymjycJhwmyg?

vlawGeJ@olwdk@&JŒ udk,fydkif tqifhtwef;awGudk a&maxG;csifwdkif;vnf; a&maxG;vdk@ r&EdkifwJh oabmygyJ? Oyrm &JwyfzGJŒqdkygawmh olŒrSmvnf; olŒtpOftvmt&&Sd+yD;om;yg? 17 &mpkeJ@ 18&mpk ESpfawGwkef; u t*FvefEdkifiHrSm qdk&if touft&G,ftdkrif;wJh olawGu vufqGJrSeftdrfawG udkif+yD; nbufuif; vSnfhxGufcJh&wJhacwf jzpfcJhzl;w,f? tar&duwdkufrSm usawmh e,fy,fopfawGp+yD; wnfaxmifcgp acwfwkef;uqdk&if/a,musfm; wdkif;[m udk,fh&JŒ tdrfaxmifpkudk wm0ef,l umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&wJh acwfjzpfcJhzl;w,f? Oa&mywdkufrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmh tJ'D t*FvefeJ@ tar&duefu acwfawGxuf apm+yD; &JtzGJŒqdkwm &SdcJhw,f?

'gayrJhtkyfcsKyfwJh rif;{u&mZfawG&JŒ vufyg;ap tqifhavmufyJ &SdcJhygw,f?a&mrbk&if *wfpwyfvufxuf/ jyifopfu ppfbk&ifawGjzpfwJh 14 qufajrmuf vl0DeJ@eydkvD,ef vufxufrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh &JwyfzGJŒ[m bk&ifawGu cdkif;wJhtwdkif; vlxkqDutcGefawG aumuf&ovdk bk&ifawG&JŒ rw&m;zdESdyfr_udk qef@usifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkzrf;qD;nSOf;qJ&wJh tvkyfawGyJ vkyfcJh=u&w,f? 1829 ckESpfrSmawmh t*FvefEdkifiHueef;&if;0ef "qma&mbwfyD; "[m acwfrSD &J tzJGŒzGJŒzdk@ ygvDrefv$wfawmfudk wifjyyg w,f?

38

3 83 83 83 83 8 tvif;tdrfr* ❫❴❵❛❜ ❝❞❡❢❣❤✐❝❥❦❞❛❣❧✐

vlxku uef@uGufygw,f?vGwfvyfr_eJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;udk zdESdyfwJhjyifopf EdkifiHu &JtzJGŒvdk jzpfrSmpdk;&drf+yD;

vlxku uef@uGuf=uwmyg? vlxkudk &Sif;jyawmhrS vlxku vufcHwmeJ@ t*FvefEdkifiHvef'ef+rdKŒawmf &JwyfzGJŒudk zJGŒpnf;cGifh &cJhygw,f? 1920 ckESpfrSm trsdK;orD; &JwyfzGJŒudkzGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? t*FvefeJ@ a0ve,fawGrSm &JwyfzJGŒ oifwef;ausmif;awG zGifhcJhygw,f?tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmvnf; &JtzJGŒudk pepfwuszGJŒpnf;cJhovdk Oa&mywdkuf uEdkifiHawGuawm h jyifopf &JtzGJŒ&JŒ pepfudk enf;,l+yD;zGJŒpnf;cJhw,f? 1920ckESpfrwdkifcifuawmh uae'gEdkifiHrSmtaemufajrmuf jrif;pD;&JtzJGŒudk p+yD; zGJŒcJhovdkaemufydkif;rSmuae'gEdkifiH jrif; pD;&JwyfzGJŒ&,fvkd@ wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHu &JwyfzJGŒ[mvnf; vGwfvyfa&; r&cifuwnf;u t*FvefEdkifiH&JŒ&JtzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;yHk pepfudk tajccH+yD; zJGŒcJh&mu wpfpwpfp &Jtwwfoif ausmif;awG/ XmeawG/wyfzJGŒawGudk wdk;csJŒvmcJhwm jzpf w,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? t&ifwkef;u t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; Police

udk toHvS,f +yD; "ykvdyf "vdk@/ "ykvdyftzJGŒ " vdk@ ac:cJhayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcg jrefrmpmudk ¶kH;oHk;bmomtaeeJ@ jyÏmef; vdkuftcgrSm &JtzJGŒ qdk+yD;ac:cJhygw,f?awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpdk;&vufxuf pufwifbm 1 &uf/ 1964 rSmawmh jynfolŒ&JwyfzJGŒqdk+yD; emrnf ajymif;cJhjyefygw,f?

tck =um;ae&jyefwmuawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzJGŒwJh? b,fEdkifiH b,fwdkif;jynfu&JwyfzGJŒrqdk w&m; Oya'udk ¶dkaoav;pm;&ygw,f? jynfol vlxk&JŒ touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfvHk+cHKr_udk aqmif&Guf&wJh tvkyfu &JwyfzJ GŒ0ifwdkif;&JŒ tvkyfjzpfygw,f?vlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity t& ajym&&if ol[mb,f olvJ/ armifbqdkygawmh armifbbmtvkyf vkyfvJ/ ol[m &JwyfzGJŒ0if wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? 'g[m olŒ&J Identity ygyJ?olŒ&JŒ tvkyf[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tusdK;udk o,fydk;xrf;aqmifay;zkd@om jzpfyg w,f?qif;&Jusyfwnf;/ EGrf;yg;pkwfjywf/ rGJawaewJh jrefrmjynfol vlxktrsm;pkudk rw&m;/ ¶dkufESuf

tck =um;ae&jyefwmuawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzJGŒwJh? b,fEdkifiH b,fwdkif;jynfu &JwyfzGJŒrqdkw&m; Oya'udk ¶dkaoav;pm;&ygw,f? jynfol vlxk&JŒ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfvHk+cHKr_udk

aqmif&Guf&wJh tvkyfu &JwyfzJGŒ0ifwdkif;&JŒ tvkyfjzpfygw,f? vlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity t&ajym&&if ol[mb,f olvJ/ armifbqdkygawmh armifb bmtvkyf vkyfvJ/ ol[m &JwyfzGJŒ0if

wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? 'g[m olŒ&J Identity ygyJ? olŒ&JŒ tvkyf[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tusdK;udko,fydk;xrf;aqmifay;zkd@om jzpfyg w,f? qif;&Jusyfwnf;/ EGrf;yg;pkwfjywf/ rGJawaewJhjrefrmjynfol vlxktrsm;pkudk rw&m;/ ¶dkufESuf t=urf;zuf acsr_ef;zdk@ r[kwfwm olŒ&JŒ

tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSwJh udk,fusifhoduQmjzpfygw,f?..............

39

3 93 93 93 93 9 tvif;tdrfr*♠♥♦♣q rst✉✈✇①r②③s♣✈④①

t=urf;zuf acsr_ef;zdk@ r[kwfwm olŒ&JŒ tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSwJh udk,fusifhoduQmjzpfygw,f?olŒ&JŒ tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSwJh udk,fusifhodu jzpfyg w,f? 'DvdkrS r[kwf&ifawmh

udk,fh&JŒ udk,fydkif Identity awG aysmufqHk; ysufjy,f+yD; olwpfyg; tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sif t}udKuf cg;ydkufaqmifb0 txd edrfhusoGm;Edkifygw,f? tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;&mxl;pnf;pdrf wnf+rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufae&wJh b0eJ@ tqifhavmufrSmyJqifjcifwHk w&m;enf;yg;/ ynmOm%fenf;yg;vGef;ol vlwpfa,muf&JŒ tqifhavmufrSmyJudef;ao "Constant " jzpfaerSm aocsmygw,f? 'DvdkygyJ wdkif;jynf wpfjynfrSmvnf;'Dwdkif;jynf[m bmvJ/ bmwdkif;jynfvJ/ vlxktay:rSm b,fvdkpHepfeJ@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfaewJhwdkif;jynfvJ qdkwJh wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&JŒ Identity &Sdygw,f? todeJ@owd w&m;vufudkifxm;Edkif=uyg apa=umif;Asm?

aqmif;0if;vwf

(jrefrmoHawmfqihfowif;XmerS)

88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;. axmifwGif;jzpf vufawG@b0 EdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0wÎKopf

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvdk h

A[kvGi fjyi f

t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ?

40

4 04 04 04 04 0 tvif;tdrfr* ⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❶❽❾❷⑨❺❿❼

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41

4 14 14 14 14 1 tvif;tdrfr*➀➁➂➃➄ ➅➆➇➈➉➊➋➅➌➍➆➃➉➎➋

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42

4 24 24 24 24 2 tvif;tdrfr* ➏➐➑➒➓ ➔→➣↔↕➙➛➔➜➝→➒↕➞➛

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43

4 34 34 34 34 3 tvif;tdrfr*➟➠➡➢➤ ➥➦➧➨➩➫➭➥➯➲➦➢➩➳➭

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44

4 44 44 44 44 4 tvif;tdrfr* ➵➸➺➻➼ ➽➾➚➪➶➹➘➽➴➷➾➻➶➬➘

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45

4 54 54 54 54 5 tvif;tdrfr*➮➱✃❐❒ ❮❰ÏÐÑÒÓ❮ÔÕ❰❐ÑÖÓ

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46

4 64 64 64 64 6 tvif;tdrfr* ×ØÙÚÛ ÜÝÞßàáâÜãäÝÚàåâ

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47

4 74 74 74 74 7 tvif;tdrfr*æçèéê ëìíîïðñëòóìéïôñ

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Ek difiH&d Sawmh Ek difiHa&;qdkwm &dSvmw,f? Ek difiHa&;u EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;&JŒta&;jzpfayr,hf EkdifiHom;wdkif;[m EkdifiHa&;[m rdrdwdk@ta&;ygvm;vdk@ ESvHk;roGif;rdovdkEkdifiHa&;vkyfcsdefvnf; r&=u&Smyg bl;? 'ga=umifh EkdifiHa&;orm;u oD;oef@ ay:vmw,f?EkdifiHa&;xJrSm vkyfyd kifcGif htm%mqdkwmu ygvmw,f? tJ'Dvkyfyd kifcGif htm%m[mya'omyifozG,f jzpfEdkifwhJtcgusawmh EkdifiHa&;orm;qdkolawGxJrSm EkdifiHudk xrf;wifvdkwhJjirf;vdk EkdifiHa&;orm;u enf;+yD;awmh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk rlydkifvkyf/ EkdifiH/ EkdifiHom;eJ@EkdifiHa&;tay:uae tjrwfxkwf xD;vdk tkyfpdk;vdkwhJ EkdifiHa&;orm;u cyfrsm;rsm;jzpfvmw,f? tJ'D xD;vdktpdk;&awG&JŒ '%fudk rdrdwdk@ cHvm&wm ESpfaygif; 50 cef@ &dSoGm;yg+yD?

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48

4 84 84 84 84 8 tvif;tdrfr* õö÷øù úûüýþÿ⑦ú�✁ûøþ✂⑦

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t&SifoH0&mvuFm& ("rRyd,q&mawmf) (http://www.news-eleven.com rS &,laz: jyygonf?)

49

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50

5 05 05 05 05 0 tvif;tdrfr* ✒✓✔✕✖ ✗✘✙✚✛✜✢✗✣✤✘✕✛✥✢

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51

5 15 15 15 15 1 tvif;tdrfr*✦✧★✩✪ ✫✬✭✮✯✰✱✫✲✳✬✩✯✴✱

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52

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61

6 16 16 16 16 1 tvif;tdrfr*➳➵➸➺➻ ➼➽➾➚➪➶➹➼➘➴➽➺➪➷➹

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62

6 26 26 26 26 2 tvif;tdrfr* ➬➮➱✃❐ ❒❮❰ÏÐÑÒ❒ÓÔ❮✃ÐÕÒ

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63

6 36 36 36 36 3 tvif;tdrfr*Ö×ØÙÚ ÛÜÝÞßàáÛâãÜÙßäá

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..............

rajymrjzpfvkd@ ajym&OD;r,f armif?tEkynmqdkwJhpum; b,fr# wmoGm;w,fqkdwm rodayr,fh araruawmh

ajym&Smygw,f? vlxlwkdif; tarhE_wfcrf;u

64

6 46 46 46 46 4 tvif;tdrfr* åæçèé êëìíîïðêñòëèîóð

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awG qkdwkdif; olcsnf;yJ"tJ'gawmh [kwfw,farmif? [dk;i,fpOfuwnf;u ausmif;uyGJawGqkd araru

rdwfuyfwpfawmifvmuf rsufESmzdk@ay;+yD;"[Jh orD;? 'g &Sufp&mr[kwfbl;? pifay:wuf eef@vkdufprf;yg"ajrSmufay;vdk@ pifay:wif? ajccsKd;vufcGifeJ@ wwfoavmufcgcs eef@jycJholyg armif?

i,fpOfuwnf;u cgcscJhwJh wifykqHk ckrSckefwm[kwfbl; armif? ckrS ckefwmr[kwfbl;?i,fpOfuwnf;u 0goemqkdwm rod? rdbuajrSmufay;wkdif;

"[Jh orD; pifay:rSm enf;enf;v_yfjyvkduf"qkdwkdif; bkrodbrod t&Sufenf;enf;rsufcGuf rJajymifum ujrif;jycJh&olyg? trSefawmh om;orD; u vkyfcsifrSef; rvkyfcsifrSef;rod?arar udk,fwkdifukdu i,fpOfu olrujrif;cJh&or# twkd;cs+yD; em;rvnf yg;rvnforD;i,fudk "ydk;&Sdw,f" pGyfpGJcsufeJ@ ujrif;cdkif;cJhor# ujrif;cJh&olyguG,f?

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tckawmh tifwmeufay: COC upm;&if; ujrif;cJhor#"rkdufpf rkdufpf""qkd;c¶k"qkdwJhpum;awGeJ@ taru olrursif;cJh&or# orD;tvSnfhus twkd;cs+yD;

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65

6 56 56 56 56 5 tvif;tdrfr*ôõö÷ø ùúûüýþÿù⑦�ú÷ý✁ÿ

"u|wf &Sif;jyvnf; em;vnfrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh jrefrmhtEkynm urBmudkrxkd;azmufEdkifwm"

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=unfh+yD;"uJ rif;orD;? tJ'Dyk0gp cg;a&SŒudk umvkduf"olajymwJhtwkdif; udkifxm;wJhyk0gp cg;a&SŒtomcsvkdufw,f? 'gudk=unfh+yD;

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"bmqrfvJ? cg;em;u yk0g;=um; udk,fhbmomudk,f jyefiHk@=unfh+yD; tHh=o[ef vkyfjyav"

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wpfcgr SrtHh=ocJhzl;wmudk? ol@usrS y0gjcm;+yD; tHh=ojy&rwJh?tJ'g bmtxmvJ armif?"uJ uJ vkyf=unfh"

66

6 66 66 66 66 6 tvif;tdrfr* ✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✞✍✎✟✆☛✏✌

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67

6 76 76 76 76 7 tvif;tdrfr*✑✒✓✔✕ ✖✗✘✙✚✛✜✖✢✣✗✔✚✤✜

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68

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69

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7 17 17 17 17 1 tvif;tdrfr*▼◆❖P◗ ❘❙❚❯❱❲❳❘❨❩❙P❱❬❳

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72

7 27 27 27 27 2 tvif;tdrfr* ❭❪❫❴❵ ❛❜❝❞❡❢❣❛❤✐❜❴❡❥❣

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73

7 37 37 37 37 3 tvif;tdrfr*❦❧♠♥♦ ♣qrst✉✈♣✇①q♥t②✈

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74

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8 18 18 18 18 1 tvif;tdrfr*åæçèé êëìíîïðêñòëèîóð

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8 28 28 28 28 2 tvif;tdrfr* ôõö÷ø ùúûüýþÿù⑦�ú÷ý✁ÿ

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8 38 38 38 38 3 tvif;tdrfr*✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✞✍✎✟✆☛✏✌

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85

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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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87

8 78 78 78 78 7 tvif;tdrfr*❃❄❅❆❇ ❈❉❊❋●❍■❈❏❑❉❆●▲■

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88

8 88 88 88 88 8 tvif;tdrfr* ▼◆❖P◗ ❘❙❚❯❱❲❳❘❨❩❙P❱❬❳

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1941 ckESpf 'DZifbm 8 &ufae@wGif *syefppfxJ0ifvmonf? TwGif rDemrDuDuef

89

8 98 98 98 98 9 tvif;tdrfr*❭❪❫❴❵ ❛❜❝❞❡❢❣❛❤✐❜❴❡❥❣

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90

9 09 09 09 09 0 tvif;tdrfr* ❦❧♠♥♦ ♣qrst✉✈♣✇①q♥t②✈

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91

9 19 19 19 19 1 tvif;tdrfr*③④⑤⑥⑧ ⑨⑩❶❷❸❹❺⑨❻❼⑩⑥❸❽❺

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92

9 29 29 29 29 2 tvif;tdrfr* ❾❿➀➁➂ ➃➄➅➆➇➈➉➃➊➋➄➁➇➌➉

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93

9 39 39 39 39 3 tvif;tdrfr*➍➎➏➐➑ ➒➓➔→➣↔↕➒➙➛➓➐➣➜↕

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tvif;tdrf&J@ b0yg?

aZmfaZmfEdkif

vlwpfa,mufcsif;qDrSm....rsufpd ESpfvHk; ...

em; ESpfzuf udk,fpD&Sdwmu ...ESpfzufjrifay;zdk@eJ@

ESpfzufem;axmifay;zdk@....

ausmfrdk;Edkif

94

9 49 49 49 49 4 tvif;tdrfr* ➝➞➟➠➡ ➢➤➥➦➧➨➩➢➫➭➤➠➧➯➩

usKyfcspfwJh pmay uavmifoGm;eJ@usKyfrkef;wJh tm%m&SifpepfudkusKyfaemufqHk;xGufouftxd

qef@usif awmfvSef wdkufcdkufoGm;r,f?

xGef;+idrf; (abmufaxmfom;)

Anm;b&dkif,efuif;

tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;onfppftm%m&Sifwdk@. bDvl;tdrfrufYpaw;cHcJh&olcsif; aygif;pnf;rd&if;jzifhtvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (9) ESpfwmrSonftm%m&Sifwdk@ rkcsusqHk;&rnf[ktcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfpGmjzifh.....

aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef)ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

95

9 59 59 59 59 5 tvif;tdrfr*➲➳➵➸➺ ➻➼➽➾➚➪➶➻➹➘➼➸➚➴➶

(tvif;tdrf) - tvif;tdrf onfum;e0r vGefajrmuf '\r a&mufvnf;tvif;tdrfuawmh tvif;rrSdefao;yg?awmfvSefa&;c&D; +yD;qHk;onfhwdkifatmiftvif;tdrf tvif;rrSdefapa&;twGufqufvuf xrf;aqmif&rSmuawm hjzifhtzGJ@om;rsm;tm;vHk;&J@ wm0efyJ qdkwmrarh rav#mh apcsifygbl; &Jabmfwdk@a&?

cifarmifaZmf(av;av;tdk -O\majr) tvif;tdrf

zwfcJhzl;wmav;yg.....tqdk;jriform;u...

avxefwmudk tjypfwifw,f/taumif;jriform;u...

av+idrfoGm;rSmygvdk@ ar#mfvifhw,f?vufawG@orm;u...

avS&GufawGudktvdkufoifh xdef;nSday;wwfw,f?

atmifaZ,smndK

pnfoljrifh

96

9 69 69 69 69 6 tvif;tdrfr* ➷➬➮➱✃ ❐❒❮❰ÏÐÑ❐ÒÓ❒➱ÏÔÑ

tvif;a&mifrrSdefwJh'dk@ ....tvif;tdrf?

at;odkuf

tvif;tdrfeJ@twl t+rJwrf;vufwGJrjzKwfyJ&yfwnfaerSmyg?

aX;0if;

jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuftvif;tdrf t"Gef@&Snfygap?

atmif=unf

97

9 79 79 79 79 7 tvif;tdrfr*ÕÖ×ØÙ ÚÛÜÝÞßàÚáâÛØÞãà

tvif;tdrf wnfwHhoa&G@&Sdeygrnf?

[efaZmf0if;

rdom;pkpdwf/ &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf"gwfrsm;ESifhtwl

tvif;tdrf xm0&wnf&Sdapzdk@wGJvufrsm; cdkif+rJ=uygpdk@?

&Jjrifhatmif

tvif;tdrfpmayxm0pOf wnfwHhcdkif+rJEdkifygap?

0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)

98

9 89 89 89 89 8 tvif;tdrfr* äåæçè éêëìíîïéðñêçíòï

t&mtm;vHk;udk.....ig......

r=um;csif......rjrifcsif......rodcsif......'garrJh....!

ig......twWawGusefaeao;w,f....!

xGef;xGef;0if; (tvif;tdrf)

,Hk=unfr_onfvl.wefzdk;jzpfonf?

ausmfcdkif0if;

tvif;tdrfeJ@twl vufwGJr,fvdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;wJh tcsdefup+yD;c&D;qHk;txd csDwufr,f?

wifEdkif

99

9 99 99 99 99 9 tvif;tdrfr*óôõö÷ øùúûüýþøÿ ⑦ùöü�þ

tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vufwGJv#ufwpfESpf+yD;wpfESpf

a&S@odk@csDwufv#ufyg?

ausmfrsdK;xGef;

tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhtwlt+rJvufwGJ yg0if&if;

tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf;t"Gef@&Snf wnfwHhcdkif+rJygap?

0if;oEWmatmif

wuf➸✁ ✂✄☎✆✝✞✟✠✝✡ ✞✠✝☛☞✌✍☛ ✎☎✏✝✎✠✝

t+rJpnf;vHk; vufwGJrjzKwfwtlwHkqif; nDtpfudk&if; ozG,fyif

tvif;tdrf [email protected];rif;

100

1 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 0 tvif;tdrfr* ✑✒✓✔✕ ✖✗✘✙✚✛✜✖✢✣✗✔✚✤✜

=unfpef;

tvif;tdrf (9) ESpf jynfhcJh+yD?

tHharmf

atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/

ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl;

t✥✦✧★t✩✪✧✪✫✬✭✦✧★✪✮ ✯✰✯✱✧✲✳✴✧✵✶ ✷✸✹✧✺✻✼✩✽✾✧

101

1 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 1 tvif;tdrfr*✿❀❁❂❃ ❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❄❋●❅❂❈❍❊

102

1 0 21 0 21 0 21 0 21 0 2 tvif;tdrfr* ■❏❑▲▼ ◆❖P◗❘❙❚◆❯❱❖▲❘❲❚

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;tm;

ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom

wdk@tm; tvif;tdrfr*❳Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS

rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf

(1) &Jrif;0if;(2) ausmfxGef;Edkif(3) cdkifOD;i,f

zdwfac:tyfygonf

EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm;a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;

uAsm/ 0w❼❨❩❬❭❪ ❫❴❩❵❛❜❝❪ ❞❛❜❝❡❢❣❤❢❴❫❬❭

rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;ydk@Edkifygonf?pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@

aemufqHk;xm;+yD; ay;ydk@=uyg&efarwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

.................................................

103

1 0 31 0 31 0 31 0 31 0 3 tvif;tdrfr*✐❥❦❧♠ ♥♦♣qrs✉♥✈✇♦❧r①✉

pmtkyfcsKyf/ xkwfvkyfa&;ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if;wifEdkif / [efaZmf0if;

owif; ESifh rD'D,mxGef;+idrf; / at;okduf

aZmfaZmfEdkif

jynfwGif;/jynfy jzef@csda&;atmif=unf / atmifrsdK;rif;

udk=unfpef; (v0uwGiftxdrf;odrf;cH)

&Hk;tzGJ hESifhb¾ma&;atmifaZ,smndK / rif;rif;odef;

xGef;xGef;0if;r0if;oEWmatmif

t,f'Dwm&J+idrf;/ cifarmifaZmf

tHharmf

tr_aqmif t,f'Dwmausmfcdkif0if; / 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)

&Jjrifhatmif / ausmfrsdK;xGef;Anm;b&dkif,efuif; (v0u

wGiftxdrf;odrf;cH)

ta0;a&muf t,f'DwmaZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef)ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

pmpDpm&dkufpnfoljrifh

104

1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4 tvif;tdrfr* ②③④⑤⑥ ⑧⑨⑩❶❷❸❹⑧❺❻⑨⑤❷❽❹

tvitvitvitvitvi f;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&efPOST 169-0075

TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

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303,HIGARI BLD

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Japan.

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080-5070-0080

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1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(3)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / e,kefv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf?

အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၃)

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