ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoria

vlasi vawaZe

iberiis samefos warmarTuli RvTaebebi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

Ddisertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori Temur Todua

Tbilisi

2009

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

gv.

Sesavali ...................................................................................................................................... 3-36

wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva ............................................................ 18-24

arqeologiuri wyaroebi ................................................................................................ 25-27

epigrafikuli Zeglebi .................................................................................................... 28

sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriografia .................................................................... 29-36

Tavi 1 RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da g a .................................................. 37-48

Tavi 2 RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis ................................................... 49-79

Tavi 3 yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze asaxuli ritualuri

siuJetebi ....................................................................................................................................... 80-93

Tavi 4 qalRvTaeba ainina da danana ..................................................................... 94-104

Tavi 5 religiuri Tu politikuri dapirispirebis

sakiTxisaTvis Zv.w. II saukunis dasawyisSi (mefe farnajomi) ................. 105-118

daskvna .......................................................................................................................................... 119-124

literatures nusxa ............................................................................................................... 125-128

3

Sesavali

4

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs kulturul-politikuri

urTierToba hqondaT jer aqemenidur, Semdgom ki sasanur iranTan, Tumca

qarTul-iranuli istoriul-kulturuli kontaqtebis yvelaze adreuli

etapi Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebia da midiis saxelmwifosTanaa dakavSirebuli.

cnobilia, rom midielTa mier urartus samefos damxobaSi skviTebTan

erTad amierkavkasieli tomebic monawileobdnen [134,235]. midielTa da

iberielTa kulturuli kontaqtebi enobriv urTierTobebSic aisaxa [4;11-

20] (qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi `mefeTa cxovreba~ ki moxseniebuli unda

yofiliyo, rogorc midiel mefeTa saxelebi, aseve midielTa

sarwmunoebrivi warmodgenebic, razec saubari qvemoT gveqneba). midielTa

samefos damxobis Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs ur-

TierToba aqemenidur iranTan uwevT. cnobas amis Sesaxeb berZen istori-

kos herodotesTan vnaxulobT, romelic darios mefis daqvemdebarebaSi

myof xalxebSi qarTvelur tomebsac ixseniebs, kerZod XVIII satrapiaSi

Sediodnen: matienebi, sasperebi, alarodielebi; XIX satrapiaSi ki: mosxe-

bi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi. riT unda aixsnas is gare-

moeba, rom istoriaSi, romelic Zv. w. V saukuneSia Seqmnili, arsad ar ix-

senieba iberia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) s. janaSia Tvlida, rom herodo-

tesTan moxseniebuli sasperebi igive iberielebi arian [

74;50], amasTan dakavSirebiT s. yauxCiSvili SeniSnavda, rom `SesaZloa es

marTlac asea, magram Tu sasperebi sxva tomia da iberebi sxva, es mainc

ar niSnavs imas, rom herodote ar icnobda mermindel iberias~-o, cota

qvemoT ki dasZens, rom `SesaZloa herodotem kargad icoda iberiis arse-

boba (swored am saxelwodebiT), magram ar axsenebs mas imitom, rom misi

Txrobis rkalSi ar Sediodao~ [79; 43], Cveni mxridan davZenT, rom aqeme-

nidTa satrapiebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosazRvre qar-

Tveluri tomebis garda, iberiis mezobeli Aarmenia da kaspiebis tomebi

Sediodnen, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aqemeniduri xelovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli arqeologiuri nivTebis aRmoCena am teritoriaze mosax-

le xalxebis urTierTobaze unda mianiSnebdes aqemenidur iranTan. unda

gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom qarTul enaSi mravali Zvelsparsuli da aves-

turi elementebi SemorCa [4]

5

saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba VI_V saukuneebis berZeni istorikosis qsenofontis `anabasiss~ eni-

Weba. masSi qarTveluri tomebis sayofacxovrebo Taviseburebebia aRweri-

li: dasaxlebebi, Cacmuloba, SeiaraReba da a.S. CvenTvis `anabasisi~ gansa-

kuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva to-

mebis aqemenidur sparseTTan urTierTobis gamo. sayuradReboa isic, rom

dasavleT armeniis mmarTvels tiribazs moqiravneebad qarTveluri tomebi

xalibebi da taoxebi hyolia [Xenofont IV.12.18]. aq sagulisxmoa is, rom Tu

herodote Tavis TxzulebaSi am tomebs sparseTis morCilebaSi myofebad

ixseniebs, axla isini ubralo moqiravneebi arian, rac imaze miuTiTebs,

rom Zv. w. V saukunis bolos maT Tavisufleba aqvT mopovebuli [47; 58].

qsenofonti Tavis TxzulebaSi ar Sexebia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze mosaxle xalxebs. Qqsenofonti tiribazis morCilebaSi myof fa-

sianebTan erTad hesperitebsac ixseniebs, [ Xenofont. VII.8 ] romelTac g. me-

liqiSvili saspeirebTan (iberebTan) akavSirebda [44; 17]. qsenofonti sain-

tereso cnobebs gvawvdis dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis Sesaxebac,

romelnic sparsTa satrapiebs warmoadgendnen. aRmosavleT armenias ar-

taqserse II-is siZe oronti ganagebda [Xenofont. II 4, 8-9], dasavleT armenias

ki tiribazi, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom, Sesabamisad, dasaxelebul qveyneb-

Si religiuri warmodgenebic sparsul samyarosTan iyo kavSirSi. konkre-

tulad romeli RvTaebebi SeiZleba moviazroT am droidan `armeniis~ te-

ritoriaze, amis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva artaqserqse II (405-361) warwe-

ra suzis sasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb, romelSic aqemenidTa mefes ahuramaz-

das gverdiT miTra da anahitic hyavs moxseniebuli, rac am ori RvTaebis

status quo-s aRdgena unda iyos zaraTuStras reformebis Semdeg [129], Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mogviano periodis somxeTSi ira-

nuli ardvisura-anahitis kults gansakuTrebulad scemen Tayvans (plu-

tarqe, straboni, faustos buzandi), SesaZloa somxebSi anahitisa da miT-

ras kultebis Tayvaniscemis gaCena ukve artaqserqse II-is droidan vivara-

udoT. cnobilia, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis satrapiebi aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs emezoble-

bodnen, romlebsac erTmaneTTan kulturul_politikuri urTierTobebi

unda hqonodaT; am konkretuli urTierTobis safuZvelze SegviZlia viva-

6

raudoT, rom aqemeniduri religiis panTeonis RvTaebebi qarTveluri to-

mebis rwmena-warmodgenebSic arsebobdnen, rac erTgvari bazisi unda yo-

filiyo qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis formirebisaTvis aqemeniduri re-

ligiis niadagze. sxvanairad ver avxsniT iberielTa winaqristianul rwme-

na-warmodgenebSi ahuramazdas, miTras, anahitis kultebis arsebobas. ga-

saTvaliswinebelia isic, rom azos Semdgomi oTxi mefidan ors sparsuli

saxeli aqvs, pirveli farnavazia, romlis saxelic sparsulad armazs niS-

navs, meore _ mefe mirvani, romlis saxelic sparsuli RvTaeba miTradan

modis [4;474,478-499].

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle iberebs urTierToba

rom hqoniaT aqemenidebTan da icnobdnen maT tradiciebs, amis Sesaxeb

mniSvnelovan cnobas berZeni geografi straboni gvawvdis. strabonis cno-

biT `dablobze cxovrobdnen iberTagan ufro metad miwaTmoqmedni. eseni

mSvidobianad arian ganwyobili, armenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobi-

an~ [Strabo. XI-II. 3] (T. yauxCiSvils SeniSvnaSi sityvis ewyobian moyvanili

aqvs kidev sami ganmarteba _ vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi [78; 128 Sen: 1]), Sem-

deg ki armeniasa da midielebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: `xolo Cveve-

bi midielebsa da armenielebs metwilad erTi da igive aqvT, imitom rom

qveyanac maTi msgavsia~ [Strabo. XI.13.9]. amis erT-erTi mtkicebuleba isaa,

rom `sparsTa yvela siwmides scemen pativs midielebi da armenielebi~

[Strabo. XI.14.16]. berZeni geografis naSromidan CvenTvis cnobilia, romel

siwmindeebzea saubari. ase magaliTad, `armeniis satrapi sparseTis mefes

yovelwliurad ugzavnida 20000 kvics miTras dResaswaulisaTvis~ [Strabo.

XI.14.9]; `armenielebs gansakuTrebiT miaCndaT anaitidis taZrebi, romlebic

sxvadasxva adgilas iyvnen agebulni~ [Strabo. XI.14.16], anu armenielebisaT-

vis, strabonis mixedviT, ori mTavari sparsuli RvTaeba miTra da anahiti

yofila cnobili. midielebTan dakavSirebiT ki vigebT, rom `midielebi

mTavrebi iyvnen amaTi (anu armenielebis) da amaze uwin sparselebisac,

romelTac axla upyriaT eseni da maTi memkvidreebic aziis mpyrobeloba-

Si. amJamad e.w. sparsuli tansacmeli, midrekileba mSvildosnobisa da

mxedrobisadmi, mefeebis samsaxuri, samkaulebi, RmerTebis Tayvaniscema

qveSevrdomebisagan sparselebSi midielTagan gadmovida. es rom WeSmari-

7

tebaa, gansakuTrebiT Cans tansacmelidan [Strabo. XI. 18, 9], anu strabonis-

Tvis cnobilia, rom aqemenidebi midielTa samefos gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen

(msgavsi varaudi jer kidev herodotesTan gvxvdeba, rodesac istorikosi

kiros II didis mier midiis samefos damxobis Sesaxeb saubrobs, sadac ki-

rosi midielTa mefis astiagesis SviliSviladaa gamoyvanili. Sesabamisad

herodotes mixedviT aqemenidTa mosvla saxelmwifos saTaveSi midiis sa-

mefos gagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT) [Her. I, 107_III]. Tu strabonis cnobas

iberTa Sesaxeb, `armenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~, gaviazrebT,

rogorc vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi da am ukanasknelTa tradiciebs Sevu-

darebT, romelsac straboni Tavis mxriv aqemenidur iranTan uvlebs para-

lels, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mo-

saxle xalxebisTvis, jer midielebTan, Semdeg _ aqemenidebTan kultu-

rul-politikuri urTierTobis safuZvelze, cnobilia maTi religiuri

warmodgenebic.

iberielTa winaqristianuli religiuri warmodgenebis fesvebi SesaZ-

loa midielTa da armenielTa religiur warmodgenebSia saZebari, rom-

lebsac, Tavis mxriv, aqemenidebTan aqvT bevri saerTo. midielebTan da

aqemenidur iranTan qarTveluri tomebis urTierTobaze qarTuli werilo-

biTi wyaroc saubrobs. leonti mrovelisaTvis cnobilia, rogorc midiis

samefos politikuri wanamZRvarebi (is midielebs sparselebad, nebroTis

STamomavlebad ixseniebs [61;17-18]), aseve midiel mefeTa saxelebic. leonti

mroveli sparselTa gaZlierebamde kavkasiis gadmosavlelebiT (dariali,

darubandi) xazarTa laSqrobebs aRwers. rogorc sworad aqvs SeniSnuli

m. sanaZes, `xazarTa laSqrobebis aRwerisas mematiane mis dros (VII-VIII

s.s.) kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT gabatonebuli saxelis `xazaris~ qveS gulis-

xmobs skviTebsa da kimerielebs, romelTa Semosevebs adgili hqonda Zv. w.

VIII-VI ss-Si~ [50; 18]. am Semosevebis realuroba, aziasa da samxreT kavkasi-

aSi skviTur-kimeriuli tomebis gansaxleba da aq maTi saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebis arseboba dasturdeba rogorc Zveli asurul-babilonuri,

urartuli wyaroebiTa da Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebiT, aseve bolo xa-

nebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebiTac [127], [168], [7]. SevniSnavT

imasac, rom asuruli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, midiis samefo VII s. 70 wlebSi,

mZlavri antiasuruli moZraobis periodSi gaCnda, romelSic monawileo-

8

bas kimerielebi da skviTebic Rebulobdnen [118; 49-50]1, rac leonti mrove-

lis cnobas srulebiT Seesabameba, rameTu werilobiT wyaroSi jer sau-

baria `xazarTa~ gamosvlis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki imaze, rom `xolo mieriT-

gan ganZlierdes sparsni mier mzisa aRmosavliTgan, naTesavni nebroTisa-

ni~. wyarodan vigebT nebroTianTa `legendaruli~ gmiris afridonis Se-

saxebac, romelic `eufla yovelsa queyanasa sparsTasa~, romelsac qar-

TlSi Tavisi Ze gamougzavnia: `movida qarTlad da Semusrna yovelni qa-

laqni da cixeni qarTlisani [60; 14-15], romelic mravali weli erisTavob-

da, xolo mis Semdgom `ucalo iqmnes Zeni afridonisani, rameTu iwyes

brZolad urTierTis~. amiT qarTlosianT usargebliaT da droebiT ganTa-

visuflebulan [60;15]. Mmematianis cnobaze afridonTan da ardam erisTav-

Tan dakavSirebiT dazustebiT Tqma Znelia, ramdenad Seesabameba es yvela-

feri istoriul realobas, Tumca `Semdgomad amissa mravalTa weliwadTa

kualad ganZlierdes sparsni da ganadidna mefe sparsTa, romelsa erqua

qekapos~ _ vkiTxulobT `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ [60; 15]. v. kovalevskaia am qe-

kaposSi da mis memkvidreebSi midielTa mefeebis saxelebs varaudobs: fa-

raboroti _ fraarti, qaixosro igive kiaqsari. [60; 15] [121; 62] (m. androni-

kaSvils gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvs qekaposis, faraborotisa da qai-

xosros Sesaxeb. qekaposTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari SewniSnavs, rom es am

saxelis qarTuli formaa da unda modiodes `axali sparsuli formidan

kaikabus, romelic kaikavhs-is gverdiT arsebobda [4, 507], saxels qaixos-

ros avestur Kava. Haosrava [h], fal. Ka; Husrave, axal spars. Kqaixusrav-Tan

uvlebs paralels da saxel xosrosTan aqvs Sedarebuli[4;506], farabo-

rotTan dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom am saxelSi `Sahnames gmiri _ fa-

reborzi, `Sahnames qarTuli versiebiT~ _ faremuzi qvaqaozis Ze, siauSis

Zma~ aris gadmocemuli[4;500]; faraborot-faremuzTan dakavSirebiT davZen-

diT, rom qarTlis cxovrebis leonti mroveliseuli teqstis arSiaze

faraborotis saxels miwerili aqvs faremuz [61; 14]. gamoTqmulia mosaz-

reba, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ iranuli eposis gmirebi zepirsityviere-

bis gziT Semovidnen. al. xaxaniSvilis azriT, informaciis wyaro iyo `sa-

ero tradicia, xalxSi daculi ambebi Zveli droisa, is ambebi, romelic

1 ixileT aseve .. , ., 1961, . 49-50

9

erTnairad gavrcelebuli iqmneboda rogorc sparselebSi, ise qarTveleb-

Sic~ [86; 1-2]; amave Tvalsazriss iziareben n. mari [42] da mose janaSvili

[76; 221]; k. kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom leonti mrovelis wyaros uSualod

firdousis `Sahname~ warmoadgenda [31; 18-19], Tumca m. andronikaSvilis az-

riT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ arqaul nawilSi iranuli samyaro _ pirTa sa-

xelebi _ warmodgenilia, rogorc saSualo sparsuli da uZvelesi parTu-

li formebiT, ise (metwilad) arabuli da axali sparsuli formebiT [43;

148-149]. g. qavTaria `mefeTa cxovrebis~ `gamosvla xazarTa~-s nawils qar-

Tlis cxovrebaSi Sesul msoflio istoriuli ambebis umniSvnelovanes

sakiTxad miiCnevs, romliTac, mecnieris azriT, qarTuli wyaro afiqsi-

rebs Zvel samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs. termin `xazarebSi~ mkvlevari

aseve kimereliebsa da skviTebs moiazrebs, romelTac Zv. w. VIII s-Si unda

elaSqraT kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare vrcel teritoriaze [59;

13-15], rasac adastureben rogorc antikuri avtorebi, aseve Zvel aRmosav-

luri lursmuli warwerebi [118; 235-238], [99; 221-227]. g. qavTaria aRniSnavs,

rom mcire aziaSi am momTabare xalxis moxvedris gzebi kargad iyo cno-

bili antikuri avtorebisaTvis, romelsac zustad miuTiTebs leonti mro-

velic [59; 15]. viziarebT g. qavTarias mosazrebas qekapos faraborotis

ZesTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Zv. w. VII s. I naxevarSi saTaveSi Caudga

asureTis winaaRmdeg midiis ajanyebas da gamarjvebiT daasrula is (g.

qavTarias mosazrebiT es faraboroti asuruli warwerebSi moxseniebuli

kaStriti unda iyos, romlis midiuri saxeli xSatritia, herodote ki

fraorts uwodebs [Her. I, 102]. qarTlis cxovrebaSi qekaposis Ze farabo-

rotad aris cnobili [61; 14], [59; 16-17]). aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv. w. 653 w. skvi-

Tebma axladSeqmnili midiis saxelmwifos dapyroba SeZles, midielTa me-

fe ki maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa[61; 14],. es istoriuli faqti leonti mro-

velisTvisacaa cnobili, romelTanac vkiTxulobT: `da Semdgomad amissa

ramdenTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qekapos mefe sparsTa, rameTu iwyo

brZola TurqTa~ [61; 14]. g. qavTaria SeniSnavs, rom am `TurqebSi~ qarTu-

li wyaro skviTebs gulisxmobs [59; 26-27]. midiis erTianobis aRdgenas da

skviTebis gandevnas, herodote kaStaritis Svilis kiaqsaris saxels ukav-

Sirebs [Her. I, 101-102], es faqti Semonaxulia leonti mrovelTanac: `da

Semdgomad amisa, ramodenime weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qaixosro mefe da

10

iwyo brZolad TurqTa, eZiebda sisxlsa mamisa maTisasa~ [61; 15], anu qar-

Tuli werilobiTi wyarosaTvis cnobilia, rom kaStariti, igive qekaposi,

skviTebTan brZolaSi daiRupa.

`ramodeniTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna~, SesaZloa, herodotes cnobas

asaxavs, romlis Tanaxmadac skviTebis batonoba 28 weli gagrZelebula

[Her. I, 74]. rac Seexeba qaixosros, is midielTa mefe kiaqsari (midiurad _

uvaxStara) unda iyos, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs rogorc qaixosro saxe-

lis gamoyvana kiaxsar-uvaxStaridan, ise leonti mrovelisa da herodo-

tes werilobiTi monacemebis paraleluri Sedarebebic. leonti mrovelis

gadmocemiT, xazarTa (kimerielTa Tu skviTTa) Semosevis paralelurad

adgili hqonia sparselebis (midielebis) laSqrobebsac saqarTvelosa da

somxeTSi. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRweril xazarebisa da sparselebis

laSqrobebs Tu gavyvebiT, sakmaod saintereso suraTs vixilavT. sparsul

sakuTar saxelebSi aRrevebis miuxedavad, Txzulebis am monakveTSi

istoriul realobasTan sakmaod miaxloebiTaa daxatuli midiaSi arsebu-

li rTuli politikuri situacia. Sida uwesrigobis garda, midiasac mZime

tvirTad awva momTabare tomebis TareSi _ midielTa da skviTTa

urTierTdapirispirebas mravali wyaro adasturebs. `qarTlis cxovrebis~

meSveobiT cnobili informaciebis Sevsebac SeiZleba. g. qavTaria leonti

mrovelis naxevrad fantastikur monaTxrobSi realur movlenebsac ar-

Cevs: `mefeTa cxovrebis~ avtors ara marto midiis saxelmwifos sagareo

politika aqvs gadmocemuli, aramed kargad aqvs daxasiaTebuli qarTvel-

Ta cxovrebis adreuli safexurebi da urTierToba garemomcvel samya-

rosTan [59; 24]. m. sanaZe ki leonti mrovelis gadmocemaSi arsebul qro-

nologiur Seusabamobebs, saxelTa damaxinjebul gadmocemas, rig Sem-

TxvevaSi _ fantastikuri ambebis gadmocemas, imiT xsnis, rom `qarTlis

cxovreba~ iranuli istoriuli eposis, rogorc arqaul, ise axal spar-

sul wignier variaciebs Seicavs. mkvlevaris azriT, `mematianes sxvadasxva

epoqebSi Sesrulebuli iranuli eposis variaciebi aqvs xelT da ver am-

Cnevs maT igiveobas, erTimeoris Semdeg, garkveuli qronologiuri Tanmim-

devrobiT aTavsebs maT~ [51; 25-26].

leonti mroveli qaixosros mefobis Semdeg, kidev erT istoriul am-

bavs gviyveba, romelic babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors exeba: `da gamo-

11

des amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena

ierusalimi~ [61; 15-16]. Semdeg ki isev sparselebze iwyebs saubars: `Sem-

dgomad amissa raodenTame weliwadTa aRmovida Ze sparsTa mefisa vaSta-

Sabisi, saxeliT spandiat rvali~ [61; 16]. es vaStaSabi, besitunis kldis

warweraSi moxseniebuli viStaspi unda iyos, romelic darios I-is mamaa,

am ukanasknels qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro spandiat rvals uwodebs. le-

onti mrovelTan mcire qronologiur uzustobas unda hqondes adgili,

radgan midiis samefos dacema da aqemeniduri samefos xanis dasawyisi ki-

rosis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli (romelsac Zv. w. 550-530 ww. unda emefa),

leonti mroveli ki sparselebSi `axali xanis~ dasawyiss darios viStas-

pis Zis saxels (imave vaStaSabis Zes, spandiat rvals) ukavSirebs. xazgas-

mulia isic, rom spandiat vaStaSabis Ze (anu darios viStaspis Ze) babi-

lonSi nabuqodonosoris mefobis Semdgom modis. amdenad, `mefeTa cxov-

rebaSi~ sparselTa istoriasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis asaxva im epo-

qis realur suraTs emTxveva. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli is-

toriul Tanmimdevrobas ar arRvevs da spandiat rvalTan dakavSirebiT

SeniSnavs, rom am ukanasknelma saqarTveloSi mas Semdeg ilaSqra, rac na-

buqodonosorisgan `muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls... Semdgomad

amissa raodensame weliwadTa.~ [61; 15-16]. spandiat rvalis ( igive darios

histaspis Zis ) momdevno periodi aqemeniduri sparseTis Zlierebis xanaa.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, am periodSi sparseTma babiloni da asure-

Ti daipyro, moxarke yvna berZenni da hromni. da maSin qarTvelni moxarke

iyvnes misdave~ [61; 16], aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobamde qarTvelebi

sparselebis moxarkeni rom iyvnen, amas qarTuli wyaroebis garda, berZeni

istorikosebic adastureben: herodote, qsenofonti, dion kasiusi, razec

zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.

Txzulebidan Cans rom leonti mrovels sparsTa religiis Sesaxebac

hqonia warmodgena, miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi `mefeTa

cxovrebis~ avtoris interesebSi mxolod is politikuri movlenebia moq-

ceuli, rac farnavazis gamefebas uZRoda win. erTgan mematiane ixseniebs,

rom mas Semdeg, rac qaixosro SioSis Zem `movlo yoveli somxiT da qar-

Tli, motyuena yovelive, iavar yvna yovelni cixeni da qalaqni, da dau-

tevna erisTavni, da aRaSena adarbadagans saxli salocavi sjulisa maTi-

12

sa da warvida~ [61; 15]. gacilebiT sainteresoa is adgili, sadac leonti

mroveli qarTlis teritoriaze mosaxle qarTveluri tomebis `sjulis~

Sesaxeb saubrobs: `da ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTa. rame-

Tu col-qmrobisaTis ara uCndaT naTesaoba: da yovelsa suliersa Wam-

des; saflavi ara iyo mkudarsa SesWamdes~. [61; 15]. es berZen istorikoseb-

Tan dacul cnobebs gvagonebs: kerZod, herodotesTan masagetebTan

dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT, rom isini `misdeven skviTuri cxovrebis we-

sebs~ [Her I. 215], anu TiToeuli maTgani colad erT qals irTavs, magram

qalebTan isini Tanaziarad cxovroben. elinTa gadmocemebi skviTebis

msgavsi Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, ufro masagetebs exeba. rodesac masageti

romelime qalisadmi swrafvas igrZnobs, Camohkidebs Tavis kaparWs mis et-

lTan da Semdeg mSvidad amyarebs masTan kavSirs [Her. I, 216]. msgavsi cno-

ba daculia strabonTanac [Strabo. XI, 8;6], romelTanac albanebTan dakavSi-

rebiT vkiTxulobT: `albanebi moxucebulebs metismetad scemen pativs,

ara marto Tavis mSoblebisa, aramed sxvebisasac; xolo micvalebulze

zrunva araa wesi, arc mogoneba. maTTan erTad flaven qonebasac~ [Strabo.

XI, IV; 8], qarTvelTa winaprebis es wes-Cveuleba zoroastrelTa rwmena-war-

modgenebs gvagonebs, romelTa religia gardacvlilis damarxvas an masze

zrunvas ki ar moiTxovda, aramed ahqondaT gardacvlilis gvami sadme ma-

Ral adgilze da iq `stovebdnen~ [105; 158].

SesavalSi warmoebulma msjelobam, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobi-

Ti wyaroebis paralelurma Sedarebebma da arqeologiurma monacemebma

dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTa winaprebs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midieleb-

Tan, Semdeg ki aqemenidur iranTan, am urTierTobebis paralelurad qar-

Tveluri tomebisaTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo zoroastruli religia,

rac erTgvari bazisi unda gamxdariyo qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

Camoyalibebis procesSi.

iberiis winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeoni winareelinisturi Tu

elinisturi qveynebis kulturasTan qarTvelTa urTierTobis erT-erTi

naTeli nimuSia. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi qarTul warmarTul pan-

TeonSi Semavali RvTaebebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mwiria da, zog SemTxvevaSi,

araerTgvarovani. RvTaebebis saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi

qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciaSi zogierTi kerpis warmomavlo-

13

bisa da raobis dadgenisas garkveul sirTuleebs qmnida, Tumca mocemul

sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebi Seecadnen Taviseburi axsna moeZebnaT am

RvTaebebisaTvis, am kuTxiT mecnierTa mosazrebebi sam nawilad SeiZleba

davyoT: 1. isini, vinc qarTul warmarTul panTeons aqemeniduri iranis

religiasTan akavSirebda; 2. vinc xeTur-xuritul religiaSi xedavda qar-

Tuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan saerTos; 3. vinc berZnul-roma-

ul panTeonTan avlebda paralels.

Zvel sparsul religias saqarTveloSi didi tradicia gaaCnia, ro-

melmac garkveuli roli iTamaSa qristianobamdeli iberiis samefos is-

toriaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs kulturul-politikuri urTierToba jer mi-

diasTan, Semdeg aqemenidur da sasanidur iranTan uwevda, rac gvaZlevs

safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Camoyalibe-

bis procesSi sparsulma RvTaebebmac iTamaSes TavianTi roli. qarTlsa

da kaxeTSi aRmoCenilia zoroastrizmisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mim-

devarTa taZrebi _ cixiagora, dedoflismindori, nekresi. warmarTuli

gadmonaSTebi mogviano periodis qarTul xalxur zRaprebsa Tu tradici-

ebSic gvxvdeba, xolo iberiis mosazRvre somxeTis urTierToba aqemeni-

debTan da qristianobis gavrcelebamde sparsuli RvTaebebis arseboba

maT panTeonSi imis maniSnebelia, rom isini iberiis samefoSic unda yofi-

liyvnen cnobilni.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi mocemul sakiTxze dawerilma samecniero naS-

romebma, statiebma, axalma arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma, eTnografiulma

kvlevam mravali aqamde ucnobi masala gamoitana dRis sinaTleze qar-

Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxsenebuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb, riTac er-

Tgvari bazisi Seiqmna qarTvelTa winaqristianuli panTeonis Sesaxeb fun-

damenturi naSromis SeqmnisaTvis. aRniSnuli Temisadmi interess zrdis

isic, rom mecnierTa mosazrebebi qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi Semava-

li RvTaebebis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovania. Cven SevecadeT Cvens xelT arse-

buli ucxouri da qarTveli mecnierebis naSromebis, uaxlesi arqeologi-

uri aRmoCenebis, mikvleuli eTnografiuli masalis, qarTuli da ucxou-

ri werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze axleburi kuTxiT gangvexila war-

14

marTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis sadaurobisa da raobis sakiTxi, sakuTari

azri gamogveTqva maT Sesaxeb.

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni bevri qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnie-

ris kvlevis sagani iyo da rCeba kidec. am Temaze mravali samecniero naS-

romi qveyndeba. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegad mocemuli sakiTxis Se-

saxeb bevri masalaa Tavmoyrili. qarTveli mecnierebisTvis ufro xelmi-

sawvdomi gaxda uaxlesi ucxouri literatura, romelic axlo aRmosav-

lur religiebs exeba. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens aqe-

menidur-sasanidur religiebze momuSave mecnierTa naSromebi, avestis wig-

nis qarTveli mecnierebisaTvis aqamde ucnobi Tavebis Targmanebi, rome-

lic winamdebare naSromSia gamoyenebuli.

winamdebare naSromSi SevecadeT qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi Se-

mavali RvTaebebi ara viwro zoroastruli religiis CarCoSi, aramed Zv.

aRmosavleTis qveynebis kulturul WrilSi gangvexila. winamdebare naS-

romi winaqristianuli iberiis RvTaebebis axlebur xedvas warmoadgens,

romelTa erTi nawili (armazi, zadeni) axlosaa zoroastrul religias-

Tan (am mxriv Cveni mosazrebebi emTxveva n. maris, meliqseT begis, m. gve-

lesianis da sxvaTa mosazrebebs). `RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~ ki

qarTveluri tomebis arian qarTlidan motanili RvTaebebia, romelTac

elinistur xanaSi axali datvirTva SeiZines; aininas paraleli anahiti

unda iyos, rogorc amas n. mari SeniSnavda, Tumca aininas Cven meore qal-

RvTaebasTan _ daninasTan konteqstSi ganvixilavT (CvenTvis am mxriv misa-

Rebia gr. kapancianis mosazreba aininas da dananas wakiTxvis Sesaxeb, ro-

gorc (ai)nina da ninada). maT kvals Cven Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi TrialeTis

kulturis droindel rwmena-warmodgenebSi vxedavT da mesopotamiur

kulturas vukavSirebT. am or qalRvTaebas winamdebare naSromSi ori Ta-

vi aqvs daTmobili. erTSi saubaria aininas da dananas kultebis Sesaxeb

qarTvelur tomebis rwmena-warmodgenebSi elinistur da postelinistur

xanaSi, calke Tavi ki aqvs daTmobili yaraSambSi (somxeTSi) aRmoCenil

vercxlis Tasze asaxul qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil ritualur si-

uJets, sadac Suamdinaruli RvTaeba or Tanamdev RvTaebasTan _ ninadasa

da quliTasTan erTadaa warmodgenili. mocemuli arqeologiuri eqspona-

ti am kuTxiT qarTul mecnierebaSi jer ar SeuswavliaT. calke qveTavi

15

eTmoba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic, m. gvelesianis azriT,

sicruis RvTaeba drujTan unda iyos kavSirSi. es mosazreba CvenTvis mi-

saRebia, winamdebare naSromSi is Cvens mier ufro ganvrcobilia da mrava-

li argumentia moyvanili iTrujanis drujiseuli warmomavlobis sasar-

geblod. qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Cveni mxridan moxda `mefeTa

cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebuli meoTxe farnavaziani mefis farnajomis dros

ganviTarebuli politikuri realiebis axleburi gaazreba: kerZod leon-

ti mroveli farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebis mizezad

religiur faqtors miiCnevda, rac Cven istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT

uarvyaviT.

winamdebare naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, xuTi Tavisa da daskvnisagan.

gamoyenebuli literaturis siis garda, naSroms erTvis sailustracio

masala.

naSromis pirvel TavSi (`RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~) ganxi-

lulia qarTvelTa uZvelesi kerpebis gacisa da gaimis (gas) warmomavlo-

bis sakiTxi, RvTaebrivi funqciebi. somxur warmarTul panTeonTan gavle-

buli paralelebiT, avestis mixr-iaStebis wignis arqeologiuri masale-

bis, etimologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze, SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom

gaci da ga qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen. elinistur epoqaSi isi-

ni gaigivebuli iqnen sparsuli miTras Tanamdev RvTaebebTan, ris safuZ-

velsac qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi arsebuli informacia, RvTaebaTa

aRwerilobis struqtura da maTi funqciebis gansazRvra, aseve liTonTa

simbolikaSi oqrosa da vercxlis mzesTan da mTvaresTan gaigiveba iZle-

va.

naSromis meore Tavi (RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis) RvTaeba ar-

mazisa da masTan dapirispirebuli `qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis~ sa-

kiTxs eZRvneba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom armazze uamravi samecniero ga-

mokvleva aris dawerili, Cveni kvlevis obieqti masTan dapirispirebuli

RvTaeba iTrujani gaxda, romlis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqcie-

bis gansazRvram dagvanaxa, rom mas bevri aqvs saerTo sicruisa da boro-

tebis iranul RvTaeba drujTan, ahuramazdas antagonisti RvTaebis ahri-

manis erT-erT msaxurTan. aseTi varaudis safuZvels iZleva ara marto

iTrujanis sparsuli warmomavloba da etimologiuri msgavseba drujTan

16

((i)Truj(ani)), aramed isic, rom ahrimanis saxelis xsenebas adreuli weri-

lobiTi Tu epigrafikuli Zeglebi eridebian da ahuramazdas mxolod ah-

rimanis msaxur RvTaebebs upirispireben, Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ drujs. moce-

mul TavSi gamoyenebulia ara marto ucxouri da qarTuli literatura

da werilobiTi wyaroebi, aramed moxmobilia arqeologiuri, eTnografiu-

li, enaTmecnieruli masalebic.

mesame Tavi daTmobili aqvs farnavazis Semdgomi mefeebis saurmagisa

da mirvanis mier aRmarTuli ori qalRvTaebis kerpis aininas da daninas

sakiTxs. iqidan gamomdinare, rom am ori qalRvTaebis Zirebi winareeli-

nisturi samyaros religiur warmodgenebSi midis, mocemuli Tavi Cven or

qveTavad davyaviT. Cven viziarebT gr. kapancianis, m. wereTlisa da s. ja-

naSias mosazrebebs am qalRvTaebebis Sesaxeb da iSTar-ninadasTan vav-

lebT paralels. mocemuli RvTaebebi, savaraudod, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi

arsebobdnen, rodesac TrialeTis kulturis matarebel tomebs axlo ur-

TierToba hqondaT Zvel civilizaciebTan _ uris III dinastia, xeTebi, xu-

ritebi. Cven xelT am RvTaebebis amsaxveli ori nivTi mogvepoveba, pirve-

li saqarTveloSi, walkis platoze, mexuTe yorRanSi napovni TrialeTis

vercxlis Tasia, meore _ somxeTSi, yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Ta-

si, romelic aseve TrialeTis didi yorRanuli kulturis matarebeli

xalxis nawarmia. Cveni kvlevis sagani es ukanaskneli gaxda, radganac mas-

ze ufro srulyofilad aris warmodgenili RvTaeba iSTarTan dakavSire-

buli ritualuri msvlelobis Tu msxverplSewirvis siuJeti. qalRvTaeba

iSTari Tasis erT-erT frizze or Tanamdev qalRvTaebasTan ninadasa da

quliTasTan erTad aris gamosaxuli. mocemuli Tasi, masze asaxuli re-

ligiuri ritualisa da warmodgenili personaJebis raobis garkvevis miz-

niT, saqarTveloSi mecnierTa mier calke Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdara

da am mxriv Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoad-

gens.

winamdebare naSromis meoTxe Tavi uSualod aininas da daninas RvTa-

ebrivi funqciebis garkvevas aqvs daTmobili: rogor moxda ainina-iSTaris

(imave nanaias, ninos) konsolireba gviandel sparsul qalRvTaeba ardvi-

sura anahitTan. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxmobilia paraleluri masa-

17

lebi somxuri warmarTuli panTeonidan da avestis ardvisura-iaStebis

himnebidan.

naSromis ukanaskneli, mexuTe Tavi mefe farnajomis dros momxdari

samefo gadatrialebis sakiTxs eTmoba. leonti mroveli gadatrialebis

mizezad religiur faqtors asaxelebda, Cveni mizani iyo axleburad gag-

veazrebina es movlena somxuri da berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis sa-

fuZvelze. farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebisTvis imdro-

indeli politikuri viTarebidan Tu winare farnavaziani mefeebis saSinao

da sagareo politikidan gamomdinare mogveZebna axsna. amave TavSia moce-

muli msjeloba RvTaeba zadenis sakiTxzec.

18

w y aroeb is d a literatur is m i mo xilv a

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaxeb ZiriTad cnobebs qarTuli

werilobiTi wyaroebi `mefeTa cxovreba~ da `moqcevai qarTlisai~ iZle-

vian. leonti mroveli pirveli qarTveli saistorio mweralia, romelic

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebisa da formirebis Sesaxeb gvaw-

vdis cnobebs, Tumca leonti mrovelis Txzuleba qarTvelTa winaqristia-

nul rwmena-warmodgenebze informaciul xasiaTs atarebs da mxolod

RvTaebaTa saxelebiTa da im cnobebiT Semoifargleba, romeli mefis

dros Seiqmna esa Tu is kerpi da sad iyo is ganlagebuli. gacTan da ga-

imTan dakavSirebiT ki vigebT, romeli liTonisgan yofila Seqmnili maTi

kerpebi. avtori armazis sparsul warmomavlobazec migvaniSnebs. leonti

mrovelis Txzuleba mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens Zveli iberiis sa-

mefos politikuri istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac. am mxriv Cveni

kvlevis sagani azo da pirveli oTxi farnavaziani mefe gaxdnen, romel-

Tac `moqcevai qarTlisai~ winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis for-

mirebas miawers [92; 320-321].

leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, `moqcevai qar-

TlisaiSi~ Semavali wminda ninos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul Txzuleba-

Si daculi cnobebi winaqristianuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb ufro mdidaria,

rameTu aq ZiriTadi aqcenti Txzulebis avtors warmarT qarTvelTa Rmer-

Tebis funqciebis gansazRvraze aqvs gakeTebuli. Tumca `mefeTa cxovrebi-

sagan~ gansxvavebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ avtori arafers ambobs aini-

nasa da daninas kerpebis Sesaxeb da mxolod armaziT, zadeniT, gaciTa da

gaimiT Semoifargleba, romelTac Semdegi epiTetebiT amkobs `RmerTni

didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da qvey-

nisa naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden, yovli-

sa dafarulisa gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani, gaci da

gaim~ [61; 106]. wminda ninos cxovrebaSi kidev erTi axali RvTaebis saxeli

Semodis, romelic leonti mrovelTan ar ixsenieba _ es qaldevelTa

RvTaeba iTrujania, romelic armazs emtereba [61; 106-107, 91-92].

qarTvelTa warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaswavlad Zvirfas

werilobiT wyaros warmoadgens juanSeris `cxovreba vaxtang gorgasli-

19

sa~, sadac qarTvelTa mier cecxlTayvanismcemlobazea saubari, xolo

vaxtang gorgaslis Ze daCisTan dakavSirebiT juanSeri wers, rom daCim

aiyvana Tavisi diswuli, gadavida kolxeTs, lopotis qveyanaSi kldovans

oRroCoRroebsa da gamoqvabulebSi, romlis mosaxleoba iyo didad mrava-

li da nair-nairi tomebisa, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tay-

vans [61; 200]. mocemul citataSi, Cveni azriT, saubaria cecxlisa da

wylis RvTaebebis _ atarisa da ardvisura anahitis kultebis Tayvanisce-

mis Sesaxeb.

wyaroTmcodneobis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens `qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebi da nusxebi, sadac warmarTuli panTeonis

RvTaebaTa saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebia SemoTavazebuli. am

mxriv Cveni kvlevis sagani gaxda mariamiseuli, anaseuli, WeliSviliseu-

li qarTlis cxovrebis nusxebi, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Tar-

gmani, vaxuSti batoniSvilis `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, X saukunis

Satberdis krebuli.

informaciis simwires iberiis samefos warmarTuli rwmena-warmodge-

nebis Sesaxeb erTgvarad avsebs qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebebi: ev-

staTi mcxeTelis wameba, SuSanikis wameba, wminda raJdenis wameba, sadac

moTxrobilia V-VI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi qristianobis zoroastriz-

misa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. qarTvelTa

warmarTuli gadmonaSTebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania asureli mamebis

cxovrebis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis, rogorc svinaqsaruli, aseve

metafrasuli redaqciebi [70], [71], [72]. arsebuli istoriuli tradiciis

Tanaxmad asureli mamebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi movidnen qarTlSi. maT udi-

desi wvlili miuZRviT qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebis saqmeSi warmarTo-

basTan brZolis pirvel periodSi. qristianobis brZola warmarTul gad-

monaSTebTan da sparsul religiasTan kargad aisaxa daviT garejelis,

iese wilknelis, ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis da abibos nekreselis

moRvaweobis amsaxvel TxzulebebSi.

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisa da iberiis Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis

politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania Zveli somxuri sais-

torio wyaroebis Seswavlac. iqidan gamomdinare, rom qarTvel da somex

xalxs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midielebTan, Semdeg aqemenidur iranTan,

20

elinistur saxelmwifoebTan da sasanidebTan, es istoriul-kulturuli

urTierToba am ori xalxis winaqristianul religiur warmodgenebzec

unda asaxuliyo. n. o. eminisa da gr. kapancianis varaudiT somexTa winaq-

ristianul warmarTul panTeonSi zoroastrizmis gavlena aSkaraa [166],

[125]. am kuTxiT did yuradRebas imsaxurebs movses xorenacis `somxeTis

istoria~, romelic ara marto somexi xalxis istorias mogviTxrobs, uZ-

velesi periodidan ax. w. V s-mde, aramed Zvirfas cnobebs iZleva somxebis

warmarTuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb. Cven gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebs Txzu-

lebis is adgilebi, sadac avtori saqarTveloze da mis politikur situ-

aciaze mogviTxrobs. movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria~ erTaderTi

araqarTuli werilobiTi wyaroa, sadac qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

RvTaeba, armazi ixsenieba, romelic somex istorikoss somxuri warmarTu-

li panTeonis umaRles RvTaeba aramazdTan hyavs gaigivebuli. qarTuli

warmarTuli panTeonis mTavari RvTaebis armazis sakiTxis Sesaswavlad

mniSvnelovania wminda ninos (movses xorenacTan _ nune) mier qarTlis

moqcevasTan dakavSirebuli erTi momenti, sadac qarTvelebis mier aramaz-

dis kerpis Tayvaniscemaa aRwerili [49, II, 86].

sxva somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi _ favstos buzandi, sebeosi, aga-

Tangelosi, egiSe vardapeti _ Tumca ar ixsenieben aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los teritoriaze gavrcelebul kerpTa Tu RmerTTa saxelebs, magram ma-

Ti naSromebi mdidaria somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis, aseve

sparsuli religiisa da mis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qristianobis Sesaxeb

informaciiT, rac erTi mxriv somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis SeswavlaSi

gvexmareba, meore mxriv ki gvaZlevs saSualebas movuZebnoT paralelebi

qarTuli da somxuri panTeonis RvTaebebs. egiSe vardapetis Txzuleba ki

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa zoroastruli religiuri warmodgene-

bis Sesaswavlad, sadac istorikosi mdidar informacias iZleva sparsu-

li dualizmisa da RvTaebebis Sesaxeb [123; 40-42].

berZeni da romaeli istorikosebis naSromebSi Tumca qarTlis (ibe-

riis) warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebze pirdapir araa saubari, magram

warmodgena gveqmneba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva to-

mis warmarTuli tradiciebisa da mogviano periodis iberiis samefos po-

litikuri, socialuri da kulturuli viTarebis Sesaxeb. berZen-romael

21

istorikosebTan mocemuli es informacia imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramde-

nadac Cveni naSromi mxolod religiuri kuTxiT ar aris SemosazRvruli

(winamdebare naSromis mexuTe Tavi Zv. w. II saukuneSi qarTlis politikur

viTarebas exeba). berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebi informacias

gvawvdian aqemeniduri iranis religiuri warmodgenebis Sesaxebac. hero-

doteze, qsenofontsa da strabonze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi Cven ukve

gvqonda saubari. rac Seexeba sxva istorikosebs, plutarqe Zvirfas cno-

bebs gvawvdis lukulusisa da pompeusis biografiebSi kavkasiis, kerZod,

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis Sesaxeb. lukulusis biografiaSi plutarqe

armenielebis mier anaitidis (anahitis) Tayvaniscemas ixseniebs, iberebTan

dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom isini tigran II-is mokavSireebi iyvnen ro-

maelebis winaaRmdeg omSi. artaqserqse II-is biografiaSi ki ahurmazdas,

miTrasa da anahitis erTad moxsenieba adasturebs varauds am sparseli

mefis dros iranSi mimdinare religiur reformis Sesaxeb. amdenad, plu-

tarqe CvenTvis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens sparselTa da somexTa

religiuri warmodgenebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.

gasaTvaliswinebelia romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobac,

romelsac iberebTan dakavSirebiT uweria, rom isini (iberielebi) `Zvel-

Taganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni yofilan~. berZeni polibiosis

Txzuleba mdidar informacias Seicavs Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi elinistur

samyaroSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTlis

(iberiis) samefos sagareo da saSinao politikazec unda asaxuliyo.

sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebidan visargebleT pliniusis, gelasi

kesarielis, turnius rufiniusis, sokrates sqolastikosis, ermia sozome-

nis, arianes TxzulebebiT.

naSromSi gamoyenebulia Zveli sparsuli religiis wminda wignis

avestis sxvadasxva nawilebi _ asna-gaTa galobebi, hord avesta (mcire

avesta), iaStebi, videvdati _ venididebi, visparidebi, romlebic zoroas-

truli religiis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesi da upirvelesi werilo-

biTi wyaroa.

avestis wignSi Semavali sxvadasxva nawilebi Targmnilia, rogorc in-

glisur, ise rusul da qarTul enebze. avestis gaTebis erTi nawilis _

asnebis pirveli Targmani qarTul enaze g. axvledians ekuTvnis. 1924

22

wels, JurnalSi `Cveni mecniereba~ daibeWda mecnieris Targmnili 29 da 30

gaTa-galobebi. 1977 w. dabeWdil iranuli poeziisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi

Sesulia g. axvledianis mier Targmnili avestis 18 gaTa-galobani (kerZod

ki, 28-32, 43-51 asnebi), romelsac Tan erTvis komentarebi da leqsikoni.

imave krebulSia Sesuli m. andronikaSvilis mier Targmnili ardvisura

anahitisadmi miZRvnili himni, romelic ardvisur iaStis saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili da iaStas mexuTe galobas warmoadgens [1]. 1979 w. calke wignad

gamoica g. axvledianis `avestis gaTebi-galobani~, sadac Targmnilia aves-

tis erTi nawili _ asnebis 17 gaTa [1].

avestis teqstebis rusulenovani Targmanebidan Cvens mier gamoyene-

bul iqna . . , , sadac mec-

niers avestis teqstebidan mocemuli aqvs asna IX nawyvetebi da fragmen-

tebi ard iaStebidan, originalis enaze da rusuli Targmani. naSromSi

Setanilia aseve X da XIII iaStebis mcire, fragmentuli Targmanebi [109].

avestaseuli teqstebis rusulenovani TargmanebiT ufro mdidaria i.s.

braginskis mogviano periodis naSromi, romelic tajikur da sparsul

literaturas exeba. naSromSi warmodgenilia vendidadebis wignidan pir-

veli sami Tavis Targmani, romelsac darTuli aqvs avtoriseuli komenta-

rebi, aseve mocemulia asnebis pirveli Tavis (romelSic 1-27 asnamde Se-

dis) 9-11 Tavebis fragmentuli Targmanebi [109; 71-81], warmodgenilia sxva-

dasxva RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnili himnebi, maT Soris ardvisura anahiti-

sadmi miZRvnili ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani [110; 126, 182, 409-411]; ag-

reTve, tiStr iaSta, mixr iaSta, fravartir iaSta, varxran iaSta, ard

iaSta; aseve zamiad iaStis mciredi fragmenti [110; 71-81].

1984 w. gamocemul wignSi ` ~ i. braginskis

Setanili aqvs bundaxSinis III Tavis mciredi Targmani, aseve XV Tavi, sa-

dac pirveli adamianis (gaia martanis) gaCenis Sesaxebaa saubari, vendida-

debis III, XVIII, XXI, XXII Tavebi, ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani, XLIV

asna, aseve falauri literaturis erT-erTi poema `draxt asuriki~ (anu

asuruli xe). sainteresoa aseve sogdianuri literaturis ori fragmentis

Targmani, romelic V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba da sadac lakonuradaa

aRwerili legendaruli gmiris rustamis brZola devebTan [110].

23

1984 welsve gamovida krebuli, romelSic Zveli aRmosavleTis mwer-

lobis, maT Soris iranis, brwyinvale nimuSebia Sesuli. krebulSi Sesu-

lia avestis Semadgeneli sami wignis vendidadebis pirveli sami Tavi, as-

nebis wignidan 12, 28, 29 asna, iaStebis wignidan mexuTe Tavi _ ardvisu-

ra iaStebi, mixr-iaStebi da ard iaStis 17 Tavis Targmani [136].

avestis wignis zogierTi nawilis Targmani mocemulia XX saukunis

dasawyisis indoeli mecnieris jal dastur karseji pavris wignSi

` ,~ romelic 2004 w. rusul enaze

iTargmna. naSromis saTauridan gamomdinare, mecnierma avestis Tu mogvia-

no periodis zoroastruli religiis wminda wignis mxolod is fragmen-

tebi mimoixila, romelic misi kvlevis saTaurs exmianeboda. Tumca mkvle-

varis naSromSi zoroastrul religiasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi wminda

teqstebis Targmanebsac vxvdebiT, romelic Cven interesis sagania. jal

dastur karseji pavris avestas teqstebis _ asnebis, iaStebis, bundaxSi-

nebis _ Targmanebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fragmentulia, fragmentulia aseve

sad-daris da sad-dar bundaxSis (sasaniduri xanis farsul-sparsuli li-

teraturis nawarmoebebi) Targmani. mkvlevars mocemul teqstTan misi

originalic aqvs darTuli. sainteresoa videvdatis, sruliad ganxiluli

gaTebis erT-erTi nawili _ datastan i meniu i kraxati, sadac saubaria

sulebis sasamarTlos Sesaxeb da sadac sroSa da raSnu ixseniebian [122;

81-94]. aseve datastan i denikis zogierTi fragmenti Cinvantas xidze mix-

risa da misi ori Tanamdevi RvTaebis sroSa da raSnus gardacvlilTa

sulebis sasamarTloze [122; 99-107].

avestis zogierTi nawilis uaxlesi Targmanebi mocemulia v. kriuko-

vas wignSi `~, sadac mecniers Targmnili aqvs avestis erT-erTi

Semadgeneli nawilis videvdatis zogierTi Tavis, kerZod V, XIV, XV,

XVII, XVIII fragardebi [128]; naSromSi aseve warmodgenilia fragmentuli

Targmanebi iaStebidan, romlebic RvTaeba miTras, vereTragnas, tiSrits,

ardvisura anahits exeba (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iaStebis Targmnisas v. kri-

ukova steblin kamenskis TargmanebiT sargeblobs, fragaredebis Targmani

ki avtoriseulia) [128; 252-282].

ucxoeli avtorebidan visargebleT h. humbahis zaraTuStras gaTebisa

da vendidadebis, iaStebis TargmanebiT [172].

24

aqve davsZenT, rom warmarTi qarTvelebisTvis cnobili iyo zoroas-

trizmis mimdevarTa wminda wignebi, risi pirdapiri miniSnebac wminda ni-

nos cxovrebaSi, kerZod ki abiaTar mRvdelis mier Tqmul ambavSia dacu-

li, sadac nebroTis, anu sparsTa wigni ixsenieba, romelic mefe mirians

hqonia [61; 105].

25

arq eolog iur i w y aroe b i

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan wyaros

arqeologiuri Zeglebi warmoadgenen. s. makalaTiam, romelic saqarTve-

loSi miTras kultis arsebobas varaudobda, am iranuli RvTaebis saqar-

TveloSi funqcionirebis erT-erT argumentad pirvelma moixmo arqeolo-

giuri masala, kerZod _ miTras gamosaxulebiani ori eqsponati [38; 189].

mniSvnelovania i. gagoSiZis mier dedoflismindvris gaTxrebis dros so-

fel aradeTTan napovni oqros sakidi firfita nayofierebis qalRmerTis

gamosaxulebiT, romelsac Tavze namgala mTvare adgas. diademiT, yelsa-

bamiTa da sayureebiT Semkuli qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba iranuli qal-

RvTaeba ardvisura anahitis gamosaxulebas imeorebs [13; 175]. mocemuli eq-

sponatis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobis faqti unda mianiSnebdes

imaze, rom iberiis mcxovreblebisTvis cnobili iyo am sparsuli qal-

RvTaebis `ikonografia~.

aqemeniduri iranisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs

Soris kulturul-politikur urTierTobebze miuTiTebs vanSi, algeTisa

da yanCaeTis samarxebSi aRmoCenili zurgSedrekili samajurebi. rogorc

il. gagoSiZe aRniSnavs: `CvenSi zurgSedrekili samajurebi unda gavrce-

lebuliyo aqemenianTa iranidan, sadac amgvari samajurebi Cveulebrivia

ukve Zv. w. VI saukunis bolodan. magaliTad, zurgSedrekili samajuri aR-

moCnda suzianaSi, sparsul-aqemeniduri namosaxlaris pirvel fenaSi, ro-

melic Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, amazeve metyvelebs persepoli-

sis reliefebze, kerZod, darios I (520-486) sasaxlis reliefebze gamosa-

xuli zurgSedrekili samajurebi... kavkasia amgvari samajurebis gavrce-

lebis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi sazRvaria~ [11; 22].

uaxlesi samecniero gamokvlevebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze zo-

roastruli religiis RvTaebebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT or naSroms

gamovyofdiT: pirveli n. yifians ekuTvnis. man erT-erT Tavis statiaSi sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze napovni qandakeba mimoixila, romelic xarze ga-

damjdari adamianis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens da romelSic mkvlevari

miTra-atiss xedavs, eqsponati mis mier Zv. w. I saukuniTaa daTariRebuli

[85]; meore naSromi m. quTaTelaZes ekuTvnis, romelmac fundamenturi

26

kvleva miuZRvna `miTras kults saqarTveloSi~. mkvlevari mimoixilavs

miTras kultis Seswavlis sakiTxs qarTul istoriografiaSi, miTras

kultis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis etapebs msoflioSi. mixr-iaStebze da

miTras reliefur, bareliefur gamosaxulebebze dayrdnobiT mecnieri ga-

nixilavs RvTaebis simbolikasa da ikonografias. calke Tavi aqvs daTmo-

bili miTras kultis arsebobis faqtebs saqarTveloSi da Tavmoyrili da

ganxilulia saqarTveloSi miTras kultTan dakavSirebuli mdidari masa-

la _ gamosaxulebebi Tu sxva arqeologiuri monacemebi. mkvlevari wm.

ninos cxovrebaSi moyvanili qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan

dakavSirebul citatasa (`RmerTni didni nayofTa momcemelni, soflis

mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni~) da miT-

ras RvTaebriv funqciebs Soris avlebs paralels. mecnieri eTanxmeba k.

kekeliZisa da s. makalaTias mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom armazis

kerpis aRwerilobaSi sparsuli miTras saxe icnoba da askvnis, rom `qar-

Tul saistorio mwerlobaSi SemorCenili armazis kerpis aRweriloba,

romelic zedmiwevniT emTxveva miTrasas, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTvelo-

Si qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebisTanave, miTras kul-

tis udidesi popularobis gamo, qristianuli eklesia am rwmenis kvalis

waSlas cdilobda. amas rom yovelTvis warmatebiT ver axerxebda, naT-

lad adasturebs qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi SemorCenili RvTaeba miT-

ras aRweriloba, romelsac qarTuli saistorio tradicia armazis kerps

miawers~ [67].

zoroastrizmis panTeonis RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebis saqarTveloSi

aRmoCenis paralelurad, sainteresoa is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze araerTi sakulto nageboba arsebobs _ zoroastruli Tu cec-

xlTayvanismcemluri taZrebi. dedoflis mindvris gaTxrebis dros, i. ga-

goSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT, aRmoaCines sataZro kompleqsi, romelTa So-

ris, savaraudod, aris rogorc cecxlTayvanismcemluri, aseve ardvisura

anahitis taZrebi, romelic mecnieris mier Zv. w. II-I saukuneebiT iqna daTa-

riRebuli [12]. cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis rigs miekuTvneba kaspis

raionSi sof. kavTisxevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare cixiagorac, romelsac g.

cqitiSvili, Semdeg ki n. maTiaSvili Zv. w. IV saukunis dasasruliT _ III

saukunis Sua xanebiT aTariRebdnen [37; 84]. z. maxaraZisa da g. narimaniSvi-

27

lis mosazrebiT is Zv. w. III s. dasawyisis _ Zv. w. II saukunis Suaxanebisaa

[43; 7]. aRniSnuli taZris mimdebare teritoriis gaTxrebis dros aRmoaCi-

nes aqemeniduri iranis xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txis gamosaxu-

lebiani kapiteli, aseve sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sakulto nivTebi [52;

170-171].

g. CubiniSvili nekresis samlocvelo kompleqsSi Semaval erT-erT

darbazuli tipis taZarSi, romelic ax. w. IV saukuniTaa daTariRebuli,

warmarTul (sakulto) nagebobas varaudobda [164; 38], romelic l. WilaS-

vilma miTreumad miiCnia [96; 44-59]. l. WilaSvilisave xelmZRvanelobiT

1997 w. dasrulda nekresis nazverevi goris qveS, gaSlili velis centrSi

mdebare masiuri arqiteqturuli nagebobis gaTxrebi, romelic Tavisi geg-

marebiT cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis formas imeorebs. mecnierma es

Zegli ax. w. I-III saukuneebiT daaTariRa [96; 60-81].

g. yifiani naSromSi `kolxeTis da iberiis warmarTuli taZrebi da

qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxebi~, cec-

xlTayvanismcemlur taZrebs mimoixilavs, romelTa Sorisaa samadlo, ci-

xiagora, dedoflis mindvris taZris kompleqsi. g. yifians cecxlis sam-

locvelod miaCnia ufliscixis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze, klde-

Si gamokveTil sivrceSi arsebuli samlocvelo, sadac mogvianebiT qris-

tianuli eklesia aSenda [84] (i. gagoSiZem misi Tavdapirveli struqtura

miTreumad gansazRvra [112; 1-12]). g. yifiani aqemeniduri iranis religiis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli taZrebis arqiteqturul gamosaxulebebs Zveli qar-

Tuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebSic xedavs, magaliTisTvis: axalgoris gan-

Zis sasafeTqle sakidebi (Zv. w. IV s.), gonios ganZis oqros balTa (ax. w.

II) da xaiSis oqros sakidi (ax. w. III s.) [84; 72-83].

winamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze

asaxul ritualur siuJets exeba, uxvadaa gamoyenebuli paraleluri arqe-

ologiuri masalebi, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis, ise saqar-

Tvelosa da mezobeli xalxebis.

28

e p i gr af i kuli Z e gleb i

winamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic mTlianad yaraSambSi aRmoCe-

nil vercxlis Tasze gamosaxul ritualur siuJets exeba da romelic

Cven xeTur-xuritul religiur warmodgenebs davukavSireT, arqeologiu-

ri paraleluri masalebis garda moxmobil iqna Cvenamde moRweuli cno-

bebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebuli taZrebis da

sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb. Cven gamoviyeneT agreTve

RvTaeba iSTaris aRweriloba, romlis Targmanebic qarTul enaze gr. gi-

orgaZisa da ir. tatiSvilis naSromebSi SegiZliaT ixiloT [16], [57].

zoroastruli religiis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs be-

situnis kldeze Sesrulebuli mefe darios I-is (521-486) warwera, imave da-

rios I warwera suecis arxidan (warwera marmarilos filaze suzasTan),

qserqses antidevuri (486-465) da artaqserqse II (405-361) warwera suzis

sasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb. Cven visargebleT mocemuli teqstebis rusuli

TargmanebiT, krebuliT ( :

. ; . . . .), Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom

mocemul krebulSi besitunis kldeze Sesrulebuli darios I warwera

arasruladaa Targmnili, sruli Targmani am warweris m.a. dandamaevs

ekuTvnis [116; 262-271].

29

s a k iTx i s Se s w a vli s i stor iogr afi a

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul qarTvelTa warmarTuli

panTeonis Seswavlas qarTul istoriografiaSi mdidari tradicia gaaCnia.

pirveli, vinc winaqristianuli iberiis warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali

RvTaebebis raobis da sadaurobis garkvevas Seecada XVIII s. bolo _ XIX

s. I naxevris cnobili sazogado moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi iyo, ro-

melsac Tumca calke kvleva ar Cautarebia mocemul sakiTxze, magram Ta-

visi mosazreba gamoTqva da qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebi berZnul-

romauli miTologiis RmerTebs Seadara: `ormuz, anu armaz-iupiter, za-

den anu zaden-apolon, gaim-merkuri, gaci-silovan tyis Ri~ [157; 663].

qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxSi didi wvlili

miuZRviT ucxoel mecnierebsac. Teimuraz bagrationis Semdgomi periodis

mecnierebi cdilobdnen axsna moeZebnaT iberiis samefos warmarTuli

RvTaebebisaTvis. am kuTxiT pirveli gamokvleva m. broses ekuTvnis [169;

102. Sen. 2]. qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs k. patkanovic Seexo

[148; 212-244, 270]. rusi mkvlevari m. kovalevski exeba mazdeanuri

sarwmunoebis gamovlenis sakiTxs kavkasiis mTielTa yofaSi. iberiis same-

fos warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi mdgom armazis paralels ki iranul

ormuzdSi xedavs [126; 85-118]. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqva al. xaxaniSvil-

mac, romlis naSromSi Semavali erT-erTi Tavi marTalia qarTuli eposis

gmiris amiranis sakiTxs exeba, magram iqve armazTan dakavSirebiT aRniS-

navs, rom qarTuli armazi sparsuli ormuzdis gansaxiereba unda yofi-

liyo [163; 85-118].

1901 w. gamodis n. maris monografiuli naSromi qarTvelTa warmarTu-

li RvTaebebis Sesaxeb, sadac mecnieri mimoixilavs qarTul werilobiT

wyaroebSi _ ,,mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ da `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ moxseniebul

winaqristianul warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebs da rig maTgans

aqemenidur samyarosTan akavSirebs. [140; 3-21].

1918 w. gamosul statiaSi `qalaqi armazi _ qalaqi mcxeTa~ s. kakabaZe

armazis kerpis sakiTxsac Seexo.[27; 1-10].

1924 w. kidev erTi monografiuli naSromi gamodis, romlis avtori, m.

wereTeli zemoT naxsenebi mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT qarTuli warmar-

30

Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebis iranul samyarosTan kavSirs uaryofda da xe-

Tur panTeonTan avlebda paralels. m. wereTlis mier SemoTavazebuli es

mosazrebebi Semdeg mravalma mecnierma gaiziara [94].

germaneli mecnieris o. fon vezendokis wignSi Uber Georgishes

Heidentum umTavresi yuradReba warmarTobis niadagze saqarTveloSi maz-

deanobis saxecvlili, qarTuli saxeobis gamorkvevas aqvs daTmobili.

[175; 92-102].

s. makalaTia, romelic RvTaeba miTras kults ikvlevda saqarTvelo-

Si, Tavis naSromebSi qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis or RvTaebas ar-

mazs da zadens Seexo. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mimoxilulia mecnieris naS-

romSi `RvTaeba miTras kulti saqarTveloSi~ da 1938 w. gamosul meore

naSromSi `jege misaronis kulti saqarTveloSi~. [38], [39].

1936 w. gamoqveynda k. kekeliZis ori statia qarTul werilobiT wya-

roebSi moxseniebuli ori RvTaebis iTrujanisa da armazis Sesaxeb. man

pirvelma daukavSira iTrujani iranul cecxlis RvTaeba atrs [29; 268-

270], xolo kerp armazis prototipad ki sparsuli RvTaeba miTra miiCnia.

am daskvnamde igi armazisa da miTras RvTaebrivi atributebis msgavsebam

miiyvana [30].

Lleon meliqseT begi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic Seecada qarTu-

li armazis saxeli, somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze, somxur

aramazdTan daekavSirebina, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iranuli ahuramazdas

prototipia. meliqseT begis statia `~ erTgvari pasuxi iyo iv. ja-

vaxiSvilisa da m. wereTlisadmi, romlebmac armazis iranuli warmomav-

loba eWvqveS daayenes. [142; 38-45].

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ori qalRvTaebis aini-

nas da daninas sakiTxs Seexo gr. kapanciani da es kerpebi xeTuri samya-

ros RvTaebebs inanas da ninadas daukavSira [125; 54-57].

S. amiranaSvili statiaSi `qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis uZvelesi

nimuSi~ mxolod RvTaeba armazis sakiTxs exeba. mecniers miuReblad miaC-

nda armazis ahuramazdasTan gaigiveba. igi armazis kerpis sakiTxs qarTu-

li reliefuri qandakebis erT-erT uZveles nimuSTan aRbulaxis stelas-

Tan (Zv.w. XII X saukuneebi) mimarTebaSi ganixilavda, sadac sqematurad

warmodgenil mamakacis figuras rqis formis qimiani TavsaburiTa da sa-

31

tevriT, iaziliqais (mcire azia) kldeSi gamokveTili mTvaris RvTaebis

reliefs adarebda. mkvlevari askvnis, rom `aRbulaxis figura gamosaxavs

`mTvaris RvTaebas, romelsac Zvelad `armazi~ ewodeboda~, xolo mTvaris

RvTaebasTan armazis gaigivebis argumentad avestaSi daculi aRweriloba

moaqvs, sadac armazi warmogvidgeba rogorc `mebrZoli mxedari~ RvTaeba

da romelsac, misi azriT, esadageba aRbulaxisa da iaziliqais, mTvaris

RvTaebaTa ikonografia [2].

armazis sakiTxs Seexo a. boltunovac, romelmac qarTuli armazi xe-

Tur RvTaeba arma _ armasidan warmomdgarad miiCnia [108; 228-240].

s. janaSia mokled mimoixilavs qalRvTaeba aininas, aseve gacisa da

gas sakiTxebs. [77] [78].

sruliad gansxvavebulia d. Sengelias mosazreba qarTuli warmarTu-

li panTeonis RvTaebebis armazisa da zadenis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,

rom misi statia uSualod `armazs~ exeba, paralelurad kerp zadenis sa-

kiTxsac mimoixilavs. [93; 162-167].

g. meliqiSvili nawilobriv iziarebda g. wereTlis mier SemoTavaze-

bul koncefcias qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis kavSiris Se-

saxeb xeTur-mcireaziur samyarosTan. s. janaSias msgavsad, `mefeTa cxov-

rebaze~ dayrdnobiT, mecnierma gaci da gaimi armaz-zadenisagan gansxvave-

biT, ara garedan Semotanil, aramed adgilobriv RvTaebebad miiCnia, rom-

lebsac leonti mroveli `Zveli RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani~-s uwodebs [141;

317], rac Seexeba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis mTavar RvTaeba armazs,

mecnierma is mTvaris RvTaeba armass daukavSira, xolo zadenTan dakavSi-

rebiT ki m. wereTlis mosazreba gaiziara da mc. aziur (luviur) RvTaeba

sandonTan (santaSTan) gaavlo paraleli [141; 112, 229].

m. andronikaSvili, romelic iranul-qarTul enobriv paralelebs ik-

vlevda, mxolod RvTaeba armazis etimologiis ganmartebiT Semoifargla.

[4; 499].

a. afaqiZe statiaSi `antikuri xanis qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni~

farTod mimoixilavda ara marto werilobiT saistorio wyaroebSi moxse-

niebul qarTvelTa winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs,

aramed qarTveli tomebis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebsac. mecnieri antiku-

ri xanis saqarTveloSi (qarTlSi) leonti mrovelze da `moqcevai qar-

32

Tlisa~-ze dayrdnobiT adgilobrivi panTeonis saTaveSi ara marto ucxo

warmoSobis RmerTebs, aramed `qarTvel mamaTa~ sjulis anTropomorful

RvTaebebsac varaudobs [53]. mkvlevari emxroba a.i. boltunovas mier ga-

moTqmul mosazrebas mTvare-RmerTis saxelis armazis xeTur-mcireaziul

samyarosTan kavSiris Sesaxeb da armazis saxeli iqauri mTvaris RmerT

armas saxelidan gamohyavs [53; 667].

qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis sakiTxs Seexo i. surgulaZec, rom-

lis statia am Temaze Tumca 2001 wels daibeWda, magram moxsenebis saxiT

bevrad ufro adre _ 1980 wels iqna wakiTxuli. qarTuli warmarTuli

panTeonis RvTaebebidan mecnieri armazis sakiTxs exeba. mkvlevars arma-

zis sakiTxis gasarkvevad eTnografiul masalasTan erTad arqeologiuri

masalac aqvs moSveliebuli.

i. surgulaZe ar eTanxmeba g. lorTqifaniZis mosazrebas, rom armazs

qarTlSi `mTvaris RvTaebis~ saxiT araviTari tradicia ar daxvda, uar-

yofs armazis ahuramazdasTan kavSirsac da wers, rom `qarTuli, eTnikuri

erToblioba formirebis procesSi iyo, bunebrivia, religiac tomobrivad

unda yofiliyo diferencirebuli (ise, rogorc eTnografiul mTaSi), do-

minanti ideologiuri safuZveli ar arsebobda da swored aman aiZula

farnavazi... sustad SekavSirebuli organizaciis Sesakravad SemoeRo axa-

li saxelmwifo religia, Tanabrad ucxo da qarTvelur tomTaTvis da

amiT moespo SesaZlo Sida ideologiuri SuRlis safuZveli. amasTanave,

axali religia, Tu ki igi romelime Zlieri politikuri organizaciisa-

gan iqneboda nasesxebi, garkveuli politikuri morCilebis aRiareba iqne-

boda. amitom uaryofili iqna ahuramazda da gamoiZebna ukve gadaSenebu-

li, mcire azielebis Zveli RvTaeba armazi, romlis ukan araviTari poli-

tikuri Zala ar idga~. rogorc mecnieri aRniSnavs: `arma-mTvarisagan

mcxeTaSi aRaraferi darCa garda saxelisa. ucxo RvTaeba, etyoba, mcxe-

TelTaTvis Cveuli atributebiT aRWurves, rac aseve gasagebi unda yofi-

liyo danarCen qarTvelTaTvisac~ [56; 38-42].

1985 w. gamoqveynda g. giorgaZis Targmani Zv. w. XIV-XIII s.s. daTariRe-

buli xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebisa, romlebic sagulisxmo cnobebs Sei-

caven xeTur kerpTa Sesaxeb. `aRwerilobaSi~ dacul kerpTa ikonografi-

ul da sxva monacemTa gaanalizebisas mkvlevarma moixsenia boRazqoi, e.w.

33

`mefis WiSkarTan~ arsebuli amindis (tarosis) RvTaeba TeSubis reliefu-

ri gamosaxuleba, romelsac armazis prototipad Tvlida. `moqcevai qar-

TlisaiSi~ ki armazis, gacisa da gaimis erTad moxseniebas xeTur-xuritu-

li samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel `RvTaeba triadebis~ analogiad miiC-

nevs da xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebs. [15; 145-157]. [16; 145-150]. (2004 w.

gamoqveynebul statiaSi `kidev erTxel armazis kerpis definiciisaTvis~

gr. giorgaZe aRniSnavda, rom `funqcionalurad armazi unda ganasaxiereb-

des meomar RvTaebas, amindis RvTaebis zogierTi niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT

(am mxriv is mxolod waagavs TeSubs, Tumca maTi gaigiveba ar SeiZleba),

armazi, gaci da ga adgilobrivi RvTaebebia. armazi aris `RmerTi Rmer-

TTa~, warmarT qarTvelTa mTavari RvTaeba, panTeonis meTauri. aqve unda

gavixsenoT isic, rom gaci da ga iyvnen `RmerTebi mamaTa TqvenTa arian

qarTliT~) [17; 9].

e. koWlamazaSvili pirveli iyo, vinc armazTan dapirispirebuli qal-

develTa RvTaeba iTrujanis etimologiisa da raobis SeswavliT Seecada

armazis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqciebis garkvevas. [34]

S. qurcikiZes sadisertacio naSromSi `zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi da kulturaSi~

iberiis samefos winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi calke

kvlevis sagnad ar gauxdia. S. qurcikiZis disertacia kompleqsuri naSro-

mia zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebis Ziebisa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi-

elTa tradiciul yofasa da kulturaSi. mecnieris gamokvlevaSi calke

Tavebi aqvs daTmobili rogorc zoroastrul religiur sistemaSi dak-

rZalvis tradicias, aseve mis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebasa da pirobebs.

calke Tavebi aqvs daTmobili agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-

Si siwminde-uwmindurobasTan dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebs, romelTa

did nawils mkvlevari zoroastrul gadmonaSTad miiCnevs. sainteresoa,

S. qurcikiZis azriT, ratom SemorCa mTielTa tradiciebSi dRevandlamde

es araqarTuli, warmarTuli gadmonaSTebi: `aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis mosaxleobam mazdeanoba uSualod qarTlis samefo karis ze-

gavleniT SeiTvisa, romlisTvisac mazdeanuri kulti qveynis politikuri

centris oficialur aRmsareblobas warmoadgenda qristianobamdel xana-

Si... mTis sazogadoebaSi zoroastrizmis elementebis didi xnis manZilze

34

Semonaxva bunebrivia; es socialuri struqturebis `stabilurobam~ da

mTieli sazogadoebis socialurad nakleb diferenciulobamac ganapiro-

ba~ [68; 317]. S. qurcikiZe mTlianobaSi iziarebs n. maris mosazrebas _ ar-

mazis ahuramazdasgan, zadenis _ iazatidan, aininas _ anahitisagan gamoyva-

nis Sesaxeb [68; 180]. mecnieri erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iranul da `qarTul

mazdeanobas~: `kerp-qandakebaTa dadgma RvTaebebisaTvis is Tvisebaa, rac

`qarTul mazdeanobas~ iranulisagan ganasxvavebs, xolo danarCeni RvTae-

bebisadmi Tayvaniscema, msxverplSewirvis adgili da wesi mTlianad eTan-

xmeba iranul Cveulebas [68; 178].

g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis samecniero naSromSi `qarTuli

kulturis istoria~, calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili winaqristianul rwmena-

warmodgenebs saqarTveloSi. mecnierTa mosazrebiT, qarTvelTa winaqris-

tianul religiur warmodgenebSi arseboben rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve

berZnuli da mcire aziuri RvTaebebi. statiaSi sakmaod didi adgili uka-

via iberiis warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki armazis

sakiTxs. zemoT xsenebuli mecnierebi uaryofen armazis ahuramazdasgan

warmomavlobas, [35; 78]. da iziareben armazis saxelis mc. aziuri mTvaris

RmerTis armas saxelidan gamoyvanas, xolo misi saxelis CvenSi gaCenas

`mcire aziidan muSqebis (mesxebi) Crdilo aRmosavleTiT gadmonacvlebas

da samxreT dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT TemSi dasax-

lebas ukavSireben.~ g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis varaudiT, axal

kerps qarTvelur tomebSi daxvda pirobebi qarTvelTa mama-RmerTis, mTva-

ris RmerTis saxiT da arma _ armas-armazi Seerqva. aqedan gamomdinare as-

kvnian, rom `amitomac armazis aRiareba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

meTaurad arsebiT cvlilebebs ar warmoadgenda~-o [35; 79-80]. mc. aziidan

muSqebis Semosvlas ukavSireben aseve CvenSi kerp zadenis saxelis gaCena-

sac, xolo ainina da danina ki winaaziur saxelebad miaCniaT [35; 79], rac

Seexeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis raobisa da sadaurobis sakiTxs,

am mxriv isini k. kekeliZis mosazrebas iziareben iTrujan-atroSanis, fa-

lauri aTroSanidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [35; 75-89].

g. qavTarias monografiul naSromSi mefe farnavazze, Zvel qarTul

wyaroebsa da antikuri mwerlobis monacemebze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia

farnavazis moRvaweoba epoqis politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli

35

yofis fonze. erT-erT TavSi ki mecnieri farnavazis gatarebul religi-

ur reformasac exeba. mecnieris calke Seswavlis sagani qarTuli warmar-

Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebi _ armazi, gaci da ga ar gamxdara, am mxriv gr.

qavTaria iziarebs gr. giorgaZis mosazrebas [59; 102].

Tavis erT-erT naSromSi kerp armazis sakiTxs o. lorTqifaniZec See-

xo da miiCnia, rom `umaRlesi RvTaeba armazi TviT saxelmwifos uzenaes

mbrZanebels ganasaxierebs. elinisturi aRmosavleTis monarq-despotTa

msgavsad, qarTlis pirvelma mefem Tavi RmerTad gamoacxada, magram eli-

nisturi mefeebidan igi romelime berZnul RmerTs ki ar ganasaxierebda,

aramed TviT qarTvelTa uZveles da uzenaes RvTaebas, es iyo udidesi

mniSvnelobis politikuri aqti: mefis kultis daweseba qarTlis mefis xe-

lisuflebis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb qveSevrdomTa Soris rwmenis ganmtkice-

bas isaxavda miznad~ [36; 251, Sen. 291-292].

bolo wlebSi fundamenturi gamokvleva armazis sakiTxze m. gvelesi-

ans ekuTvnis. mecniers Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli aqvs ar-

mazis, rogorc gaRmerTebuli mefis kultTan dakavSirebuli problemuri

sakiTxebi, aseve is wanamZRvrebi, romlebic mematianis lakonur ganacxads

farnavazis mier missave saxelze kerpis aRmarTvis, anu Tavisive gaRmer-

Tebis Sesaxeb realur istoriul safuZvels uZebnis elinistur epoqaSi.

sainteresoa aseve mecnieris mier armazis kerpis garegnuli iersaxis vi-

zualuri aRdgenis mcdeloba; mecnieris azriT, armazi gaRmerTebuli

farnavazis kultia da kavSirSia ara mTvaris RvTaeba armasTan, aramed

iranul ahuramazdasTan, bolos ki, daskvnis saxiT, armazTan dakavSire-

biT dasZens, rom `farnavazis mier saxelsa zeda Tssa~ aRmarTuli kerpi

farnavazisave qandakebad vigulvoT, romelSic farnavazis epoqaSive dam-

kvidrebuli gaRmerTebuli mefis romelime konkretul RvTaebasTan daw-

yvilebis tradiciisamebr, misi saRmrTo saxeliT _ armazis (ahuramazdas)

garegnuli iersaxe da Tvisebebi unda xorcSesxmuliyo [14; 122]. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom m. gvelesianis interesis sferoSi am SemTxvevaSi qarTul

warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali sxva RvTaebebi ar moqceula, mecnieri ma-

inc exeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic wm. ninos cxovrebis

mixedviT armazs mtrobda. sainteresoa mecnieris cda iTrujanis sparsu-

li sicruis RvTaeba drujidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [14; 79-80], (razec sauba-

36

ri vrclad qvemoT gveqneba). armazis Tanamdevi RvTaebebi m. gvelesianis

kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara, mecnieri mxolod SeniSnavs, rom gacisa da

gaimis sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod bundovaniao da sxva

mecnierTa mosazrebebi mohyavs gacisa da gas sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT [14;

75].

37

Tavi 1

RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaimi

38

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebidan yvelaze bundovani da

gaurkveveli gacisa da gaimis etimologia da warmomavlobaa. qarTuli we-

rilobiTi wyaroebi gacisa da gaimis mcxeTaSi Semoyvanas da maT qar-

TlSi damkvidrebas azos saxels ukavSireben: xolo ese azo warvida

arian qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni

mamamZuZeTani da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da Tanahyvandes kerpni RmrTad ga-

ci da ga [92; 320].2 rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, gaci da ga (ga-

imi) azos mier Seqmnili RvTaebebi ar arian; isini manamdec iyvnen qar-

Tlis mcxovreblebisaTvis cnobili, aki moqcevai qarTlisai gacis da

gaims Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani-s uwodebs [61; 106]3. wm. ninos cxov-

rebaSi am kerpebis aRwerilobacaa daculi: da kualad iyo marjueniT

missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udga kaci

vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim. [61; 89-90]4 gacsa da gaims mefeTa cxov-

reba pirvelad, rogorc SevniSneT, azosTan mimarTebaSi ixsenebs. amis

Semdeg maT ukve wminda ninos cxovrebis amsaxvel werilobiT wyaroSi

vxvdebiT RvTaeba armazis gverdiT, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es kerpebi

mefe farnavazisa da Semdgomi farnavazianebis drosac unda arsebuliyo,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wminda ninos cxovrebis avtorisaTvis isini uc-

nobi iqnebodnen.

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierTa nawi-

li erTi azrisaa gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da isini adgi-

2 iqve, cota qvemoT vigebT: da ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTasa Sina azo, Z arian qar-

TvelTa mefisa.[92;320] leonti mrovelTan azos mcxeTaSi Semosvlamde saubaria aleqsan-

dre makedonelis mier qarTvelebisaTvis mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvanisce-

mis dawesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTvelebma uaryves.

3 Satberdis krebulSi, wm. ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: romelni

igi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa arian qarTliT[92; 335]

4 Tumca aqve imasac davZenT, rom qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciebSi, rodesac

azos mier gacisa da gas (gaimis) kerpTa Tayvaniscemis SemoRebis Sesaxebaa saubari, ori-

ve kerpi vercxlisad iwodeba. mariam dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebis nusxaSi vkiTxu-

lobT: da Seqmna: orni kerpni vercxlisani [65, 16]; igives vkiTxulobT ana dedoflise-

ul qarTlis cxovrebis redaqciaSic [62; 14]; ixileT aseve [64; 28.] aqve imasac aRvniSnavT,

rom mariam dedofliseul da ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebebSi, azosTan dakavSi-

rebul TxzulebebSi kerpTa saxelebi ar ixsenieba.

39

lobriv, qarTul RvTaebebad miaCniaT. iv. javaxiSvili gacTan da gaimTan

dakavSirebiT SeniSnavda: qarTvelebs TavianTi pirvandeli samSoblodan

Tan ori uZvelesi mamapapeuli salocavi da RvTaeba kerpi moutaniaT. yve-

la danarCeni kerpebi mermindeli SenaZeni da aRmarTuli RvTaebebi yofi-

lan.[74; 99]. werilobiT wyaroSi naxsenebi citata: gaci da ga kerpni ma-

maTa CvenTani arian qarTlidan, s. janaSias ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc

RmerTebi, romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen qarTvelTa winaprebi arian qar-

Tlidan [77; 46]. rodesac g. meliqiSvili werda moqcevai qarTlisais

cnobaze arian qarTlidan qarTvelebis winaprebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb,

man gamoyo warmarTuli panTeonis ori jgufi: arian qarTlidan mosule-

bis RmerTebi (gaci da ga) da adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis (armazi da za-

deni). [141; 39].5

mecnierTa meore nawili ki gacsa da gas axlo aRmosavlur samyaros

ukavSirebda. n. mars gaci da ga semitur RvTaebebad miaCnda, romlebic

CrdiloeT semitebSi iyo gavrcelebuli da romelTa saxelebic qarTve-

lebSi mwignobruli gziT gaCnda. mecnieri Seecada aexsna, rogor moxda

qarTul wyaroebSi maTi qarTul kerpebad warmoCena: ninos cxovreba maT

kerpTa mamaTa CvenTan-s uwodebs, Tumca ar miuTiTebs maT istorias.

sxva istoriuli Txzuleba avsebs am xarvezs da Cven vigebT, rom es Rmer-

Tebi mcxeTaSi saqarTvelos pirveli mefis dros gaCndnen _ qarTuli we-

rilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, azos dros, romelmac ori vercxlis kerpi

_ gaci da ga Seqmna. moqcevai qarTlisai-s avtors, cxadia, aradamaje-

reblad moeCvena aseTi monacemebi RmerTebis qarTuli warmomavlobisa da

moaxdina makedoneli mefis mier daniSnuli mmarTvelis nacionalizireba

5 iqve, SeniSvnaSi mecnieri akonkretebs, rom sinamdvileSi armazi da zadeni iyvnen Rmer-

Tebi mosuli mosaxleobisa (xalxisa), gaci da ga, ki ufro sarwmunoa adgilobrivebisa,

[141; 39]. gaci da ga unda vaRiaroT adgilobriv RvTaebebad (da ara armazi da zadeni).

mesxi mosulebis panTeonis Serwymaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis panTeonTan unda miuTi-

Tebdes is garemoeba, rom gacisa da gasTvisac iqna gankuTvnili adgili oficialur pan-

TeonSi... moqcevai qarTlisai armazis kerpis aRweris dros aRniSnavs, rom mis marjvniv

idga qandakeba oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci, mis xelmarcxniv idga kerpi vercxlisa da

saxeli misi ga. msgavsi Serwyma panTeonSi SesaZloa asaxavs mesxuri elementis Serwymas

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan [141; 317]. ixileT aseve [147; 290]

40

[140; 23] n. mari Seecada aexsna mocemul RvTaebaTa etimologia. RvTaeba ga

mecnierma semit xalxs daukavSira da paraleli kerp astartesTan gauv-

lo [140; 21], romelic, misi azriT, CvenSi wignieri gziT unda Semosuliyo,

razec misi meore forma _ gaimi miuTiTebs. gaci ki asuruli RvTaeba ga-

tis fard saxed miiCnia, radgan is berZnulSic am formiT yofila Senar-

Cunebuli [140; 2].6

m. wereTeli, n. maris msgavsad, mcire azias ukavSirebda gacisa da ga-

imis warmomavlobas, Tumca, n. marisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli gaci ya-

Ted miiCnia (es ukanaskneli sirielTa RmerTi iyo mamrobiTi sqesisa, igi-

ve mcire aziis RmerTi atisi) [94; 98]. gaimi ki, mecnieris azriT, xeTel-

Ta RmerTi iyo, semitur panTeonSi gadasuli [94; 99-100].

gacisa da gas warmomavlobas xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebda

gr. giorgaZec. qarTuli gacis paralelad man xeTuri xaci, tarosis

RvTaeba miiCnia. xaci, iseve rogorc gaci, avtoris miTiTebiT, xeTur leq-

sikasa da toponimikaSic dasturdeba [15; 147-157], [16; 150]. Aaseve xeTur-xu-

ritul samyaros daukavSira armazis marcxniv mdgomi kerpi ga (gaimi) [16;

150]. gr. giorgaZes aseTi varaudis safuZvels isic aZlevda, rom man qar-

Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul armazis aRwerilobas mcire azi-

ur (xeTur-xuritul) omisa da tarosis (TeSubis) RvTaebebTan mouZebna pa-

raleli. xeTur triadaSi tarosis mcvel RvTaebad xaci ixsenieba [16; 145],

msgavsad armazis gverdiT moxseniebuli gacisa .7

Cveni varaudiT, gaci da gaimi qarTvelTa winaprebis mier motanili

RvTaebebia, romlebmac adgilobriv warmarTul panTeonSi sxva RvTaebeb-

Tan erTad myarad daimkvidres adgili. am SemTxvevaSi Cven g. meliqiSvi-

lis mosazrebas vemxrobiT, romelmac gaci da ga adgilobriv RvTaebebad

6 misi es mosazreba SemdgomSi iv. javaxiSvilmac gaiziara. [75; 140-141]

7 g. giorgaZe Tavis am mosazrebas imiT asabuTebda, rom eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire

sjulis kanonSi qarTvelTa warmarT RvTaebaTa Soris mxolod boCi, gaci, badagon da

armaz arian moxseniebuli. Cveni mxridan SevniSnavdiT, rom mariam dedofliseul qar-

Tlis cxovrebaSi, sawinaaRmdegod eqvTime mTawmindelis cnobisa, armazis gverdiT mxo-

lod kerpi oqrosa... gaimaa naxsenebi: da kualad iyo: marjueniT: missa: sxua kerpi oq-

rosa: saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misi gaimaa romelni igi RTad uCnda ersa

[95; 71].

41

miiCnia [141; 317]. ver daveTanxmebiT n. marsa da m. wereTels, romlebic ga-

cis saxelis gamoyvanas astartedan da yaTedan cdilobdnen, etimologiu-

rad es, cota ar iyos, sakamaTod gveCveneba. sinamdvilesTan ufro axlo-

saa gr. giorgaZis versia gacis saxelis gamoyvanisa xeTur-xurituli xa-

cidan, Tumca Zneli warmosadgenia (Tu am SemTxvevaSi gr. giorgaZis mo-

sazrebas armaz-tarosis kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis igiveobis Se-

saxeb gaviziarebT) xeTur triadaSi mTavari RvTaebisadmi daqvemdebarebu-

li RvTaeba xaci-gaci qarTvelebSi ufro adre gaCeniliyo, vidre armazi.

ara gvgonia, am SemTxvevaSi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi raime Secdo-

masTan gvqondes saqme, radganac maTTvis Tanabrad cnobilia rogorc ga-

ci da ga, ise armazi. leonti mroveli mefeTa cxovrebaSi armazis sa-

xels sparsul samyaros ukavSirebs [61; 25], maSin rodesac wminda ninos

cxovrebaSi gaci da gaimi Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTan-ad iwodebian.

aRvniSnavT imasac, rom farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi azos damar-

cxebis Semdeg modis, am ukanasknels ki leonti mroveli muq ferebSi

gvixatavs.8 farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg rig re-

formebs atarebs, romelTa Soris armazis kerpis Tayvaniscemis SemoReba-

caa, anu religiuri reforma. leonti mrovelTan araferia naTqvami ima-

ze, Seexo Tu ara farnavazis religiuri reforma azos mier Semotanil

kerpebs, mxolod wminda ninos cxovrebidan vigebT, rom gacisa da gai-

mis kerpebi moTavsebuli iyvnen mTavari RvTaeba armazis gverdiT da er-

Tgvar triadas qmnidnen.9 amasTanave, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro ramden-

jerme xazs usvams gacisa da gas warmoSobas da maT Seqmnas qarTvelTa

winaprebs miawers. maSasadame, azos damarcxebisa da qarTlis samefos sa-

TaveSi farnavazis mosvlis Semdeg gacsa da gas arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT,

SesaZloa imitomac, rom isini qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen da

maTi sparsuli RvTaebebiT Canacvleba ki ar moxda, aramed adgilobrivi

8 iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle... da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: yovelman qarTvelman-

man romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi... da ese azon maT hromTa zeda iyo mesis-

xle [61; 20]

9 romelsac gr. giorgaZem armazuli triada uwoda [16; 149].

42

qarTuli RvTaebebis Serwyma moxda sparsulTan.10 Tumca, marto es faqte-

bi ar kmara imisaTvis, rom gaci da ga adgilobriv, qarTuli warmoSobis

RvTaebebad miviCnioT, miT umetes, rom gviandel xalxur gadmocemebSi,

tradiciebSi aseTi saxelis mqone RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba, arc imis faqte-

bi gagvaCnia, maTTvis rame salocavi daedgaT. saqarTveloSi ar dastur-

deba toponimikuri adgilebi, romlebic gacisa da gaimis (gas) saxelTan

SeiZleba dagvekavSirebina, gansxvavebiT armazisgan, zadenisgan. leonti

mroveli am kerpebis qarTlSi damkvidrebas azos ukavSirebs da maT oq-

rosa da vercxlis kerpebad moixseniebs.11 wminda ninos cxovrebidan ki

maT sqessac vigebT _ isini mamakaci RvTaebebi yofilan.12

saerTaSoriso simbolikis mixedviT, liTonis simbolikaSi vercxli

mTvaresTanaa kavSirSi [161; 331-332],13 oqro ki adreul stadiaSi mzesTan

asocirdeboda. misi asociaciis gamo mzesTan oqro mamakacuri sawyisis

10 am SemTxvevaSi Cven viziarebT gr. qavTarias mosazrebas: azonis kerpebi qristianobis

gavrcelebis xanaSi iwodebodnen: Zuleni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani. leonti mrovelis

mier maTi am sityvebiT moxsenieba naTels xdis, rom azonis RvTaebani ZaliT danergil

kerpebs ar warmoadgendnen. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom religiur reformators

farnavazs, gacisa da gaimis kanonikurobis sakiTxi ar dausvams. isini datova, oRond

maTze maRla daayena armazis kerpi. cxadia, qarTul garemoSi farTod gavrcelebuli

warmodgenebi, romelTa warmomavlobac, dasaSvebia, momdinareobda arian qarTlidan da

cnobili iyo qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis, azonma aiyvana umaRles rangamde [60; 45-46]

11 Tumca, qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciis mefeTa cxovrebis nawilSi orive

kerpi vercxlisad iwodeba [64; 28]; [62; 28]; [62; 14]; [65; 16]; amasTanave ana da mariam de-

dofliseul qarTlis cxovrebis redaqciebSi, rodesac azos mier am kerpebis qarTlSi

damkvidrebazea saubari, gacisa da gaimis saxelebi ar ixsenieba _ da Seqmna kerpni ver-

cxlisani ganwmendad [62; 14] [41;16] Satberdis krebulSi ki, rodesac azosTan dakavSire-

biT am kerpebzea saubari, mxolod maTi saxelebi ixsenieba: da Tanahyvandes kerpni

RmrTad gaci da ga [92; 320]; wminda ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebebSi, kerpis saxe-

lebTan erTad, vigebT imasac, Tu romeli Zvirfasi liTonebisgan iyvnen Seqmnilni: da

kualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udga

kaci vercxlisa da saxeli misi gam, romelni igi RmrTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa

[61; 89-90].

12 aqedan gamomdinare, mcdari unda iyos ga-s dakavSireba qalRvTaeba astartesTan.

13 vercxli aris mTvaris, qalis ciuri niSani, RvTaeba artemidas _ mTvaris RvTaebis

atributi, aseve mefeTa liToni. asociaciis gamo mTvaris SuqTan, mas adareben imedis si-

naTlesTan da sibrZnesTan. [161; 331-332]

43

simbolod iTvleboda[161; 122-123]. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, wminda ninos cxovre-

ba gacs oqros mamakac kerpad warmogvidgens, rac sruliad Seesabameba

simbolikis mixedviT mis mzesTan da mamakacur sawyisTan dakavSirebas,

Tumca aqve imasac SevniSnavT, rom Tu Satberdis krebulSi, qarTlis

cxovrebis Zvel somxur Targmansa da anaseul nusxaSi gaci oqros kerpad

warmogvidgeba, mariamiseul nusxaSi oqros kerpad gaimia moxseniebuli

[65; 71].14 vaxuSti batoniSvili ki am faqts nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda,

radganac erTgan is xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: azon... qmna kerpni didni _ ga-

ci oqrosa da gaim vercxlisa [8; 55]. meoregan ki, rodesac armazis kerps

da mis Tanamdev RvTaebebs aRwers, ambobs: armazis imier da amier iyo ga-

im da gacim oqrosi da vercxlisa [8; 78].

wminda ninos cxovreba Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis gacisa da gaimis

RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb. moqcevai qarTlisais sxvadasxva redaq-

cia maT yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns uwodebs.15 qarTlis cxov-

rebis Zveli somxuri Targmanidan ki vigebT, rom Cveni mamebis Zveli

RmerTebi, gaimi da gacimi... mzis aRmomabrwyinveblebi da wvimaTa momcem-

lebi da qveynis nayofTa aRmomaceneblebi [64; 103] yofilan. erTi Sexed-

viT, gacs unda Seesabamebodes qarTlis cxovrebis am redaqciaSi dacu-

li mzis aRmomabrwyinvebeli, magram moqcevai qarTlisais sxva nusxeb-

Si gacisa da gaimis RvTaebrivi funqcia mxolod yovlisa dafarulis ga-

moZieba yofila, amasTanave, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani,

RvTaebaTa aRweris dros, ar ixseniebs arc armazsa da arc zadens.16 qar-

Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi gacis funqciebis gasarkvevad sakmao cnobebi

14 da kualad iyo: missa: sxua kerpi oqrosa: saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misi

gaimaa [65; 71]

15 ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi ki vkiTxulobT: yovlisa waruvalisa gamome-

Ziebelni, Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaim [62; 65]

16 sayuradReboa isic, rom qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi gaci da gaimisad-

mi yvela is frazaa gamoyenebuli, romelic sxva redaqciebSi armazTan da zadenTan mi-

marTebaSia gamoyenebuli. erTaderTi epiTeti, romelsac qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli som-

xuri Targmani gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi ar xmarobs soflis mpyrobelia, rac Ta-

visTavad imas unda gulisxmobdes, rom gaci da gaimi armazis kultis SemoRebis Semdeg

umaRles RvTaebebad aRar iTvlebodnen.

44

ar moipoveba, simbolizmis mixedviT, oqr