အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၆)

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“w&m;Oya't&r[kwfvSsif/ rnfonfhEd kifiHom;rSs rdrdvGwfvyfr_ud k ¶kyfodrf; jcif;rcH&ap&?r dr daetdr ftwGi f ;od k @ t0i fc H& jci f ; / yp Pnf ;todr f ;c H& jci f ;r& S dap&” [lI jyÏme f ;um/vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcHKr_twGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;onf? xdk@jyif 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'yk'fr 159wGifvnf; EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf yk*~Kdvfqdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh ESifhvHkjcHK r_twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&rnf[lIjyÏmef;xm;ayonf?

xdk@enf;wlpGm 2008 zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'tcef; (1) yk'fr (44) Y vl@oduQmnSKd;EGrf;ao;odrfaponfh jypf'%fjyÏmef;cGifhr&Sdap&[lIvnf;aumif;?

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yk'fr 354 wGif EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;w&m;Oya'pdk;rdkk;a&;/ &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&; (odk@) [email protected],fusifhw&m;tusKd;iSm jyÏmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh rqef@usifvSsifatmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJ aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf?(u) rdrd.,Hk=unfcsuf/ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmxkyfaz:ajyqdkcGifh/ a&;om;jzef@a0cGifh?

vlom;onf w&m;rSswr_jzifh jynfhpHkaecsdefwGif taumif;jrwfqHk;owW0gjzpf.? odk@aomfw&m;rSswr_uif;rJhoGm;aomtcgwGifrl tqdk;,kwfqHk;owW0gjzpfoGm;awmhonf? (t&pPwdkw,f)

jrefrmEd kifiHonf ol@uGsefb0rS vGwfajrmufI vGwfvyfa&;&&S dcJ honfrSm ,cktcg(63)ESpfwkdifcJh+yDjzpfonf? odk@aomf jynfolvlxk tzdk@ vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vHkjcHKr_rsm;uif;rJh aeovdk/ Oya'.tumtuG,fudk r&&SdcJhonfrSm q,fpkESpfaygif;=umcJh+yDjzpfonf? EdkifiH om;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmonfrdrd,Hk=unfcsuft& aqmif&GufcJhr_a=umifh vGwfvyfcGifhtcGifhta&;ydwfyifjcif;cHcJh&um jrefrm EdkifiH&SdtusOf;axmiftoD;oD;Y ESpf&Snfaxmif'%frsm;jzif h pH jref;ae&ayonf? pifppf 4if;wd k@onfrnfonhf&mZ0wfr_udkrSs usL; vGefjcif;r&SdygbJvsuf/ Oya'rJh zrf;qD;tusOf;uscHaeolrsm;jzpfonf?jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_ESifhvHkjcHKr_udk tumtuG,fay;aom Oya'rsm;r&SdIavm?yGifhyGifhvif;vif;qdk&ygrl Oya'jyÏmef;xm;aomfvnf; 1962 ckESpfrwfv 2 &ufae@rS ,ae@wdkift&yfom;ta&jcHKppftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfaeaom umvtxd xdkOya'rsm;. tumtuG,fudk jynfolwdk@rcHpm;&ay?

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(c) vufeufrygbJ +idrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh?(*) toif;tzGJŒ (okd@) tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;zGJŒpnf;aqmif&GufcGifh?(C) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;wrsK d;ESif hwrsK d; (odk@) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tcsif;csif;udk vnf;aumif;/tjcm;bmomoemudkvnf;aumif; xdcdkufepfemr_r&SdapbJ rdrdcspfcifjrwfEdk;onfh pum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_udk;uG,fonfhbmom / omoemESifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdonf[lIvnf;aumif; / y k' fr 356 wGi f E d ki fi Hawmfonf E d ki fi Hom;rsm;. w&m;0if&&S dy d ki fqd ki fxm;aoma&GŒajymif;EdkifaomypPnf;/ ra&GŒajymif;EdkifaomypPnf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I Oya't& umuG,fay;&rnf?

yk'fr 357 wGif TzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'ygjyÏmef;csufrsm;ESifhrqef;usifvSsif EdkifiHawmfonfEdkifiHom;rsm;. aetdrfOypmvHkjcHKr_/ ypPnf;vHkjcHKr_/ pmay;pm,lESifh tjcm;qufoG,fa&;qdkif&mvHkjcHKr_rsm;twGuf Oya't&umuG,fay;&rnf?

yk'fr 358 wGif EdkifiHawmfwGifaus;uGsefjyKr_ESifh vlukeful;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfonf?yk'fr 359 wGif EdkifiHawmfonf Oya'usL;vGefI jypf'%fay;jcif;udk cH&ojzifh tvkyf'%fxrf;

aqmifcd ki f; jcif;ESi f h trsm;jynfoltusK d; twGufaqmif&Guf&ef Ed ki fi Hawmfu Oya'ESif htnDwm0efcsxm;jcif;rSwyg; t"rRapcdkif;jcif;udk wm;jrpfonf?

yk'fr 373 wGif jypfr_usL;vGefol rnfol@ud krqd k ,if;jypfr_usL;vGefonfhtcs defutwnfjzpfvsuf&Sdaom oufqdkif&mOya't&om jypfr_xif&Sm;pD&if&rnf? xdk@jyif ,if;Oya't& csrSwfEdkifaomjypf'%fxufydkIcsrSwfjcif;rjyK&?

yk'fr 375 wGif jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif;pGyfpGJcH&olwOD;OD;onf Oya'ESifhtnD ckcHacsycGifh &Sdap&rnf?yk'fr 376 wGif EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;/ trsm;jynfolat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh

trsm;jynfoltusKd;iSm Oya'ESifh tnD }udKwifumuG,fxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfaom udpP(odk@)wnfqJOya'w&yf&yft& cGifhjyKonfhudpPrSwyg; pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdaom w&m; ol}uD;.csKyfrdef@ r&&SdbJ rnfol@udkrSs 24em&DxufydkIcsKyfaESmifjcif;rjyK&[lI jyÏmef;xm;aomfvnf; ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjyif yef;tm;jzifht&yfom;tpdk;&jzpfaeaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzif h ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfaeonfhtwGufEdkifiHom;wdkif;onf ,ae@wdkif tajccHOy'. tumtuG,fudk wef;wlnDrSsr&&SdrcHpm;=u&ay?

,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vdkufemusifhoHk;aeaomOya'trsm;pkrSm t*FvdyfvufxufujyÏmef;cJhaom Oya'trsm;pkjzpfonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if;ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufydkif;jrefrmEd ki fi HtwGif; ,cifvd kufemusif hoH k;c J honfh Oya'rsm;teuf tcsK d Œonf acwfpepfESif hravsmfnDawmhonfhtwGufa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif;r&SdonfrSm tcsdef=umjrihf+yD;jzpfojzifhvnf; aumif; ponfhta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh jrefrmudk Oya' (Myanmar Code) aygif;csKyftwGJ 13wGJrS Oya'aygif; (435) ckteuf Oya' (221) ck¶kyfodrf;cJhojzifh (214) ckomusef&Sdawmhonf?

xdk@jyif ygvDrefacwf (1955 rS 1962 rwfv 1 ae@txd) wGif usif;oHk;cJhaom jyÏmef;Oya'(334) ckteuf (158) ckudk ¶kyfodrf;cJh aoma=umifh (176) ckom usef&Sdonf? xdkacwfY jyifqifcsufOya'120 udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?

xdkenf;wlpGm awmfvSefa&;aumfpDacwf (1962 rwfv 2 rSwf 1974 rwfv 1 t xdf) wGifusihfoHk;cJhaom jyÏmef;Oya' (182) ckteuf 70 udk zsufodrf;cJh&m (112) ckom usef&Sd+yD; xdkacwfwGifjyifqifcsufOya' (36) ckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf?

rqvacwf (1974 rwf 2 rS 1988 pufwifbm 17 xd) jyÏmef;Oya' (125) ck teuf (32)

55


ckudk zsufodrf;cJh&m vufusefOya' (93) ckom usef&Sd+yD;/ xdkacwfY jyefqif csufOya' (29) ckudkxkwfjyefcJhonf?

wzef EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒacwf (0g) e0wacwf (1988 pufwifbm18 rS 1997 Edk0ifbm 14xd) wGif Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfaomtrdef@ 1 &yftygt0if jyÏmef;Oya'(139) ck&Sd&m Oya' (8) ckudk zsufodrf;cJhI vufusefOya' (131) ckom usef&Sdonf? xdkacwfwGifjyifqifcsufOya' (43) cktm; xyfrHxkwfjyefcJhonf?

,if;aemuf EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHŒ+zdK;a&;aumifpDacwf (1997 Edk0ifbm 15 rS2011 rwfv 30 &ufae@txd) wGif jyÏmef;Oya' (141) ck&Sdonfhteuf (2) ckudk zsufodrf;cJhojzifhvufusefOya' (139) &Sdonf? ,if;acwfY jyifqifcsufOya' (44) ckudk xkwfjyefonf?

odk@uvdk wnfqJOya'w&yf&yfudk zsufodrf;onfjzpfap/ ,cifOya'udk jyifqifajymif;vJIOya'topfrsm;udk jyifqifjyÏmef;onf jzpfap rltm;jzifh Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mYvnf;aumif;/jyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xyfrHjznfhpGuf&mwGifvnf;aumif; Oya'jyK ydkifcGifh&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;rSOya'udk a&;qGJIjynfolwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh ygvDref (odk@) jynfholŒv$Gwfawmfodk@wifjytwnfjyKcsuf&,l+yD;rSomvSsif jyifqif/ jznfhpGuf/ zsufodrf;Edkifayonf?

Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;&mwGifvnf; oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwEdkifiH.EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtpdk;&.rl0g'vrf;nGefcsuf p onfhwdk@tay:tajcjyKI Oya'rsm;udk vdktyfovdk a&;qGJjyÏmef;&ayrnf?xdkodk@a&;qGJjyÏmef;onfhOya'onf trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap+yD; trSefwu,fOya't&jynfolvlxk. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tumtuG,fay;Ed kif&ef vkdtyfayonf? xdkuJ hod k@ r[kwfbJtky fp d k ;oltpd k ;&ud kom tusK d ; jy Kap+y D ; / jynfolvlxkud k ep femaponf hOya'rsm; jzp fyguxdkOya'rsmjyÏmef;xm;jcif;udk tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? ol@uGsefb0usa&mufaepOfut*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHY tajccH vl@tcGifh ta&;rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemaponfh Oya'rsm;udkrjyÏmef;cJhay?

odk@aomf 1962 ckESpfrwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDutm%modrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;ESifh tjcm;toif;tzGJŒrsm;udk zsufodrf;Edkif&ef 1964wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk umuG,fonhfOya'jyÏmef;I EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh tjcm;toif;tzGJŒrsm;ud kzsufodrf;cJ honf? wzef 1975 jynfol@v$wfawmf Oya' trSwf(3) jzif h Ed ki fiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'wdk@udk jyÏmef;I Ed kifiHom;rsm;.rlvtcGif hta&;ud k uef@owfEd ki f&ef jyÏmef;c J honf? tqd kygOya'rsm;onf jynfolvlxk.tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhvHkjcHKr_&Sdapa&;wdk@udktumtuG,fay;onfh Oya'rsm;r[kwfbJ/ tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&wdk@taejzifhEdkifiHom;wOD;tm; rvdkvSsifrvdkovdk ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifap&ef tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udkom tumtuG,fay;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;jzpfayonf?

e0w/ etz vufxufwGifvnf; Oya'opfrsm;jyÏmef;jcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ jznfhpGuf jcif;/y,fzsuf jci f ;ponfwd k @ud k vky faqmi f&mwGi f trsm; jynfolvlxk. oabmxm;ryg?4if;wdk@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufom vGwfvyfpGm t[ef@twm;r&Sd aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef twGufOya'rsm;ud k vd ktyfovd k xkwf jye f jyÏme f ;aejci f ;omjzp fonf? Oya'jyÏme f ;csufrsm;ud kvdkufemtaumiftxnfaz: aqmifay;&onfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwGifvnf; jyÏmef;xm;onfhOya'rsm;.

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tqd kyg jyÏmef;csufrsm;t& Ed ki fi HawmforRonf w&m;ol }uD;cs Ky fce f @tyf&mwGi ftjynfht0=oZmtm%m&Sdonf? jynfaxmifpkv$wf awmfonfyifvSsif t&nftcsif;rjynfhrDjcif;rSwyg;uef@uGufcGifhr&Sday? qdkvdkonfrSm w&m;0ift&nftcsif;jynhfrDonf[laom a,bk,sjcGif;csufjzifhorRwtm; atmuf}udKŒol rnfol@udkrqdk orRwu a&G;cs,fEdkfifonf?

vuf&SdzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya't& orRwonf w&m;ol}uD;csKyfudk a&G;cs,fcef@tyfEdkifaomwOdD;wnf;tm%m&Sdoljzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfonfyifvSsif uef@uGufcGifhr&Sday? 2008tajcc HOya'qd ki f&mr lonf w&m;p D&i fa&;ud k orRw.vuf atmufa&mufapc J honf?w&m;¶Hk;csKyfw&m;ol}uD;csKyfrStp atmufajcw&m;¶Hk;w&m;ol}uD;txd orRwucef@tyfonf?

w&m;ol }uD ;r sm;tm; &mxlr Sz,f& Sm;a&;twGuf orRw.tm%mrsm;vnf;ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfonf? 2008 tajccHrlwGif w&m; ol}uD;csKyfESif h jynfaxmifpkw&m;¶Hk;csKyfw&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm; orRwu &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;Edkifonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGifrl w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm;&mxl;rSz,f&Sm;&eftqdkudk ygvDref. jynfol@vG$$wfawmfwGif pwif wifoGif;Edkifonf? em*pftajccHrlYorRw tm;tyfE Si f ;xm;onf? xd k @a =umi f h w&m;p D&i fa&;onf p Dr Ht ky fc s Ky fa&;.+cdrf;ajcmufr_atmufwGif&Sdonf? w&mol}uD;rsm;. &mxl; oufwrf;umvudkvnf; tajccHrlwGifrjyÏmef;xm;ay? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm; cef@tyfjcif;/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;jcif;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm;w&m;p D&i fa&;.txufwGi f & S da&;twGuf y H hy d k ;xm;aom taetxm;yi f jzp fonf?Tum;vGwfvyfw&m;pD&ifa&;tm; tEW&m,f jzpfaprnfjzpfonf?

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May 20. 2011. REUTERS/Stringer (CHINA - Tags: ENVIRONMENT ANIMALS)

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ol. pmay0g'um; [email protected];udk azmfxkwf&ef jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh [email protected];ESifh vkyftm;. pGrf;tifudk av;pm;aom/ tm;xm;aomol? pmay,mOfaus;rltEkynm pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;/ urBmppfwm;qD;a&;udk vH_aqmfaom +idrf;csrf;a&;acgif;aqmif&k&Sm;jynfaxmifpkvHk;qdkif&m qdkAuf,ufpma&;q&mrsm; or*~toif;. OuUX/ ynma&; r*~Zif;/ ordkif;r*~Zif;rsm;Yt,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfcJhol?

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ol@rsufESmay:wGif E_wfcrf;arG;/ rkwfqdwfarG;rsm; xlxyfawmxaevsuf? yg;odkif;arG;csKHykwfrsm;u ol@rsufESmay:wGif aygufa&mufv$rf;rd k;aeonf? rsufvHk;ESpfvHk;u xdkcsK HykwfawmxJrSxdk;xGufta&mifvufaeonfh ykvif;uGJESpfckjzpfaeonf? tom;a&mifu a=u;eDa&mifbufvkaeonf?zD;oifjcif;uif;rJhaom qHyifrsm;u EG,fr#ifrsm;jzpfum *kwfay:0Jusaeavonf? òyH;&,f E_wfqufvdkufpOfazG;jzLaomoGm;rsm;udk awG@&onf? cEWmudk,fu ydefoG,fyg;vs? cg;±dk;a=um±dk;rsm;rSm ,dkif±GJŒcJhavovm;?ig;q,f ausmfajcmufq,f 0ef;usif touft&G,fwGif cg;u udkif;pðyaecJhav+yD? =urf;axmfaomtvkyfuxkaxmif;xm;onfh '%f&m'%f csufrsm;yif jzpfav rvm;? tm;yg;w& pum;ajymvdkufpOfrsufvHk;ESpfvHk;u jyL;Ius,fvmonf? tay:E_wfcrf;onf E_wfcrf;ar$;rsm; udk qGJ,lvdyfwif aeonf?

ajym&if;qdk&if;ESifhyif olonf taygifqkdif. wHcg;&Gufodk@ a&mufvmcJh+yD; wHcg;&GufudkwGef;zGifhawmhonf? ol. opfjzwfv$ pufutav;om;? taygifqdkif. tjyifbufwGif toifh&yfxm;aomum;qDodk@a&mufvmcJhonf? olu um;.aemufbuftzHk;udk zGifhay;onf? usaemfu tvdkufoifhtv#m;oifh v$pufudk um;xJodk@xnfhay;vdkufonf? olaygifESHcJhonfh opfjzwfv$pufudk jyefvnfa&G;,lvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

aus;Zl;wifa=umif; txyfxyfajym&if; usaemhfnmvufudk qkwfn‡pfxm;onf? tar&duefawGESifh vufqGJE_wfqufonfh tcg pdwfoabmxm;tav;tayghudk E_wfqufonfhvuf. taetxm;twdrfteufu azmfjyonf? ol@vufu c%=umonf txdrajz rav#mhao;?

“opfukr`%DwckrSm opfjzwftvkyform;tjzpfeJ@ tvkyfvkyfcJ hpOfrSmyJ opfydvd k @a[m'Dnmbufajcaxmufjzwfypf cJh&w,fAsm? vGefcJhwJh ESpfESpfq,fausmfuaygh? rpPpfpyDjynfe,frSmtvkyfvkyfcJhwkef;uayghAsm? ajcwzufay;vdkuf&w,f? opfukr`%D ydkif&Sifu usKyfudki&Jjynfydk@w,f?opfjzwfv$pufu usKyfudk edrŠmefyd k@ay;w,fav? at;Asm? cifAsm;&JŒ tultnDudk &&S dcJ hvd k@aus;Zl;wifygw,f? usKyfemrnfu *sdrf;rfoGefrqifyg”“usaemfhemrnfu pdk;/ ulnDcGifh&wmudkyJ 0rf;omrqHk;jzpfcJhygw,f? *sdrf;? awG@&wm0rf;omw,fAsm?”

usaemfhvufudk ajzv$wf+yD; um;wHcg;udkzGifhonf? usaemfhum; tpkwfxufyif ol@um;uydkIyifpkwfcsmaeao;awmh um;wHcg;ESif h ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif oHacs;txyfxyfpm;xm;ojzifhoHprsm;ºuGusum r±_rvSyJ h&G JŒaecJ honf? olum;udk armif;xGuf oGm;pOfw*sK H;*sK H;w*sK dif;*sK dif;toHAvHrsm;onf qlnHjrnf[def;aeavawmhonf?

xdk@aemuf ol@udkvufjyE_wfquf&if; yOPvuftaygifqkdifxJodk@ usaemfjyef0ifvmcJhonf?usaemfhrdwfaqGrSm=um;vdkufonfh taygifqHk;ypPnf; w,fvDaA;&Sif; wvHk;0,f&rnfr[kwfvm;?

xGef;vif;atmif(opPm)ZGef 28 / 2011

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bmomjyefqdkol Roland HardyRoland HardyRoland HardyRoland HardyRoland Hardy(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf

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awZ taqmifqDoGm;rJh ajcvSrf;[m ukdcspfEkdif&J h ...

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aumifav; ukdcspfEkdiftoH=um;vkd@ vSnfh=unfhvkdufygw,f? awZ[m oH'kdifukdrSD&if; tdyfaysmfaewmyg? awZukd =unfh&if; axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu jyKH;vkduf&if; aumifav;ukd

“awZtdyfaew,f”vkd@ wkd;wkd;av; ajymvkdufygw,f? ukdcspfEkdifvnf; olwdwfwdwfav;acsmif;ajrmif;aewmukd aumifav;odoGm;vkd@ enf;enf;awmh rsufESmyloGm;w,f? 'gESifhbJ ESpfa,mufom;awZtaqmifuae vrf;av#muf&if; xGufvmvm=uw,f? vrf;w0ufrSm axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkd fifajcvSrf;awGukd &yfvkduf&if;

“ nDav; rif; igajymp&m&Sdw,f?” vkd@ ajymvkdufygw,f?aumifav;[m ukdcspfekdifa&S@rsm acgif;ikH@ t&kdtaoay;&if;“ [kwfuJhq&m” vkd@ jyefajymvkduf ygw,f?“rif;[mrif; prf;acsmif;xJrSm vJusw,fqkdwm igr,kHbl;? rif;b,fvkdjzpfjyD; 'D'g%f&mawG

&vmovJqkdwm ajymprf;”aumifav;[m vufESpfzufykdufjyD; ajr=uD;ukdpkduf=unfhaew,f?wu,fuHqkd;wJh naecif; jzpfw,f? prf;acsmif;xJrSm axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm a&ESpfowfwmawGukd

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96


wjznf;jznf; jyefjrifa,mifvmw,f? aemufjyD; tvGwf&kef;xGufjyD; olaqmufxm;wJh wJtdrfav;qDtajy;oGm;jyD; ykef;cJhwmukd owd&vmw,f? awZqDukd tm;ukd;w=uD;ESifh oGm;awG@w,f? 'gayrJh ukdawZtdyfaysmfaewm awG@&w,f? pdwfnpfp&mawGukd wwfEdkifoavmuf arhxm;vkdufcsifygw,f?

“nDav; rif;bma=umifh ighukd vdrfajym&wmvJ´“ig[m rif;ukd'kuQay;rJhvl r[kwfbl;qkdwm rif;odygw,f? rif;ukd wu,fulnDEkdifwm rif;odyg

w,f? 'Dawmh ihgukd ,kH,kH=unf=unfESifh ajymjyyg? [kwfjyDvm;´ ukdcspfEkdifuqufjyD; “rif;odxm;zkd@urif;trSefwu,fajymjyrS aemufqkd&if rif;ukd b,folrS 'Dvkd rvkyfekdifatmif umuG,fay;EkdifrSmaygh?'ga=umifh bmawGjzpfcJhovJqkdwm ihgukd ,kH,kH=unf=unf ajymjy”

aumifav;[m axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdif&J@ ppfzdeyfukd vSrf;=unfhvkdufw,f? aumifav; rv_yfr,SufESifh &yfaew,f? rsuf&nfruscsifyg? tdyfaysmfoGm;wmukdbJ vkdcsifw,f?

“ nDav;”vkd@ axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifac:vkdufrS todjyef0ifvmw,f? rusnf;oD;awmifh uGJovkduGJoGm;wJh rsufESmukdukdif&if;

“ usaemf ... usaemfawmh acsmfvJwmr[kwfygbl;?”“igodygw,f? bmjzpfvJ qufajym”“axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm usaemfhukd wGef;cswmyg?” tckrS &ifbwfxJrSm wif;usyfaewJh pum;awG

xGufvmygw,f?“rif;rsufESmukd olxkd;w,f r[kwfvm;´”“rsufESmukd xkd;xmr[kwfbl;? a&ESpfowfwmAs? ”aumifav;toH[m wkefv_yfaeayrJh a'go

vnf;xGufaew,f?“usaemfhqDrSm abmfvfyif&Sdaew,fvkd@ olxifjyD; usaemfjyefay;atmif a&ESpfowfjyD; ppfaq;

wmyg? usaemfa&xJrSm ESpfowfcHae&wmukd axmif0g'gawGtm;vkH; 0kdif;=unfhaew,f// b,folrS ru,f=ubl;? jyD;awmh rsufESmukd xkd;w,f?”

aemufqkH;pum;[m ikdoHa&mjyD; wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;w,f? ao;i,fwJh ykckH;av;ukdaxmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu zufukdifvkduf&if; ...

“axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm rif;ukd aemufb,fawmhrS a&rESpfowf&Jawmhygbl;? tckcsdefupjyD; rif;[m ihgtem;rSm tjrJ&Sdae&r,f? bmrSryleJ@awmh?”

aumifav;u wkd;wkd;av;ESifh“ 0g'gawGtm;vkH; jrifae=uayrJh b,folrSusaemfhukd *&krpkduf=u ygbl;? axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm[m

b,ftcsdefbJjzpfjzpf usaemfhudkzrf;jyD; ESdyfpufawmhrSmyg? ukdawZukdvnf; olESdyfpufjyD;jyD? aemufjyD;usaemfhukd owfr,fvkd@vJ ajymw,f? olwu,f usaemfhukd owfr,fqkdwm usaemfodw,f?”

'gayrJh 'Dpum;awG[m vnfacsmif;xJrSm &yfwef@aew,f? ........... ........... ...........

va&mifatmufrSm t&dyfESpfck yl;uyfoGm;ygw,f? axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdif[m aumifav;ukd aEG;aEG;axG;axG; ayG@zufESpfodrfhaeygw,f? aumifav;&J@ emrnft&if;udkvnf; yg;pyfu a&&Gwfvkdufygw,f?

aumifav;vnf; axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdif vnfyif;ukd wif;wif;usyfusyf zufxm;ygw,f? tckawmht&dyf[m wckwnf;jzpfoGm;ygjyD? axmifeH&H=uD;ay:rSm wa,mufukdwa,muf zufxm;vkd@ t&dyf[m=uD;=uD; rm;rm;ESifh xD;xD;=uD; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;ay:aeygw,f? qufvufazmfjy oGm;ygrnf? cifarmifvwf (c) Roland Hardy

97


,cifvrStquf

'Da&jrifhopf

jroef;wifh

EdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrifbmomjyef tcef;quf

rdrdwdk@ w&kwfjynfolrsm;onf tar&duefjynfolrsm;ESihf vufwGJI/ *syefudk ckcHwdkufcdkufvdka=umif;/ cspf=unfpGmaevdka=umif;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;onf/ *syefwdk@e,fajrxJodk@ usoGm;aom/ tar&duefav,mOfr_;rsm;tm; toufpGef@I u,fq,fcJh=ua=umif;/ jzpfyGm;tHhqJqJ jynfwGif;ppfxJodk@ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyKv#if/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf/ w&kwfjynfol vlxktrsm;pk}uD;. cspf=unfav;pm;r_udk xm0pOf&vdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;/ w&kwfjynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufjcif;onf/ csefau&Sdwfudktm;ay;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ csefau&Sdwfudk tm;ay;jcif;onf/ w&kwfjynfolrsm;udk qef@usifjcif; jzpfa=umif;jzihfarmfu ajymcJhonf? csLtifvdkif;uvnf; *|efqm;Apftm; ,iftef;wGif/ aemufxyfaexdkif&ef wdkufwGef;onf? tu,fI aejzpfcJhv#if *|efqm;Apf onf owWruGefu&ufodk@ wuf&vdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif*|efqm;Apf aeIrjzpf? raeEdkif?

tb,frSmvsif aeEdkifrnf;enf;?[mavu ol@udk jyefac:ae+yD? oHtrwf [mavu *|efqm;Apfonf “uGefjrLepfvdkvm;ol”

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvufxuf jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rSxkwfa0cGifhjyK+yD;aemufydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh. 'Da&jrifhopf

(armfpDwkef;ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;&Jabmfrsm;taejzifh vufawG@b0/w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk@

avhvmod&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpfaz: jyvdkufygonf?(pma&;ol.rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&;cufcJojzifh today;jcif;r&Sdonfudk cGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf?)

9898989898

98


[k EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeodk@ owif;ydk@cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeu *|efqm;Apf csufcsif; jyef&rnf[ktrdef@ xkwfonf? odk@jzifh *|efqm;Apfonf w&kwfjynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfcHvdkuf&onf? ZGefvwGif*|efqm;Apf tm; owif;ayguf=um;onfqdkum tpdk;&u zrf;vdkufonf?

[mavonf csefau&Sdwfudk axmufcHum uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udk wGifwGif}uD;vkyfcJhonf?owWruGefu&ufwGif wifo!fh armf. “!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&”pmwrf;udk avhvm&mwGif

TaemufcHum;udk odxm;zd k@vd konf? xdkpmwrf;Y armfu ppfa&;/ Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;wdk@udk =unfvifpGm az: jyxm;onf? armf.pmwrf;wGif &efvdko!fh oabmryg/csefau&SdwfESihf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvdko!fh oabmudk jyxm;onf? odk@&mwGif csefau&SdwfuvufrcHv#if rnfodk@ ajcvSrf;rnfudkvnf; cdkifrm jywfom;pGm az: jyxm;onf? 1937 ckESpfuwifjycJhaom (10) csuf vkyfief;pOfudk aqG;aEG;onf? vufeufcsrnf r[kwf[k/ wdwdvif;vif;ausnmonf? “!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& ” pmwrf;wGif armfu w&kwfjynfopf EdkifiHawmf. yHk=urf;udkvnf;az: jyonf?

csefau&Sdwfu trsdK;om;ppfaumifpDwGif wae&m yg0if&ef uGefjrLepfwdk@udk zdwfac: jcif;ESihfywfoufIvnf; armfu xdk&mxl;wae&monf bmr# t"dy`yg,fr&Sd? wygwD tm%m&Sif pepfudkzsufodrf;&rnf? v#dK@0Suf ykvdyfpepfudk zsufypf&rnf? uGefjrLepfa'orsm;tm; ydwfqdk@jcif;/ wdkufcdkufjcif;udk&yfpJ&rnf? *syefckcHa&; ppfwyfrsm;tm;vHk;. w&m;0ifr_udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf? vGwfajrmuf+yD;a'orsm;u vlxkaxmufcHr_&o!fh tpdk;&rsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf[k awmif;qdkonf?

1944 ckESpfwGif csefau&Sdwfu “w&kwfjynf. uH=urRm” qdkaom pmtkyfwtkyf a&;zl;onf?xkdpmtkyfrSm uGefjzL;&Syf tawG;ac:rsm;udk tajccHum uGefjrLepf0g'udk “rdp>m” tbd"rRm[ka&;xm;onf? armfu csefau&Sdwf. xkdpmtkyfudk avSmifajymifI udk;um;oGm;onf? w&kwfjynf&ifqdkifae&o!fh uH=urRm ESpf&yf&Sdonf qdkonfrSm [kwfonf[k armfu ajymonf?

“w&kwfjynf&J@ uH=urRm[m (2) &yf &Sdw,f? uH=urRmw&yf ta=umif;udkawmh vlwOD;wa,mufu pmtkyftjzpf a&;cJh+yD;+yD? u|efawmfwdk@&J@ 'DuGefu&uf[m w&kwfjynf&@J tjcm;uH=urRmw&yfudk udk,fpm;jyKaew,f? u|efawmfwdk@vJyJ/ pmtkyfwtkyfa&;om; xkwfa0&r,f? ( “!$ef@aygif;tpdk;&pmwrf; ” udkqdkjcif;jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ rSefuefwJh ay:vpDw&yf&Sdzdk@ vdkw,f? tJ'D ay:vpD&J@tajccHtcsuf[m vlxkudk &J&J}uD; v_H@aqmf/ jynfol@tiftm;rsm;udk }uD;xGm;awmifhwif;atmifvkyf/u|efawmfwdk@&J@ acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;udk tjyKwfwdkuf+yD;/ w&kwfjynfopfudkwnfaxmifzdk@ jzpfw,f?” ( “w&kwfjynf. uH=urRmESpf&yf ”vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3)

ygwDwGif;ESihf ygwDywGif ppfudk +iD;aiG@aeolrsm; &Sdonf? xdkolrsm;onf rnfo!fh pnf;urf;csufjzifh jzpfap/ aqG;aEG;I ppf+yD;apcsifae=uonf[k armfu owday;onf? &k&Sm;/ tar&duef/ +AdwdefESifhjyifopfwdk@uvnf; tav#mhay;&ef w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wdkufwGef;aeonf? odk@&mwGifulrifwefwdk@u xdk;ppfqifaejcif;/ ydwfqdk@xm;jcif; wdk@a=umihf uGefjrLepfygwDonf rdrd.vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifh rdrd. e,fajrrsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfEdkifrnf r[kwf[k armfu ajymonf?jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufvk+yD? wdkuf&J tEdkif,l&Jr!fhtcsdefjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif ygwDxJY rwdkuf&J/

99


tEdkifr,l&Jolrsm; &S donf? olwdk@onf w&kwfjynfolrsm;udk r,Hk =unf=u? olwdk@onfvufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh tm%mrodrf;&Jolrsm; jzpfonf[k armfu ajymonf? rdrdonf +idrfcsrf;a&;pum;ajym&ef tqihfoihf&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif udk,fhudk,fudk taocH&o!fh +idrf;csrf;a&;rsdK; r[kwf[karmfu xyfavmif; ajymonf?

EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'ESifh ywfoufI armfu--“w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD[m twWvefwdwf yÉdnmOfpmcsKyfeJ@ armfpudk/ udkif&dk/ wD[D&ef/

u&d kif;rD;,m;pwJh Ed ki fiHwum tpnf;ta0;rsm;&J@ qH k; jzwfcsufawGudk oabmwlw,f?ta=umif;uawmh tJ'D qHk;jzwfcsufawG tm;vHk;[m zufqpfusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;udk tEdkifwdkufzdk@eJ@urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&; umuG,fzdk@twGuf tusdK;&Sdvdk@ jzpfw,f ”[k ajymonf? ( “!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& ”vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3)

wcsdefxJwGif armfu w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g' tajccHrlrsm;udkvnf; ajymjyoGm;onf? xdktajccHrlrsm;onf aemifaomtcgwGif w&kwfjynfol@orRw EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g' tajccHrlrsm;jzpfvm=uonf?

“w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD tajccHrluawmh *syefusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;udk tjyKwfwdkufa&;/ urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;/ EdkifiHawmf&J@ vGwfvyfr_eJ@ wef;wlrlludk tjyeftvSef av;pm;a&;/ EdkifiHawmfeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ cspf=unfr_udk tjyeftvSefwdk;wufapa&;qdkwJh tajccHay:rSm tEdkif EdkifiHeJ@ oHwrefqufoG,fzdk@ oHtquftoG,fcdkif+rJatmifvkyfzdk@ wOD;eJ@wOD;&J@ qufqHr_ jy\emtm;vHk;/ Oyrm yl;wGJppfwdkufum/ +idrf;csrf;a&; tpnf;ta0;usif;yum/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fwm t&if;tESD; jrSKyfESHwm pwJh jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@qdkwmawGjzpfw,f? ” (“ !$ef@aygif; tpdk;&” pmwrf; vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3)

Tpum;rsm;xJwGif w&kwfjynfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'. tajccHrl (5) csuf tusHK;0ifaeonf?“qefz&efppPudkrSm usif;ywJh/ ukvor*~ tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk u|efawmfwdk@ óudqdkw,f?

w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD[m w&kwfjynfolwdk@&J@ qENudk az: jyzdk@twGuf/ rdrd&J@ udk,fpm;vS,fudkqefz&efppPudk wufa&mufwJh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@xJudk x!fhvdkufw,f?---r[mrdwfEdkifiHtpdk;&toD;oD; OD;pGmtm;jzifh tar&duef- t*Fvdyf ESpfEdkifiH tpdk;&wdk@[m/ w&kwfjynfol vlxk}uD;&J@[pfa=uG;oHudk av;av;eufeuf *&kjyK=uzdk@ olwdk@usifhoHk;wJh EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDrsm;[m/w&kwfjynfolawG&J@ csnf=unfa&; xdckdufepfemoGm;&wmrsdK; rjzpfapzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ awmif;qdkw,f?b,fEdkifiHjcm; tpdk;&yJjzpfjzpf w&kwfazmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk ulnD+yD;/ w&kwfjynfolwdk@&J@'Drdkua&pDa&;udk qef@usif &if {&mr trSm;}uD;udk usL;vGefrdvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqw,f?”(“!$ef@aygif;tpdk;&” pmwrf; vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3)

xkdpOfuwnf;u armfonf/ tar&dueftpdk;&udk owday;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif tar&duef.ajcvSrf; vGefae+yD?

1937 ckESpfESifh aemufqHk;owWruGefu&ufwGif vsLa&SmufcsD wa,muf a&S@wef;odk@a&mufvmjcif;onf tEkyÉdavmrw&m;t& ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf[k qdk&vdrhfrnf? tEkyÉdavmr

100100100100100

100


w&m;wGif t&m0wKwdkif;Y qef@usifbufw&m;rsm; udef;atmif;aeonf[k qdkonf r[kwfavm?owWr uGefu&uf +yD;o!fhaemufwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf armf. “opPm&Sdaom ” axmufcHolwOD;[k,lq cJhonf? csufcsif;yif vsLa&SmufcsDonf “ygwD. oabmw&m;a&; yg&*l” tjzpfodk@a&mufvmonf? 1950 ckESpfwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf armfxuf &k&Sm;ESifh ydkI eD;pyfonf? xdk@a=umihfarmhfxufyif “rwf0g'orm;” yDoonf[laom owif;rsm; xGufvmonf? odk@&mwGif xdktcsdefxdvsLa&SmufcsD. ta&;w}uD; usrf;wapmifjzpfo!fh “uGefjrLepfjzpfajrmufa&;usrf;” ESifhwuGtjcm;usrf;rsm;onf/ ta&;}uD;o!fh ygwDpmwrf;rsm; jzpfrvm=uao;? EdkifiHjcm;wGif vsLa&SmufcsD.*k%fowif; }uD;onfjzpfap/ i,fonf jzpfap/ 1935 ckESpf 1945 ck =um;twGif; vsLa&SmufcsD.EdkifiHa&;b0udk aocsmpGm pDppf=u!fh&ef vkdonf?

owWruGefu&ufY armf+yD;v#if vsLa&SmufcsDonf ajyma&;qdkcGifh &Sdoljzpfonf? armfuygwDOuUXtjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD;/ vsLa&SmufcsDu 'kwd, OuUX tjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? csLtifvdkif;onfawmfvSefa&;wGif &moufyef yg0ifcJh+yD; ta&;}uD;aom wm0efrsm;udk ,lcJhol jzpfonf? csefau&SdwfESifhta&;}uD;aom aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk vkyfcJh&onf? tar&duef oHtrwf [mavESihf aqG;aEG;cJh&onf?csLtifvdkif;onf =um;tiftm;pkrsm;udkomru ulrifwefvdkvm;olrsm;udkyg udk,hfbufygatmif pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf? uGefjrLepfygwDudk todray;yJ ulrifwefESifh rnfo!fhaphpyf aqG;aEG;r_rsdK;udkr# rjyK[laomoabmwlnDcsufrsdK;&atmif w&kwf'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJ@csKyfudk odrf;oGif; qGJaqmifEdkifcJhonf? odk@&mwGifowWr uGefu&ufY vsLa&SmufcsDonf Tr# ta&;}uD;aom csLtifvdkif;udk ausmfI rnfodk@rnfyHk'kwd, ae&modk@ a&mufoGm;oenf;?

usef;udk@axmifu vsLa&SmufcsDESifh ywfoufI Todk@ ajymbl;onf?vsLa&SmufcsDonf tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;/ trsdK;orD;ESifh “qif;&Jvlxk”rsm;tm; 4if;wdk@.

oufarG;r_ b0 wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif wdkufyGJ0ifapvdko!fh qENrsdK; &Sdonf? vsLa&SmufcsD.&nfrSef;csufonf awmfvSefa&;r[kwf? vlr_oufom acsmifcsda&; vkyfief;om jzpfonf[k 4if;uqdkonf?w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;u tusdK;cHpm;cGifhESifh w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;u v_yf&Sm;r_rsdK;om jzpfonf?vsLa&SmufcsDonf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk rkef;wD;onf? vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJudk a=umufolonfawmfvSefa&; orm;wa,muf r[kwfEdkif[k 4if;rdwfaqG}uD; usef;udk@axmifu ajymonf?

1925 ck arv (25) &ufae@ tjzpftysuft+yD;wGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf tzrf;cH&rnf jyKonf?(xdkpOfu olonf &Sef[Jtvkyform; or*~. 'kwd, OuUXjzpfonf?) vsLa&SmufcsDonf csef&Sm;odk@xGufajy;um armf. pmtkyfqdkifwGif ykef;onf? odk@&mwGif ykvdyfwdk@ awG@oGm;um tzrf;cH&+yD;aemufvGwfvmonf? 1927 ckESpfwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf csefwl&_;. trdef@t& tvkyform;rsm;. vufeufrsm;udk odrf;cJhonf? xdkaemufwzef tzrf;cH&jyefonf? axmifxJwGif ,cifu uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfcJhI/ aemifwGif csefau&Sdwfzufodk@ ul;oGm;cJho!fh/ csifuGefwdk@u vma&mufawG@qHkum uGefjrLepf0g'udk pGef@v$wf&ef wdkufwGef;onf? vsLa&SmufcsDtm; axmifxJwGifzwf&ef/uGefjzL;&Syf. usrf;rsm;udk ay;onf? vsLa&SmufcsDonf xdkusrf;pmrsm;udk zwf+yD;/ “vGefpGm pdwfxdcdkufoGm;onf” [k qdkonf? xdk@aemuf uGefjrLepfygwDxJwGif ulrifwef olv#dKtjzpf aqmif&Gufrnf

101


[laom 0efcHcsufjzifh jyefvGwfvmonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm; rnfa&G@rnfr#/ rSefuefrnfudkrl/ vsLa&SmufcsDrSty rnfolr# odEdkifrnfr[kwf? odk@&mwGif xdkta=umif;udk jyefajymolrsm;rSm ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufolrsm; jzpfonf? (w&kwftrsdK;orD; pma&;q&mr [efqk,if. awG@qHkar;jref;csuf)

1928 ckESpfY vsLa&SmufcsDonf csefwl&SL;. ygwDvrf;pOfudk axmufcH&mrS qef@usifbufajymif;oGm;um/ ta&S@ajrmufydkif;wGif v#dK@0Suf vkyfief;vkyfonf? refcsL;&D;,m; ygwDaumfrwD.twGif;a&;r_; jzpfvmonf? &k&Sm;wGif usif;yo!fh/ uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f tzGJ@csKyf tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh armfpudkwGif usif;yo!fh/ w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD qXr uGefu&ufodk@ wufcJhonf? 1930ckESpfwGif refcsL&D;,m; ygwDwckvHk; tzrf;cH&aomfvnf;/ vsLa&SmufcsD vGwfoGm;cJhonf? 1931ckESpfwGif ,GDcsif; tajccHa'ou w&kwfjynfvHk;qdkif&m tvkyform; or*~ tzGJ@csKyf OuUXtjzpfaqmif&Gufonf[k ajym=uaomfvnf;/ 0rfrif; acgif;aqmifo!fh ,m,D aygvpfAsK&dkwGif tzGJ@0ifwa,muf jzpfcJhonf? xdkaygvpfAsK&dku armf. vrf;pOfudk qef@usifum/ armf. =oZmudk[ef@wm;cJhonf?

1934 ckESpfwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJwGif ygvmonf? qGef,Dodk@ a&muf+yD;aemuf r=umrD a'ojzLodk@ jyefoGm;um/ ,iftef;ESifh ul;csDoef;csD vkyfaeonf? 1927 ckESpfwGifvsLa&SmufcsDu usef;udk@axmifxH pmwapmif a&;cJhonf? xdkpmY ygwDvrf;pOfudk “vuf0JpGef@pm;a&;vrf;pOf ”[k a0zefum/ yxrnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkudk qef@usifonf? w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD vkyfor#trSm;rsm; jzpfonf[k qdkum csefau&SdwfxH vufeufcs&ef/ wdkufwGef;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh a'oeDrsm;wnfaqmufa&;ESifh v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; az:xkwfa&;wdk@udk &_wfcsonf? armf oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;ojzifh ol@pmudk oljyef&kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf?

vsLa&SmufcsDonf a'ojzLodk@ jyefoGm;um/ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;rsm;vkyfonf? 1939 ckESpfwGifarmf. vrf;pOfudk vufcHum ,iftef;odk@ jyefvm+yD;/ rwf/ vDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif;wGif oifwef;ay;onf?

xdk@aemuf “opPmazgufonf” qdkaom udpP ay:vmonf? &Jabmfi,ftcsdK@uvsLa&SmufcsDudk opPmazguftjzpf xdkpOfuwnf;u &_wfcs wdkufcdkufcJhonf? odk@&mwGif 4if;[email protected]&;udk vspfvsL&_ cJhonf? vsLa&SmufcsD. opPmazgufr_onf 1936 ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf;1967 ck {+yDv (1) &ufae@usrS yxrqHk; vlod&Sif=um; jzpfvmonf? 4if;wdk@tqdkt& vsLa&SmufcsDonfulrifwef tusOf;om; jzpfcJhpOf axmifxJodk@a&mufvmonf? ygwDau'grsm;tm; towfrcHvdkv#ifuGefjrLepf 0g'udk pGef@v$wf=u[k !$ef=um;csufay;cJhonf? ydefusif;/ vsLvefwdk;/ tefZl;0if;/ ydktDydk;polwdk@onf Tenf;jzifh v$wfvmcJh=uonf? vsLa&SmufcsDwdk@ tjyifodk@ a&mufvmo!fhtcgwGifxdkolrsm;udk toHk;jyKI ygwDxJwGif tkyfpkzGJ@cJhonf? Todk@jzihf vsLa&SmufcsDonf “"e&Sif XmecsKyf”udk ygwDxJwGif wnfaqmufcJhonf? 1938 ckESpfwGif ygwDudk wdk;csJ@aomtcg ygwD0ifopftrsm;tjym;onf/ vsLa&Smuf csD. =omZmatmufodk@ a&mufoGm;=uonf? odk@wdkifatmif trsm;pkonf/vsLa&SmufcsD. twdwfESifh ajcykef;ckwfr_rsm;udk rod=u? vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwD ta&;}uD;aomae&mwGifol@vlrsm;udk wm0efay;cJh onf?

102102102102102

102


wcgu opPmazgufzl;ol/ odk@r[kwf ygwDudk pGef@cGmoGm;zl;olwdk@udk ygwDxJodk@ jyef0ifcGihfrjyK&ef armfu uef@uGufonf? 1933 ckESpfupI/ uGefjrLepf0g'udk pGef@v$wfrnf[k vufrSwfxdk;o!fhuGefjrLepf tusOf;orm;rsm;tm;/ v$wfay;o!fhenf;udk csefau&Sdwfu oHk;cJhonf? Todk@jzihf csefau&Sdwfonf uGefjrLepfygwDxJodk@ 4if;. olv#dKrsm;/ olv#dKjzpfEdkifolrsm;jzifh pdrfh0if xdk;azmufcJhonf? owWruGefu&ufwGif wifoGif;o!fh/ vsLa&SmufcsD. tpD&ifcHpmudk zwf=u!fhv#if vsLa&SmufcsDonfygwDxJ wGif vufeufcsolrsm; jyef0ifEdkifatmif wHcg;zGifhay;xm;o!fh oabmrsm;udk awG@&onf?

“ygwD”[laom pmwrf;wGif rdrdwdk@. "e&Sifaygufp obm0udk ajymif;vJhcJho!fh/"e&Sifaygufp ygwD0ifrsm;udk t,l0g'a&;t& jyKjyifay;jcif;jzifh a&S@wef;a&muf ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;/wkdufcdkufa&; orm;jzpfvmatmif vkyf&rnf[k/ vsLa&SmufcsDu a&;cJhonf? TonfrSm vl@obm0ESifhywfoufo!fh vsLa&SmufcsD. "e&Sif urBm@tjrif jzpfonf? rwf0g' r[kwf?

vsLa&SmufcsDu “Oa&mywdkif;jynftcsKdK@u tvkyform;/ v,form; ygwDtcsKd@&J@ vuQ%mcsufudk tJ'D ygwDawG&J@ vlr_a&; zGJ@pnf;yHku qHk;jzwfwm r[kwfovdk/ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ vlwef;pm;vuQ%mcsufudkvnf; ygwD0ifawG&J@ vlr_a&; Zpfjrpfu qHk;jzwfwm r[kwfzl;” [k ajymcJhonf?

ygwDpnf;rsOf;Oya'Y vsLa&SmufcsDu ygwD0ifrsm;udk trsdK;tpm; av;rsdK;; cGJxm;onf?pwkwygwD0if trsdK;tpm;rSm tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&; ,Hk=unfcsufudk vufcHI/ tjcm;tjcm;aomygwDrsm; trsm;pkodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhzl;ol[k owfrSwfxm;onf? wenf;qdk&aomf ulrifwefygwDodk@0ifcJhzl;olrsm;udkvnf;/ ygwD0if tjzpf vufcHEdkifonf[k az: jyxm;onf? “ygwDudk pGef@cGmcJh+yD;olygwD0if aumif;wa,mufu ygwDodk@ jyef0ifcGifhawmif;v#if/ 4if;tm; pwkwygwD0if trsdK;tpm;rsm;vdkufem&r!fh usihfxHk;rsm;twdkif; ygwD0ifcGifhjyK&rnf? xdkygwD0ifonf EdkifiHa&;t& awGa0,drf;,dkifojzifhtawG@ t}uHK &Sd+yD;/ 0g&ifh ygwD0ifrsm;. axmufcHr_udk &,l&rnf” [k qdkonf?

TonfrSm wcgu opPmazgufr_cJholrsm;udk wHcg;zGifhay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzifhvsLa&SmufcsDESifh ol.tkyfpkonf ygwD0if a&G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;}uD;o!fh ae&mrsm;udk &,lum/olwdk@vlrsm;udk ygwDxJodk@ oGwfoGif;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwDwGif;wGif "e&SifXmecsKyf wckudk xlaxmifcJhonf qdko!fh/ pGyfpGJcsufonf vufvGwfpy,f pGyfpGJ jcif;rsdK; [kwf[efrwl?

armfurl ygwDudk pGef@cGmoGm;olrsm;tm; ygwDodk@ jyefI 0ifcGihfjyKjcif;udk tjyif;txefuef@uGufonf? opPmazmufwdk@tm; b,fawmhrS ygwDodk@ jyef0ifcGifh rjyK&[k awmif;qdkonf?odk@&mwGif armfonf ygwDxJwGif &Sifbk&ifvdk usihf}uH jcif;rjyK? oabmw&m;a&;t& tompD;&jcif;onf tm%m&Sif qefqef vkyfjcif;ESifhrwl? EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm wcgw&HwGif udk,fhqef@usifzufrsm;tem*gwf &efolrsm;ESifhvnf; vufwGJwefwGJ&o!fh twwfynmwrsdK; jzpfonf?

Todk@jzihf vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwDwGif;wGif xdyfwef;odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ygwD AsK&dkua&pDudk tajccHum/ acgif;aqmifr_udk ,lcJhonf? odk@&mwGif owWruGefu&ufwGifrl vsLa&SmufcsDonfarmfpDwkef; tawG;tac:udk csD;r$ef;cef; zGifhcJhonf? tvGeftu|H ajrmufyifhcJhonf? Tonfyifv#ifol@tay: oHo, &SdzG,f jzpfvmonf?

“armfpDwkef; tawG;tac:[m/ rwf-vDeif0g'udk w&kwfawmfvSefa&;&J@ wuJh vufawG@eJ@

103


aygif;pyfay;wm jzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:udk udkifpGJ+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@ tvkyfawGrSm vrf;!$eftjzpftoHk;jyK&r,f? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD[m 'DtawG;tac:&J@ vrf;!$efr_atmufrSm awmfvSefwJhvrf;pOfw&yfudk csrSwf+yD;+yD? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD[m/ }uD;jrwfwJh acgif;aqmif &Jabmf armfpDwkef; OD;aqmifwJhygwDjzpfw,f? &Jabmf armfpDwkef;[m u|efawmfwdk@ trsdK;om; awG;ac:r_udk/ tjrihfqHk;a&mufatmifjrSihfwifay;cJhol jzpfw,f? tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;eJ@ trsdK;omrsm;&J@ vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;twGufwckwnf; aom rSefuefwJh vrf;udk !$efjycJhw,f? 'Dvrf;[m armfpDwkef;vrf;yJ jzpfw,f” [kajymcJhonf?

ol ajymo!fh pum;onf trSefjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf trSefpum;udk&kd;om;pGm ajymjcif;r[kwf? ajrSmufyifh ajymqdkjcif;om jzpfonf[k ,lqzG,f jzpfonf? armf.atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk tlv_dufoJv_duf csDrGrf;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? tay:,H toHaumif;[pfjcif;r#omjzpfonf? “vsLa&SmufcsDonf armfudk b,fwkef;ur# =unf!dkav;pm;cJhol r[kwf ”[k oll@ rdwfaqG}uD;usef;udk@ axmifu a&;cJhzl;onf?

owWruGefu&uf t+yD;wGif armfu rdef@cGef;ajymonf? xdkrdef@cGef;xJY ygwDxJwGif yÉdyuQjzpfaeo!hf tr$mnDaemif vrf;pOfESpf&yfwdkufyGJonf &Sdaeonf? ygwDwGif;u wdkufyGJonf “wckudkESpfck jzpfatmif vkyfa&;” toGifjzifh t+rJ&SdaeOD;rnf[k armfu owday;cJhonf?

rnfodk@jzpfap owWruGefu&ufonf nD!Gwfo!fh uGefu&uf/ atmifyGJcHo!fh uGefu&ufjzpfonf[k armf,lqonf? ygwDonf tiftm;awmifhwif;ae+yD? tqifhopfodk@ a&mufvm+yD?

uGefz&ihf em;csdefrsm;Y aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aewwfo!fh/ armfonf &Jabmfrsm;ESihf yifaygifupm; onf? vrf;av#mufonf? A[k daumfrwD&H k ; txufawmifapmif;u *lrsm;&S d /v,form;rsm;xHoGm;I pum;ajymonf? ydkI 0vm+yD; qHyifwdkvmonf?

aemufqHk;Y w&kwfawmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;tjzwf jyKr!fholrSm }uD;jrihfvdkpdwf&Sdolvlwpkr[kwf w&kwftvkyform;/ v,form;om jzpfa=umif; ordkif;u oufaojycJh+yD?

tm%modrf;yGJed'gef;?tm%modrf;yGJed'gef;?tm%modrf;yGJed'gef;?tm%modrf;yGJed'gef;?tm%modrf;yGJed'gef;?“rae@u olwdk@EdkifiHudk jyefr,hf tar&duef ESpfa,mufudk u|efawmfajymvdkufw,f?

tar&duef tpdk;&u u|efawmfwdk@udk zsufqD;csifw,f? 'gudk u|efawmfwdk@ cGifhrjyKbl;? csefau&SdwfudkulnD+yD; uGefjrLepf qef@usifwJh tar&dueftpdk;& ay:vpDudk u|efawmfwdk@ qef@usifw,f? 'gayr,hfyxr taeeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@[m tar&duefjynfoleJ@ olwdk@&J@ tpdk;&udk cGJjcm;=u!fhw,f? 'kwd,taeeJ@tar&duef tpdk;&xJu ay:vpD csrSwfolawGeJ@ atmufajc&Sd omref tr_xrf;awGudk cGJjcm;=u!fhw,f?”(“,GduHk;awmif òzd jcif;” pmwrf;/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

Todk@jzihf armfonf tar&duef tpdk;&tay: uGefjrLepfygwD. oabmxm;udk az: jyvdkuf onf?

,ck ,iftef;rS 'uUZDrpf&Sif jyef&kyfoGm;+yD? avhvma&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh tar&duef owif;pmq&mrsm;udkvnf; jyefac:oGm;+yD? 4if;wdk@teuf tcsdK@udk tar&duef tpdk;&u zrf;vdkufonf? tcsdK@udk

104104104104104

104


yifpifay;vdkufonf? tcsdK@udk &mxl;csonf? Oyrm avhvma&;tzGJ@0if *|efqm;Apfudk uGefjrLepfvdkvm;ol[k qdkum zrf;onf? Adkvfr_;}uD; bm;&ufrSm uGefjrLepfwdk@tm;/ *syefudk wdkufzdk@ vufeufaxmufyhH&ef/ axmufcHcsuf ay;ojzihf/ yifpifay;vdkufonf? *|efaywefa';AD;pfudkrl uGefjrLepfwdk@aumif; a=umif;/ tpD&ifcHpm a&;ojzihf &mxl;csvdkufonf?

1945 ck {+yDv (2) &ufae@ 0g&Sifwefowif;pm uGefz&ihfwGif tar&duef oHtrwf [mavu rdrdwdk@onf w&kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufvuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufawmhrnfr[kwf[k ausnmumcsefau&Sdwf. “'Drdkua&pD” tpdk;&udk csD;rGef;cef; zGifhoGm;onf? {+yDv (3) &ufae@wGif csefau&Sdwf.tpdk;&onf/ w&kwfjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;udk/ udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifawmha=umif;/ csefau&Sdwfonf w&kwfjynfolrsm;. axmufcHr_udk r&rcsif;/ w&kwfjynfwGif trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif rcsif;/rdrdwdk@u csefau&Sdwftm; t=uGif;rJhulnDEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfa=umif;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;a&; Xmeu ausnmjyefonf? tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeESifh tar&duefoHtrwf [mavwdk@ woHpD xGufae+yD?[mavonf Todk@ woHxGufum csHKuif;odk@ jyefvm+yD; csefau&Sdwfudk ajcpHkypf axmufcHcJhonf?

csefau&Sdwfuvnf; +idrfrae? jynfoludk rsufvS!fhjy&ef twGuf/ trsdK;om;twdkifyifcHuGefz&ifhESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk qifhac:vdkufonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:&ef/ armfpDwkef;uwdkufwGef;cJhzl; onf? xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;odk@ ulrifwefygwD/ uGefjrLepfygwDESifh w&kwf 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@udk,fpm;vnfrsm; wufa&muf&rnf[k armfu ajymcJhonf? ZlvdkifvwGif uGefjrLepfwdk@u xyfrHHwdkufwGef;jyefonf? odk@&mwGif [mavu oabmrwl? uef@uGufonf? xdktcsdefwGif w&kwfjynfwGif[mav oduQmusae+yD? uGefjrLepf r[kwfo!fh =um;vlrsm;ESihf jynfolrsm;uyg vdkvm;aeo!fhv$wfawmfudk [mavu wHcg;ydwfaeojzifh [mavudk rausreyf jzpfae=uonf? Edk0ifbmvxJwGifrl/csefau&Sdwfu “jynfoludk jyefI tm%mtyf&ef” [k qdkum v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0; ac:onf?odk@&mwGif csefau&Sdwf. v$wfawmf wGif ulrifwef pdwf}udKufa&G;o!fh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;om jzpfojzifh/usefygwDrsm;u v$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf=uonf? [mavu “ csefau&Sdwf wu,fjyK jyifae+yD” [k ajymaomfvnf;/ ol@pum;udk rnfolur# r,Hk=u? oludk,fwdkifvnf; ,Hk=unf[ef r&Sd?

csefau&Sdwfu v$wfawmfudk ac:,ljcif;rSm uGefjrLepfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&ef/ wyfeDawmfudkol@ ajcz0g; atmufodk@/ oGif;&efom jzpfonf? csefau&Sdwfu wyfeDawmf jyefzGJ@a&;twGuf tar&duefwOD; tygt0if/ oHk;OD;aumfrwD w&yf zGJ@&rnf[kqdkonf? odk@&mwGif uGefjrLepfygwD w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifh&a&;twGuf 4if;. wyfrsm;udk ol@vufodk@ tyf&rnf? xdkodk@ wyfrsm;udk v$Jtyf+yD;rSv$wfawmf wufcGifh ay;rnf[k qdkonf?

1945 ck ZlvdkifvwGif armfu Todk@ a&;cJhonf?“w&kwfjynfqdkif&m tar&duefoHtrwf [mav udk,fpm;jyKwJh tar&duefwdk@u

w&kwfjynf tay: usifhoHk;wJh ay:vpD[m w&kwfjynfwGif; ppfwdkufatmif zefwD;aew,fqdkwm=umav xif&Sm;avyJ?---us,fjyef@wJh w&kwfjynfolrsm;eJ@ &efzufjzpfaewJh [mav&J@ ay:vpDrsdK;udkrajymif;vJyJ qufvufusifhoHk;oGm;r,fqdk&if/ tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGtzdk@twdkif;rod }uD;av;wJh 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;udk aqmif=uOf;vm+yD; tawmrowfwJh/ ab;'kuQrsm;eJ@

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awG@vm&vdrfhr,f?” (“[mav ay:vpD. tEW&m,fESifh ywfoufI a0zefcsuf ” vufa&G;pifusrf;/twGJ 3)

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