m. macaberiZe

bunebrivi nivTierebebi da

maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi

axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis

komponentebis gamoyenebiT

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. macaberiZe

bunebrivi nivTierebebi da

maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi

axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis

komponentebis gamoyenebiT

registrirebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo

sabWos mier

Tbilisi

2009

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-

versitetis qimiuri teqnologiisa da metalurgiis fakultetis

qimiuri da kvebis produqtebis eqspertizis, araorganul nivTiere-

baTa da sayofacxovrebo qimiis produqtebis specializaciis stu-

dentebisaTvis da exeba maRalefeqturi samkurnalo preparatebis,

aseve sxvadasxva samrewvelo daniSnulebis masalebis warmoebis

problemebs axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.

aseve, naSromSi warmodgenili masalebi gankuTvnilia sxva-

dasxva profilis teqnologebisaTvis, biologebisaTvis, medicinis

muSakebisa da farmakologebisaTvis.

recenzentebi: sruli profesori, t.m.d., l. gvasalia

sruli profesori, q.m.d., T. xoStaria

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-211-6 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis

gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3

cfhxtdb

Sesavlis magier................................................................................................................... 4 1. bunebrivi nivTierebebi .................................................................................. 5 1.1. vitaminebi .................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. fermentebi ................................................................................................................ 15 1.3. cocxali ujredi da bunebrivi nivTierebebi ............................22 1.3.1. ujredis cikli .....................................................................................................22 1.3.2. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da metastazireba....................25 1.4. faunis roli cnobili samkurnalo saSualebebis

Seqmnis saqmeSi da cxovelTa samyaros Tanamedrove mniSvneloba medicinisaTvis ................................36 1.4.1. zRvis cxovelebi da farmakologia...................................................36 1.4.2. amfibiebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo saSualebebi .............................................................................................................48 1.4.3. qvewarmavlebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo saSualebebi .............................................................................................................53 1.4.4. mwerebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo preparatebi.............................................................................................................59 1.4.5. feromonebi _ cxovelTa komunikaciis qimiuri saSualebebi........................................................................................73 1.4.6. wamlebi cxovelTa rqebidan ......................................................................76 1.4.7. cxovelmoqmedebis produqtTa samkurnalo Tvisebebi ...................................................................................83 1.4.8. samkurnalo organoebi................................................................................... 91 1.4.9. bunebriv nivTierebaTa samyaros paradoqsebi........................ 117 2. axali bazrebis teqnologiis komponentebis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi bunebriv nivTierebaTa warmoebisa da rewvisas .........................................120 bibliografia....................................................................................................................122

4

Sesavlis magier

maRalefeqturi da uvnebeli samkurnalo saSualebebis warmoeba, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Zalze aqtualuria XX saukunis bolos. es problema gansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens, gardamaval fazaSi myofi iseTi qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. dRes xom Cveni qveynis samomxmareblo bazari faqtobrivad daucvelia uxarisxo da xSir SemTxvevaSi janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi produqciisagan.

saqarTvelos gaaCnia uzarmazari rezervebi bunebrivi, maRalefeqturi da amave dros uvnebeli samkurnalo da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis (kosmetikuri saSualebebi, sakveb produqtebSi gamoyenebuli speacialuri danamatebi, teqnikis sxvadasxva dargebSi gamoyenebadi masalebi) preparatebis warmoebisa, romelTa didi umravlesoba ar moiTxovs didi samrewvelo simZlavreebis Seqmnas da msxvilmasStabian kapitaldabandebebs.

SesaZlebelia, naklebadaa cnobili is faqti, rom dRes wamalTa saerTo raodenobis 40%-s Seadgenen mcenareuli preparatebi, xolo zogierTi daavadebis mkurnalobisas, magaliTad gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebisas, isini Seucv-lelni arian.

samkurnalo nedleulis kidev erTi wyaro dReisaTvis naklebadaa Seswavlili, vidre samkurnalo mcenareebi da Zalze viwro speqtriT gamoiyeneba, saubaria cxoveluri warmoSobis fiziologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebze.

aWarbeben ra mcenareebs saxeobaTa ricxviT, cxovelebi Seudareblad Raribni arian mcenareebze, individTa ricxviT (cnobilia daaxloebiT 300000 saxis mcenare, maSin, roca mxolod mwerebi _ 1 000 000, obobis magvarni _ 35000, mucelfexiani moluskebi - 90000, Tevzebi _ 20000 saxisaa), riTac albaT aixsneba cxoveluri warmoSobis, biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis farmakologiuri Seswavlis simwire. amave dros cnobilia, rom mcenareebi ufro xelmisawvdomni arian adamianisaTvis, mravali maTgani gamoiyeneba sakvebad,

5

maSin roca cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtTa saxesxvaoba SedarebiT SezRudulia.

1. bunebrivi nivTierebebi

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, cocxali organizmebis Sem-cveli nivTierebebis Seswavlam ganapiroba organuli qimiis warmoSoba, magram Semdgom es mecniereba orientirda, ZiriTadad, naxSirbadis mravalricxovani naerTebis kvleve-bisaken. daaxloebiT amave periodSi aRmocenda bioqimia, romelmac ZiriTadad yuradReba dauTmo, rTul makromolekulebs, romlebic TavianTi SemadgenlobiTa da TvisebebiT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen martivi nivTierebebi-sagan, romelnic, rogorc wesi iyvnen qimiis Seswavlis obi-eqtni.

amave dros arseboben, cocxal organizmebSi sinTezire-badi, fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTac mogvianebiT bunebrivi nivTierebebi ewodaT. dReisaTvis mra-valma cnobilma mkvlevarma TvalnaTliv daadastura buneb-rivi nivTierebebis gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba adamianisaT-vis.

gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis daiwyo Seswavla alicik-luri naerTebis (cikluri agebulebis organuli molekulebi) didi jgufisa. erT-erTi pioneri aseTi kvlevebisa iyo germaneli qimikosi oto valahi, romelmac did warmatebas miaRwia terpenebis SeswavlaSi. am nivTierebebs (terpenebs) Seicavs mravali mcenare da isini Sedian eTerzeTebis Se-madgenlobaSi. qimiuri teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda aseTi naerTebis, mniSvnelovani ricxvis, gamoyofa Tavisufali saxiT. o. valahamde, romelmac daiwyo am sakiTxebze muSaoba 1884 wels, aRwerili iyo asze meti sxvadasxva terpeni, xolo eqvsi wlis Semdeg gamoukvleveli darCa mxolod 8 terpeni; Semdgom maT daemataT ramodenime axlad aRmoCenili terpeni. o. valahma daadgina, rom aR-weril terpenTa umravlesoba qimiurad identuria.

muSaobda ra maT gamoyofaze, o. valahma gamoikvlia terpenTa rogorc qimiuri Tvisebebi, aseve maTi gardaqmnis pirobebi erTi saxidan meoreSi. aRmoCnda, rom TiToeuli

6

saxis terpenebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli aromati, rac maT aqcevs Zalze mniSvnelovan komponentad parfiumerul warmoebaSi. oto valahis nayofieri mcdelobiT Camoyalibda axali mimarTuleba qimiaSi. terpenebis dargSi kvlevebisaT-vis mas 1910 wels mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi.

umaRlesi terpenebis kvlevisa da klasifikaciis saqmeSi didia damsaxureba ciurihis federaluri teqnikuri institu-tis profesor leopold ruJiCkisa. misma samuSaoebma miipyres sunamoTa mwarmoebelTa yuradReba. ruJiCkas Ziri-Tadi aRmoCenebi dakavSirebuli iyo muskusisa da cibetinis kvlevebTan, es nivTierebebi mZafri sunisaa da mas gamoyofen zogierTi cxovelebi, gansakuTrebiT mamrebi. 1926 wels ruJiCkam daadgina muskonis agebuleba da daasinTeza cibetini, pirveli warmoadgens birTvs 15, xolo meore - 17 naxSirbadis atomisagan, am dromde, arseboba mdgradi naerTebisa aseTi didi birTvebiT SeuZleblad iTvleboda. ruJiCka gacilebiT Sors wavida da ufro didi birTvebi daasinTeza, romlebic 34 naxSirbadis atomisagan Sedgebodnen. amasTan man daadgina Zalze saintereso faqti: birTvis gadidebisas icvleboda aro-mati. 5-8 naxSirbadis atomebiani birTvebisaTvis SeigrZno-boda Sesabamisad, nuSis, Zirasa da pitnis aromati. 10-12 - qafu-ris, xolo 14-18-isaTvis muskusis. umaRlesi terpenebisa da polimeTilenebis dargSi naSromebisaTvis l. ruJiCka 1939 wels dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi, masTan erTad premia miiRo germanelma bioqimikosma adolf butenandtma - sasqeso hormonebis kvlevisaTvis, rac dakavSirebuli iyo ruJiCkas SromebTan.

arsebobs mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis nivTierebebis didi jgufi, romelTa struqtura Seicavs cno-bil ciklopentanperhidrofenantrenul birTvs, esenia ster-oidebi. aRniSnuli struqtura gvxvdeba sxvadasxva biologi-urad aqtiur nivTierebebSi: vitaminebSi, naRvlis mJavebSi, sasqeso hormonebSi, mcenareul SxamebSi, alkaloidebSi da sxva mravalSi. am did sferoSi bioorganuli qimiisa moR-vaweobs mravali cnobili mecnieri, romelTa Soris bevria nobelis premiis laureati.

1928 wels, or mecniers, steroidTa kvlevebis pion-erebs, mieniWaT nobelis premia qimiaSi: henrix vilands - naRvlis mJavebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli nivTierebebis age-

7

bulebis kvlevebisaTvis da adolf vindauss - sterinebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli D jgufis vitaminebis kvlevebisaTvis.

naRvlis mJavebs ikvlevdnen XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, isini (naRvlis mJavebi) arian RviZlis gamonaJonis, sekretis nawili, romelic Caedineba saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi. vilandis kvlevebamde araferi ar iyo cnobili maT stru-qturaze da sxvadasxva mJavebs Soris kavSirze. vilandma am problebmebis kvleva daiwyo 1912 wels, xolo daamTavra 1932 wels; mTlianad gamoikvlia ra maTi struqtura daadgina, rom naRvlis mJavebs aqvT naxSirbadovani ConCxi steroiduli xasiaTisa. vilandi poulobda Zalze moulodnel obieqtebs kvlevebisaTvis, magaliTad man Seiswavla pigmenti, romelic ganapirobebs pepelas frTis Seferilobas da amiT aRmoaCina saintereso jgufi pterinuli naerTebisa. bayayis tyavSi aR-moaCina Zlieri Sxami bufotalini (naRvlis mJavebis monaTe-save nivTiereba), romelic aRmoCnda Zvirfasi samkurnalo preparati.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi adolf vindausma daiwyo qolesterinis kvleva, ris Sesaxebac im dros mcire ram iyo cnobili. es nivTiereba miekuTvneba sterinebis jgufs, romle-bic rTuli agebulebis spirtebs warmoadgenen. dasaxeleba `sterinebi~ warmoiSva berZnuli fuZisagan da TargmanSi niS-navs `magars~. kvlevebiT dadginda, rom sterinebi struqturu-lad dakavSirebulni arian naRvlis mJavebTan. orive jgufis naerTebi Seicaven fenantrens da ciklopentanons, romlebic qmnian birTvs; am birTvs uerTdebian sxvadasxva jgufis naer-Tebi; Sedegad iqmneba struqturaTa mdidari saxesxvaoba.

vindausi swavlobda aseve mcenareul glikozidebs, romlebic Sedian mravali wamlis SemadgenlobaSi, pirvel yovlisa gulis stimulatorebSi. man aCvena, rogor gardaiqm-neba ergosterini (nivTiereba, romelsac Seicaven safuvrebi) ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebisas, vitamin D-Si. am aRmoCe-nas qonda didi mniSvneloba ara marto am vitaminis stru-qturis dasadgenad, aramed misi (vitamini D) warmoebis organ-izebisaTvisac.

bunebrivi naerTebis yvelaze gamorCeuli jgufia naxSirwylebi; am dasaxelebis qveS aerTianeben sxvadasxva Saqrebs da maT polimerebs.

1925 wels birminhemis (didi britaneTi) universitetis profesorma uolter normen houorsma, mravalwliani

8

kvlebis Sedegad daadgina, rom monosaqaridebs (umartivesi Saqrebi) aqvT wriuli agebuleba. maTi amosavali struqture-bis tipebad SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos piranisa da furanis rgolebi. piranis rgoli – eqvsatomiania da Sedgeba naxSir-badis 5 atomisa da Jangbadis 1 atomisagan. furanis xuT at-omian rgolSi aris 4 naxSirbadis da 1 Jangbadis atomi. am rgoluri ciklebis struqturebs Tu `davumatebT~ hidro-qsilur jgufebs da naxSirbadis atomebs, SesaZlebelia Ziri-Tadi monosaqaridebis miReba.

1928 wels ungrelma qimikosma albert sent-deordma, ikvlevda ra mcenareebisagan gamoyofil eqstraqtebs, miiRo nivTiereba, romelsac daarqva heqsuronis mJava. es niv-Tiereba hgavda naxSirwylebs da amitomac, ewvia ra birmin-hemis universitets, sent-deorma SesTavaza houorss Car-Tuliyo am nivTierebis kvlevebSi. es nivTieareba iyo vita-mini C. rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodebiT da sxva saSualebebiT ingliselma mecnierma daadgina aRniSnuli niv-Tierebis struqtura da daasinTeza igi.

houorsma, rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodi gamoiyena aseve sxva monosaqaridebis kvlevebisas, ris Sede-gadac dadginda, rom maT gaaCniaT swored iseTi struqtura, rogoric houorsma iwinaswarmetyvela. monosaqaridTa wriuli agebulebis gansazRvram saSualeba misca aexsna maTi disaqaridebSi gaerTianebis procesi, romelTac (disaqaridebs) miekuTvnebian: Cveulebrivi Saqari, rZis Saqari da sxva naerTebi. Semdgom ingliselma qimikosma aCvena, Tu rogor erTiandebian monosaqaridebi grZel jaW-vebSi, qmnian ra iseT biopolimerebs, rogorebicaa: saxame-beli, glikogeni, celuloza da sxva. houorsis kvlevebma naxSirwylebisa da C vitaminis ganxriT udidesi roli iTamaSa am naerTebis qimiis ganviTarebaSi, ramac inglisel mecniers moutana didi aRiareba samecniero wreebSi da nobe-lis premia qimiaSi 1937 wels, romelic man gaiyo Sveicariel vitaminebis mkvlevar paul karerTan.

arsebobs jgufi organuli nivTierebebisa saxel-wodebiT `alkaloidebi~. maTi umravlesoba Sxamia da iwveven narkotikul zemoqmedebas. alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi cnobilia uZvelesi droidan. pirveli aseTi nivTierebebi, gamoyves, kristaluri formiT XIX saukunis dasawyisSi; qimi-uri Tvisebebis Sesabamisad maT alkaloidebi e.i. `tutismag-

9

varni~ uwodes. pirveli cdebi tardeboda opiumze da 1817 wels misgan gamoyofili iqna morfini; amis Semdeg aRmoCenil iqnen: striqnini, qinaqina, kofeini, kokaini da a.S., dReisaTvis cnobilia daaxloebiT 1000 alkaloidi, romlebic Tavisi Se-madgenlobis gamo iyofian ramdenime jgufad.

alkaloidebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebulia ingliseli mecnieris robert robinsonis saxeli. kerZod, man Seiswavla SedarebiT rTuli agebulebis alkaloidebi: morfini da striqnini. maTi molekulebi Seicaven Sesabamisad 40 da 47 at-oms; amitom miTi struqturis gansazRvrisaTvis robinsons dasWirda didi moculobis kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catareba. Semdgom man daiwyo sxva alkaloidebis Seswavlac. Catare-buli farTomasStabiani samuSaoebis safuZvelze robinsonma SeimuSava mcenareul ujredebSi myofi alkaloidebis Teoria. ingliseli qimikosi atarebda kvlevebs sxva mimarTulebebi-Tac. swavlobda ra sasqeso hormonebis struqturas, robin-sonma daasinTeza nivTierebebi, romlebic bunebrivi nivTierebebis msgavsad moqmedebdnen.

robert robinsonis mravalmxrivi samecniero moR-vaweoba (romelic ZiriTadad oqsfordis universitetSi mimdinareobda) 1947 wels aRiniSna nobelis premiis miniWebiT qimiaSi. es jildo man miiRo mcenareuli warmoSobis biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis, kerZod, alkaloidebis kvlevebisaTvis.

garda amisa, kidev ori mecnieri dajildovda nobelis premiiT, bunebriv nivTierebaTa dargSi kvlevebisaTvis, eseni iyvnen: jon uorkap kornforti (robinsonis TanamSro-meli) da vladimir prelogi, ciurihis federalur teqnikur institutSi ruJiCkas TanamSromeli da saqmis gamgrZelebeli.

j. kornfortis ZiriTadi samuSaoebi dakavSirebuli iyo qolesterinis biosinTezis problematikasTan. es nivTiereba asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols adamianis organizmSi nivTiere-baTa cvlisa da hormonaluri mowesrigebulobis ganxor-cielebisaTvis. moxerxebulad iyenebda ra niSandebul atomTa meTods, mecnierma daadgina rTuli naerTis sinTezis pi-robebi SedarebiT primitiul organizmSi. aseTi urTulesi kvlevebis CatarebisaTvis kornforti 1975 wels dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi. amave wlis sxva laureati vladimer prelogi cnobilia kvlevebiT organuli naerTebis stereo-qimiis dargSi. sxva mecnierebTan erTad man SeimuSava stereo-

10

qimiuri nomenklatura, romelic dRes miRebulia mTel msof-lioSi. mis umniSvnelovanes miRwevad iTvleba adamantanis sinTezi, romelic Tavisi struqturiT gvagonebs almasis kristalur mesers. 60-ian wlebSi prelogma daiwyo mikroor-ganizmebSi nivTierebaTa cvlisa da am procesSi monawile naerTebis Seswavla. man axsna rigi antibiotikebis moqmedebis meqanizmi, romlebic blokirebas ukeTeben ra zogierTi nivTierebis moqmedebas, arRveven cvlis reaqciaTa Tanamimdevrobas. prelogma gamoyo mTeli rigi urTulesi organuli naerTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac mikroorganiz-mebi garemodan iReben sasicocxlo procesebisaTvis iseT sa-Wiro elementebs, rogorebicaa: kaliumi, rkina, bori da sxva.

1975 wels v. prelogi dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi, fiziologiurad aqtiuri dabalmolekuluri naerTe-bis kvlevisaTvis. j. kornfortis da v. prelogis nobelis premiiT dajildoeba simbolizirdeba, rogorc morigi aRi-areba bunebriv nivTierebaTa qimiisa, rogorc damakavSire-beli rgolisa Tanamedrove qimiasa da biologias Soris, rac Tanamedrove mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi sferoa.

1.1. vitaminebi

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba intensiuri muSaoba iseTi nivTierebebis identifi-kaciisaTvis, romlebic garda sak-vebi produqtebisa, Seucvlelni arian adamianisa da cxovelebis sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad. rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, am nivTierebebis naklebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli rigi daavadebebisa, romelTa mkurnalobis procesic, gasuli saukunis bolos, awydeboda seriozul sirTuleebs. aseT sirTuleebs mie-kuTvneboda problemebi, romlebic warmoiSva samxreT-aRmosav-leT aziis qveynebSi gavrcelebuli daavadeba `beri-beri~-sTan da-kavSirebiT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna in-doneziaSi, romelic im dros holandiis kolonias warmoadgenda. 1886 wels holandiis mTavrobam kunZul iavaze gaagzavna cnobili paTologanatomi kornelis pekelharingi da nevrologi klemens vinkleri, utrextis universitetidan. maT TanaSemwed daniSnuli iqna samxedro eqimi qristian eikmani, romelsac hqonda tropikul regionebSi muSaobis gamocdileba. am dros baqteriologia ganicdida aRmavlobis periods da bunebrivia holandieli mec-nierebi Seudgnen beri-beris gamomwvevi mikrobis Ziebas.

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pekelharingma da vinklerma, ver aRmoaCines ra veraferi rac miiqcevda maT yuradRebas, gadawyvites dabrunebuliyvnen holandiaSi da adgilze daetovebinaT eikmani samuSaoTa gasagrZeleblad. man iq 10 weli dahyo, Caatara mravalricxovani kvlevebi dakavSirebuli tropikul medicinasTan da agrZelebda daavadeba beri-beris gamomwvevi mizezebis Ziebas. misi kvlevebi dasrulda saintereso aRmoCeniT. am daavadebasTan dakavSire-buli saidumloeba sruliad SemTxveviT gaixsna. laboratorias, sadac eikmani muSaobda, hqonda patara meurneoba qaTmebis mosaSeneblad. frinvelebi imyofebodnen erTferovan, brinjis dietaze da TandaTanobiT msxverplad ewirebodnen daavadebas, romelic Tavisi klinikuri suraTiT Zalze hgavda daavadeba beri-beris. eikmanma male SeamCnia es msgavseba da daiwyo kvlevebi. man daumata qaTmebis sakvebSi brinjis damuSavebis nar-Ceni masa da qaTmebi swrafad gamojanmrTeldnen. aRmoCnda, rom brinjis marcvlebis garsisagan ganTavisuflebisas ikargeba Zalze Zvirfasi nivTiereba da amis gamo adgilobrivi mcxovrebni, romlebic upiratesad brinjiT ikvebebodnen xdebodnen daavadeba beri-beris msxverplni. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi eikmanma aR-moaCina daavadebis mizezi, magram amiT aravin dainteresebula. daavadeba beri-beri rCeboda seriozul problemad. ruseT-iaponiis omis dros am daavadebam mwyobridan gamoiyvana iaponiis armiis piradi Semadgenlobis meeqvsedi nawili. prob-lema rom gadawyvetiliyo, saWiro iyo sxvagvari midgoma. erT-erTi mecnieri, romelmac am procesebs Seuwyo xeli, iyo frederik goulend hopkinsi; adre dainteresda ra qimiiT, hop-kinsi muSaobda sxvadasxva firmebSi da mxolod 28 wlis asakSi da-kavda mediciniT. 32 wlis asakSi man miiRo diplomi da daiwyo swavleba fiziologiuri qimiisa - ase uwodebdnen gasuli sauku-nis bolos bioqimias. qimiisa da medicinis codnam, saSualeba misca hopkinss Caetarebina saintereso kvlevebi.

pirvel yovlisa, man aRmoaCina, rom cilovani nivTierebani gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan sakvebi faseulobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic maTi SemadgenlobiT ganisazRvreba. hopkinsma aRmoaCina Seucvleli aminomJavebi, romlebic ar sinTezirdebian organizmSi da isini unda miewodebodnen sakvebTan erTad. mecnieri laboratoriul cxovelebs kvebavda yvelaze srulfasovani ciliT - kazeiniT (rZis ciliT). miuxedavad amisa, laborato-riuli cxovelebis mdgomareobas kargs ver uwodebdnen. hop-kinsma daadgina, rom kazeinis gawmendis xarisxzea damokidebuli

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misi (kazeinis) sxvadasxva moqmedeba, maSin mecnierma gadawyvita daematebina cxovelTa sakvebSi mcire raodeanobiT rZe - efeqti iyo warmoudgeneli, cxovelTa mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaum-jobesda. 1910 wels hopkinsma Seagrova sakmarisi monacemebi da 1911 wels samecniero sazogadoebas (britaneTis bioqimiuri sa-zogadoebis kreba) warudgina Teoria `damatebiT~ sakveb nivTierebaTa Sesaxeb, ramac didi xmauri atexa rogorc samec-niero wreebSi aseve presaSic da swrafad gavrcelda ara marto evropis, aramed amerikis kontinentebzec. Seiqmna situacia, roca viRacas unda gadaedga damamTavrebeli nabiji. es gaakeTa polonelma mecnierma kazimeJ funkma, romelic 1911 wels aseve muSaobda londonSi. man gamoaqveyna Sedegebi brinjis eqstraqte-bis kvlevisa, gamoyo ra nivTiereba kristalur mdgomareobaSi da daarqva mas vitamini. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom yvela aseTi nivTiereba vitamini araa, magram is rom isini sicocxlisaTvis au-cilebelni arian eWvs ar iwvevda.

k. funkma Semoitana axali cneba - avitaminozi, daamuSava am movlenis Teoria, romelic Zalze hgavda hopkinsis ideebs. mec-nierTa Soris daiwyo dava prioritetebze. eikmanisa da hopkinsis kandidaturebi ara erTxel iqna wardgenili nobelis premiaze - da bolos eqspertebma daaskvnes, rom maTi kvlevebis Sedegebi ukve moZvelebulia. moulodnelad 1929 wels vitaminebis sa-kiTxma axali kuTxiT wamoiwia; aRmoCnda, rom vitaminebi dakavSirebulia fermentebTan - warmoadgenen maT kofaqtorebs. maSin karolinis samefo mediko-qirurgiulma institutma (nobe-lis premiis mimniWebeli organo) miiRo gadawyvetileba daejildoebina vitaminebis kvlevis dargis ori pioneri q. eik-mani da f. hopkinsi nobelis premiiT medicinasa da fiziologiaSi.

vitaminebis kvlevis dargSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mecnieria Sveicarieli qimikosi paul kareri, eqsperimentebSi igi ZiriTadad iyenebda vilSteteris seleqciuri absorbciis, svedbergis ultracentrifugirebis da qromatografiiis meTo-debs. karerma daiwyo vitaminebis kvleva mas Semdeg, rac 1929 wels Svedma bioqimikosma hans fon eiler-helpinma aCvena rom pigmenti karotini axdens igive zemoqmedebas, rasac vitamini A.

1930 wels Sveicarielma mkvlevarma ukve icoda ra beta-karotinis struqtura, SeZlo daesabu-Tebina A vitaminis war-moqmnis meqanizmi; rasac didi mniSvneloba qonda nivTierebis, rogorc fiziologiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaswavlad, aseve misi warmoebisaTvis saWiro meTodebis SemuSavebisaTvis. paul kare-

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ris sxva aRmoCenebic dakavSirebulia pigmentebTan. muSaobda ra oto henrih varburgis da valter qristianis mier aRmoCenil `yviTel fermentebze~ aCvena, rom maTi feri ganpirobebulia gansakuTrebuli naerTebiT, romelTac ewodaT `flavinebi~ (laTinurad `Flavyc~ niSnavs yviTels). SemdgomSi karerma daadg-ina, rom nivTiereba riboflavini identuria fiziologebisaTvis kargad cnobili vitamin B2-isa, man daadgina am vitaminis stru-

qtura, gaagrZela ra kvlevebi vitamin C-ze, daamtkica sent-diordis daskvnebi vitamin C-s struqturaze. karerma gamoikvlia aseve vitaminebi E da K, mravalricxovani kofermentebi, alka-loidebi, mcenareuli pigmentebi da sxva mravali organuli naerTebi. misi kvlevebis Sedegebi warmodgenilia aTasze met pub-likaciaSi, karotinoidebis, flavinebis, vitaminebis A da B2-is warmatebuli kvlevisaTvis 1937 wels karers mieniWa nobelis pre-mia qimiaSi. Semdgom 1938 wels nobelis komitetma qimiaSi premia mianiWa kvlav karotinoidebisa da vitaminebis mkvlevars, es iyo germaneli mecnieri rihard kuni, heidelbergis universitetis profesori. misi moRvaweobis dasawyisi dakavSirebuli iyo fermentebis SeswavlasTan, Semdgom man daiwyo SeuRlebuli, or-magbmebiani naerTebis e.w. polienebis kvleva, ramac r. kuni miiy-vana karotinoidebis Seswavlamde. am naerTebis Semadgenloba, romelTa molekulebic Seicaven naxSirbadis 40 da wyalbadis 56 atoms, daadgina rihard vilSteterma. 1930 wels karerma ciurihSi da zigmund oto rozenheimma londonSi gamoyves alfa- da beta- karotini. 1933 wels kunma aRmoaCina gama- karotini, ris Semdegac ganaxorciela farTo kvleva karo-tinoidebis da maTi gavr-celebis Sesaxeb mcenareul da cxovelur samyaroSi.

misi (r. kuni) samuSaoebis meore did sferos Seadgenda BB jgufis vitaminebi. kunma 5300 litri cximmocilebuli rZidan, TanamSromlebTan erTad, gamoyo erTi grami yviTeli niv-Tiereba, romelsac ewoda laqtoflavini; misgan gamoyves lumiflavini, romelsac aRmoaCnda igive Tvisebebi, rac hqonda safuvrebis `yviTeli fermentis~ kofaqtors, arkvevda ra am niv-Tierebis struqturas, r. kunma amave dros gansazRvra laqto-flavinis agebuleba, romelic aseve cnobili iyo `riboflavinis~ saxelwodebiT - esaa virtamini B2.

1939 wlis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, rac r. kunma daimsaxura nobelis premia qimiaSi karotinoidebisa da flavinebis kvlevisaTvis, TanamSromlebTan erTad gamoyo vitamini B6 da

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mokle droSi gansazRvra misi Semadgenloba da struqtura. es naerTi aRmoCnda piridinis warmoebuli.

1929 wels aRmoCenili iqna kidev erTi vitamini. henrik dami, kopenhagenis universitetidan, atarebda klasikur cdebs xelov-nuri sakvebis narevebiT. wiwilebs, romelTac Segnebulad ak-lebdnen cximebs, moulodnelad ewyebodaT mZime sisxlCaqcevebi. sisxlis analizma aCvena koagulaciis Seyovneba - sisxlis Sedede-bis procesebi Zalze garTulebuli iyo. 1931-33 wlebSi msgavs movlenebs akvirdebodnen amerikeli mkvlevarebic. amave dros h. dami, amatebda ra sakveb narevebSi sxvadasxva nivTierebebs daadg-ina, rom kanafis Teslis damateba iwvevs sisxlCaqcevebis gaqro-bas da sisxlis formulis aRdgenas, radganac es iyo epoqa vitaminebis didi popularobisa, formirdeboda daskvna, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs am jgufis (vitaminebis) ucnobi warmomadgeneli. axali vitamini aRniSnes aso K-Ti (sityva `koagulaciasagan~). vitamini K aRmoCenili iqna kombostoSi, pomi-dorSi, soiaSi, lucernaSi, aseve cxovelTa RviZlis qsovilSi. ukanaskneli dakvirveba mianiSnebda am vitaminis moqmedebis meqanizmze. aRmoCnda, rom RviZli Seicavs ferments, romelic monawileobs sisxlis koagulaciaSi. vitanim K-s gareSe fermenti ar muSaobs da amiT irRveva mTeli jaWvi reaqciebisa, romlebic iwveven sisxlis Sededebas.

h. dami iyo maRali kvalifikaciis bioqimikosi. 1925 wels is muSaobda mikroqimiur analizze franc preglTan avstriaSi. 10 wlis Semdeg is TanamSromlobda ra paul karerTan gadawyvita gaerkvia axladaRmoCenili vitamin K-s struqtura. magram pirvelma es amocana gadawyvita eduard adelbert doizma, sent-luisis (misuris Stati, aSS) universitetis bioqimiis profesorma, e. doizma lucernis Teslisgan da Tevzis fqvilisagan gamoyo ori nivTiereba kristaluri saxiT: K1 da K2, gansazRvra maTi stru-qturebi: isini aRmoCndnen naftoqinonis warmoebulebi. amas mo-hyva maTi sinTezi da aseve aRmoaCines analogiuri nivTierebebi, SemadgenlobiT martivni da ufro Zliermoqmedni. vitamin K-s samrewvelo miReba didi saCuqari iyo medicinisaTvis. daiwyo misi farTo gamoyeneba sisxldenebis SesaCereblad, qirurgiuli operaciebisas, RviZlis daavadebis mkurnalobisas da a.S. vitamin K-s gamoyeneba axalSobilTa mkurnalobisas, romelTanac aseTi avitaminozi Zalze xSiria, saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad Sem-cirdes bavSvTa sikvdilianoba.

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1944 wels nobelis fondma ganaaxla premiebis gadacema, ro-melic II msoflio omis gamo Sewyvtetili iyo sami wliT (1940-1942). radganac fondis wesdeba iTvaliswinebs premiis SeCerebas erTi wliT, fonds saSualeba mieca 1944 wels gadaeca premiebi 1943 wlis laureatebisaTvis. medicinis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatebi gaxdnen h. dami da e.a. doizi - vitamin K-s aRmoCenisaTvis da misi qimiuri struqturis gansazRvrisaTvis.

vitaminebi, rogorc SedarebiT dabalmolekuluri naer-Tebi, SesaZlebeli iyo warmatebiT ekvliaT organuli qimiis meTodebiT. magram maT Soris yvelaze rTuli, vitamin B12-is Seswavlisas saWiro gaxda, im droisaTvis, ufro mowinave saSualebebis gamoyeneba. rvawliani, urTulesi kvlevebis Semdeg doroTi kroufut-hojkinma, oqsfordis universitetidan, rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodis gamoyenebiT gansazRvra vitamin B12-is agebuleba.

vitamini B12 aRmoCenili iqna 1948 wels. mecnierebma daadgi-nes, rom is sinTezirdeba sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebiT, pirvel yovlisa mcoxnavi cxovelebis nawlavebSi. adamiani aseve Rebu-lobs am nivTierebas (mis) saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi myofi mikroorganizmebisagan. magram zogjer es Zalze faqizi procesi irRveva da iwyeba mwvave avitaminozebi. vitamin B12-is aRmoCe-nidan mcire droSi misi struqturis dadgenaze muSaoba daiwyo doroTi kroufut-hojkinma. rva wlis Semdeg 1956 wels, vitamin B12is agebuleba cnobili gaxda, rac CaiTvala rentgenostruqtu-ruli analizis meTodis namdvil triumfad. pirvelad mecnierebis istoriaSi amgvari meTodiT dadgenili iqna aseTi rTuli nivTierebis (B12) struqtura. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom ukve im droisaTvis sxva mecnierebi emzadebodnen ufro rTuli gamokvlevebisaTvis. maqs ferdinand perucim da jon kouder ken-drium gansazRvres struqtura iseTi rTuli cilebisa, rogorebi-caa hemoglobini da mioglobini, risTvisac 1962 wels miiRes nobelis premia qimiaSi. maTi sensaciuri Sedegebi miRweul iqna rentgenostruqturuli analizis kompiutizirebuli versiis saSualebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1964 wels nobelis komitetma qimiaSi, ga-moxata ra pativiscema am sferos pionerebis mimarT, miiRo gadawyvetileba mieniWebina nobelis premia doroTi kroufut-ho-jkinisaTvis, romelmac daadgina penicilinisa da vitamin B12-is struqturebi kompiuteruli teqnikis gareSe.

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1.2. fermentebi biokatalizi aris erT-erTi umTavresi sasicocxlo procesi.

adamians masTan saqme hqonda uZvelesi droidan, rodesac daiwyo alkoholiani sasmelebis damzadeba. XVIII saukuneSi antuan loran lavuaziem gamoikvlia fermentacia spirtebis miRebisas da daaskvna, rom am procesis msvlelobisas Saqari ixliCeba spirtad da naxSirorJangad. Jozef lui gei-lusakma, Caatara ra zusti raodenobiTi analizi, daaskvna, rom spirtisa da naxSirorJangis masa, erTad aRebuli, tolia Saqris sawyisi masisa. es amtkicebda lavuazies daskvnas. am procesis mizezi daadgina entoni van levenhukma, jer kidev 1860 wels, akvirdeboda ra safuvrebs mikroskopSi.

gavida kidev 150 weli, vidre ganviTardeboda ujredovani Teoria da mecnierebi daaskvnidnen, rom fermentacia aris cocxali ujredebis funqcia.

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dagrovda saintereso monacemebi katalizis procesis Sesaxeb, kerZod biokatalizze. 1814 wels konstantine kirxhofma qeris marcvlebSi aRmoaCina niv-Tiereba, romelsac saxamebeli gadahyavda SaqarSi. es iyo fermenti amilaza. 1833 wels amilaza gamohyves frangma qimikosebma anselm paienma da Jan persom. imave periodSi iens iakob berceliusma wamoayena winadadeba, rom is nivTierebebi, romlebic iwveven fermentacias, SeiZleba miRebul iqnan cocxali ujredebidan. maTi fxvnilad qcevis Semdeg. aseTi eqsperimenti 1846 wels berlinSi Caatara fridrih ludensdorfma - minaze gaxexa ra safuvris ujredebi, daumata mas Saqris sirofi. araviTari fermentacia ar moxda. aseTma eqsperimetntebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes iensen berceliusis, iustus libihis da fridrih veleris Tvalsazriss, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom biokatalizi da fermentacia _ Cveulebrivi qimiuri procesebi iyo. imave dros sxva mecnierebi Tvlidnen, rom `cocxal nivTierebaSi~ mimdinareoben gansakuTrebuli procesebi, romlebic ar arian sufTa qimiurni. gavrceldnen ideebi raRac saidumloebiT mocul `sasicocxlo Zalis~ Sesaxeb, romelic aris ganmasxvavebeli cocxalisa da aracocxalisa. im dros es idea Zalze mimzidvelad gamoiyureboda. yvelafer amas, bolo mouRo lui pasterma, romelmac origi-naluri cdebiT aCvena, rom fermentacia SesaZlebelia mxolod cocxali ujredebis monawileobiT. udidesi frangi mecnieris

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eqsperimentebi unaklo iyo, amave dros isini ar uaryofdnen fermentTa moqmedebis SesaZleblobas cocxali ujredebis gareSe: manamde xom veravin SeZlo gamoeyo es nivTierebebi mdgradi saxiT. aseTi amocana dasva 1893 wels eduard buhnerma, miunhenis politeqnikuri institutidan. adolf baieris daxmarebiT institutSi Seiqmna laboratoria fermentebis gamosakvlevad. buhneri apirebda Caetarebina eqsperimentebi ujredebis daSlisa da iqidan biokatalizatorebis miRebis mizniT. xelmZRvanelobam CaTvala, rom aseTi eqsperimentebisagan, romlebic araerTxel Ca-tardnen aTwleulebiT adre, araferi gamovidoda da daavala buhners sxva TemiT dakavebuliyo. maSin igi iZulebuli gaxda sxvadasxva universitetebisaTvis miemarTa. buhneri gaemarTa kilSi, Semdeg tiubinhenSi da bolos 1896 wels, zafxulis Svebulebisas SeZlo Caetarebina Cafiqrebuli eqsperimentebi Tavisi Zmis, miunhenis higienis institutis cnobili baqteriologis, hansis laboratoriaSi. buhneri urevda safuvrebs kvarcis qviSaSi da Zlieri daqneviT aRwevda ujredebis mTlianobis darRvevas. man ga-moiyena, maRali wnevis qveS Txeli homogenuri masiT filtraciis meTodi; ise rom safuvrebisagan miRebuli iqna wveni, romelsac hqonda maRali fermentaciuli unari. masSi ar iyo arc erTi cocxali nawilaki, magram miuxedadvad amisa, Saqari iSleboda. am cdebma, romlebic warmatebiT damTavrdnen 1897 wels, daudes sa-Tave Tanamedrove enzimologias.

1907 wels eduard buhneri dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi, uujredo fermentaciis aRmoCenisaTvis. e. buhneris mier rTuli biokatalizatorebis kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg, romelTac (biokatalizatorebs) cnobilma bioqimikosma vili kiunma uwoda `enzimebi~ anu fermentebi, SesaZlebeli Seiqmna maTi Seswavla qimi-uri meTodebiT.

buhneris cdebi gaafarTova da daxvewa ingliselma bio-qimikosma artur gardenma. XX saukunis dasawyisSi cnobili gaxda, rom fermentebi gaxurebisas aqtivobas kargaven. 1906 wels gardenma da uiliam iungma Caatares saintereso eqsperimenti. cocx-ali safuvris wvens daamates gadaduRebuli safuvris wveni, am SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneboda fermentaciis mkveTri gaZliereba. aman mkvlevarebi miiyvana im azramde, rom fermenti Sedgeboda ro-meliRac ori nivTierebisagan, romelTaganac erTi Termulad mdgradi iyo. buhnerma mis mier aRmoCenil ferments uwoda `zimaza~ - safuvrebis berZnuli dasaxelebidan (Zimaz). gardenma Semoitana

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cneba `kozimaza~, romliTac man aRniSna fermentis mdgradi komponenti.

Jelatinis filtriT ultrafiltraciis meTodis SemuSavebam, mkvlevarebs gauCina axali SesaZleblobebi. am meTodiT gardenma dayo zimaza Semadgenel nawilebad: filtrSi gadioda mxolod koenzimi, romelic aRmoCnda sakmaod dabalmolekuluri naerTi. gardenma daadgina, rom Saqris daSlaSi gansazRvrul rols asrulebs fosformJava, romelic uerTdeba ra mas, warmoqmnis glukozodifosfats. amiT gardenma gamoyo naxSirwylebis biologiuri daSlis Sualeduri produqti.

am sferos Semdgomi kvlevebi dakavSirebulia stokholmis universitetis profesoris hans fon eiler-helpinis moRvaweobas-Tan. 1906 wels man karl miurbekTan erTad daiwyo fermentTa kvleva. awarmoebdnen ra fermentis kofermentisagan dacalkevebas gardenis meTodiT, xangrZlivi eqsperimentebis Semdeg daadgines, rom kozimaza _ es aris nivTiereba nukleotidebis (adeninis pentozasTan naerTi) jgufidan molekuluri woniT 490.

h. eiler-helpinma daadgina, rom es kofermenti gvxvdeba sxva mraval biokatalizatorebSi, romlebic sul sxvadasxva funqciebs asruleben. aman didi stimuli misca kofermentebis kvlevebs. es nivTierebebi SedarebiT martivni arian da maTi struqturis gansazRvram saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs gamoeyenebinaT organuli qimiis meTodebi nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebis kvlevisaTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen wyalbadis gadatanasTan.

gardenisa da eiler-helpinis gamokvlevebi Zalze mniSvnelovani etapi iyo enzimologiis ganviTarebaSi. 1929 wels orive mecnieri dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi duRilis meqanizmis gaxsnisaTvis da amasTan dakavSirebuli fermentebis kvlevisaTvis.

jer kidev gasul saukuneSi zogierTi mecnieri cdilobda gamoeyo sufTa saxiT da Seeswavla nivTierebebi, romlebic iwvevd-nen biologiur katalizs. 1896 wels kornelis pakelharingma gamohyo kuWis wvenisagan cila, magram ver daamtkica, rom es is fermentia, romelic aaqtivebs saWmlis monelebis process.

fermentTa sufTa saxiT gamoyofis dargSi didi samuSaoebi Caatara germanelma qimikosma rihard martin vilSteterma TanamSromlebTan erTad; maT garkveul warmatebebs miaRwies am mimarTulebiT da vilSteterma gamoTqva varaudi, rom fermentebi ar miekuTvnebian arc cilebs da arc naxSirwylebs, aramed war-

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moadgenen nivTierebis romeliRac axal tips ucnobi struqturiT. aseTi bundovani msjeloba gagrZelda 1926 wlamde. im dromde, vidre jeims betCeler samnerma ar SeZlo ferment ureazis kristalebis miReba da damtkiceba, rom es cilaa. samnerma kvlevebi daiwyo 1917 wels da gadaiqca dacinvis obieqtad Tavisi kolegebis mxridan, romlebic vilSteteris ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen. Tavad samneris sityvebiT, mas bedma gauRima fermen-tis arCevaSi, radgan airCia mcenare, romlis TeslSic iyo didi raodenobiT fermenti ureaza. mravalwliani eqsperimtentebis Sedegad samnerma miiRo es nivTiereba kristaluri formiT, mce-nareuli ujredebis homogenatis gacivebisa da centrifugirebis gziT.

meore bioqimikosi, romelmac SeZlo mieRo fermentebi kristaluri saxiT, iyo jon houart nortropi (prinstoni, aSS), amerikeli bioqimikosi ikvlevda kuWis wvens. jer kidev gasuli saukunis bolos aRiZra eWvi, rom es cilovani nivTierebaa. pekelharingi miuaxlovda aRmoCenis zRurbls, 1920 wels j. nor-tropma, gaimeora ra samneris eqsperimentebi, mniSvnelovnad dax-vewa isini da 10 wlis Semdeg SeZlo kuWis wvenisagan sufTa pepsinis gamoyofa. SemdgomSi nortropma da misma TanamSromlebma, xvewdnen ra TavianT meTodikas, miiRes kidev xuTi fermenti. es iyo umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi fermentebis qimiis sferoSi da saerTod, cilebis dargSi.

virusebi aRmoCenili iqna rusi mecnieris dimitri ivanovskis mier 1892 wels. eqvsi wlis Semdeg virusebis kvleva daiwyo martin beiernikma, romelmac pirvelma gamoTqva azri, rom es iyo gansakuTrebulad mcire zomebis, mikroskopSi uxilavi, axali tipis daavadebis gamomwvevi. u. stenlim miiRo virusebi kristaluri formiT da amiT daadastura maTi cilovani buneba, aCvena, rom isini (virusebi) ikaveben gardamaval mdgomareobas cocxal da aracocxal samyaros Soris.

am rTuli nivTierebebis, kristaluri formiT gamoyofis saSualebebs hqondaT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maTi kvlevisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodiT. am kvlevaTa mwvervali gaxda Tambaqos mozaikis da po-liomielitis virusebis kristaluri saxiT miReba, romelic prin-stonSi (aSS) ganaxorciela uendl meredit stenlim 1932 wels.

samneris, nortropis da stenlis gamokvlevebma 30-ian wlebSi mTel msoflioSi moipoves didi aRiareba. 1946 wels es mec-nierebi daajildoves nobelis premiiT qimiaSi. j. samnerma miiRo

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premiis naxevari (fermentTa cilovani bunebis damtkicebisaTvis da maTi gamoyofisaTvis kristaluri saxiT); meore naxevari nobelis premiisa gaiyo j. nortropsa (fermentTa kristaluri saxiT gamoyofisaTvis) da u. stenlis (virusebis miRebisaTvis kristaluri saxiT) Soris.

kofermentebis kvlevam aCvena, rom mravali maTgani mie-kuTvneba nukleotidebs. es nivTierebebi warmoadgenen sami erT-maneTTan dakavSirebuli naerTisagan Semdgar kompleqsebs Se-madgenlobiT: a) fosformJavas narCeni; b) Saqari (pentoza); g) purini an pirimidini.

XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, roca ingliselma mecnierma aleqsander todma daiwyo nukleotidTa kvleva, maTi Semadgenlobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi cnobili iyo, magram gaugebari rCeboda, rogor ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs sxvadasxva substruqturebi. 1949 wels uoldo konma gansazRvra Saqris xuTatomiani rgolis romel adgilze xdeba sxva naerTebis mierTeba. a. todma ganaviTara es ideebi da daadgina nukleotidis zusti struqtura. misma Sedegebma Seasrules gansakuTrebuli misia ara marto enzimologiaSi, aramed safuZveli Cauyares dnm-s struqturis kvlevas, romelic ganaxorcieles frensis hari kompton krikma, jeims diui uotsonma da sxva mecnierebma.

a. todi cnobilia aseve vitaminebisa da mTeli rigi sxva biologiurad aqtiuri bunebrivi nivTierebebis kvlevebiT. man samecniero moRvaweoba daiwyo robert robinsonTan, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, mcenareul pigmentebze - antocianebze cdebiT. misi Sromebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania nukleotidebisa da nukleotidkofermentebis gamokvlevebi, risTvisac 1957 wels mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi.

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, niu-iorkis rokfeleris universitetSi muSaobda ori mkvlevari, stanford muri da uiliam houard staini, romelTac Seitanes uzarmazari wvlili fermentTa struqturis gansazRvraSi.

biokatalizatorebi warmoadgenen cilovan sxeulebs da maTi kvleva warmoadgens cilebis qimiis sferos. didi miRwevebi am dargSi ekuTvniT: emil fiSers, romelmac daadgina rogor ukavSirdebian aminomJavebi erTmaneTs; ingliselma mecnierma frederik sengerma 50-ian wlebSi SeimuSava cilebSi aminomJavebis ganlagebis gansazRvris meTodi. man gansazRvra hormon insulinis struqtura, risTvisac 1958 wels mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi. amave periodSi s. murma da u. stainma daxvewes meTodi da Seqmnes

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avtomaturi danadgari polipeptiduri jaWvebis kvlevebisaTvis. 1960 wels am orma mkvlevarma gansazRvra pirveladi struqtura, aminomJavuri fermentebis SeerTebis morigeobiToba pankreasis ribonukleazaSi. paralelurad gaaumjobeses TavianTi meTodika, ganaviTares ra sengeris meTodi: gamosakvlevi cilis molekulebi fermentebis saSualebiT ixliCebodnen calkeul fragmentebad. bioqimiaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom sxvadasxva fermentebi cilis molelkulebs xleCen sxvadasxva adgilebSi, miiReboda cilis fragmentebis nakrebi, romelTa dayofa xdeboda iongacvliTi fisiT da analizirdebodnen. es fragmentebi nawilobriv urTierTifarebodnen, rac iZleoda, maTi urTierTSedarebis gziT, aminomJavaTa saerTo Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvris saSualebas.

stainma da murma aseve daadgines sxva fermentebis pirveladi struqturebi, paralelurad maTTan muSaobda qristian bemer anfinseni, romelic swavlobda kavSirs pirvelad da mesameul struqturebs Soris. fermentTa meoreuli struqtura ga-mokvleuli iqna lainus karl polingis mier 40-iani wlebis bolos. man daadgina, rom ramodenime polipeptiduri jaWvi ixveva da qmnis sxvadasxva saxis spiralebs. Tavis mxriv spiralebi aseve deformirdebian gansazRvruli saxiT da qmnian mesameul stru-qturas.

cilis molekulebis yvelaze zogadi agebulebis (romelic gansazRvravda mis formasa da funqcias) kvleva daiwyo q. anfin-senma jandacvis nacionalur institutSi, betesdaSi (aSS, vaSing-tonis Stati); man daadgina, rom cilis denaturaciisas (roca poli-peptiduri jaWvis gorgali ixsneba) SesaZlebelia sivrculi struqturis spontanuri aRdgena. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tavad jaWvebi araa dazianebuli. am Sedegebma anfinseni miiyvana daskvnamde, rom cilis pirvelad struqturaSi Cadebulia mTeli informacia misi molekulis sivrculi agebulebis Sesaxeb. es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvna, rac niSnavda, rom sakmarisia mxolod sworad ganlagdes (mowesrigdes) aminomJavebi jaWvSi - da SesaZlebelia xelovnuri gziT dasinTezdes cilis molekula, romelic arafriT ar gansxvavdeba bunebrivisagan.

stainis, muris da anfinsenis gamokvlevebma didi gavlena moaxdines cilebis qimiis da gansakuTrebiT fermentTa kvlevaze, romelnic (fermentebi) iTvlebian yvelaze ufro saintereso cilovan molekulebad. 1972 wels fundamentaluri wvlilisaTvis fermentTa qimiaSi, es sami mecnieri dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiis dargSi.

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1.3. cocxali ujredi da bunebrivi nivTierebebi

1.3.1. ujredis cikli

ramodenime wlis win ujredis ciklis dargSi Catare-

bulma kvlevebma mecnierebi gansacvifrebel aRmoCenamde miiy-vana - aRmoCnda, rom eukariotebisaTvis (romelTac mie-kuTvneba yvela cocxali organizmi, baqteriebisa da virusebis garda) ujredis cikli ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia erTad-erTi cilis (cdc 2), aqtivobis cvlilebebiT.

70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi i. masuim ielis universiteti-dan (aSS) da l. smitma argonis nacionaluri laboratoriidan (aSS), erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gaakeTes identifici-reba nivTierebebisa romelzecaa damokidebuli mitozisa da meiozis dasawyisi. i. masium am nivTierebas momwifebis faqtori uwoda – MPF (Maturation Promotoring Factor)

SemdgomSi sxva mkvlevarebmac aCvenes, rom MPF, romlis gamoyofac SeZles 1988 wels, aris rogorc mitozis aseve meiozis mTavari regulatori.

ujredis ciklis genetikuri kvlevebi daiwyo 70-ian wlebSi l. hartuelis samuSaoebiT (vaSingtonis universiteti, aSS) . SemdgomSi aRmoCenili iqnen umniSvnelovanesi genebi saerTo saxelwodebiT cdc (cell-division cycle - ujredis dayofis cikli).

p. nersma edinburgis universitetidan (didi britaneTi) 1975 wels gaakeTa im mutaciaTa identificireba, romlebic axdenen ujredis ciklis blokirebas sxvadasxva stadiebze da gansazRvra normaSi cdc genebis aqtivaciis morigeobiToba. erTi aseTi genis, cdc 2 -is SemTxvevaSi genis gansazRvruli mutaciebisas warmoiqmneba araaqtiuri cila da ujredis day-ofa Cerdeba. amave genis sxva mutaciebi, piriqiT, iwveven imas, rom ujredi Sedis mitozis fazaSi normaze adre.

cdc 2 cila - produqtebis aminomJavuri Tanamimdevroba dadgenili iqna 1987 wels. dRes cnobilia, rom es cila as-

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rulebs sakvanZo rols yvela eukariotis mitozSi. mis yvela variants qvia cdc 2 miuxedavad imisa, romel organizms miekuTvnebian.

cdc 2 cilebi miekuTvnebian proteinkinazebs - fermentebs, romelTac gadaaqvT fosfaturi jgufebi adenozintrifosfati-dan (ATP) cilis molekulebze. ukanasknel wlebSi cxadi gaxda, rom fosfatis mierTeba an CamoSoreba aris ujredis cilebis aqtivobis ZiriTadi regulaciis saSualeba (fosfaturi jgu-fis CamoSoreba xorcieldeba fermentebiT, romelTac fosfa-tazebi ewodebaT). genetikuri kvlevebis paralelurad grZeldeboda Tavad MPF-is Seswavla. 1988 wels m. lokem da j. malerma kolorados universitetis samedicino skolidan (aSS) gamoyves es nivTiereba da aCvenes, rom misi molekula Sedgeba ori suberTeulisagan.

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi t. hantma, kembrijis universitetidan, daadgina, rom MPF-is meore komponenti (cdc-s garda), aris uCveulo cila ciklini - romelic qreba mi-tozis bolos swrafi degradaciis Sedegad da grovdeba interfazaSi, radganac iSleba am dros gacilebiT nela, vidre sinTezirdeba.

1987 wels endriu u. miurerma da mark u. kirSnerma, aseve damoukideblad k. fordma da misma kolegebma sasekis universitetidan, ujredis ciklis eqsperimentaluri gamokv-levebiT daadgines, rom erTi mxriv, ujredTa ciklebi grZel-debian, miuxedavad yvela cilis sinTezis (garda ciklinis) blokirebisa, meore mxriv t. hantma eqsperimentalurad daam-tkica, rom ciklinis sinTezis SerCeviTi blokirebisas (sxva cilebis warmoqmna grZeldeboda), ujredis cikli Cerdeboda interfazaze.

e. miurerma da m. kirSnerma cdebiT daadgines, rom cik-lini grovdeba interfazaze da swrafad iSleba mitozis dros. degradaciis siswrafem, isini miiyvana daskvnamde, rom ujre-debi ver daamTavreben mitozs manam, sanam SenarCunebulia ciklini, da roca ujredebSi gaakeTes ciklinis damoklebuli molekulebis sinTezis inducireba (romelTac SeeZloT mi-tozis inducireba da romelnic degradacias ar eqvemdebarebodnen) birTvebis gayofa ar mTavrdeboda da ujredis cikli muxruWdeboda mitozze.

Tavad ciklinis mierTeba cila cdc 2-Tan arasakmarisia MPF kompleqsis aqtivaciisaTvis. MPF-is funqcionirebisaTvis,

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aucilebelia, rom rogorc cdc 2, aseve ciklini unda ganicdid-nen gansazRvrul modifikaciebs sxva reaqciebis Sedegad.

Tumca cila cdc 2 aris ujredis ciklis mTavari regula-tori eukariot ujredebSi da cilebi, romlebic mas amodi-ficireben, erTnairni arian yvela ujredSi. am proteinkinazis regulacia SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes, detalebSi, sxvadasxva organizmebisaTvis da erTi da imave organizmis ujredTa sxvadasxva tipebisaTvis.

erT SemTxvevaSi, kompleqsis cdc 2 -ciklini aqtivacia xorcieldeba cila cdc 25-iT, meore SemTxvevaSi - Tavad cik-liniT, mesameSi - sxva modulatorebiT. cila cdc 2-is koncen-tracia, mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi, SenarCunebulia mudmiv doneze. ciklinic sinTezirdeba mudmivad, magram misi koncentracia izrdeba interfazis dros da mcirdeba mitozis msvlelobisas. interfazis dros dagrovebuli ciklini ukav-Sirdeba cdc 2-is molekulebs da qmnis e.w. pre-MPF-s. MPF-is es forma jer kidev araa aqtiuri: mas ar SeuZlia fosfaturi jgufebi gadaitanos cilis molelkulebze da ar SeuZlia mi-tozis inducireba. Semdeg cdc 25-is msgavsi fermentebis mo-qmedebiT, pre-MPF-i gardaiqmneba aqtiur MPF-ad da axdens mi-tozis movlenebis pirdapir da irib inicirebas. aqtiuri MPF–i ara mxolod marTavs procesebs, romlebsac mivyavarT birTvisa da danarCeni ujredis fizikur gayofamde, igi aseve aaqtivebs fermentebs, romelTa monawileobiTac xdeba cik-linis degradacia. mitozi mTavrdeba, roca ciklinis koncentracia eSveba garkveul zRvars qvemoT. ciklinis ga-reSe cila cdc 2 da Sedegad MPF-i ver darCebian aqtiurni. dRes cnobilia, rom embrionis somatur ujredebSi, misi ganviTarebis gvian stadiebze dnm-is rpelikaciis dasawyisi in-terfazaSi iseve mkacrad regulirdeba, rogorc mitozSi Ses-vla; es meore (mitozis Semdeg) umTavresi sakontrolo mom-tenti pirvelad daadgina l. hartuelma da daarqva mas `sas-tarto gadasasvleli~. Cveulebrivad, aucilebel kvebas moklebuli ujredebi, aCereben ujredis cikls sastarto gadasasvlelze.

sastarto gadasasvlelis regulacia bevri ramiT gva-gonebs mitozis regulacias. mTeli procesi, aseve ganpirobebulia cila cdc 2-is aqtivaciiT, risTvisac, Tavis mxriv, saWiroa ciklinis dagroveba. magram sastarto gada-

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sasvlelze monawile ciklini, araa identuri im ciklinisa, romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs mitozisaTvis. arsebobs ciklinis ori klasi: erTze damokidebulia ujredis Sesvla mitozSi da meiozSi, xolo meoreze, romelic struqturiT Zalze axlos dgas pirvelTan, damokidebulia dnm-is replikacia.

bolo 30 wlis da gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli wlebis warmatebebma kvlevebSi daamtkices, rom ujredis ciklis regulatorebi - cila cdc 2, ciklini da cdc 25-is msgavsi modu-latorebi, arian yvela eukariot organizmis ujredis ciklis ZiriTadi regulatorebi.

1.3.2. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da metastazireba termini `metastazi~ Semoitana frangma eqimma Jozef

klod reakamiem, 1929 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi `Recherches du cancer” (simsivnis kvleva). man pirvelma warmoadgina anatomiuri mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom metastaze-bis gamomwvevi mizezi aris simsivnuri ujredebi, romlebic moxvdebian ra sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi gadaitanebian pirveladi simsivnis mdebareobis adgilidan moSorebiT. jer kidev rekamiemde qirurgebma da anatomebma SeamCnies, rom simsivnis sazRvrebi SesaZlebelia gafarTovdnen, mezobeli qsovilebis da limfokvanZebis ujredTa kolonizaciis gziT; magram iTvleboda, rom simsivnuri ujredebis koloniebi, or-ganizmis sxvadasxva, moSorebul ubnebSi warmoiSvebian damou-kideblad.

rekamiem aRwera adgilobrivi infiltracia, simsivnuri qsovilebis invazia venebis kedlebSi.

metastazirebis uaxlesma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom es procesi warmoadgens urTules gardaqmnaTa mravaletapian movlenaTa jaWvs, romlis drosac pirveladi simsivnidan gamomavali (momwydari) kibos ujredebis mxolod umciresi nawili _ erTze naklebi 10 aTas ujredze, gadarCeba da sa-Taves udebs axal, avTvisebian kolonias. swrafad mzardi ujredTa masis kvebisaTvis simsivne inducirebas ukeTebs TviTuzrunvelyofas axali sisxlZarRvebiT, es procesi iwo-deba anhiogenezad (The Vascularization of Tumors, by J. Folkman. “Scientific American”, May 1976).

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simsivneebSi axladwarmoqmnili sisxlZarRvebis ked-lebi nawilobriv SeRwevadia, ise rom, avTvisebiani ujredebi SedarebiT advilad gaaRweven sisxlZarRvTa sanaTurSi. simsivnur qsovilSi sisxlZarRvTa nebismieri gantotva aris sisxlis nakadSi misi ujredebis potenciurad SeRwevadi ad-gili.

limfuri arxebi aseve SeRwevadia simsivnuri ujre-debisaTvis, magram simsivneebi ar ainducireben limfuri arxe-bis sakuTari qselis Seqmnas. limfuri arxebi normaSi gamotumbaven qsovilebidan zedmet ujredgareSe siTxes, ise rom simsivneebSi limfuri sistemis ar qona ganapirobebs simsivnur qsovilSi hidrostatikur dawnevas. pirvelad es aCvena p. gulinom turinis (italia) paTologiuri anatomiis institutSi. am Sida dawnevam SeiZleba daazianos simsivne da amiT miexmaros organizms imiT, rom aviwroebs ra sust sisxlZarRvebs, simsivnur qsovilebs akldebaT Jangbadi da kveba. Sidasimsivnuri limfuri arxebis ar arseboba niSnavs imas, rom kibos ujredebs SeuZliaT SeaRwion organizmis limfur sistemaSi mxolod simsivnuri da normaluri qso-vilebis sazRvarze.

kibos ujredebi gadaadgildebian venebiT an limfuri ZarRvebiT manam, sanam ar gaiWedebian dinebis qveda nawilSi an limfur kvanZSi arxis Seviwroebis gamo da sanam ar miemagrebian mis Sida amonafens.

umravles SemTxvevaSi metastazirebadi ujredis mimag-reba xdeba sadme, mas Semdeg, rac igi gaivlis guls. anatomi-uri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia winaswar ganisazRvros Tu sad formirdeba pirveladi simsivnis metas-tazTa 60%. ase rom, mravali saxis simsivnis metastazTa Cve-ulebrivi adgilia filtvebi, radganac gulidan mTeli sisxli, sanam gadanawildeba organizmis danarCen qsovilebSi, gadaiqaCeba filtvebis kapilarebis gavliT.

msxvili nawlavis kibos dros xSirad metastazebi Cnde-bian RviZlSi, romelic msxvili nawlavidan Rebulobs venuri sisxlis pirdapir nakads.

rodesac metastazebi Cndeba ara im organoebSi, sadac mosalodneli iyo, es rogorc wesi dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom cirkulirebadi simsivnuri ujredebi pouloben iq gansa-kuTrebiT xelsayrel `niadags~ sicocxlisa da zrdisaTvis, sadac xdeba simsivnuri ujredebis SerCeviTi stimulacia.

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gansazRvruli cilebis koncentraciul gradientebs, romleb-sac gamoyofen organoebi - samizneebi, aseve SeuZliaT `miizi-don~ simsivnuri ujredebi da aiZulon isini ganaxorcielon migracia sisxlZarRvebidan.

simsivnuri ujredebis absoluturi umravlesoba, yovn-debian ra kapilarebSi an limfur kvanZebSi, iRupebian iq im meqanikuri dazianebebis gamo, romlebic warmoiSvebian sisx-lis nakadis dinamiuri datvirTvebiT an organizmis damcveli Zalebis Setevis Sedegad. miuxedavad amisa gadarCenili simsivnuri ujredebis nawili 8-dan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi iwyeben Canergvas sisxlZarRvebis kedlebSi da sabolood toveben sisxlis nakads.

normalur qsovilSi SeRweuli simsivnuri ujredebidan, yvelas rodi SeuZlia icocxlos da dasawyisi misces avTvise-bian zrdas. axal koloniebs qmnian mxolod is simsivnuri ujredebi, romlebic Cajdebian ra qsovilSi, iwyeben proliferacias (gamravlebas); es SeiZleba stimulirdebodes sxvadasxva zemoqmedebiT, organizmis mier warmoebuli zrdis adgilobrivi faqtorebisa da hormonebis CaTvliT, aseve Ta-vad simsivnuri ujredebis mier warmoebuli autostimulire-badi zrdis faqtorebiT.

axladwarmoqmnili metastazuri koloniebi SeiZleba gavrceldnen mxolod im pirobebSi, roca simsivnuri anhio-geneziT miiRweva sakvebiT sakmarisi uzrunvelyofa. mTlianad Camoyalibebul meorad simsivneebs aqvT sakuTari sisxlmo-marageba, rac niSnavs, rom SeuZliaT gaxdnen cirkulirebadi simsivnuri ujredebis axali wyaroebi; e.i. metastazur kolo-niebs Tavad SeuZliaT metastazireba da aqedan avadmyofis mdgomareobis mkveTri gauareseba da letaluri Sedegis daC-qareba.

aSS-is kibos nacionalur institutSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan lans a. lioti da misi TanamSromlebi Seudgnen kvlevebs simsivnis invaziisa da metastazirebis fundamenta-luri safuZvlebis garkvevisaTvis, or doneze: a) invaziis bio-qimiuri meqanizmebi, romlebic moqmedeben ujredis zedapirze da b) genetikuri meqanizmebi simsivnuri ujredis SigniT, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian metastazirebas.

maT SeZles identificireba gaekeTebinaT mTeli rigi genebisa da cilebisa, romlebic aregulireben invaziisa da metastazirebis zogierT mxareebs. l.a. liotis metastazirebis

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Semswavlelma kvleviTma jgufma daamuSava metastazirebadi simsivnis ujredebi specialuri agentebiT - ujredis gayofis blokatorebiT da Semdeg gaaanaliza am ujredebis unari gadalaxon qsoviluri barierebi. aRmoCnda, rom ujredis gayofis CaxSoba ar moqmedebs invaziis procesze. maT daaskvnes, rom dawneva, romelic warmoiSoba simsivnis zrdis Sedegad, ar aris saWiro simsivnuri ujredebis qsovilur barierSi gaRwevisaTvis. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia warmo-adgens Zalze aqtiur process.

avTvisebianobisaTvis, simsivnis metastazirebaunariano-bisaTvis aucilebelia invazia. simsivnis `xarisxi~ ganisaz-Rvreba, paTologanatomiuri analizisas, misi periferiebis mixedviT. keTilTvisebiani simsivneebi, romlebTac ar gaaC-niaT invaziuri Tvisebebi, xasiaTdebian mkveTrad Semofarg-luli sazRvrebiT, rac ganpirobebulia simsivnis mxridan dawneviT da garSemomyofi qsovilebis wanacvlebiT; da piriqiT, avTvisebiani simsivneebi xasiaTdebian sustad gamoxa-tuli sazRvrebiT -wodebuli `invaziis frontad~ sadac indi-vidualuri simsivnuri ujredebi aqtiurad migrireben pirve-ladi simsivnuri masidan. invaziis frontSi mimdinare, urTu-les bioqimiur movlenebSi monawileoben rogorc simsivnuri, aseve normaluri qsovilis ujredebi.

simsivnur ujredebs pirvel bariers uqmnian en-doTeliumis ujredebi, romliTacaa Signidan gamogebuli sisxlZarRvebi da limfuri kvanZebi. g. nikolsonis (ander-sonis sax. saavadmyofo, hiustoni, aSS) gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom simsivnur ujredebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT, specialuri adgeziuri Tvisebebi, endoTeliumis zedapiris mimarT.

simsivnuri ujredebis dakavSireba, endoTeliumis ujredTa SresTan iwvevs am ukanasknelTa Semcirebas da mis qvemoT mdebare qsovilis gaSiSvlebas.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, simsivnuri ujredebi `aiZu-leben~ endoTeliumis ujredebs CaerTon `kooperirebaSi~, in-vaziis procesis msvlelobisas.

endoTeliumis ujredebis qveS mdebareobs ufro mtkice barieri _ ujredSorisi matriqsi. bazaluri membrana warmo-adgens am matriqsis erT-erT specializirebul formas, romliTac garSemovlebulia sisxlZarRvebi, kunTebis ujre-debi da nervuli boWkoebi. ujredSorisi matriqsis roli nawilobriv mdgomareobs, qsovilebis zrdisas sayrdenis

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SeqmnaSi. matriqsi aseve uzrunvelyofs SerCeviT SeRwevado-bas, cilebisa da sxva nivTierebebis ujredSorisi transpor-tisaTvis, sisxlZarRvebis kedlebis gavliT da TirkmelebSi filtraciis procesisas. garda amisa, is asrulebs meqanikuri barieris rols simsivnuri ujredebis invaziisas.

ujredTa populaciebi, normaSi, ujredSorisi matriqsis sxvadasxva mxares ar irevian erTmaneTSi Wrilobis Sexorce-bis drosac ki an embriogenezis dros organoTa ganviTare-bisas. miuxedavad amisa, avTvisebiani ujredebi advilad gaaR-weven ujredSoris matriqss, gadakveTen qsovilTa gamyof saz-Rvrebs da saxldebian axal adgilze.

bazaluri membranis darRveva aris invaziis frontis damaxasiaTebeli niSani adamianis avTvisebiani simsivnis yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. metastazirebadi simsivnuri ujredebi ganisazRvrebian, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciiT, daarR-vion ujredSorisi matriqsiT Seqmnili sazRvrebi da Seerion iseTi tipis ujredebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian, pirveladi simsivneebis ujredebisagan. erTian bazalur membranas, ro-melic gars akravs sisxlZarRvebs Cveulebriv ar gaaCnia forebi an arxebi, sakmarisi masSi simsivnuri ujredebis pasi-uri gavlisaTvis. amrigad, metastazirebadi simsivnuri ujre-debi, toveben ra sisxlis nakads, pouloben sxva gzas bazalur membranaSi gaRwevisa. am procesis Sesaswavlad metastazire-badi ujredebi moaTavses winaswar dagebul bazalur mem-branaze. isini dauyovnebliv miemagrnen bazalur membranas. mimagrebuli simsivnuri ujredebis qveS Camoyalibda lizisis zona, sadac xdeboda bazaluri membranis cilaTa frag-mentacia. sabolood simsivnuri ujredebi Cainergebodnen da gaaRwevdnen bazaluri membranis dazianebuli adgilebidan. ga-mokvlevebiT dadginda, rom simsivnuri ujredebis gaRweva ba-zaluri membranis barierSi xorcieldeba sam etapad. pirvel etapze xorcieldeba ujredTa mimagreba bazalur membranaze. es ganisazRvreba ujredis zedapirze ganlagebuli specifiuri receptorebiT, romlebic aRiqvamen bazaluri membranis komponentebs. meore etapze aqtivizirdebian destruqciis fermentebi, romlebic arRveven an gardaqmnian bazaluri mem-branis molekulebs uSualod simsivnuri ujredebis qveS. me-same etapze simsivnuri ujredebi gamowelaven fsevdopodiebs (amebis msgavsi crufexebi) lizisis zonaSi da es procesi mimdinareobs Tavad ujredTa migraciiT.

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simsivnuri ujredebis invaziis sami etapi _ adgezia, ba-zaluri membranis fermentaciuli modifikacia da migracia – kargad koordinirebuli da mowesrigebulia droSi. sanam gadaadgilebadi fronti ujredis zedapirisa aaqtivebs fermentebs Semaferxebeli molekulebis dasaSlelad, ujre-dis ukana mxare unda rCebodes mtkiced mimagrebuli ujredSoris matriqsze. rogorc ki gaixsneba gza win, unda moxdes aqtivobaTa gadarTva imisaTvis, rom destruqciis fermentebma Sewyviton moqmedeba da ujredma SeZlos win waweva. aseTi `gadarTva~ aucilebelia, radganac win wawevi-saTvis qsovilSi Cazrdil simsivnur ujreds Wirdeba, rom CaeWidos matriqss moZraobis mimarTulebiT, gadaadgildes win da likvidacia gaukeTos yvela kavSirs matriqsTan ujre-dis ukana mxares. sxva sityvebiT, simsivnuri ujredi erTd-roulad unda `Txrides gvirabs~, `ebRauWebodes gvirabis~ Sida kedlebs da gaadgildebodes win.

aseTi ucnauri qmedeba gvxvdeba ara mxolod simsivnur ujredebSi. dro da dro normaluri ujredebi aseve iZenen in-vaziis unars garSemortymul qsovilebSi; normaluri invazi-uri qmedeba damaxasiaTebelia magaliTad: placentis implan-taciisas saSvilosnos kedlebSi da organoTa formirebisas embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros. leikocitebs SeuZliaT gaaRwion sisxlZarRvebis kedlebSi da miaRwion anTebiTi procesebis ubnebs. sisxlZarRvTa qseli yalibdeba en-doTeliumis ujredebis migraciis da invaziis saSualebiT, romlebic (endoTeliumis ujredebi) gadian ujredSorisi ma-triqsis barierebSi da ganlagdebian qsovilebis im adgilebSi, romlebic saWiroeben kvebasa da Jangbads. yvela am SemTxvevaSi invaziis meqanizmi normaluri ujredebisaTvis TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc simsivnuri ujredebisaTvis. miuxe-davad amisa, arsebobs kritikulad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba am procesebis reagulaciisas. normaluri ujredebis invazia wydeba gamomwvevi stimulebis gaqrobisas, xolo avTvisebian ujredebs SeuZliaT SeuCereblad migrirebdnen da gadakveT-dnen qsovilur barierebs iq da im dros, sadac da ra drosac es yovelmxriv miuRebelia normaluri ujredebisaTvis.

negatiuri moqmedebis regulatoruli cilebi (nor-maluri da kibos ujredebis invaziuri qmedebebis damTrgun-veli) SeiZleba iyvnen aseve mniSvnelovanni ujredTa agresiulobis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc pozitiurad moqmedi

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faqtorebi. aman saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs daeSvaT me-tastazirebis gen-supresorTa arseboba, e.i. arseboba genebisa, romlebic akodireben metastazirebis sakvanZo etapebis Camx-Sob cilebs.

metastazirebis CamxSob genTa koncefciebi mtkicdebian kvlevebiT, romlebic Caatara r. vainbergma uaithedis insti-tutSi (aSS) da b. fogelSteinma jon hopkinsis saxelobis universitetSi (aSS), maT aCvenes kibos ujredTa zrdis Camx-Sobi genebis mniSvneloba. vainbergma da fogelSteinma daadgines, rom gansazRvruli regulatoruli genebis dakar-gva an mutacia (iseTebis rogorebicaa geni p53Pan retinoblas-tomis ganmapirobebeli geni) iwvevs ujredTa anomalur, arakontrolirebad zrdas _ kibos ganviTarebis pirvel etaps. Semdgom kritikul etaps warmoadgens simsivnis gadas-vla Cveulebrivi zrdis fazidan, invaziasa da metastazirebaSi. simsivnuri ujredebis zrdidan, invaziasa da metastazirebaSi gadasvlis procesisas, genetikuri movlenebis gamo, kibos ujredebSi matulobs migraciis mastimulirebeli cilebisa da ujredSorisi matriqsis gamxleCi fermentebis warmoqmna. imave ujredebSi wydeba metastazirebis damTrgunveli ci-lebis eqspresia, romlebic normaSi blokirebas ukeTeben keTilTvisebiani simsivnis ujredebis gardaqmnas avTvisebian metastazirebad ujredebSi.

gamokvlevebisas dadginda, rom invaziisadmi ga-moxatuli midrekileba asocirdeba cilebis gamxleCi fermentebis warmoqmnis gaZlierebasTan, es fermentebi miekuTvnebian metaloproteinazebs. adamianis ujredebis ga-mokvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom metaloproteinazebis aweuli done simsivneebSi korelirebs invaziisa da metastazirebis ganviTarebasTan, es SeiniSneboda sarZeve jirkvlis, msxvili nawlavis, kuWis, farisebri jirkvlis, filtvebis da RviZlis kibos SemTxvevebSi.

dReisaTvis cnobilia genTa ojaxis aTamde warmo-madgeneli, romlebic kodirebas ukeTeben metaloproteina-zebs. yvela am ferments aqvs msgavsi struqtura, magram mniSv-nelovnad gansxvavdebian im cilaTa tipebis mixedviT, romel-Tac xleCen. erT-erTi im mniSvnelovani cilebidan, romelTac xleCen metaloproteinazebi aris kolageni - Cxiriseburi, samspiraliani molekulebi, romlebic ayalibeben ujredSo-risi matriqsis karkass. am cilis saxecvlileba, wodebuli

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kolagen IV-ad, warmoqnis bazaluri membranis struqturul ConCxs. sxvadasxva qsovilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kola-genis sxva saxecvlilebebi. simsivnur ujredebs, sxvadasxva qsoviluri barierebis gadalaxvisaTvis, WirdebaT ara erTi metaloproteinaza, aramed mTeli rigi aseTi fermentebi sxvadasxva specifikaciiT; igive exeba destruqciis fermentTa sxva klasebsac.

imis dasadgenad, marTla aucilebelia Tu ara metaloproteinazebi invaziisaTvis, kibos nacionalur insti-tutSi (aSS) l. liotma TanamSromlebTan erTad daamuSava simsivnuri ujredebi im antisxeulebiT, romlebic SerCeviT ukeTeben blokirebas gansazRvrul fermentebs. am cdebisas SeiniSneboda simsivnuri ujredebis invaziuri qmedebebis mTliani CaxSoba.

yvela metaloproteinaza iqmneba sawyis araaqtiur for-maSi, is sruliad araqmediTunariania gaxliCos romelime cilis molelkula. aqtivobis ar qona aq ganpirobebulia cxra aminomJavis maRalkonservatiuli TanmimdevrobiT, metaloproteinazebis yvela molekulis erT-erT boloze, am TanmimdevrobaSi aris araCveulebrivad reaqciaunariani cisteinis narCeni. araaqtiur formaSi molekulis bolo isea orientirebuli, rom cisteinis es narCeni urTierTqmedebs metalis ionTan fermentis aqtiur centrSi da blokirebas ukeTebs cila-samizneTa gaxleCis unars e.i. metaloprotein-azebi imTaviTve atareben sakuTar struqturaSi CaSenebul inhibitors.

meataloproteinaza iZens aqtivobas, roca misi moleku-lis forma icvleba ise, rom peptidi, romelic Seicavs reaqciaunarian cisteinis narCens, Sordeba metalis ions aqti-ur centrSi, Semdeg mocemuli peptidi mowydeba da fermenti rCeba mudmivad aqtiuri.

l. liotma da misma kolegebma adamianis simsivnis nimu-SebSi, metaloproteinazebis konformaciuli cvlilebebis Ses-wavlisas aRmoaCines, rom es fermentebi namdvilad gadadian aqtiur formaSi. magram aqtiur metaloproteinazasac ki ar SeuZlia gaxliCos Tavisi samizneebi (cilebi) metalo-proteinazebis Zlieri qsoviluri inhibitoris TIMP-is (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase) arsebobisas. iseve rogorc arse-bobs metaloproteinazebis mTeli klasi, aris TIMP-is klasic, romelic moicavs sul mcire or cilas: TIMP-1 da TIMP-2. isini

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inhibirebas ukeTeben yvela aqtiur metaloproteinazas; ma-gram amasTan erTad TIMP-2-s gaaCnia damatebiTi msgavseba, latentur anu kolagenaz IV-is araaqtiur formasTan (metalo-proteinazebi, romlebic xleCen kolagen IV-s).

TIMP-i, warmoSobili iseT normalur qsovilebSi, rogorebicaa xrtili da Zvali, asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols ujredSorisi matriqsis dacvaSi zedmeti rRvevebisagan. isini aseve icaven nervebs, bazaluri membranis (romlebic gars ek-vrian nervul boWkoebs) dazianebebis Tavidan acilebis gziT. am cilebs SeuZliaT sisxlZarRvebSi da Zvlis tvinSi ujredTa zrdis regulacia.

simsivnur ujredebsac SeuZliaT TIMP-is sekretireba; magaliTad TIMP-2 warmoiqmneba mraval simsivneSi. imave avTvisebian ujreds, romelic asinTezirebs romelime metaloproteinazas, SeuZlia misive inhibitoris warmoebac.

fermentaciuli aqtivoba gamovlindeba mxolod maSin, roca metaloproteinazebis molekulebi raodenobrivad gadaaWarbeben TIMP-is molekulaTa ricxvs. Sedegad, am da is-eve rogorc sxva aspeqtebSi, simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da-mokidebulia pozitiurad da negatiurad moqmed cilaTa regulatorebis balansze. aqedan gamomdinare, TIMP-i war-moadgens metastazirebis supresors. rig laboratoriebSi dadgenil iqna, rom TIMP-1 da TIMP-2 aCereben simsivnuri ujredebis invaziis process. TIMP-2-s SeuZlia blokireba ax-ali sisxlZarRvebis formirebisa, romlebic Wirdeba mzard metastazebs kvebisaTvis. es imedismomcemi Sedegebi aRniSnaven imas, rom TIMP-i da misi msgavsi preparatebi xsnian axal gzas invaziisa da metastazirebis SesaCereblad.

1992 wels p. stigma (l. liotis kvleviTi jgufidan) aR-moaCina metastazirebis uZlieresi cilovani supresori. aanalizebda ra metastazirebadi da arametastazirebadi simsivneebis ujredebis genetikur aqtivobas Soris gansxvave-bas, p. stigma aRmoaCina geni, romelic srulebiT ar iyo an iyo araaqtiuri metastazirebad simsivneebSi. cila - am genis produqti mudmivad ar aris, an defeqturia metastazirebadi simsivneebis mravali saxis ujredebisaTvis, xolo arame-tastazirebadi simsivneebis ujredebSi igi SedarebiT didi raodenobiTaa. am cilas ewodeba nm 23 (nonmetastatic).

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l. liotis jgufis mier aSS-i Catarebuli klinikuri ga-mokvlevebi k. henesis (niuqaslis universiteti) da n. kimuras (tokios gerontologiis instituti) monawileobiT, iZlevian Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas: sarZeve jirkvlis pirvelad simsivneebSi nm 23-is dabali Semcveloba aSkarad asocirdeba metastazirebasTan da avadmyofTa sikvdilianobis did albaTobasTan; da piriqiT, nm 23-is maRali done kore-lirebs metastazTa ar qoniT da avadmyofTaTvis xelsayreli prognoziT. ufro metic, adamianis sarZeve jirkvlis kibos SemTxvevaSi genetikur cvlilebaTa analizma aCvena, rom 50%-ze met SemTxvevaSi dakargulia nm 23-is makodirebeli, ori-dan erTi genis asli. sarZeve jirkvlis normalur qsovilSi da mis arainvaziur simsivneebSi am cilis Semcveloba iyo maRali. ise rom cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba nm 23-s mWidrod korelireben ujredTa gadasvlasTan invaziisa da metastazirebisaken. es damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod sarZeve jirkvlis avTvisebiani simsivneebisaTvis, aramed kibos sxva daavadebebisTvisac.

cila nm 23 SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas ara marto diagnostirebisaTvis, aramed mkurnalobisTvisac. p. stigs, kultivirebad metastazirebad ujredebSi, Seyavda geni nm 23-is kodirebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac gaZlierda misi eqspresia e.i. cilis sinTezi. aseTi iniecirebuli ujredebi uunaroni aR-moCndnen metastazebis warmoqmnaSi. mainc ra gziT axSobs nm 23 metastazirebis process?

dadgenilia, rom cila nm 23-s gaaCnia fermentaciuli aqtivoba, romelic mdgomareobs fosfaturi jgufebis, cilis molekulebTan mierTebaSi. fosforilirebas SeuZlia cilebis aqtivobis modificireba, maT Soris signalTa gadacemis mare-gulirebel ujredTa zrdaze da diferencirebaze moqmedi ci-lebisa. aseve cnobilia, rom ujredebi, romlebic asinTezire-ben nm 23-s ar sekretireben am cilebiT. cila nm 23 avlens gansacvifrebel konservatulobas milioni wlebis ganmavlo-baSi. adamianis cila nm 23 praqtikulad identuria cila awd-si, romelic ekuTvnis xilis qinqlas da romelic Seiswavla a. Sirnma (jon hopkinsis universitetidan, aSS). am qinqlas, cila awd Wirdeba yvela organos swori formirebisaTvis, romle-bic viTardebian embrionis epidermidan – tvini, Tvalebi, frTebi, fexebi da genitaliebi (sasqeso organoebi).

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analogiiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cila nm 23 adamianSi asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols ujredSorisi komunikaciis organizebisa. normalur qsovilTa ujredebi, ganviTarebisas, urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan da formirebas ukeTeben or-ganoTa aucilebel zomebsa da formebs. nm 23-is dakargvam an aberaciulma regulaciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ujredTa aram-dgradi mdgomareoba, rac xels uwyobs simsivnuri ujredebis avtonomiur qcevas da maT metastazirebas. avTvisebiani ujre-dis ciklis, invaziis da metastazirebis procesebis blokire-bis TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia Semdegi:

simsivnuri ujredebis zedapirze aris Sesabamisi anti-genebi, romelTaTvisac SeiZleba miRebul iqnan antisxeulebi (rogorc cnobilia antisxeulebi warmoadgenen cilebs, romelTac SeuZliaT amoicnon gansazRvruli struqturebi - antigenebi).

didi xania SemuSavebulia meTodi _ saWiro specifi-urobis antisxeulebis SeuzRudavi raodenobiT miRebisa. es meTodi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom axdenen simsivnuri ujrede-bis Serwymas imunuri sistemis ujredebTan B_ limfocitebTan, romelTac SeuZliaT antisxeulebis sinTezireba. Sedegad miRebul e.w. hibridomebs zrdian kulturalurad da isini warmoqmnian antisxeulebs. erTi hibridomis STamomavloba _ kloni iZleva monoklonalur antisxeulebs, specifiurs erTi gansazRvruli antigenis mimarT. cxadia, rom monoklonaluri antisxeulebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnan simsivnur qso-vilSi sxvadasxva agentebis SeRwevisaTvis, maT Soris an-tisxeulebi, romlebic atareben ujredis ciklis ZiriTadi argumentis - ciklinis blokatorebs (romlebic cnobilia), ris gamoc simsivnur ujredTa cikli SeCerdeba interfazaze.

rogorc msoflios wamyvan centrebSi warmoebulma kvlevebma da klinikurma gamocdebma aCvenes, simsivnuri ujredebis invaziis ZiriTadi mizezi - aqtivirebuli meta-loproteinaza ver xleCs Tavis samizneebs metaloproteinaze-bis qsoviluri inhibitorebis (TIMP) arsebobisas.

iseve rogorc normalur, simsivnur ujredebsac SeuZ-liaT TIMP-is sekretireba. avTvisebiani ujredi, romelic as-inTezebs romelime metaloproteinazas, awarmoebs mis inhi-bitorsac. kibos ujredebis invazia iwyeba mxolod maSin, roca metaloproteinazis molekulaTa ricxvi gadaaWarbebs TIMP-is molekulebis ricxvs.

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interesmoklebuli araa invaziis blokirebis sqemis Sem-degi versia: TIMP-is gamoyofis Semdeg, Sesabamisi simsivnuri ujredebidan, moxdes misi klonireba da praqtikaSi cnobili ujredovani transportiT mitanili iqnas simsivnur ujre-damde, riTac miiRweva zemoTaRniSnuli dadebiTi efeqti.

klinikuri gamokvlevebidan cnobilia, rom cila nm 23-is dabali Semcveloba asocirebulia metastazirebasTan da letaluri Sedegis did albaTobasTan. aseve cnobilia, rom ujredebi, romlebic asinTezeben nm 23-s, am cilis sekrecias ar axdenen. amis gamo SesaZlebelia sayuradRebo iyos: cno-bili meTodikiT (cilis polimerizaciis reaqcia) miRebuli iqnas nm 23 SeuzRudavi raodenobiT da aseve klinikuri ga-mocdebiT dadgenili specialuri ujredovani transportiT gadasrolili iqnas avTvisebian ujredebamde.

rodesac saubaria avTvisebiani ujredebis regulatore-bis da modulatorebis blokirebis gziT mkurnalobis stra-tegiis SemuSavebaze, Zalze mniSvnelovania arasasurveli gverdiTi movlebnebis da imunologiuri Taviseburebebis (gansakuTrebiT - mwvave imunuri reaqcia pacientis organizmis mxridan) winaswari gaTvaliswineba da mwvave imunuri reaqciis mTliani gamoricxva.

1.4. faunis roli cnobili samkurnalo saSualebebis Seqmnis saqmeSi da cxovelTa

samyaros mniSvneloba Tanamedrove medicinisaTvis

1.4.1. zRvis cxovelebi da farmakologia

wylis samyaro odiTganve izidavda adamians Tavisi mra-

valmxrivi simdidris gamo. msoflio okeaneSi sasicocxlo are 3000-jer ufro metia, vidre xmeleTze.

bunebriv nivTierebebs da maT Soris organuli warmo-Sobis biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs dRes swavloben ekologebi, bioqimikosebi, farmakologebi da sxva mravali sferos warmomadgenlebi; da mainc es sfero ise naklebadaa Seswavlili, rom TviT zRvis cxovelTa biotoqsinebis Ziri-Tadi Tvisebebic ki araa aRwerili. am dargis erT-erTi

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fuZemdebeli, dedamiwaze sicocxlis Semswavleli institutis direqtori brius u. holstedi (koltoni, kalifornia, aSS) aSS-is mTavrobis davalebiT Sedgenil samtomian saxel-mZRvaneloSi `Cveni planetis Sxamiani da Sxamwarmomqmneli zRvis cxovelebi~ aRniSnavs: `zRvis toqsinebis farmakologi-uri da qimiuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad Seuswavlelia da es faqti aris samwuxaro realoba Cveni codnis dabali donis Sesaxeb am sferoSi~.

mimdinare aswleulis 60-ian wlebSi, zRvis cxovelebisa-gan miRebuli Sxamiani nivTierebebisagan warmoebuli iqna ra-modenime Zalze efeqturi samkurnalo preparati. aman saSu-aleba misca zRvis biologiis dargSi momuSave specialistebs gamoecxadebinaT farmakologiis axali eris dawyeba _ samkurnalo preparatebis erisa zRvis nedleulidan. farTo sazogadoebriobas dapirdnen, rom zRvis cxovelebidan mire-buli biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi iqnebodnen Ziri-Tadni saswaulmoqmedi wamlebis warmoebisaTvis; rogorc odesRac specifiurma mikroorganizmebma iTamaSes didi roli antibiotikebis Seqmnis saqmeSi, magram dapirebebi naadrevni aRmoCndnen, radganac umravles SemTxvevebSi erTi wamlis Seqmnas aTwleulebi Wirdeboda. am mxriv mdgomareoba dRe-isaTvis nawilobriv Seicvala, bolo wlebSi bunebrivi nivTi-erebebisadmi daTmobili yuradRebis xarjze, rogorc samTav-robo aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan.

zRvis nedleulidan miRebuli samkurnalo preparatebis miRebisadmi miZRvnili farmakologebis pirveli konferencia Catarda 1967 wels rod-ailendis (aSS) universitetSi. misi monawileni aRvsilni iyvnen enTuziazmiT da amave periodis presis prognozebiT rCeboda ramodenime nabiji `kibos damarcxebamde~; magram ukve xuTi wlis Semdeg aRniSnuli enTu-ziazmidan aRaraferi darCa, radgan kvlevebi sazRvao Temati-kisa SeCerda da gamocxadda, rom ukve aRmoCenilia nedleulis sakmao raodenoba da axla saWiro iyo maTi kvleva. am sferos mesveurTa ZiriTadi Secdoma, strategiis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, naTlad Cans konferenciis erT-erTi TanaTavm-jdomaris edvard mileris gamonaTqvamSi: `zRva mogvamaragebs ara samkurnalo nedleuliT, aramed zRvis cxovelTa mier gamomuSavebuli biologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis nimuSebiT da mecnierebi gaaanalizeben ra am nivTierebebs, maT safuZvelze daasinTezeben axal samkurnalo preparatebs~. dReisaTvis ukve

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damtkicebulia is faqti, rom SeuZlebelia qimiuri an biologi-uri teqnologiebiT bunebrivi nivTierebebis absoluturad identuri nivTierebebis miReba.

miuxedavad zRvis cxovelebisagan samkurnalo prepara-tebis miRebis yvela sirTulisa, dReisaTvis dagrovda mniSv-nelovani samecniero masala da miRebulia originaluri farmakologiuri nivTierebebi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelo sazRvao qveya-naa, SesaZlebelia farmakologiis zamoTaRniSnuli sfero in-teresmoklebuli ar iyos Cveni qveynis farmacevtiuli sferos warmomadgenlebisaTvis.

SeniSnuli iyo, rom zRvis cxovelebi naklebad eqvem-debarebodnen infeqciebs, vidre xmeleTis binadarni. daisva kiTxva: xom ar gamoimuSaveben zRvis zogierTi mcxovrebni niv-Tierebebs, romlebic klaven daavadebis gamomwvev baqteriebs? da marTlac, wyali zRvis RrubelTa koloniebis garSemo sufTa rCeba maSinac ki, roca mravali Rrubeli kvd-eba. garda amisa, ramodenime aTwleulis win dadgenil iqna, rom zRvis zogierTi cxoveli kvdeba, Tu wyalSi, romlebSic isini imyofebian gaixsneba Rrublebidan eqstragirebuli qimi-uri nivTierebebi. sxvadasxva Rrublebidan gamoyofili nivTi-erebebis qmedebebi gamoscades, laboratoriis pirobebSi gamozrdil, daavadebebis gamomwvev mikroorganizmebze. es nivTierebebi klavdnen mikrobTa did nawils. gansakuTrebiT efeqturni aRmoCndnen nivTierebebi, romlebsac gamoyofs zRvis Rrubeli `wiTelwvera~, isini tuberkulozis Cxirebsac ki anadgurebdnen. miRebuli iqna ori preparati _ wyalSi-xsnadi da cximSixsnadi. pirvels iyenebdnen cxvirxaxis da sasunTqi gzebis inhalaciisaTvis, xolo meores _ lorwovani garsis sacxisaTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi klinikuri gamocdebiT dadginda samkurnalo efeqti.

sxvadasxva saxis zRvis Rrublebisagan miRebuli iqna mravali fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba. 1950 wels dadg-inda karibis zRvis erT-erTi saxis Rrublis unikaluri Tvise-bebi. misi nukleinmJavebi Seicaven ara ribozas, romelic aris TiTqmis yvela nukleinmJavis sakvanZo ingredienti, aramed arabinozas. am Rrublis nukleinmJavebis Seswavlis Sedegad sinTezirebulia ramodenime naerTi, romlebic ribozis nacv-lad Seicaven arabinozas. ase iqna miRebuli citozinarabinoza. leikoziT daavadebuli adamianis sisxlis ujredebze misi mo-

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qmedebis meqanizmi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: sisxlis daavade-buli ujredebis ribozas igi (preparati) cvlis arabinoziT da amiT aCerebs maT zrdas da bolos da bolos klavs simsiv-nur ujredebs. es preparati aRmoCnda efeqturi leikoziT daavadebis SemTxvevaTa did nawilSi, igi aseve safuZveli gaxda ufro efeqturi preparatebis Seqmnisa. aTi wlis win citozinarabinoza daSvebuli iqna masobriv warmoebaSi aSS-is federaluri saagentos FDA-s mier, romelic akontrolebs sakveb, farmacevtul, parfiumerul-kosmetikur da sayo-facxovrebo daniSnulebis produqcias am qveynis teritori-aze. yofil ssrk-Si es preparati gamoiyeneboda `citarabinis~ saxelwodebiT.

ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT mtknari wylis Rrubeli `bo-diaga~. cocxal mdgomareobaSi igi warmoadgens moyviTalo-moruxo an momwvano lorwovan masas. bodiaga aRwevs 40 sm-s sigrZeSi da mWidrod Semoezrdeba wyalSi myof nivTebs da xis tans, romlebic misTvis arian sayrdenni. is cxovrobs mdi-nareebSi, tbebsa da WaobebSi, Zveli droidan mas aSroben da iyeneben fxvnilis, siTxeebis da sacxebis saxiT, romelic iw-vevs kanis Zlier meqanikur gaRizianebas, revmatiuli da nevralgiuri tkivilebisas. samkurnalo moqmedebas igi anxor-cielebs, ZiriTadad mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi siliciumis nemsebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia organuli nivTierebiT - sponginiT an spongininiT. bodiagis Semad-genlobaSi Sedian aseve kalciumis fosfatebi da karbonatebi, rigi organuli naerTebisa.

axali zelandiis aborigenTaTvis uZvelesi droidan cnobili iyo samkurnalo Tvisebebi zRvis Rrublisa saxel-wodebiT `maoriuli halihondria~, romelsac isini iye-nebdnen Wrilobebis samkurnalod. Jurnali `Science~ (1979, #4422) ityobineboda, rom am RrubelSi aRmoCenili iqna fto-ris didi raodenoba _ mSrali masis 11,5%. Rrubels axa-siaTebs didi unari ftoris dagrovebisa.

dadgenili iqna, rom Terapevtuli efeqti ganpirobebu-lia kargad cnobili natriumis ftorsilikatis (Na2SiF6) Sem-cvelobiT, romelic aCerebs adgilobriv anTebiT procesebs. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom am saSualebis gamoyeneba medicinaSi naklebad realuria, radgan natriumis ftor-silikati aris toqsikuri nivTiereba da peros misi miReba ararekomendirebulia. ise rom bunebriv nivTierebaTa sam-

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kurnalo Tvisebebis gansazRvrisas ganixileba misi, adamianze zemoqmedebis yvela aspeqti da amis gamo rig SemTxvevebSi fiziologiurad aqtiuri bunebrivi nivTierebebisagan samkur-nalo preparati ar yalibdeba.

xSirad samkurnalo preparatebis `momwodeblebad~ gvevlinebian zogierTi Tevzebi. profesori devid ienseni, niu-iorkis didi akvariumis laboratoriaSi muSaobisas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda wynari okeanis `miksins~. am uni-kalur cxovels gaaCnia oTxi guli da TiToeuli maTgani muSaobs Tavis ritmSi da emsaxureba mxolod gansazRvrul organos: erTi _ kuds, meore _ RviZls, mesame _ kunTebs da meoTxe _ Tavs. miksini sainteresoa imiTac, rom ara aqvs Tvalebi da orientacias axdens `radaris~ meSveobiT. mas iseTi elastiuri qedi aqvs, rom SeuZlia Seikras kvanZad, xolo saSiSroebisas ki gamoyofs lorwovani masis iseT raodenobas, rom wyali mis garSemo Jelatinis magvari xdeba, romelSic misi mteri ver aRwevs. xangrZlivi kvlevebis Sem-deg SeZles gamoeyoT peptidi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mik-sinis gulis pulsirebas. am peptids `eptatetrini~ uwodes. igi ver aRmoaCines verc erT sxva zRvis cxovelSi.

klinikuri gamocdebisas dadginda eptatetrinis unari gulis pulsaciis normalizebisa, sisxlis mimoqcevis dare-gulirebisa, kunTebSi bioqimiuri procesebis normalizebisa. am peptidis qimiuri Semadgenloba sabolood dadgenili araa da amis gamo es nivTiereba iTvleba jer-jerobiT mxolod perspeqtiulad gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis mkurnalobis saqmeSi.

qimiuri, bioqimiuri da farmakologiuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad Seswavlilia zogierTi Tevzebis (mucelnem-sianebis ojaxi _ Tetraodontidae) biotoqsinebi. cnobilia 40-mde saxesxvaoba am Tevzebisa.

1894 wels iaponelma mecnierma ioSizumi toharam gamo-yo Tevzis _ `fugu~ Sxamidan tetrodonini da tetrodoninis mJava, xolo 1910 wels - tetrodotoqsini - Sxamis moqmedi saw-yisi. 1950 wels iaponelma mecnierebma akiro iokom da kio-suke tsudem miiRes kristaluri saxiT sufTa tetrodotoqsini.

sxva Tevzebis Sxamebisagan gansxvavebiT tetrodo-toqsini ar miekuTvneba cilovan nivTierebebs; igi warmo-adgens naerTs aminoperhidrohinazolinisa guanidinis jguf-Tan. 1972 wels iaponeli mecnierebis mier Catarda tetro-

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dotoqsinis sinTezi, romelmac daamtkica misi struqturis Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebi. sufTa saxiT igi warmoadgens TeTr, amorful fxvnils neitraluri reaqciiT, advilad xsna-dia wyalSi, glicerinis wyalxsnarSi da fiziologiur xsnar-Si; TiTqmis ar iSleba kuWis wveniT da naRvliT. uZlebs (ar iSleba) temperaturas + 40 0C-mde, ukeTesad itans (ar iSleba) dabal temperaturebs _ 30 0C-mde. iSleba mwvave tutiT, koncentrirebuli mJavebiT, qloriT, iodiT da mZime metalTa marilebiT.

nervul qsovilze tetrodotoqsinis moqmedebis meqa-nizmi gamoixateba nervuli impulsis gadacemis SewyvetiT, blokirebas ukeTebs ra, nervuli ujredebis garsis gavliT, natriumis ionebis moZraobas, maSin roca kaliumis ionebi Zveleburad gaaRweven masSi. Tavis specifiur moqmedebas tetrodotoqsini axorcielebs, masSi Semavali, guanidinis jgufis meSveobiT, romelsac SeuZlia nervuli daboloebis garsis forebis `amovseba,~ romlis saSualebiTac ujredSi unda aRwevdes natriumi. nervuli daboloebebis blokirebis aqtiurobiT tetrodotoqsini 160000-jer sWarbobs kokains, xolo momwamlavi moqmedebiT 10-jer sWarbobs kurares.

nervuli impulsis gadacemis SerCeviTi blokirebis una-ris wyalobiT tetrodotoqsins SeuZlia gaxdes unikaluri tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualeba. iaponiaSi dRes ukve iyideba tetrodotoqsini mcire koncentraciebiT, rogorc tkivilgama-yuCebeli saSualeba.

am preparatze, jer kidev gauwmendavi saxiT, 1913 wels gacemuli iqna aSS-s patenti, magram misi gamoyenebis Sedegebi ar aRmoCndnen damajerebelni, radgan gansazRvrul adgi-lebSi Seyvanili preparati ar lokalizdeboda da gadioda sxva qsovilebSi. SesaZlebelia am Sxamis formula momavalSi gaxdes modeli axali maRalefeqturi anesteziuri saSualebe-bisaTvis.

yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda tetrodotoqsinis (1-3mkg/ml.) erToblivi gamoyeneba ukve cnobil anestetikeb-Tan. es saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad gaZlierdes tkivil-gamayuCebeli moqmedeba (aSS-is patenti # 1970905).

tetrodotoqsinis nervuli signalebis blokirebis una-ri gamoyenebulia nervuli sistemis moqmedebis principebis Sesaswavlad.

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mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili iqna umniSvnelovanesi biologiuri efeqti - Tu daapireben, rom zogierTi saxis zvi-genSi gamoiwvion onkologiuri daavadebis ganviTareba, es mcdeloba warumateblad damTavrdeba (New Scientist 1981, v. 90, N 1249, p. 836). aseTi Tviseba SemCneuli iqna zvigen-urosaTvis. Tu mas SevuSxapunebT avTvisebian simsivnes an Tu memkvidreo-biT aparatSi SevuyvanT kibos viruss - daavadeba ar ganvi-Tardeba. mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tevzis qsovilebidan gamoyofili nivTierebebi amuxruWeben avTvisebiani warmo-naqmnebis ganviTarebas, zogjer ki mTlianad kurnaven maT.

zvigeni - urosagan gamoyofili antisimsivnuri nivTi-erebebi ganekuTvnebian maRalmolekulur glikoproteinebs. maT uwodes sfirnostaninebi 1 da 2. isini Sedgebian didi rao-denobiT aminomJavuri naSTebisagan (Sesabamisad 274 da 380). simsivneebis damTrgunveli sfirnostaninebis minimaluri do-za Seadgens 13 mg/kg. aseTi nivTierebebi aRmoCenilni iqnen sxva zvigenebis gansazRvrul qsovilebSi da organoebSi.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom zvigenis RviZlisgan dam-zadebul kibos sawinaaRmdego preparatebis Seswavlas aT-wleulebis ganmavlobaSi da ukanasknel dromde _ gar-dacvalebamde, awarmoebda qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre gaCeCilaZe. jer kidev 1965 wels man daicva sakandidato dis-ertacia, romelic miZRvnili iyo ujredis dayofis marTvis potencialuri SesaZleblobebisadmi. 1968 wels a. gaCeCilaZem daamzada Savi zRvis zvigenis, katranis, RviZlisagan preparati katreqsi. avtoris azriT, SesaZlebeli iyo simsivneebis zrdis blokireba normaluri qsovilebis dazianebis gareSe, proteolituri fermentebis daxmarebiT, riTac mdidaria katranis RviZli. Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom pre-paratis zemoqmedebiT saeqsperimento cxovelebSi xdeba sim-sivneebis gawova. a. gaCeCilaZem preparati Tavis Tavze gamos-cada _ man gaikeTa katreqsis 60 ineqcia. araviTari gverdiTi movlenebi SeniSnuli ar iqna. katreqsi gadioda gamocdas yo-fili sabWoTa kavSiris, onkologiuri profilis rva wamyvan samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebaSi. dadgenilia preparatis gamoyenebis klinikuri pirobebi, misi Cvenebebi, Terapevtuli SesaZleblobani, susti da Zlieri mxareebi. katreqsis saboloo bedi jer gadawyvetili araa, rac damaxasiaTebelia saetapo mniSvnelobis samecniero garRvevebisaTvis. didi

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qarTveli mkvlevaris (samwuxarod sicocxleSi auRiarebeli) dawyebuli saqme elis Rirseul gamgrZelebels.

Tevzisagan `pelamida~ gamoyofilia nivTiereba 6-hidroqsipurin-5-mononukleotidi, romelsac gaaCnia gemos intensificirebis unari. zuTxisebrTa lifsitebisagan gamo-imuSaveben antibiotiks `ekmolins~, romelic axangrZlivebs – prolongirebas ukeTebs sxva antibiotikebis moqmedebas.

mcire zomis Tevzi `pardahirusi~ gamoyofs toqsins, ro-melic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas, rogorc zvigenebTan brZolis Zalze efeqturi saSualeba. moxvdeba ra zvigenis pirSi, is (toqsini) paralizebas ukeTebs saylapav kunTebs da zvigeni iRupeba.

ingliselma farmakologebma goloturiebidan (zRvis kitri) gamoyves nivTiereba goloturini. Tagvebze Catare-bulma cdebma aCvena, rom goloturini aCerebs avTvisebiani simsivnis zrdas. garda amisa goloturiebidan miiRes saSu-aleba, romelic aregulirebs gulis muSaobas da aZlierebs cvlis procesebs. aSS-is #3271255 patentSi aRwerilia goloturiebisagan biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis miReba. goloturia miekuTvneba kannemsianebis tips (gamo-wlili da moxarSuli saxiT isini miewodebian zogierTi qvey-nebis savaWro qsels trepangebis saxelwodebiT). zRvis am cxo-velebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli organo (kiuveris organo) _ Sxamis gamomyofi jirkvali, romelic dakavSirebulia klo-akasTan. saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi goloturia gamoagdebs Ta-vis Signeulobas am organosTan erTad, romelic wyalSi ibe-reba da gadaiqceva grZel, webovan, TeTr Zafebad da ekvreba mtris sxeuls. goloturiis Sxami swrafad anadgurebs Tav-damsxmelis samoZrao sistemas, xolo gamogdebuli nawlavuri arxi Sedis sxeulis RruSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi mTlianad aRdgeba. 1952 wels r. nigrelis pirvelma cdebma aCvenes, rom kiuveris organoTa eqstraqti iwvevs avTvisebiani warmo-naqmnebis regress eqsperimentalur cxovelebSi. r. nigrelma 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aseve daadgina, rom golo-turiebisagan miRebuli eqstraqti (Actinopyga agassizi) 30 gramis raodenobiT 3000 litr wyalze, 30 wuTSi klavs am wyalSi myof yvela Tevzs. r. nigrelim am gamoyofil nivTierebas uwoda `goloturini~, igi aRmoCenilia sxva kannemsianebis qsovilebSic, kerZod zRvis varskvlavebSi. dadgenili iqna, rom igi aris Zlieri Sxami, romelic blokirebas ukeTebs

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nervuli impulsebis gadacemas da gaaCnia Tviseba SeaCeros simsivneTa ganviTareba. goloturiebis SxamSi aRmoCenili iqnen fiziologiurad aqtiuri glikozidebi, romlebic Sedgebian wyalSi xsnadi aglikonis (goloturini A) da wyalSi uxsnadi aglikonisagan (goloturini B) romelsac aqvs steroiduli struqtura.

goloturini A amJRavnebs gamoxatul nevrogenul moq-medebas. golotoqsini iTvleba efeqtur samkurnalo saSuale-bad kanis sokovani daavadebebisaTvis. mas axasiaTebs maRali antisokovani aqtivoba triqomonadebis da kandidebis mimarT da ar iwvevs gverdiT movlenebs. zRvis varskvlavebisagan aseve SeiZleba damzaddes antisokovani da antisimsivnuri preparatebi.

cnobilia webovani nivTierebebi, romelTac gamo-imuSaveben zRvis cxovelebi da romelnic SeiZleba gamo-yenebul iqnan medicinasa da teqnikaSi. didi xania dadgenilia, rom zRvis varskvlavebi ewebebian gemebis Zirebs da wyal-qveSa qvebs ise mtkiced, rom moSorebis mcdelobisas aagle-jen metalis fenasac ki. maTi (webovani nivTierebebis) Sewebe-bis simtkice foladis simtkiceze naklebi araa. qimiuri ga-mokvlevebiT dadginda, rom es webo warmoadgens amorful meTilirebul polisaqarids, Semdgars xuTi eqvswevriani glukozis rgolisagan Sida epoqsiduri jgufebiT. am webos gamamagrebeli aris wyali. webo aris Termomdgradi, mJava da tutemedegi, ar reagirebs mraval gamxsnelze.

amerikelma biologma j.h. uetma xuTwliani muSaobis Sedegad 20 aTasi moluskidan gamoyo 3 miligrami webovani nivTiereba da daadgina, rom es webo warmoadgens poli-fenorlur cilas, romelic agebulia gameorebadi blokebiT _ dekapeptidebiT. miRebulma Sedegebma didi daintereseba ga-moiwvia stomatologebisa da oftalmologebis mxridan, romelTac Zalze WirdebaT iseTi webo, romelic ar icvlis Tvisebebs wylis areSi.

1967 wels nobelis premiis laureatis sent-dierdis laboratoriidan gavrcelda informacia, rom moluskebidan gamoyofil nivTierebas gaaCnia mkveTrad gamoxatuli antisimsivnuri aqtivoba. molusikidan gamoyofili nivTi-ereba `Mercenarra merienaria~ aRmoCnda Zalze efeqturi sarko-mis winaaRmdeg. am preparats uwodes `mercenini~.

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rvafexaTa zogierTi warmomadgenlis sanerwyve jirkv-lebidan gamoyofili iqna peptidi _ eledozini, dadginda misi struqtura da ganxorcielda sinTezi. es nivTiereba iwvevs sisxlZarRvebis gafarToebas da dabla swevs wnevas, aZli-erebs kuWnawlavis traqtis motorul Tvisebebs.

bioqimikosebis da farmakologebis mier gaweulma kvle-vebma aCvena, rom wynari okeanis kalmaris nervuli kvanZe-bidan (gangliebidan), romelTac moipoveben iaponiis zRvaSi da kurilis kunZulebTan, SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas fermenti qolinesteraza, romelic medicinaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc efeqturi antiSokuri saSualeba. am qolinesterazis aqtivoba 10-jer maRalia Zroxis an ZaRlis tvinidan miRebuli Sesabam-isi fermentis aqtivobaze da gaaCnia gacilebiT ukeTesi Tvi-sebebi sawarmoo wesiT miRebul preparatTan SedarebiT, ro-melic mzaddeba cxovelTa sisxlisagan. garda amisa, dad-genilia, rom axalzelandiuri kalmaris mxedvelobiTi gang-liebisagan miRebuli qolinesteraza orjer ufro aqtiuria vidre sxva analogebi.

fermenti - fosfataza SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas iaponiisa da beringis zRvebis kalmarebis sasqeso jirkvlebidan. Cveulebriv mJave fosfatazas Rebuloben obis sokosagan. igi gamoiyeneba zogierTi anTebiTi procesebis samkurnalod.

samkurnalo mizniT gamoiyenebian asevedasxva sxva mo-luskebi. Cinur saxalxo medicinaSi gamoiyeneba axali lokokinebis eqstraqtis 20%-iani sacxi swori nawlavis gamo-vardnis SemTxvevaSi. dadebiTi efeqti, Cveulebriv miiRweva 5-16 dRis ganmavlobaSi. bulgareTSi ramodenime wlis win Seqm-nes preparati `mukostabili~, romlis safuZvelsac warmo-adgens `baRis lokokinas~ lorwo. es saSualeba gamoiyeneba kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis wylulis mkurnalobisas

moluskisagan `Aplysia dactylomela~ miRebuli preparati `dak-tilini~ amcirebs RviZlis im fermentebis aqtivobas, romlebic monawileoben wamlis daSlis procesSi. am Tvisebis gamo prepa-rats SeuZlia gaagrZelos farmakologiuri saSualebebis moqmedebis dro. is naklebad toqsikuria, vidre fermentTa yvela sxva, sinTezuri, blokatori, romlebic medicinaSi gamoiyenebian. dadgenili iqna, rom indoeTis okeanis zogierTi saxis moluskis gamonayofi advilad klavs yvelaze mdgrad virusebsac ki. zogierT moluskTa xorci xels uwyobs adamianis organizmidan

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tyviis naerTebis, zogierTi organuli Sxamis da radiaqtiuli elementebis (kerZod stronciumis) gamoyvanas.

Sav zRvaSi binadari meduza rizostomasagan (~Rhizostoma pulmo~) gamoyves peptidi, romelic Sedgeba eqvsi aminomJavisagan da eqsperimentalur cxovelebSi Seyvanisas iwvevs xangrZliv dam-blasa da sikvdils, mas uwodes `rizostomini~. aRsaniSnavia jvri-ani meduza (~Gonionemus vertens~), igi gavrcelebulia iaponiis zRvaSi. misgan dazianebul adamianebs garda adgilobrivi, mkveTrad ga-moxatuli, reaqciisa, axasiaTebT rigi nervo-fsiqiuri simptomebi: sikvdilis SiSi, mxiaruleba, tirilis survili, depresia, situaciis absoluturi ganurCevloba da avtomaturi daqvemdebareba. me-duziT dazianebulT Zilis dros aReniSnebaT halucinaciebi, sxeulis nawilebis zomebis Secvlis SegrZnebebi da uCveulo simZime. Sxamis moqmedeba hgavs narkotikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel cnobil efeqts, magaliTad yvelaze cnobili halucinogenis, lizer-ginis mJavis N,N-dieTilamidis (LSD), moqmedebas, romelic bloki-rebas ukeTebs tvinis funqciis mniSvnelovan ferments _ mono-aminoqsidazas. meduza gonionema gamoimuSavebs nivTierebas, ro-melsac gaaCnia Zlieri fsiqotropuli1 moqmedeba. saintereso niv-Tiereba cilovani struqturisa _ ekvorini aRmoaCines wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleTis nawilSi binadar meduzaTa erT-erT saxeobaSi. am naerTs gaaCnia unikaluri Tviseba luminescirebisa kalciumis da stronciumis ionebis Tanaobisas. es Tviseba gamoi-yeneba ujredisa da subujreduli struqturebis funqciis Sesaswav-lad, aseve iseTi daavadebebis diagnostirebisas, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian kalciumis koncentraciis cvlilebasTan _ gulis ukmarisobis da simsivnuri daavadebisas.

1 am kategorias miekuTvneba nivTierebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen adamianis fsiqiur funqciaze. isini iyofian trankvilizatorebad da antifobiur saSualebebad, romlebic xsnian SeSfoTebis mdgomareobas, daZabulobas, avadmyofur SiSs; antidepresantebi gamoiyenebian dausabuTebeli naRvelis mosaxsnelad; damawynarebeli preparatebi gamoiyenebian avadmyofuri mxiarulebis Sesakaveblad; fsiqostimulatorebi xasi-aTdebian aRmgznebi moqmedebiT da nieiroleptikebi – romelTa mcire dozebi xsnian SiSs (e.i. moqmedeben rogorc trankvilizatorebi), xolo didi dozebi dadebiTad moqmedeben mZime fsiqiuri mdgomareobisas (bodva, halucinaciebi, afeqturi da panikuri mdgomareoba da a.S.).

47

medicinaSi gamoyeneba hpoves nawlavRruianebis tipis zRvis uxerxemlo cxovelebma _ marjnis polipebma. erT-erTi am mravalricxovani klasisa _ gorgonaria (~Plexaura homomalla~) gamoyofs prostaglandinebis msgavs nivTierebas. es biologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba asrulebs umniSvne-lovanes funqcias ZuZumwovrebSi. gamoiyeneba mTeli rigi daavadebebis samkurnalod. am naerTis qimiuri sinTezi Zalze rTulia, amitom didi samuSaoebi tardeba zRvidan nedleulis mosapoveblad, bunebriv prostaglandinTa sinTezirebisaTvis.

nivTierebas, romelic gamoyves havais kunZulebTan bina-dari marjnebidan - `Palythoa toxica~, uwodes politoqsini. dad-genilia, rom minimaluri sasikvdilo dozis (5,25 ng/kg) 1/10 nawili iwvevs erlixis simsivnis mTlian gaqrobas virTxebSi. is aseve gamoiyenes gautkivarebis saSualebad yba-saxis qirurgiaSi, rac iZleva saSualebas ganuwyveteli operaciuli Carevisa ramodenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

politoqsini warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier depolariza-tor nivTierebas. garda amisa, toqsini iwvevs sisxlZarRvebis mkveTr Seviwroebas, rac gamoiyeneba cxovelTa zogierTi daavadebis eqsperimentaluri modelebis Sesaqmnelad. kunZul Taitis marjnebidan gamoyofili politoqsini struqturiT gansxvavdeba havais kunZulebis cxovelTa toqsinisagan.

ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT kidev erT qimiur naerTze, romelsac dRes aSS-Si da iaponiaSi weliwadSi 8000 tonamde Rebu-loben kibosmagvari cxovelebis gadamuSavebis narCenebisagan. es aris polimeri qitini. is Sedis wylis cxovelebis, mwerebis safarvelis, sokoebisa da safuvrebis ujredTa kedlebis Se-madgenlobaSi. qitini aris celulozis analogi, romelSic erTi hidroqsiluri jgufi Secvlilia acetamidiT. qitini gamoiyeneba medicinasa da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargebSi. aRmoCnda, rom mas gaaCnia mZime liTonTa ionebis sorbirebis unari. dadgenili iqna, rom zRvis wyalSi moxvedrili tyviis udidesi nawili sor-birdeba qitinis Semcveli kibosmagvarTa javSniT da qmnian masTan (tyviis ionTan) xelatur kompleqsebs. qitini gamoiyeneba samrew-velo Canarecxebis gasawmendad vercxliswylis da kadmiumis toqsikuri minarevebisagan, aseve iSviaT miwametalTa koncentrirebisaTvis.

italiaSi erT-erTi atomuri reaqtoris gagrilebis sis-temis uwesrigobaTa likvidaciisas, is gamoyenebuli iqna wylidan ceziumis, cirkoniumis, hafniumis da ruTeniumis ra-

48

diaqtiuri izotopebis gamosayofad. dadgenilia, rom qitinis analogi _ qitozanis sulfowarmoebulebi xels uSlian sisx-lis koagulacias da sisxlZarRvebSi Trombebis warmoqmnas. belgiaSi dapatentebulia saSualeba Wrilobebis SexorcebisaTvis, romelic Sedgeba wvrilad daqucmacebuli qitinisa da antiseptikebisagan.

kubelma farmakologebma aRmoaCines da warmatebiT gamo-scades nivTiereba, romelic aCqarebs mZime damwvrobis Sexorce-bas. preparats, romelsac qvia `kvitini~, Rebuloben langustTa javSnisagan. is stimulirebas ukeTebs kanis qsovilebis regenera-cias da mkurnalobis miRebuli meTodebisagan gansxvavebiT saSualebas iZleva kanis pigmentaciis mTliani normalizebisa. am preparats iyeneben sacxebis saxiT, igi aseve SeiZleba gamo-yenebuli iqnas abebis, fxvnilis an emulsiis saxiT. preparats ar gaaCnia gverdiTi movlenebi.

qitinis warmoebulebi gamoiyenebian specialuri fire-bis misaRebad, romlebic Seicaven samkurnalo nivTierebebs. kerZod, italiaSi amzadeben pilokarpinis Semcvel firs, igi gamoiyeneba Tvalis mkurnalobis praqtikaSi.

TambaqosaTvis qitinis damatebis SemTxvevaSi, mcirdeba bolSi Sxamiani nivTierebebis koncentracia, rac (qitinis damateba) ar aisaxeba Tambaqos aromatze.

mZlavri qitinovani javSanis mflobelebma – kiborC-xalebma kidev erTi gamoyeneba hpoves medicinaSi. cnobilia, rom kudmaxvila-kiborCxalebi sisxlSi moxvedrili saSiSi baqteriebisagan Tavs icaven daavadebis gamomwvevis irgvliv sisxlis koltis SeqmniT, es warmoiqmneba mas mere, rac baqte-riuli toqsinebi aaqtiveben specifiur ferments kiborCxalas sisxlSi, romelic Slis ra sisxlis sxva komponents, iwvevs aRweril efeqts. am faqtis safuZvelze SemuSavda honoreis diagnostirebis testi. kiborCxalis sisxlis mSral eqstraqts ureven gasasinji pacientis saTesle siTxes da Tu warmoiSveba Sesqelebebi (koltebi), adamiani daavadebulia. diagnozis si-zuste 95%-ia (SCIENCE DIGEST. 1983, v. 91, # 2).

1.4.2. amfibiebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo saSuale-bebi

dReisaTvis, gombeSos Sxamidan gamoyofili nivTiere-bebidan yvelaze metad Seswavlilia naerTi bufotoqsini _ bu-

49

fogeninis steroidis eTeri suberilargininis dipeptidTan. iseve rogorc sxva mraval cxovelur SxamSi, gombeSos toq-sinis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis fosfolipaza A.

cxrilSi 1.4.2.a. gombeSoTa toqsinebis fiziologiurad aqti-uri nivTierebebi warmodgenilia qimiuri naerTebis ori jgu-fiT: aminebiT da steroidebiT. cxrili 1.4.2.a.

aminebi steroidebi kateho-

laminebiindolis

warmoebulebi kardiotonuri nivTierebebi

steri-nebi

bufote-ninebi

bufogeninebi (Tavisufali

geninebi)

bufo-toqsinebi

(bmuli geninebi)

bufadie-nolidebi

kardeno-lidebi

adrena-lini

sero-tonini trip-tamini

bufoteninibufote-nidini bufoti- onini

da sxva

bufalini bufo- talini gamabu-

fotalini cinobu-

fagini da sxva

oleand-rigenini da sxva

bufo- toqsini

gamabufo- toqsini

cinobufo-toqsini da

sxva

qoles-terini ergos-terini sitos-terini da sxva

gombeSoTa Sxami Seicavs 5-7%-mde adrenalins. unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis Tirkmelzeda jirkvalSi adrenalinis koncentracia oTxjer naklebia. am naerTis maRali SemcvelobiT (romelic avlens sisxlZarRvTa Semviwroebelis funqcias) SeiZleba aixsnas Cinuri preparatis `Can-su~-s gamoyeneba garegan sisxldenaSemaCerebel saSu-alebad.

sxvadasxva saxis gombeSoTa Sxams aqvs gansazRvruli raodenobrivi rxevebi, xolo gamoyofili bufotoqsinebi, rogorc wesi, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan molekulis steroiduli nawilis radikalebiT.

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iseve, rogorc sxva steroidebi, gombeSos Sxami organizmSi sinTezirdeba qolesterinisagan.

gombeSoTa Sxamisagan mzaddeba saanestezio da kardiotropuli moqmedebis saSualebebi, aris monacemebi misi gamoyenebisa sxivuri dazianebis eqsperimentalur TerapiaSi, gombeSos Sxamisagan damzadebuli preparatebi axdenen mZlavr mastimulirebel efeqts sisxlwarmomqmnel sistemaze, romelic gamoixateba leikocitebisa da Trombocitebis gamomuSavebis gaZlierebiT aseve leikocitTa fagocitaruli aqtivobis gazrdaSi. mniSvnelovania gombeSos Sxamis unari Tavidan agvacilos dasxivebis Semdgomi sisxlZarRvTa dazianebebi da sisxlCaqcevebi.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis Sedegad, gombeSoTa Sxa-midan gamoyves indolis warmoebulebi _ bufotenini da bufotenidini. bufoteninis daniSvna didi dozebiT iwvevs fsiqozebis ganviTarebas, rac hgavs cnobili halucinogenis - lizerginis mJavis dieTilamidis (LSD) miRebis Semdgom ganviTarebul klinikur suraTs.

bufotenini mcire dozebiT axdens matonizirebel zemoqmedebas.

sakmaod didi raodenoba biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebisa aRmoCenili iqna sxvadasxva saxis bayayebSi, ro-melTa kanidanac gamoyves sxvadasxva qimiuri struqturis nivTierebebi. biogenuri aminebis Semcveloba bayayebSi aRwevs 100 mg. erT gram kanze (yvelaze tipiuri warmomadgenlebi arian - serotonini da misi N-meTiluri derivatebi).

peptidTa ZiriTadi jgufebia _ bradikininebi, taqi-kininebi da opioiduri peptidebi. pirveli ori iwveven sisxlZarRvTa gafarToebas da arteriuli wnevis dawevas. dReisaTvis sxvadasxva bayayebisagan gamoyofili peptidebidan yvelaze metad Seswavlilia _ fizalanini, uperoleini, ceruleini, bombezini.

bayayis kanidan gamoyofili heptidi ceruleini gamoi-yeneba zogierTi fsiqiuri daavadebis samkurnalod, aSS-is patenti # 4552865. garda amisa ceruleini dabla swevs arte-riul wnevas, kumSavs naRvlis buSts, axdens kuWis wvenis gamo-yofis stimulacias.

heptidi bombezini axdens gamoxatul efeqts naRvlis sekreciaze. sainteresoa, rom bombezini aseve aRmoaCines ZuZum-

51

wovrebis tvinSi, sadac is aregulirebs muclis funqcionalur aqtivobas.

gansakuTrebuli interesis obieqts warmoadgenen opi-oiduri peptidebi - dermorfinebi, romlebic gamoyves erT-erTi saxeobis bayayis kanidan da gaaCniaT gautkivarebis aqti-voba, riTac 11-jer sWarboben morfins. dermorfinebi biologiuri efeqtiT sWarboben adamianisa da cxovelebis endogenur opioidmsgavs peptidebs _ lei _ da met-enke-falinebs. cnobilia, rom cilebis Semadgeneli aminomJavebi warmodgenilni arian marcxniv mbrunavi izomerebiT. dermo-rfinis unikaluri Tavisebureba isaa, rom mis polipeptidur jaWvSi aRmoCnda aminomJava alaninis marjvniv mbrunavi izomeri. aseTi movlena bunebaSi SeiniSneba Zalze iSviaTad. marjvniv mbrunavi izomeris marcxniv mbrunavze Secvla iwvevs aqtivobis dakargvas.

erT-erTi saxis bayayis kanidan gamoyofilia spiro-piperidinuli alkaloidi- histrionikotoqsini, romelic moq-medebs ConCxis kunTebis nervo-kunTovan gadacemaze, blokirebas ukeTebs ra acetilholinis moqmedebas kunTebis H-holinoreceptorebze, aseve igi blokirebas ukeTebs sub-sinapturi membranis ionur arxebs, romlebic alosteriulad arian dakavSirebulni am receptorebTan. sxva alkaloidi-gefi-rotoqsini blokirebas ukeTebs gluvi muskulaturis M-holi-noreceptorebs, xolo alkaloidebi pumiliotoqsinebi A, B da C aadvileben kalciumis ionebis gavlas ujredebis membranebSi da aZliereben aRgznebisa da kunTebis SekumSvis procesebis SeuRlebas, mediatorTa sekrecias. isini iwveven ConCxisa da sasunTqi muskulatoris caxcaxis ganviTarebas da sikvdils.

bayayis kanidanaa gamoyofili nivTiereba cete-kitoqsini, romelsac gaaCnia unari arteriuli wnevis dawevisa - es efeqti araa dakavSirebuli nervul gangliebze zemoq-medebasTan.

kolumbiaSi binadari bayayis `kokois~ kanidan gamoyves yvelaze Zlieri aracilovani toqsini _ batrahotoqsini. SesaZlebeli gaxda gamoeyoT toqsinis moqmedi sawyisis oTxi ZiriTadi komponenti: batrahotoqsini, homobatrahotoqsini, psevdobatrahotoqsini da batrahotoqsini A. maT Soris yvelaze mdgradia - batrahotoqsini A. is miiRes kristaluri saxiT da gaSifres misi stru-qtura. Semdgom dadgenili iqna batrahotoqsinis struqtura. am Sxams aqvs steroiduli

52

struqtura ramodenime CamnacvlebliT da warmoadgens batrahotoqsin A-sa da 2,4 – dimeTilpirol-3-karbo-nmJavis eTers.

batrahotoqsini _ yvelaze toqsikuri Sxamia stero-idul alkaloidebs Soris. misi toqsikurobis Sesadareblad cnobil SxamebTan mocemulia cxrili 1.4.2.b., saidanac Cans, rom is warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier aracilovan Sxams.

toqsini sasikvdilo doza (TagvebisaTvis)

mkg/kg

molekulis masa

c i l o v a n i S x a m e b i

botulinotoqsini A 3 ⋅ 10-5 150 000

botulinotoqsini B 1 ⋅ 10-5 167 000

tetanotoqsini 1 ⋅ 10-4 140 000

palitoqsini 0, 15 3 300 kobraneirotoqsini 0, 30 7 819

a r a c i l o v a n i S x a m e b i batrahotoqsini 2,0 538 tetrodotoqsini 8,0 319

β-bungarotoqsini 25,0 28 500

krotoqsini 50,0 30 000 zRvis gvelis Sxami 100,0 6 600-7 800

kurare 500 696 striqnini 500,0 397 muskarini 11 ⋅ 102 _

samandarini 15 ⋅ 102 397

goloturini 1 ⋅ 104 1172

kaliumis cianidi 1 ⋅ 104 65

batrahotoqsini, xangrZlivi zemoqmedebisas axdens Zlier kardiotoqsikur moqmedebas, gulis ritmis darRveviT, miokardis fibrilaciiT da letaluri SedegiT. es Sxami axdens Zlier neirotropul moqmedebas. mas gaaCnia unari gamoiwvios kunTis membranis depolarizacia, natriumis ionebis SeRwevadobis xarjze. dReisaTvis batrahotoqsinis

53

daxmarebiT mimdinareobs ujredis aRgznebadi membranebis natriumis arxebis funqciis Seswavla.

bunebaSi batrahotoqsini (garda kokoisa) aRmoaCnda kidev oTxi saxis bayays: PHYLLOBATES-is gvaridan.

Sxamis maRali toqsikuroba aZnelebs mis samkur-nalod gamoyenebas, efeqturi antidoti napovni araa, garda tetradotoqsinisa (Tevz fugus Sxami), romelic aris batra-hotoqsinis antagonisti da aseve xasiaTdeba maRali toqsikurobiT.

kudiani amfibiebidan, samedicino praqtikisaTvis interess warmoadgens salamandraTa kanis sekre-ti, romelic Seicavs mTel rig alkaloidmsgavs nivTierebebs: samandarins, samandarons, 0-acetil-samandarins, samandaridins da sxva. maT gaaCniaT gamoxatuli antimikrobuli aqtivoba.

1.4.3. qvewarmavlebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo preparatebi

uZvelesi droidan gvelis simbolo dakavSirebuli

iyo mkurnalobis institutTan - Zveli berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, apolonis vaJis, yvela daavadebis mkurnal asklepis (romaelebi mas eskulaps eZaxdnen) kverTxze asul gvelTanaa dakavSirebuli dRevandeli samedicino simbolika.

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili gvelebisagan miRebuli nivTierebebis samkurnalo mizniT gamoyeneba. saqarTveloSi revmatizmebisa da saxsrebis texvis samkurnalod iyenebdnen gvelis cxims (garegani sacxis saxiT), romelsac Rebulobdnen cocxali gvelebis SewviT. SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens genialuri vaJa-fSavelas po-ema `gvelismWameli~-s cnobili fabulis Sesabamisi formiT ageba.

dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom zogierTi cxovelis sisx-lis Srati Seicavs faqtorebs, romlebic inaqtivireben cxove-lur Sxamebs. am cxovelebis sisxlidan gamoyofili bunebrivi antidotebi ar miekuTvnebian imunoglobulinebs da Sxamis neitralizacia ar aris imunuri reaqcia. bunebrivi anti-dotebi cilovani bunebisani arian da fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebe-biT miekuTvnebian albuminebs.

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gvelis Sxamis gauvnebelyofis unariT pirvel adgil-zea Tavad am gvelisgan damzadebuli Srati da Semdgom ki sxva, gansazRvruli cxovelebisagan miRebuli antidoti.

gvelis SxamSi Semavali toqsikuri nivTierebebi sistematizirdebian oTx ZiriTad jgufad: 1. nervul sistemaze gavlenis momxdeni saerTo moqmedebis; 2. sisxlZarRvebis dazianebisa da sisxlCaqcevebis ga-

momwvevi; 3. eriTrocitebis damSlelni (hemolizinebi); 4. sisxlis Sededebis unaris Semcvlelni (koagulantebi da

antikoagulantebi). ama Tu im tipis specifiuri komponentebis gamokveTa

ganpirobebulia gvelis tipiT. gvelgeslaTa kbenisas sWar-boben adgilobrivi hemoragiuli movlenebi, xolo kobris Sxami azianebs ZiriTadad nervul sistemas.

rogorc cnobilia, Sxamiani gvelis nakbenis mkurnalo-bis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa antiSrati misi Sxamis mi-marT. magram erT-erTi mTavari problemaa ganisazRvros, ro-melma gvelma ukbina msxverpls da romeli Srati unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.

1987 wels braziliaSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samec-niero konferencia, romlis mizanic iyo kvlevaTa koordi-nacia `superSratis~ Sesaqmnelad, gvelebis mTeli jgufis Sxamebis winaaRmdeg.

gvelebis Sxamebi warmoadgenen cilovani da peptiduri bunebis, fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis kompleqsebs. dadgenili iqna, rom gvelis Sxamis xanmokle gacxeleba Slis nivTierebebs, romlebic iwveven hemolizs da sisxlCaqcevebs, magram Sxami inarCunebs neirotoqsinebs, romlebsac moqmede-bis meqanizmis mixedviT yofen sam jgufad.

pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba peptidebi, romlebic blokirebas ukeTeben ConCxis kunTebis subsinaptikuri membranebis nikotinmgrZnobiare qolinoreceptorebs da tvinis zogierT centrs.

qimiuri SedgenilobiT isini arian ori tipis: pirveli Sedgeba 60-62, xolo meore 71-74 aminomJavuri narCenebisagan, orive Seicavs gogirds (disulfiduri kavSirebi) da aqvT molekuluri masa Sesabamisad 7000 da 8000.

dadgenili iqna disulfiduri kavSirebis gansakuTre-buli mniSvneloba Sxamis toqsikuri aqtivobisaTvis. am

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kavSirebis aRdgena iwvevs Sxamis aqtivobis dakargvas, xolo Semdgomi daJangva ubrunebs, Sxams, dakargul Tvisebebs.

SesaZlebelia am toqsinebs gaaCniaT aqtiuri ubnebi, msgavsni, acetilqolinis meoTxeuli amoniumis da karbo-niluri jgufebisa, radganac maTi (Sxamebis) moqmedebis wer-tilia qolinoreceptori.

meore jgufSi Sedian toqsinebi, romlebic moqmedeben presinaptikur nervul daboloebebze da arRveven mediatoris gamoTavisuflebis process. maT (toqsinebs) gaaCniaT ufro maRali molekuluri masa da avlenen fosofolipazur aqtivo-bas.

mesame jgufs miekuTvneba ujredis membranaze moqmedi polipeptidebi (membranoaqtiuri polipeptidebi) romlebic iwveven maT (membranebis) depolimerizacias. maT gaaCniaT molekuluri masa 6000-7000 da Zalze axlos dganan agebule-biT pirveli jgufis nivTierebebTan, magram avlenen maTgan gansxvavebul farmakologiur Tvisebebs. maTi molekulebi xasiaTdebian lizinis aminomJavis ufro maRali SemcvelobiT da hidrofoburi aminomJavuri monakveTebis siWarbiT molekulis bolo nawilSi.

garda zemoTaRniSnulisa, gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyo-filia nivTierebebi, romlebic iwveven qsovilebidan hista-minis gamoTavisflebas, aseve gamoyves dabalmolekuluri polipeptidi, romelic axdens uSualo toqsikur zemoqmedebas gulze _ kardiotoqsini.

hemolituri efeqti mJRavndeba hemolizinis pirdapiri moqmedebiT membranebis lipidebze, sadac fosforis moglejis Semdeg ori arapolaruli jaWvisagan warmoiqmneba erTi jaWvi an lipidi _ lizolecitini. da igi Slis ujredTa membranebs.

gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyofilia nivTirebebi, romle-bic axdenen, Tromboplastinomsgavs da Trombinomsgavs, mako-agulirebel moqmedebebs. gvelebis toqsinebis unari daad-ablos sisxlis Sededebisunarianoba ganpirobebulia antiTromboplastiniT, romelic arRvevs qsovilTa Trom-boplastins da amcirebs misi warmoSobis saSualebas. garda amisa, SeiniSneba sisxlis fibrinolituri aqtivobis amaRleba. gvelebis Sxamebi Seicaven aseve fermentebs (hidrolazebi da fosfolipaza A), romlebic zrdian toqsikuri komponentebis potencias.

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aRmoCnda, rom janmrTeli adamianisaTvis sasikvdilo porcia Cxriala gvelis Sxamisa, uvneblad gadaitaneba keTriT daavadebuli adamianis mier. iyo mcdelobebi keTris mkurna-lobisa am SxamiT da zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneboda sasurveli efeqti.

unda aRiniSnos, rom homeopatiaSi gvelis Sxamebi gamoiyenebian ukve as welze metia.

gvelebis Sxamebis TvisebaTa Seswavlam SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi gamoyeneba samkurnalo da diagnostikuri mizne-biT. cnobilia, rom kobratoqsinis damateba adamianis sisxlSi iwvevs eriTrocitebis hemolizs. aRmoCnda, rom Tu aseT sisxls daumateben, epilefsiiT, maniakalur-depresiuli fsi-qoziT da demenciiT daavadebulTa sisxlis Srats, hemolizi ar mimdinareobs. es reaqcia ar aris mkacrad specifiuri, ma-gram did masalaze Semowmebisas damkticebuli iqna, rom ufro xSirad igi vlindeba fsiqozebis dros da placentis sisxlTan.

avTvisebiani simsivneebis samkurnalod kobras sufTa Sxami erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena frangma mikrobiologma a. kalmetma asi wlis win. SemdgomSi dadgenili iqna, rom kobratoqsini ar avlens specifiur antisimsivnur moqmedebas xolo misi efeqti ganpirobebulia organizmze tkivil-gamayuCebeli da mastimulirebeli moqmedebiT. kobras Sxams SeuZlia Secvalos preparati morfini. misi moqmedeba ufro xangrZlivia da ar iwvevs preparatTan SeCvevas. kobratoqsini wamoduRebis gziT, hemoraginebisagan ganTavisuflebis Sem-deg, warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli bronqialuri asTmis, epilefsiisa da nevrotuli daavadebebis mkurnalobisas.

dadebiTi efeqti iqna miRebuli, igive daavadebebisas, avadmyofTaTvis Cxriala gvelis Sxamis (krotoqsini) daniSvnisas.

ruseTis bexterevis saxelobis fsiqonevrologiuri samecniero kvleviT institutis (sankt-peterburgi) TanamS-romlebma daadgines, rom epilefsiis mkurnalobisas gvelis Sxamebi aRgznebis ubnebis CaxSobis unariT dganan erT-erT pirvel adgilze cnobil farmakologiur preparatebs Soris.

gvelebis Sxamebi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc sisxldenis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba. hemofiliis mkurnalobisas iniSne-boda giurzas Sxamisgan miRebuli preparati `lebetoqsi~ (yo-fili ssrk). gvelebis toqsinebis makoagulirebeli Tviseba gamoyenebuli iyo diagnostirebis mizniT, sisxlis Sededebis

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sistemis darRvevaTa aRsaqmelad. iseTi preparatebi, rogo-rebicaa `vipraqsini~, `epilarktini~ floben araspecifiuri imunologiuri reaqtivobis stimulirebis unars, rac gamoix-ateba sisxlis SratSi komplementis da lizocimis donis amaRlebiT, limfoiduri qsovilebis funqcionaluri aqtivo-bis gazrdiT.

farmacevtul mrewvelobaSi gvelebis Sxamisagan amza-debdnen da amzadeben sxvadasxva samkurnalo preparatebs. mi-vuTiTebT zogierT maTgans, romelTac moipoves popularoba.

nevralgiis, artalgiis, poliarTritebis, moizitebis dros niSnaven Sxamis Semdeg ineqciur formebs: `vipraqsini~ - 0,06% wyalxsnari Cveulebrivi gvelgeslas mSrali Sxamisa SeyavT zemoT CamoTvlili daavadebebisas. garda amisa, tar-tus universitetis farmakologiis kaTedraze dadgenili iqna, rom misi rekomendireba SeiZleba hemoragiuli diaTezebis da sisxldenis SeCerebisaTvis; `viperalgini~ (yofili Cexos-lovakia) - mzaddeba qviSnaris gvelgeslas Sxamisagan, Seicavs didi raodenobiT neirotoqsins da rekomendirebulia ro-gorc tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualeba, gamodis mSrali saxiT ampulebSi; `kobrotoqsini~ - damzadebulia taSkentis qimiur-farmacevtul qarxanaSi, rekomendirebulia, muskulaturis spazmebiT mimdinare centraluri nervuli sistemis daavadebe-bis da sisxlZarRvTa spazmebis dros. gaaCnia gamokveTili, cieb-cxelebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, ris gamoc rekomendirebulia epilefsiis dros; `epilarktini (epilep-tozidi)~ - mzaddeboda yofil germaniis demokratiul respub-likaSi Cxriala gvelis Sxamisagan, aqvs Cveneba avadmyofebisaTvis, romlebTanac Sekavebis procesebi War-boben aRgznebis procesebs, dadebiTad xasiaTdeba Sakikis, iSi-asis da radikulitis mkurnalobisas.

gvelebis Sxamebis safuZvelze Seqmnilia malamoebi garegani moxmarebisaTvis: `vipratoqsi~ (adre iwodeboda `viprakutan~-ad) - mzaddeboda yofil gdr-Si sxvadasxva gve-lebis Sxamisagan, kanis sacxis SemadgenlobaSi aseve Sedis meTilsalicilati (6 wili) da qafuri (3 wili).

erTi gvelgeslasagan SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas Sxamis porcia, romelic sakmarisia 250 doza vipraqsinis an viprato-qsis damzadebisaTvis; `viprasal~-i _ Seicavs giurzas Sxams, qafurs, salicilmJavas, soWis zeTs, vazelins, glicerins, parafins. preparats awarmoebs talinis qimiur-farmacevtuli

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qarxana. giurzas Sxamisagan mzaddeba sxva preparatic _ `viplatoqsi~ da qviSnaris gvelgeslas Sxamisagan `vipra-zili~ (yofili gdr).

unda aRiniSnos, rom gvelebis Sxamebis gamoyeneba (nebismieri saxiT) iwvevs mTel rig gverdiT movlenebs (iseve rogorc sxva preparatebi). mkurnaloba unda mimdinareobdes mxolod da mxolod eqimis kontrolis qveS.

bolo aTwleulebSi gvelebis Sxamidan miRebuli iqna gawmendili komponentebi moqmedebis farTo speqtriT. am Sxamebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mTeli rigi fiziologiuri procesebis Seswavla. specifiuri fermenti - aminomJavaTa esteraza _ zogierTi gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyo-fili da `arvin~-ad wodebuli gamoiyeneba antihemofiliuri faqtoris gawmendisaTvis.

gvelebis Sxamis saSualebiT aRmoCenili iqna `bradi-kinini~, xolo toqsinidan gamoyofilma pirofosfazam (NADaza) xeli Seuwyo, mniSvnelovani bioqimiuri faqtoris, dinukleotidis nikotinamidis struqturis gaSifvras.

fofsolipaza A-s unari, specifiurad moglijos ujre-dis membranis lipidis mxolod gansazRvruli nawili, gamo-yenebuli iqna bioqimikosebisa da biofizikosebis mier, ujre-dis zedapiris funqcionaluri Taviseburebebis SeswavlisaT-vis da membranaSi nivTierebaTa transportirebis meqanizmis Seswavla-dadgenisaTvis.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebda gvelis Sxamisagan fermentebis - 5-nukleotidazas da fosfodiesterazas samrew-velo miReba.

induri kobrasagan gamoyofilia cilovani bunebis ci-totoqsini, romelsac SeuZlia daSalos `iaSidis sarkomis~ ujredebi. dadgenili iqna, rom es efeqti xorcieldeba fos-folipidebTan (fosfotidileTanolaminTan da fosfatidil-serinTan) konkurenciiT ujredis zedapiris receptorebisaT-vis. komplementis zogierTi komponentis dabmis unarianma, Sxamis cilovanma fraqciam saSualeba misca imunologebs gaeSifraT zogierT daavadebaTa meqanizmebi. kobras Sxamis Seyvanis gamo, komplementis C3-komponentis daweviT gamow-veuli gadanergili Tirkmlis (Roridan ZaRlze) SeTavsebis dro mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

gamoyenebaSia gvelebis neirotoqsinebis unari, acetilqolinur receptorebTan, dakavSirebisa. Tu mivuer-

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TebT Sxamis molekulas radiaqtiur iods ise, rom misi Tvise-bebi ar Seicvalos, misi (Sxamis) SeyvaniT cxovelis organiz-mSi, SesaZlebelia qolinoreceptorebis agebulebis Taviseburebebis da funqcionirebis procesebis Seswavla.

neirotoqsiniT damuSavebuli specifikuri nivTiere-biT (sefaroza) Sevsebul svetSi ujredis membranis komponentebis gatarebisas, swavlulebma SeZles gamoeyoT acetilqolinuri receptorebi.

gvelebis Sxamebi da maTgan gamoyofili komponentebi mtkiced damkvidrdnen praqtikul da eqsperimentalur medici-naSi, maTi Tvisebebis Seswavla grZeldeba, xolo gamoyenebis sazRvrebi ki ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba.

1.4.4. mwerebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo preparatebi

dReisaTvis cnobilia erT milionze meti saxeobis

mweri, maSin roca xerxemlianebis saxeobaTa ricxvi 70 aTass aRwevs. mwerebis yvelaze mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi arian xoWoebi - 300 aTasi saxe. statistika adasturebs, rom planetis TiToeul adamianze modis daaxloebiT 250 000 000 mweri. maT warmoSobas miaweren planetis ganviTarebis de-vonur periods. mwerebi yvelaze Zveli, maRalorganizebuli cocxali arsebani arian.

mecnierebisaTvis, dRes cnobilia 50000-mde saxeoba Sxamiani mwerebisa. es cifri naTlad metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni biologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli mwerebisagan. magram dReisaTvis gamoyofilia mxolod 60-mde toqsikuri naerTi.

Sxamiania abreSumis Wiis sanerwyve jirkvlebis gamonayofi. Sxami Seicavs WianWvelmJavis did raodenobas da sxva toqsikur komponentebs. adamianis kanze moxvedrisas igi iwvevs anTebiT prorcess, romelic mimdinareobs qaviliT da tkiviliT. adre Tvlidnen, rom aseTi reaqcia gamowveuli iyo muxluxos zedapiruli RinRliT, magram axla damtkicebulia, rom mravali muxluxos jirkvlebi Seicaven Sxams, es exeba kombostos pepelas muxluxosac, romelTan Sexebac iwvevs mebostneebSi xelis dermatitebs.

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aRmosavlur medicinaSi abreSumis Wiis muxluxoebs iyenebdnen epilefsiis, gaciebis da zogierTi qaluri daavade-bis mkurnalobisas, amis Sedegad umjobesdeba Zili, Wamis mada da saerTo mdgomareoba.

iaponuri samkurnalo saSualeba `ho-Sicu~ Seicavs mwerebis hormons `ekdisterons~, romelsac gamoyofen TuTis abreSumxvevias Wuprisagan.

cnobilia, rom Wiamaiebi saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi fexe-bis saxsrebidan gamoyofen narinjisfer Sxamian siTxes. Svidwertiliani Wiamaia gamoyofs siTxes, romelic Seicavs alkaloids `adalen~-s da `kokcinelin~-s, xolo ToTxmetwertilians - aRmoaCnda alkaloidi `propilein~-i.

dadgenili iqna, rom kokcinelini miekuTvneba alkaloidebis axal tips da ar SeiniSneba mcenareebSi.

yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova futkrisagan miRe-bulma samkurnalo preparatebma, uZvelesi droidan samkur-nalo miznebiT gamoiyeneba misi cxovelmoqmedebis yvela produqti - futkris Sxami, cvili, Tafli, rZe, propolisi, dindgeli.

futkris Sxami (~apitoqsini~) kanSi Seyvanisas iwvevs Zlier tkivils da mwvave anTebiT reaqcias. Sxami adidebs leikocitebis ricxvs, axdens adgilobriv arteriebisa da kapilarebis gafarToebas, dabla swevs sisxlis wnevas, amaR-lebs sisxlZarRvebis gamtarunarianobas, axdens eriTrocite-bis hemolizs. gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian mis mimarT adamianis, cxenisa da ZaRlis eriTrocitebi. moqmedebs ra parasimpatikur nervul sistemaze, atropinis msgavsad, Sxami, didi dozebiT, iwvevs gulis kunTis kontraqturas da leta-lur Sedegs.

Zvelad futkris SxamiT mkurnalobas Cveulebrivad atarebdnen mefutkreebi. es jandacvis praqtikaSi Sevida apiTerapiis saxelwodebiT. am meTods gaaCnda mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi mxare, radganac futkris Sxamis SeyvaniT organiz-mSi, garda sasargeblo komponentebisa Sediodnen arasasurveli komponentebic, da garda amisa, mkurnaloba tardeboda mxolod zafxulSi, futkris yvelaze didi aqtivo-bisas. amitom daiwyes mcdeloba, sufTa saxiT futkris Sxamis miRebisa. pirvelad igi miiRo 1928 wels n. polakma, xolo germanulma firma `WOLF~-ma daiwyo misi gamoSveba saxel-wodebiT `apikozan~-i. preparats niSnavdnen kunTebSi

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SeSxapunebiT, sami sxvadasxva koncentraciiT - qronikuli ar-Tritebisas, nevralgiebis da mialgiebis dros. Semdeg avstri-aSi daiwyes warmoeba sxva preparatisa - `imenin~-is, romel-sac niSnavdnen imave daavadebebisas.

farmacevtulma mrewvelobam, SemdgomSi, gamouSva 1,5%-iani futkris Sxamis xsnari ampulebSi `apikur~-is saxel-wodebiT, xolo Sxamisa da novokainis narevi iwodeboda `forapin~-ad. am saxelwodebiT yofil ssrk-Si gamodioda ma-lamo.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seqmnilia preparatebi `KФ-1 (venapiolin-1)~ da `KФ-2 (venapiolin-2)~, `toksapin-i (melisin-i)~, es ukanaskneli damuSavda xarkovSi i. kononenkos mier futkris Sxamis fraqcionirebis gziT da gamoiyeneboda wylisa da zeTis xsnarebis saxiT. is dabla wevda sisxlis wnevas, aumjobesebda nivTierebaTa cvlas, xasiaTdeboda damamSvidebeli moqmedebiT.

xarkovis universitetisa da talinis qimiur-farmacev-tuli qarxnis TanamSromlobiT SemuSavebulia preparati `apilit~-i, romelic aZlierebs organizmis imunitets ionizirebadi radiaciis mimarT.

garegani moxmarebisaTvis sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva farmacevtiuli sawarmoebis mier mzaddeboda malamoebi, romlebic Seicavdnen futkris Sxams: magaliTad, yofil CexoslovakiaSi awarmoebdnen malamo `forapinsabl~-s, rom-lis SemadgenlobaSi, Sxamis garda, Sedioda salicilmJava da silikatis mcire kristalebi epiTeliumis damuSavebisaTvis, wasmisas. iqve awarmoebdnen malamo `virapin~-s.

dadgenilia, rom Sxamis raodenoba erTi futkrisagan meryeobs 0,4-dan 0,8 mkg-mde. apitoqsini 100 0C-mde gacx-elebisas 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi kargavs kanze reaqciis gamow-vevis unars, magram inarCunebs krunCxviT da paralitikur efeqts. imave temperaturaze gacxelebisas 30 wuTSi igi kar-gavs Sxamis krunCxviT komponentsac. Sxamis dayovneba 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 150 0C-ze mTlianad inaqtivirebs mas.

futkris Sxamis qimiuri Semadgenloba guldasmiTaa Seswavlili da Zalze rTulia. masSi Semavali komponentebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad: peptidebi, biogenuri aminebi da fermentebi. futkris SxamSi, ZiriTad toqsikur nivTierebad, warmodgenilia polipeptidi `melitini~. misi koncentracia

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sufTa SxamSi aRwevs 50%-s, igi Sedgeba 26 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia molekuluri masa 2840.

sxvadasxva saxis futkrebis melitini gansxvavebuli agebulebisaa. dReisaTvis Seswavlilia futkris organizmSi toqsinis biosinTezis procesi da Catarebulia misi labo-ratoriuli sinTezi. melitins gaaCnia ujredis membranis fos-folipidebTan urTierTqmedebis unari, rac iwvevs fizi-ologiuri efeqtebis farTo speqtrs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa _ eriTrocitebis hemolizi, ujredebidan histaminis gamo-Tavisufleba, membranasTan dakavSirebuli fermentebis da ujredSiga metabolizmis aqtivobis Secvla.

meore mniSvnelovani komponenti futkris Sxamisa - MSD-peptidi, igi Sedgeba 22 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia ori disulfiduri kavSiri. igi avlens tkivilgamayuCebel moqmede-bas, aTeuljer sWarbobs melitins histaminis gamoTavisufle-baSi ujredebidan. MSD maRal dozebSi avlens anTebis sawi-naaRmdego efeqts, romelic 100-jer aWarbebs hidrokor-tizonis - Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis hormonis moqmede-bas. mecnierebma daadgines, MSD-pepditis molekulis romeli nawili agebs pasuxs anTebissawinaaRmdego Tvisebaze da romeli - ujredebidan histaminis gamoTavisuflebaze.

futkris Sxamis neirotoqsikuri efeqti dakavSirebu-lia peptid `apaminTan~. dadgenilia, rom organizmSi moxvedrisas igi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba, zurgis tvinis, welis monakveTis nervul struqturebs, RviZlisa da gluvi muskula-turis ujredebs. apaminis neitropuli moqmedeba vlindeba krunCxvebis ganviTarebiT.

futkris SxamSi aRmoCenilia da Seswavlilia sxva polipeptidebic, romelTa procentuli Semcveloba, toqsinSi, mcirea. yvelaze cnobilni maT Soris arian: `tertiapini~ _ xasiaTdeba gamoxatuli presinaptikuri moqmedebiT; `kardio-peni~ _ iwvevs gulis moqmedebis intensifikacias; `sekapini~ _ damawynarebeli efeqti, sxeulis temperaturis dabla daweva, histaminSemcveli peptidi `prokamini~ da sxva tkivilgamayuCe-beli moqmedebis peptidebi.

biogenuri aminebidan, futkris Sxamis SemadgenlobaSi, Sedian didi raodenobiT histamini da umniSvnelo raodeno-biT - dofamini da noradrenalini.

ZiriTadi fermenti, romlis Semcveloba futkris SxamSi aRwevs 12%, aris fosfolipaza A2. is gvelebis Sxamis

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fermentis msgavsad axdens fosfolipidebis hidrolizs lizolecitinis warmoqmniT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Slis mra-vali tipis ujredis membranas, aseve arRvevs mediatorTa gamoTavisuflebis process, presinaptikuli nervuli dabo-loebebis ujredebidan.

fermenti gialuronidaza, axdens ra SemaerTebeli qso-vilis Sesabamisi mJavis hidrolizs, xels uwyobs organizmSi toqsikuri komponentebis gavrcelebas

futkris SxamSi aseve aRmoCenilia mJave fosfataza, .α -

glukozidaza, fosfomonoesteraza, β- galaktozidaza da sxva. organizmze futkris Sxamis zemoqmedebis speqtri Zalze

farToa. igi axdens histaminis msgavs efeqtebs sisxlis mimoq-cevaze, moqmedebs neirotropulad - blokirebas ukeTebs ra impulsebis gatarebas nervul kvanZebSi (ganpirobebulia mel-itinis SemcvelobiT), dadebiT gavlenas axdens gul-sisxl-ZarRvTa sistemis moqmedebaze - awesrigebs ra koronarul sisxlis nakads da ariTmiebis dros normalizebas ukeTebs gu-lis ritms. futkris Sxamis Seyvana mkveTrad aZlierebs tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevas, rac warmoadgens samkurnalo efeqts hipertonuli daavadebisas.

MSD-peptids gaaCnia tkivilgamayuCebeli da anTebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba; apamini zrdis Tirkmelzeda jir-kvlis qerqidan, hormonebis gamoyofas; melitins axasiaTebs antikoagulanturi Tviseba; apitoqsini stimulirebas ukeTebs organizmis adaptaciis meqanizmebs, axdens radiodacviT efeqts.

samkurnalo mizniT aseve gamoiyeneba futkris webo - propolisi, misgan gamoyofilia 20 damaxasiaTebeli naerTi, ZiriTadad flavonoiduri bunebisa. propolisis farmakologiurma gamokvlevam aCvena misi anTebissawinaaRmdego, tkivilgamayuCebeli da Semaxorcebeli moqmedeba. dadgenilia, rom is damRupvelad moqmedebs asze meti mikroorganizmebis Stamebze. oficialur medicinaSi misi gamoyeneba daiwyes `propolizan~-is saxelwodebiT inglis-burebis omis dros cecxlsasroli Wrilobebis samkurnalod. propolisi aRmoCnda efeqturi kanis daavadebebis mkur-nalobisas. futkris webos malamoebiTa da spirtuli eqst-raqtebiT mkurnalobdnen ekzemebs, qveda saxsrebis wylulebs, kanis tuberkulozis formebs, furunkulebs, damwvrobebs, nawolebs. mas niSnavdnen Sinagani miRebiT, kuWisa da Tormet-

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goja nawlavis wylulis mkurnalobisas. propoliss iyene-bdnen aerozolebis saxiT qronikuli bronqitebisa da farin-gitebis dros, garda amisa, misma tkivilgamayuCebelma unarma gamoyeneba hpova stomatologiaSi.

latviaSi aTvisebulia mTeli rigi preparatebis war-moeba propolisis bazaze. `propalani (propalanasi)~ gamoi-yeneba damwvrobisas; propolisis zeTi gamoiyeneba derma-tologiaSi kanis zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebisas (Sedgeba propolisisa da zeiTunis zeTis narevisagan TanafardobiT 2:10). amave mizniT uSveben propolisis 20%-ian malamos lano-lin-vazelinis bazaze da spirtxsnars 80%-iani eTilis spirtSi SefardebiT 3:10. preparati `vaiva~ gamoiyeneba piridan arasasiamovno sunis mosacileblad, xolo `promiksi~ - Tvalis daavadebis samkurnalod. propolisis gamoyenebis areali samkurnalo praqtikaSi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba.

samedicino praqtikaSi gamoyeneba hpova mefutkreobis kidev erTma produqtma - futkris rZem. misi gavleniT deda futkris Wupri swrafad izrdeba, 6 dReSi diddeba 2700-jer. garda amisa, aseTi kveba saSualebas aZlevs deda futkars da-dos dRe-RameSi 1500 kvercxi, rac orjer aWarbebs mis wo-nas, aseve axangrZlivebs mis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas 3-5 wlamde, muSa futkrebi cocxloben 1-8 Tve.

futkris rZe warmoadgens TeTr, yviTeli elferiT, araJanismagvar siTxes mJave gemoTi. gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom igi Seicavs 45,15% cilas, 13,55% cximebs, 20,39% naxSir-wylebs (glukoza da fruqtoza). mis SemadgenlobaSi aseve Se-dian aminomJavebi, vitaminebi, mikroelementebi, hormonebi da zrdis faqtorebi. cilebisa da naxSirwylebis raodenobiT futkris rZe aWarbebs Zroxisas 5-jer, xolo cximebis rao-denobiT - 2-3-jer. misi kaloriuloba 2-jer maRalia qalisa da Zroxis rZisaze. futkris rZis miRebis teqnologia rTuli da Sromatevadia. futkris erTi ojaxisagan SesaZlebelia miRebuli iqnas 100 grami futkris rZe (futkris ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovani zaralis miyenebis gareSe).

futkris rZis eqsperimentalurma kvlevebma daadgina, rom is axdens organizmze zogad matonizirebel moqmedebas, aZlierebs nivTierebaTa cvlas, aumjobesebs sisxlwarmoqmnas, gulis muSaobas da saWmlis monelebas.

futkris rZis Tvisebebma ganapiroba mravali prepara-tis gamoSveba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. yvelaze cnobilia Semdegi

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samkurnalo preparatebi: `apifortili~, `ulkoJerali~, `roiapani~ (germania), `apiserumi~ (safrangeTi), `spintaviti~ (italia), `lonJipeks-plusi~ (kanada), `DH-112-holcingeri~ (avstria), `superkoncentrati~ (rumineTi), `vit-apinali~ (yo-fili Cexoslovakia), yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi gamodioda preparati `apilaki~ abebis saxiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavda 10 mg. liofilizirebul futkris rZes.

farTo gamoyeneba hpova futkris rZem parfiumerul warmoebaSi. futkris rZe aRmoCnda SesaniSnavi gamajansaRebeli saSualeba dasustebuli da daavadebebisagan gamofituli adamianebisa da moxucebulTaTvis. maRali Terapiuli efeqti iqna aRmoCenili kanis zogierTi saxis daavadebebis mkurnalobisas. axali produqti gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre misgan damzadebuli preparatebi. karg efeqts iZleva futkris rZis didi dozebiT (dReSi 100-200 ml.) Sinagani miReba, magram igi kargavs aqtivobas kuWSi moxvedrisas. amitom sasurvelia misi miReba ineqciebis saxiT an enis qveS. enis qveS moTavsebuli preparati swrafad Seiwoveba da sisxlis nakadiT ifanteba mTel organizmSi.

mefutkreobis yvelaze xelmisawvdomi produqcia aris Tafli, misi samkurnalo Tvisebebi aRwerilia mravalric-xovan Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebSi. Tanamedrove medi-cina rekomendacias uwevs Taflis gamoyenebas RviZlis, Tirk-melebis, kuW-nawlavis, sasunTqi gzebis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis, nivTierebaTa cvlis, aseve oftalmologiuri da dermatologiuri daavadebebis mkurnalobisas. rogorc die-tur produqts Tafls ara hyavs badali. cnobilia, rom 1 kg. Tafli iZleva 3150-3350 kalorias. Tafli sasargebloa yvela adamianisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT mZime daavadeba gada-tanilTaTvis, gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiT gamofituli adamianebisaTvis. ukeTesi aTvisebisaTvis Tafli miRebuli un-da iqnas kvebamde 2 saaTiT adre 2-3-jerad, mozrdilebma 100-150 grami, bavSvebma 30-50 gr. dRe-RameSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom eqimebi cdilobdnen gamoeyoT da samkurnalo miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT Taflis calkeuli fraqciebi. v. maRlakeliZem aRwera preparat `kamelinis (M-1)~ Tvisebebi, romelsac Rebulobdnen Taflisagan, misi naxSir-wylebisagan ganTavisuflebis gziT. avtori aRniSnavs, rom daumuSavebeli Taflis SeyvaniT daCirqebul siRrueebSi flegmonebis da mastitebis dros, iwvevda Zlier anTebiT

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procesebs. xolo preparat kamelinis gamoyeneba ar iwvevda SesamCnev garTulebebs, igi axdenda antimikrobul da Wrilo-baSemxorcebel efeqts.

jer kidev Zveli drois mkurnalebma SeniSnes, rom Ta-flis WrilobaSemxorcebeli moqmedeba Zlierdeba, Tu igi Termulad muSavdeba. Wrilobebis mkurnaloba gamomwvari Ta-fliT danerga hipokratem. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi iyenebdnen gadaduRebul Tafls, mas rekomendacias uwevda avicena.

p. WanturiSvili da T. naTaZe TavianT monografiaSi -~zrdis SemaCerebeli bunebrivi nivTierebebi da maTi gamo-yeneba simsivneTa eqsperimentalur TeoriaSi~ (1955), aRweren bazis Taflisagan sxvadasxva fraqciebis miRebis xerxs, viu-rcis kolbaSi, sxvadasxva temperaturebze aqroladobiT. ase-Ti gziT gamoyofili iqna fraqcia, miRebuli 130-180 0C tempe-raturaze, romelic flobda, futkris Sxamis msgavsad, Zlier nekrotizirebad moqmedebas qsovilebze. es fraqcia aseve flobda gansakuTrebulad gamoxatul zrdis SemaCerebel Tvisebebs. SemdgomSi avtorebma daadgines, rom bazebis Ta-flis es fraqcia gacilebiT aqtiuria futkris Taflis analo-giur fraqciaze. mas (fraqcias) pirobiTad ewoda `bomapini~.

uZvelesi droidan adamianebi iyenebdnen mefutkreobis kidev erT produqts - futkris cvils (Taflis sanTeli). igi qimiuri SemadgenlobiT rTul nivTierebas warmoadgens da Sedgeba aTze meti sxvadasxva naerTisagan. cvilis mTavari Se-madgeneli nawilebia: cerotin _ da melisinmJavebi, cerotino-miricilis eTeri, cerilis da miricilis spirtebi, parafinis rigis naxSirwyalbadebi, maRalmolekuluri spirtebis da cxi-movani mJavebis didi raodenoba, pigmentebi da eTerzeTebi.

cvils aqvs Taflis aromatis msgavsi sasiamovno suni, misi feri meryeobs yviTelidan yavisferamde, 350 C-ze maRla xdeba plastikuri da lRveba 60-65 0C temperaturaze.

cvili ar ixsneba wyalSi, glicerinSi da spirtSi, ixs-neba mduRare spirtSi, skipidarSi, eTerSi da cximovan mJavebSi. arsebobs ramdenime xarisxis cvili. yvelaze maRalx-arisxovnad iTvleba samefutkreo cvili, igi uSualod miRebu-lia safutkridan. eqstraqciul cvils Rebuloben Taflis sanTlis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebis narCenebidan. TeTri cvi-li warmoiqmneba Cveulebrivi cvilis mzeze gaCerebiT an aseve Cveulebrivi cvilis qimiuri damJangvelebiT damuSavebisas, amitom mas akonserveben gaTeTrebisTanave. samedicino praq-

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tikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyeneben futkris yviTel da zogjeg TeTr cvils. isini Sedian mravali samkurnalo da kosmeti-kuri saSualebebis SemadgenlobaSi.

ZvelTaganve saxalxo medicinaSi iyenebdnen WianWvelis spirts, saxsrebisa da nevralgiis samkurnalod. tyis wiTuri WianWvelebis Sxamis SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac yvelaze xSi-rad iyeneben WianWvelis spirtis misaRebad, Sedis WianWvelm-Java. sxva WianWvelebis SxamSi aRmoCenilia: eTerzeTebi; hista-mini; gluvi kunTebis; ucnobi bunebis stimulatori; acetil-holini; gialuronidaza; aminomJavebi. WianWvelebis Sxami, ker-Zod WianWvelmJava, flobs gamoxatul neirotropul efeqts. aRmoCnda, rom WianWvelaTa zogierTi saxeobebi gamoyofen ara mxolod WianWvelamJavas, aramed citronelalis da citralis narevs (SefardebiT 9:1). citrali qimiuri stru-qturiT mogvagonebs vitamin A-s, mas gaaCnia tkivilgamayuCe-beli da anTebis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi, afarToebs sisxl-ZarRvebs, dabla swevs sisxlis arteriul wnevas. es nivTi-ereba gamoiyeneba koniuqtivitebis, keratitebis da hiperto-niuli daavadebebis samkurnalod. efeqti vlindeba dabali koncentra-ciebisas.

es nivTierebebi ara marto TviTon arian toqsikurni aramed xels uwyoben WianWvelamJavas SeRwevas garesafaris gavliT.

WianWvelebidan gamoyofilia nivTiereba `irido-miricini~, romelic klavs qoleris, tifis, tuberkulozis ga-momwvevebs da sruliad uvnebelia adamianisaTvis.

heidelbergis universitetis profesorma Sildknehtma qromatografiuli meTodebiT, WianWvela-foTolmWrelebis metaTorakuli jirkvlebidan ukve cnobili nivTierebebis - `fenil-ZmarmJavas~ da `beta-indolilZmarmJavas~ garda ga-moyo kidev sami nivTiereba. mas – speqtroskopuli kvlevebiT daadgina maTi struqtura. eseni aRmoCndnen mJavebi: `beta-hidroqsinanakarbonmJava~ (mirmekacini), `beta-hidro-qsiheptankarbonmJava~ da `beta-hidroqsipentankarbonmJava~. isini aRmoC-ndnen Zlieri herbicidebi, ris saSualebiTac Wi-anWvelebi amyareben sisufTaves TavianT sokos plantaciebze. beta-indolilZmarmJavas WianWvelebi iyeneben sokos mi-celebis zrdis stimulacii-saTvis. medicinaSi am nearTebma gamoyeneba ar hpoves, magram didia maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli dadebiTi efeqtebis mniSvneloba bioteqnologiaSi.

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aSS-i wiTel WianWvelebs aRmoaCndaT Sxami, romelsac gaaCnia antibiotikis Tvisebebi. is klavs obis sokoebs da umravles mikrobebs, maT Soris streptokokebs da stafi-lokokebs. amave WianWvelebs aseve aRmoaCndaT Zlieri Sxami `trans-2-meTil-6P-undecilpiperidin~-i - romelsac uwodes `solenopsin A~, mas gaaCnia gamoxatuli neirotoqsikuri moq-medeba, igi blokirebas ukeTebs acetilholinis aRmgzneb moqmedebas. es efeqti ar aris konkurentuli.

solenopsini A iwvevs histaminis gamoTavisuflebas ujredebidan. am meqanizmis efeqti gansxvavdeba ukve cnobili meqanizmebis, romlebic SeiniSnebian `48/80~ nivTierebebis da futkris Sxamis MSD-heptidis gamoyenebisas.

JurnalSi `PROCEEDINGS OF HAWAI ENTOMOLOGICAL SOSIETY~ (1982, # 1) gamoqveynebulia masala, sadac miTiTe-bulia zogierTi amerikuli WianWvelebis mier halucinaciebis gamomwvevi nivTierebebis gamomuSavebis saSualebis Sesaxeb.

dReisaTvis afTiaqebSi gvxvdeba WianWvelis spirti, romelic miiReba 14 grami WianWvelamJavis gaxsniT 70%-ian spirtSi. gamodis aseve narevi, Sedgenili WianWvelisa da 2% qafuris spirtis Tanabari wilebisagan.

samkurnalo Tvisebebi, oTaxis mwerebisa, yvelaze sru-lad aris Seswavlili tarakanebisaTvis. aRmosavlur medici-naSi ufrTo mdedr tarakanebs da Wuprebs uwodeben sasqeso jirkvlebis moqmedebis maregulirebel saSualebas, prepa-rats romelic flobs Sarmden moqmedebas da xels uwyobs Zvlebis Sezrdas.

rusul saxalxo medicinaSi Savi tarakanebi gamoiyenebodnen, rogorc Sardmdeni saSualeba wyalmankis dros. 1876 wels profesorma s. botkinma daavala erT-erT Tavis ordinators _ eqim bogomolovs gamoecada taraka-nebisagan miRebuli preparati, rogorc Sardmdeni saSualeba. am gamokvlevaTa miRwevebi gamoqveynda JurnalSi (~Архив клиники внутренных болезней проф. С. П. Боткина 1879-1881гг.~).

tarakanebisagan damzadebuli preparatebis farma-kologiuri Tvisebebi aRwerilia 1882 wlis medicinis doq-toris xarisxis mosapovebel n. CerniSevis disertaciaSi (~Материалы для фармакологии деиствующего начала черных тараканов Blatta orientalis~).

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xangrZlivi eqsperimentaluri kvlevis Sedegebs, n. CerniSevi, Semdeg jgufad warmoadgens disertaciis bolos: 1. mJava (igulisxmeba tarakanis mJava - ACIDUM BLATTICUM,

ase uwoda CerniSevma tarakanebisagan gamoyofili nivTierebis aqtiur sawyiss) axdens gulis moqmedebis mkveTr cvlilebas.

2. es cvlilebebi gamoixateba gulis cemis sixSiris Senele-baSi, preparatis mcire dozebisagan da pulsis mkveTr gax-SirebaSi Tu preparatis doza didia.

3. Seneleba (pulsis) damokidebulia gulis Semakavebeli aparatis gaRizianebaze.

4. gaxSireba (pulsis) preparatis didi dozebisas ganpirobe-bulia gulis Semakavebeli aparatis dambliT.

5. mJava dabla swevs sisxlis wnevas, rac (wnevis daweva) da-mokidebulia mogrZo da zurgis tvinis sisxlZarRvTa centrebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTebaze.

6. sikvdili am mJavisagan dgeba gulis kunTis damblis gamovleniT.

7. mJava moqmedebs rogorc Sardmdeni, moqmedebs ra aRmgzne-bad Tirkmlis sekretorul elementebze.

miuxedavad tarakanebisgan damzadebuli preparatebis aqtiuri sawyisis efeqturobisa, misi qimiuri struqtura dRemde ucnobia.

medicinaSi kidev erTi movlenaa dakavSirebuli tarakanebTan. amerikel mkvlevarTa jgufma b. Sareris xelmZRvanelobiT daadgina, rom tarakanebSi Sinagani sekre-ciis ori jirkvlis amokveTa ganapirobebda simsivnuri axalwarmonaqmnebis gaCenas, yvelaze xSirad ziandeboda mweris muclis organoebi da sanerwyve jirkvlebi. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi cvlilebebis mizezi rekurentuli nervis daziane-baa, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebTan. simsivne Cndeboda mxolod im organoebSi, romlebic iyvnen am nervis kontrolis qveS. am kvlevebma daadastura nervuli sistemis mniSvneloba simsivnuri daavadebebis warmoSobaSi da Seavso codna simsivnis gamom-wvev meqanizmebze.

samkurnalo gamoyeneba hpoves araesTetikurma da momabezrebelma buzebmac. 1941 wels, qirurgiul praqtikaSi buzis Wuprebi gamoiyena a. eliaSevma. buzis Wuprebi gamoiyenebodnen inficirebuli motexilobebis, osteomelitis

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sxvadasxva formebis, Zvlebis tuberkulozis da inficirebuli kultebis (ganmeorebiTi amputaciebisas) samkurnalod. inficireba am SemTxvevaSi xdeboda ZiriTadad oqrosferi da TeTri stafilokokiT, hemolituri streptokokiT, lurj-Cirqovani da difteriis CxirebiT. kvlevebisaTvis gamoiyene-boda mkacri aseptikis pirobebSi gamoyvanili Wuprebi PHOR-MIA REGINA, LUCILIA SERICATA, CALLIPHORA ERYTHRO-CEPHALA (ojaxi MUSCIDAE), romelTac aTavsebdnen eqsperimentaluri cxovelebis WrilobebSi yovel 3 an 5 dReSi. winaswar sruldeboda yvela aucilebeli qirurgiuli RonisZiebebi da SeyavdaT tetanusis sawinaaRmdego Srati. aseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad Wrilobebi sufTavdebodnen, iwmindebodnen infeqciebisagan, es, mkvlevarTa azriT, xde-boda baqteriofagis gavleniT. Sexorceba mTavrdeboda eqvs kviraSi, mZime SemTxvevebSi gamojanmrTeleba grZeldeboda 3-6 Tve.

Tavdapirvelad gamefda azri, rom Wuprebi meqaniku-rad asufTaveben Wrilobas, Wamen ra nekrotul qsovilebs da Cirqovan eqsudats. magram Wuprebis eqstraqtis gamoyenebam (romelic miiReboda marilis xsnariT) analogiuri efeqti ga-moiRo. amerikeli qirurgis livingstonis monacemebiT (1932-1937 ww.), Zvlebisa da rbili qsovilebis Cirqovani dazianebe-bis Sexorceba cocxali Wup-rebisa da maTi eqstraqtis gamoyenebiT 1587 avadmyofisaTvis, SeiniSneboda 60-100% SemTxvevebSi, mag-ram sasurveli Sedegi ar iyo miRweuli qronikuli Cirqovani osteomielitis dros. tuberkulozuri dazianebebisas, Wuprebis eqstraqti, nakleb efeqturi iyo _ axorcebda SemTxvevaTa mxolod 5%-s.

rogoria moqmedebis meqanizmi aRwerili Terapevtuli efeqtisa?

sxvadasxva mkvlevarebis mier dadginda, rom Wuprebi WrilobaSi gamoyofen proteolitur fermentebs da Sardova-nas. ukanaskneli, buzebis Wuprebisagan damzadebuli eqstraqtis msgavsad, asufTavebs Wrilobas, dezodorirebas ukeTebs mas da Trgunavs infeqcias. Sardovanas aseve gaaCnia unari daSalos nekrotuli qsovilebi da moaxdinos susti antiseptikuri zemoqmedeba. Wuprebi aseve gamoyofen ferment `ureazas~, romelic xleCs Sardovanas amiakis warmoqmniT. garda amisa, Wuprebisagan miRebuli eqstraqtis kvlevebisas,

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mis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenili iqnen alantoini, kalciti da gogirdSemcveli nivTierebebi - cisteini da glutaTioni.

aRniSnulma samkurnalo meTodikebma ver moipoves farTo gavrceleba, Wuprebis gamozrdis sirTulis, Wrilo-baSi infeqciebis Setanis saSiSroebisa da meTodis araesTeti-urobis gamo. amave dros Catarebulma kvlevebma biZgi misga WrilobaSemxorcebeli efeqtis qimiuri nivTierebebis, kerZod alantoinis Seswavlas, romlebic gamoyofilni iyvnen Wupre-bis eqstraqtidan.

es nivTiereba (alantoini) pirvelad gamoyofili iqna 1912 wels, mcenaris `SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE~ eqstraqtisa-gan, romelic iyo erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli xalxuri saSu-aleba Wrilobebis da wylulebis samkurnalod. mecnierebma daadgines, rom es nivTiereba warmoiqmneba SardmJavisagan ferment `urikaza~-s gavleniT ZuZumwovrebis organizmSi (ada-mianisa da `adamianis msgavsi maimunebis~ gamoklebiT) da zogierT mcenareebSi, gansakuTrebiT maT CanasaxebSi. Tavisi saxel-wodeba alantoinma miiRo sityvidan `alantois~ _ Ca-nasaxis nawili, romlis siTxeSic igi aRmoaCines.

ramdenime hospitalSi gamocdis Semdeg alantoini rekomendirebuli iqna qronikuli varikozuli wylulebis, qronikuli osteomielitis, Termuli damwvrobebis, gangrene-bis da sxva daavadebaTa samkurnalod. SemCneuli iqna msgav-seba, buzebis Wuprebisa da alantoinis moqmedebebSi.

iTvaliswineben ra alantoinis fiziologiur iner-tulobas, misi moqmedebis meqanizms mravali mkvlevari akavSirebs SardovanasTan, romelic wydeba alantoinis molekulas metabolizmis procesSi.

samkurnalo praqtikaSi, ukve sami aTasi welia, warmatebiT iyeneben sisxlis gamoSvebis meTods, damyarebuls, samedicino wurbelebze.

dadgenili iqna, rom sisxlis wovis dros wurbelas sanerwyve jirkvlebidan gamoiyofa cilovani bunebis gansakuTrebuli nivTiereba _ `hirudini~, romelsac gaaCnia sisxlis Sededebis sawinaaRmdego unari Trombinis inaqti-vaciis gziT. sanerwyve jirkvlebis sekreti Seicavs aseve histaminis msgavs nivTierebas, romelic afarToebs kapi-larebs.

hirudinis samkurnalo Tvisebebis aRmoCenis Semdeg samedicino wurbelebis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi Sevida, rogorc

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mkurnalobis meTodi saxelwodebiT `hirudoTerapia~. dasavleT evropaSi da aSS-Si es meTodi farTod gavrcelda ingliseli eqimis roi soieris samecniero da praqtikuli gamokvlevebis Semdeg, romelmac 1984 wels uelsSi daafuZna specialuri laboratoria wurbelebis Sesaswavlad da gasamravleblad. soieris rCeviT Zalze efeqturia wur-belebis gamoyeneba gulis sisxlZarRvebis daavadebisas, Tromboflebitis, hipertonuli daavadebebis, qirurgiuli Carevis Semdgomi sisxlis mimoqcevis aRdgenisas, plastikuri operaciebisas, dakarguli organoebis mixorcebis SemTxvevebSi.

soierma eqsperimentalurad daamtkica, rom wurbe-laTa efeqturobis mTavari saidumlo imaleba maT nerwyvSi, romelic Seicavs unikalur komponentebs. iyo mcdelobebi sufTa hirudinis gamoyenebisa. aSS-is patentSi # 3432596 aRwerilia misi miRebis xerxi.

Seswavlilia zRvis Wiebidan miRebuli biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi. eqstraqciis gziT polipetebis erT-erTi warmomadgenlisagan gamoyves naerTi `telepini~, ro-melic gamoiyeneba kanis sokovani daavadebebis winaaRmdeg.

zRvis WiebSi `nemertinebSi~ aRmoCenilia neirotoqsi-nebi nikotinis msgavsi moqmedebiT (anabazeini da nemer-tileni), aseve polipeptiduri bunebis citotoqsinebi, romle-bic SerCeviT moqmedeben ujredis membranaze.

zRvis Wiebisagan, romelTac polineziaSi iyeneben onkologiuri daavadebis sawinaaRmdegod, miRebulia prepa-rati `benemini~.

iaponelma meTevzeebma SeniSnes, rom is mwerebi, ro-mlebic Tevzis Weris dros sxdebodnen satyuarad gamo-yenebul zRvis Wiaze, swrafad iRupebodnen. am Wiebisagan gamo-yofili Sxami `nereistoqsini~ axdenda toqsikur zemoqmedebas ZuZumwovrebzec ki. 1960 wels profesorma haSimotom da misma TanamSromlebma daadgines struqtura ucnobi toqsinisa, ro-melic Semdgom miRebuli iqna qimiuri sinTezis gziT. am naer-Tis safuZvelze iaponiaSi sinTezirebulni iqnen analogebi, romlebic toqsikurni iyvnen mxolod mwerebisaTvis da ar warmoadgendnen saSiSroebas adamianisaTvis. erT-erTi maT-gani `padan~-is saxelwodebiT gamoiyeneba soflis meurneo-baSi brinjis mavneblebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

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padanis Seqmna _ kargi magaliTia, bunebrivi biologi-urad aqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebisa, maT bazaze, axali maRalefeqturi nivTierebebis mizanmimarTuli sinTezisa.

1.4.5. feromonebi - cxovelTa komunikaciis qimiuri

saSualebebi

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, uZvelesi droidan samkur-nalo miznebiT iyenebdnen zogierT cxovelTa specifiuri jirkvlebis sunis mden sekretebs (gamonadenebs). gamoyofili nivTierebebi emsaxurebian sapirispiro sqesis cxovelebis mizidvasa da aRgznebas, aseve cxovelis kuTvnili teritoriis moniSvnas, Tavdacvis funqcias.

sunmdeni jirkvlebi ganlagebulni arian sxeulis sxva-dasxva adgilze ZuZumwovris saxeobis mixedviT. aseTi (sunmdeni) jirkvlebi gaaCniaT orive sqesis sqesobrivad mom-wifebul individebs, magram rogorc wesi, mamrebs ganviTare-buli aqvT ufro Zlierad. mdedrebs, specifiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic izidaven da aRagzneben mamrebs, Cveulebriv gamou-muSavdebaT mxolod fiziologiuri ciklis dros. sqesobrivi ciklis sxva fazebSi maTi suni ar izidavs da arc Sejvarebis stimulirebas ukeTebs mamrebs.

arseboben jirkvlebi, romlebic Tavdacvis mizniT gamoyofen myral suns, romelTa sekretSic Sedis merkaptani, romlis aRqmis zRvari adamianisaTvis aris Zalze dabali - 4,3•10-11 g/sm3.

sunmdeni nivTierebis tipiuri da yvelaze Seswavlili nivTierebaa `muskusi~ _ mowiTalo-moyavisfro nivTiereba specifikuri suniT. muskusis sunmden safuZvels warmoadgens `muskoni~ (meTilciklopentadekanoni) 0,5-2%-mde. es aris ze-Tovani nivTiereba duRilis temperaturiT 142-1430C, qimiuri struqturiT - cikluri ketoni. muskuss hgavs suniT da qimiuri agebulebiT muskusis virTxis (ондатра) sunmdeni nivTiereba - `ekzaltoni~ (ciklopentadekanoni). induri viveris da ti-beturi katisagan gamoyves `civetoni~ (cikloheptadecen-9-on).

gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom miuxedavad erTnairi muskusis sunisa, sunmdeni sekretebi sxvadasxva cxovelebisa, Seicaven sxvadasxva qimiuri agebulebis biologiurad aqtiur

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nivTierebebs. magaliTad, Taxvis prepucialuri jirkvlebis sekreti (Taxvis nakadi – Бобровая струя), romelic sirofismag-vari masaa, Seicavs 40-mde sxvadasxva nivTierebas.

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, samkurnalo miznebisaTvis yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen muSkis (MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS) muskusis jirkvlis sekrets. mozrdili mamris muskusis CanTa Seicavs 30-50 gr. muskuss. gamoSrobisas misi Zlieri da mdgradi suni qreba da kvlav Cndeba dasvelebisas. muskusis suni igrZnoba koncentraciaSi 1:100 000 000 000.

Cinur medicinaSi am samkurnalo saSualebas Rebu-loben Sinaganad (peros): sisxlnaklulobis, nevrasteniuli mdgomareobis, gulyrebis, Zilis dros mousvenrobis, bavSve-bis isteriisa da krunCxvebis dros, aseve rogorc zogadma-tonizirebel da gulis kunTis matonizirebel preparats. igi iTvleba swrafmoqmed wamlad.

evropuli medicina iyenebda muskuss, rogorc aRmgzneb saSualebas, gulyrebis dros da rogorc damawynarebel da kruCxvis sawinaaRmdego wamals isteriis dros. mas niSnavdnen sxva samkurnalo preparatebTan erTad narevis saxiT.

muskusi Sedis avicenas mier Sedgenil mraval receptu-raSi. rusul xalxur medicinaSi iyenebdnen sunmden nivTiere-bas _ Taxvis nakads (Бобровая струя), romelic Taxvis bewvze 4-jer Zviri iyo. es samkurnalo nivTiereba Zalze efeqturia nervuli da gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis, Sakikis, rbili qsovilebis tramvis, kanis daCirqebis da gulyrebis dros. mas iyenebdnen mSobiarobis daCqarebisaTvis. Taxvis nakadis qimi-uri Semadgenloba dadginda 1954 wels. damuSavebulia meTo-dika misi miRebisa cocxali Taxvisgan. dReisaTvis Taxvis na-kads iyeneben parfiumeriaSi umaRlesi xarisxis sunamoebis dasamzadeblad.

muskusi da Taxvis nakadi, rogorc samkurnalo nivTierebebi dRes daviwyebulni arian, isini Secvales Taname-drove saSualebebma. muskuss Zalze gavs agebulebiT yvelasaTvis cnobili qafuri. mis molekulas aqvs cikluri struqtura keto-jgufiT, magram Seicavs naxSirbadis atomebis gacilebiT mcire raodenobas. qafurs gaaCnia iseTive Terapiuli Cvenebebi, rogoric aqvs muskuss.

saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi zogierT cxovelTa sunmdeni jirkvlebi gamoyofen sekrets, gangaSi-sas cxovelebi zemoT sweven kudebs da xsnian jirkvlebis arxebs, iynosen ra am

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suns, sxva individebs eZlevaT orientirebis saSualeba. aRmosavleTSi, irmebis kudebis gamoyeneba samkurnalo mizniT praqtikaSi iyo aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi. maTi naxarSebi, eqstraqtebi, nayenebi iniSnebian: sisxl-naklulobis, si-gamxdris, impotenciis dros. mdedri irmis kudebi ufro Zvi-rad fasoben vidre mamrisa.

aRsaniSnavia sunmdeni nivTierebis mniSvneloba Tavad cxovelTa cxovelmoqmedebisaTvis. cxovelTa organizmis yvela ujredi mudmivad imyofeba qimiuri informaciis gadace-mis procesSi. hormonebi (endokrinuli organoebis biologi-urad aqtiuri nivTierebebi) axdenen ujredebze distanciur gavlenas, xolo mediatorebi (nivTierebebi, romelTa gamo-muSaveba xdeba nervuli daboloebebiT) moqmedeben uSualod ujredis membranaze. damtkicebulia aseve uSualo SexebaSi myofi ujredebis qimiuri urTierTqmedeba. rogorc Cans, ynosva qemorecepciis saxiT, cxovelebSi Camoyalibda sxva grZnobebze adre. msoflio okeanis pirveli cocxali bina-darni unda reagirebdnen wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebze. axla ukve dadgenilia, rom ynosva asrulebs uzarmazar rols cocxal organizmebSi, mwerebidan ZuZumwovrebamde, mxolod adamianisaTvis misi (ynosvis) mniSvneloba mciredaa Seswav-lili. savaraudoa, rom informaciis aseTi xerxiT gadacema adamianisaTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli, oRond es xorcieldeba Seucnoblad. es sfero sainteresoa organizmze mizanmimar-Tuli gavlenis SesaZleblobaTa SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.

im nivTierebaTa aRniSvnisaTvis, romelTac cxovelebi garemoSi gamoyofen sxvadasxva qceviTi reaqciebisa da ganvi-Tarebis procesebis regulirebisaTvis, Sveicarielma zo-ologma m. liuSerma da germanelma bioqimikosma p. karl-sonma 1959 wels Semoitanes termini `feromonebi~. amave niv-Tierebebis aRniSvnisaTvis rusul samecniero literaturaSi i. kirSenblatis mier dafuZnebulia da gamoiyeneba termini `telergonebi~.

Tvlian, rom feromonebi axdenen ori saxis zegavle-nas: pirveli - dauyovnebeli da qcevis Seqcevadi cvlileba, dakavSirebuli nervul sistemaze zemoqmedebasTan; da meore - neli cvlileba, romelic iwvevs fiziologiur cvlilebaTa jaWvs imave saxis cxovelebSi.

adamianTa cxovrebaSi sunebis mniSvneloba arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili, Tumca cxadia, rom isini

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TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols. ukve ori kviris asakidan bavS-vebi cnoben dedas. sami-xuTi wlis bavSvebi aseve kargad ar-Ceven dedis suns da piriqiT. sunebs gaaCniaT mniSvneloba ada-mianTa sqeso-briv qcevebSi, magram jer-jerobiT aRniSnul movlenaTa molekuluri meqanizmebi Seswavlili ar aris.

sunebis kidev erTi saintereso Tviseba iqna aRmoCe-nili amerikel mecnierTa jgufis mier jorj vaSingtonis sax-elobis universitetSi (misuris Stati). mkvlevarebma SeZles eswavlebinaT laboratoriuli virTxebisaTvis gaerCiaT suniT, Sizofrenikebi janmrTeli adamianebisagan. mecnierebma gamoyves sunmdeni nivTierebebi Sizofrenikebis oflidan, daadgines misi struqtura da daasinTezes. igi Semdegi saxel-wodebisaa: trans-3-meTil-2-heqsenmJava. aRwerili aRmoCena aris demonstracia feromonebis qimiis gamoyenebisa daavade-baTa diagnostirebaSi zemoTaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT interesmoklebuli araa `aromoTerapiis~ (termini Semo-tanilia frangi qimikosis rene m. hatefosis mier 1928 wels da niSnavs `sunis gamoyeneba samkurnalod~) gaxseneba.

aromoTerapia samkurnalod iyenebs mcenareTa bune-briv sunebs, igi avadmyofs kurnavs organizmis TviTgamajan-saRebeli Zalebis stimulirebis gziT. aromoTerapia scil-deba winamdebare damxmare saxelmZRvanelos Tematur far-glebs da igi calke msjelobis sagania.

1.4.6. wamlebi cxovelTa rqebidan

yvelaze Zveli damwerlobiTi dokumentebi, sadac wam-lebis recepturaa moyvanili, aris egvipturi papirusebi faraon spofru-s epoqisa (3700 weli Cv.w.aR-mde). aq moyvanili zogierTi receptebi erTi SexedviT gulubryvilod gamoiyurebian. magaliTad: Tmis zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis gamoiyeneboda finikis palmis yvavilebi, ZaRlis brWyalebi da saxedris Cliqebis zeTSi naxarSi, romelic sacxis saxiT Seizileboda TmebSi.

praqtikulma medicinam daamtkica, rom es receptebi arc ise gulubryvilo aRmoCnda.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi evropeli mecnierebi skeptiku-rad epyrobodnen wamlebs rqebisagan, Cliqebisagan, iseve

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rogorc mTel aRmosavlur medicinas. maTTvis daujerebeli iyo, rom erTi da igive samkurnalo saSualebebs SeeZloT keTilismyofeli Terapevtiuli efeqtis moxdena sxvadasxva erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul daavadebebze. aseTi samkurnalo saSualebebis mimarT interesi gaizarda XX saukunis dasawy-isSi.

dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom Cliqebi, rqebi da brWyalebi Sedgebian rqovani nivTierebisagan _ `keratine-bisagan~. keratinebi _ esaa msgavsi Tvisebebis cilovan nivTierebaTa jgufi, amitom es termini ixmareba mravlobiT ricxvSi. keratinebi _ cilovani nivTierebebi, romlebic Sedian dacviTi funqciebis matarebel qsovilebSi: TmebSi, tyavSi, jagarSi, bumbulSi, rqebSi. isini uzrunvelyofen Camo-Tvlili qsovilebis mdgradobas gare zemoqmedebis faqtore-bis: gacxelebis, qimiuri nivTierebebis, meqanikuri datvirTve-bis mimarT. keratinebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania – gogirdSem-cveli aminomJavebis maRali Semcveloba, romelTa dawvisas gamoiyofian gogirdovani naerTebi, aqedanaa damwvari rZis specifiuri suni. xolo gogirdi TiTqmis ucvlelad Sedis mravali, Tanamedrove, efeqturi samkurnalo saSualebis Se-madgenlobaSi.

aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis xalxur medicinaSi ori aTas welze metia gamoiyeneba laqebiani irmis gauZvalebeli rqebi (~pantebi~); rogorc sufTa saxiT, aseve sxva samkurnalo saSualebebTan erTad, maT farTod iyenebdnen anemiis, gamofitvis, infeqciebis Semdgomi organizmis saerTo sisusti-sas, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis ukmarisobisas, WrilobaTa Sexorcebis gaWianurebisas, sasqeso organoebis funqciis aRdgenisaTvis da a.S.

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi iyeneben ara mxolod mzard, aramed gaZvalebul rqebsac. Cinur medicinaSi laqebiani irmis sxeulis yvela nawili samkurnalodaa miCneuli: kbilebi, Zvlebi, tvini, sisxli, xorci, tyavi, myesebi, naRveli da a.S. laqebiani irmis gamomSrali myesebis (gaqnili saxiT) naxarSi sxva saSualebebTan erTad (5-8 grami TiTo miRebaze) Cineli eqimebis mier iniSneboda gamofitvis da sisustis dros.

irmebis mzardi rqebisagan damzadebul aRmosavluri wamlebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dResac. magram am efeqturi samkurnalo saSualebebis aRiareba mecnieruli medicinis mier uceb ar momxdara.

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rusi eqimebis mier (l. timofeevski, a. maslenikovi, a. preobraJenski da p. boCkariovi) 1924 wels daiwyo pantebis saZiebo farmakologiuri kvlevebi.

pantebis rogorc samkurnalo saSualebaTa nedleulis dawvrilebiTi laboratoriul-klinikuri Seswavlis organ-izeba daiwyo 1932 wlidan profesor s. pavlenkos xelmZRvanelobiT. mis mier SemuSavebulia, samkurnalo prepa-rat `pantokrinis~ damzadebis meTodika (10%-iani eqstraqti dayenebulia 50%-ian eTilis spirtze) da organizebulia samecniero samuSaoebi am preparatis farmakodinamikis da samkurnalo moqmedebis yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis. Catare-bulma kvlevebma gamoavlines pantokrinis ZiriTadi farmakologiuri Tvisebebi da Seqmnes mecnieruli safuZveli, samkurnalo praqtikaSi, misi farTo gamoyenebisaTvis.

ras warmoadgenen pantebi? esenia mzardi (gauZvale-beli) rqebi irmisa, romelic moxsnilia (moWrilia) zrdisa da ganviTarebis gansazRvrul stadiaze. maT damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgens rqebis yovelwliuri cvla. es procesi grZeldeba cxovelis mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. pantebis samkurnalo Rirebulebis maqsimumi dgeba maSin, roca rqebi srulad araa ganviTarebuli - es isazRvreba wanazarde-bis masiT, zomiT da raodenobiT. isini (pantebi) unda iyvnen kargad nakvebi, gaZvalebis niSnebis gareSe, gadaWris adgilze - forianebi. dadgenili iqna, rom pantebis zrdisas maTi samkurnalo aqtivoba icvleba. adreul stadiebze, pantebis zrdisas maTi samkurnalo aqtivoba icvleba. adreul sta-diebze, pantebis asakis momatebasTan erTad SeiniSneba maTi farmakologiuri aqtivobis mkveTri zrda, magram es grZeldeba gansazRvrul momentamde, xolo Semdeg rqebis zrdisas TandaTan klebulobs (aqtivoba). garda amisa, Seswav-lili iqna sxvadasxva nawilebis biologiuri aqtivoba - wveroebi, lula, Tvalzeda wanazardi da sisxli. SedarebisaT-vis iyenebdnen mTlian pants. yvela nawilidan maqsimaluri aqtivoba gaaCnia wveros, romelic 25%-iT ufro aqtiuria mTlian pantze.

irmebis rqebi xasiaTdebian rTuli qimiuri SemadgenlobiT, isini Seicaven: organul nivTierebebs (52-57%), nacars (30-35%), azots (9-10%) da cximebs. pantebis miner-aluri Semadgenloba mdidari da nairgvaria. zrdadi rqebis nacarSi aRmoCenilia kalciumi, magniumi, rkina, siliciumi,

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fosfori, natriumi, kaliumi da sxva elementebi. mcire raodenobiT Sedian nikeli, spilenZi, titani, manganumi, kala, tyvia, bariumi. pantebisagan gamoyofilia 25 saxis sxvadasxva aminomJava, romelTa 38%-s Seadgenen glicini, prolini da glutaminmJava. pantebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT lipidebs, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian fosfatidebi, qolesterini da qolesterinis eTerebi. mzardi rqebis mravalferovani qimiuri Semadgenloba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom organizmze mo-qmedebs ara erTi nivTiereba, aramed naerTTa kompleqsi, rogorc organuli, aseve mineraluri.

dadgenili iqna, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemaze yve-laze aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdenen azotovani, xolo kuW-naw-lavis traqtze - pantebis eqstraqtis (pantokrinis) lipoiduri fraqciebi.

am sferos momavali kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba aqtiurad moqmed nivTierebaTa bunebis gaSifvraSi.

mravalwliani kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda pantebis sami ZiriTadi Tviseba: organizmze matonizirebeli moqmedeba, romelic stimulirebas ukeTebs sqesobriv funqcias da aC-qarebs WrilobaTa Sexorcebas. organizmze pantokrinis gav-lena ZiriTadad xorcieldeba nervuli sistemis saSualebiT, am mxriv umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs nervuli sistemis vegetatiuri parasimpatikuri nawili.

sxvadasxva specialobis eqimebis mier didi xania SeniSnulia organizmis saerTo tonusis kavSiri sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimdinareobasa da SedegTan. dadgenilia, rom tonus daweuli organizmi mniSvnelovan wilad kargavs Tavis dacviT Tvisebebs da amis gamo Zalze midrekilia sxvadasxva moSlilobisaken. daavadebaTa umravlesoba aseT SemTxvevebSi, Cveulebriv, mimdinareobs gacilebiT mZimed. organizmis saerTo tonusis amaRleba ara marto aadvilebs daavadebis mimdinareobas, aramed xSirad gamoricxavs Tavad daavadebis warmoSobis saSualebasac. amitom samkurnalo praqtikaSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTo matonizire-bel samkurnalo saSualebaTa gamoyenebas.

aseTi saxis preparatebs Soris, pantokrins, uciloblad, ekuTvnis erT-erTi pirveli adgili. preparatis gamoyeneba dadebiT efeqtebs axdenda mTeli rigi daavadebe-bisas: nevrozebisas xdeboda avadmyofTa Zilis normalizeba,

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umjobesdeboda saerTo guneba-ganwyobileba, izrdeboda Sromisunarianoba; qalebSi klimaqteriuli nevrozisas maRali wneva Zirs iwevda; umjobesdeboda im adamianTa saerTo mdgomareoba, romelTac awuxebdaT gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis moSla, kuWis wyluli, qronikuli gas-triti, hepatiti, holecistiti.

pantokrini axdenda saerTo gamamagrebel da gama-janmrTelebel moqmedebas gripis Semdgomi gajansaRebis pe-riodSi da gamofitul, qirurgiuli operaciebiT dasustebul avadmyofTa duned mimdinare daCirqebis procesisas. amasTan preparati astimulirebda WrilobaTa Sexorcebas.

omis dros pantokrinis gamoyeneba (adgilobrivad da Sinaganad) nawolebisa da Wrilobebis mkurnalobisas iZleoda mniSvnelovan Terapevtul efeqts. preparatiT sami-oTxi Camorecxvis Semdeg nawolebi sufTavdebodnen da ramodenime xnis Semdeg Wriloba xorcdeboda.

pantokrini mniSvnelovnad aCqarebda eqsperimentalur WrilobaTa Sexorcebas ZaRlebSi, romlebic (Wrilobebi) Cndebodnen Termuli (Ria ali, orTqli) da qimiuri (gogirdmJava) damwvrobebisas. misi toqsikuroba umniSvneloa.

uZvelesi droidan iTvleba, rom pantebi warmoadgenen qmediT saSualebas, sasqeso sistemis sxvadasxva funqcion-aluri aSlilobisas, rogorc mamakacebSi, aseve qalebSi. ma-gram klinikuri dakvirvebebi am mxriv Zalze cotaa Catare-buli.

rogor amzadeben pantokrins? pantebis moxerxvis Sem-deg mas akonserveben (Tumca axladmoxerxili pantebi xasiaTlebian maqmisaluri aqtivobiT). dakonservebuli nedleuli inaxeba mravali weli. pantokrinis mosamzadeblad rqas fqvaven da fxvnils asxamen eTilis spirts. ramdenime dRis Semdeg xsnars filtraven da Rebuloben cnobil samkur-nalo preparats - moyviTalo siTxes fenolis susti suniT.

Cinur xalxur medicinaSi pantebs iyeneben fxvnilis saxiT (0,5-1,0 gr. TiTo miRebaze) da iSviaTad wyliani eqstraqtebis saxiT (10:200). CineTSi, irmis rqebis garda, samkurnalo mizniT iyeneben samxreT da centraluri aziis antilopas rqebs. burbuSelas am rqebisagan iyeneben, rogorc antitoqsikur, spazmolitur, damawynarebel da sicxis damwev saSualebad.

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dReisaTvis dakluli saqonlis rqebisa da Cliqebisa-gan, mJavuri hidrolizis, eqstraqciis da qimiuri gawmendis gziT Rebuloben glutaminmJavas. es naerTi monawileobs organizmSi azotis cvlis procesebSi, gvevlineba ra aspar-aginmJavasa da alaninTan erTad umravles sxva aminomJavaTa gardaqmnis produqtad. is (glutaminmJava) xels uwyobs ami-akis gauvnebelyofas uvnebel glutaminSi gardaqmnis gziT, romelic aZlierebs amiakis gamoyvanas TirkmelebiT amoni-umis marilebiT saxiT. glutaminmJavis didi raodenobaa tvinis TeTri da ruxi nivTierebebis cilebSi, sadac amiakis gauvnebelyofis procesebs aqvT Zalze didi mniSvneloba ner-vuli sistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, misi daniSvna astimulirebs JangviT procesebs tvinSi, xels uwyobs acetil-holinis da adenozintrifosformJavis (ATP) sinTezs, kal-ciumis ionebis gadatanas. glutaminmJava TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols ConCxis muskulaturis funqcionirebaSi, igi kunTebis boWkoebis cilebis nawilia.

mas iyeneben centraluri nervuli sistemis daavadebe-bisas _ epilefsiebi, fsiqozebi, fsiqiuri ganviTarebis Se-ferxeba bavSvebSi, daunis daavadeba, poliomieliti da cen-traluri damblebi. preparati aseve iniSneba neirotoqsikuri movlenebis profilaqtikisa da moxsnisaTvis.

rqebisa da Cliqebisagan Rebuloben aseve Zvirfas sanedleulo produqts _ `Tirozins~, romelic aris wyaro, farisebri jirkvlis hormonebis, _ `Tiroqsinis~ da `triiod-Tironinis~ sinTezisa. hormonebs preparatebis saxiT niSnaven, farisebri jirkvlis funqciis ukmarisobisas, kretinizmisa da miksidemis dros. isini Sedian preparat `Tireokombis~ (yo-fili gdr) SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba farisebri jirkvlis daavadebaTa mkurnalobisas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom rqebi da Cliqebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan wyaros Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtisa - cilisa. maTi yoveli kilogrami Seicavs 850 gram cila keratins. ma-gram keratini xasiaTdeba maRali mdgradobiT da ar gada-muSavdeba cxovelis kuWSi. kvebis mrewvelobis kievis teqnologiur institutSi gamoiyenes keratinis zedapiruli hidrolizi SardovaniT da rqebisa da Cliqebisgan gaakeTes saqonlis sakvebi. axali sakvebi cilovani koncentrati iwar-moeba mSrali sakvebis Cveulebriv saamqroebSi. am prodeqcias

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awarmoeben ukrainaSi luganskis (yofili voroSilovgradis), doneckis da makeevskis xorckombinatebi.

medicinaSi gamoyeneba hpoves cxovelTa xrtilebma da myesebma. Cinur medicinaSi gansakuTrebiT fasobs irmis ga-momSrali myesebi, romelsac iyeneben nayenis saxiT. mas niS-naven sxva preparatebTan erTad gamofitvisas, daavadebebiT dasustebuli bavSvebisaTvis da tuberkulozisas.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis traqeis xrtilidan mzaddeboda preparati `honsuridi~ (yofili ssrk). mis moqmed sawyisad miCneulia hondroitingogirdovani mJava. es maRal-molekuluri mukopolisaqaridi Sedis gialuronmJavasTan erTad sxvadasxva saxis SemaerTebeli qsovilis Semadgenlo-baSi. igi didi raodenobiT Sedis xrtilovan qsovilSi, sadac imyofeba Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi an cilasTan dakavSire-buli naerTis saxiT. ansxvaveben hondroitingogirdovani mJavis sam saxes - A, B, C romlebic msgavsni arian agebulebiT.

honsurids iyeneben gaWianurebuli Wrilobebis Sexor-cebis dasaCqareblad, travmebisa da operaciebisas, trofi-kuli wylulebisas. kolagenis xsnarSi igi Sedis `kolagenuri firi~-s SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac aseve iyeneben Sexorcebis procesebis dasaCqareblad. amave mizniT niSnaven preparat `kombutek-~s, romelsac iReben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis aqilevsis myesebidan da tyavis CamonaWrebisagan. gaaCnia ra forovani struqtura, igi iwovs Wrilobis zedapiridan gamonayofebs, rac aCqarebs Sexorcebis process.

xrtilovani qsovilebis dazianebiT mimdinare saxsre-bis daavadebisas, eqimebi rekomedacias uweven samkurnalo saSualebas `rumalons~, romelic iwarmoeba axalgazrda cxovelebis xrtilebisa da Zvlis tvinis eqstraqtisagan.

cxovelTa Zvlebisa da xrtilebis kolagenis nawilo-brivi hidroliziT Rebuloben yvelasaTvis cnobil `Je-latins~. mas uSveben 10%-iani xsnaris saxiT sisxlis Sededebis unaris asamaRleblad da sisxldenebis SesaCereblad. qirur-giuli operaciebisas iyeneben specialurad damuSavebul Je-latins saxelwodebiT `Jelatinis Rrubeli~. axdens ra efeqts, organizmSi Catovebuli `Jelatinis Rrubeli~ Semdgom mTlianad gaiwoveba. `preparati Jelatinoli~ warmoadgens zogierTi aminomJavebis xsnars 8%-ian, nawilobriv gaxleCil kvebiT JelatinSi. mas iyeneben rogorc plazmis Semcvlels masiuri sisxldenebisas.

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aRmosavlur medicinaSi Jelatins yvelaze xSirad Rebuloben saxedris tyavisagan.

yvelasaTvis aseve kargad cnobil gaaqtivebul naxSirs Rebuloben iseTi organuli masalebisagan, rogorebicaa: cxovelTa Zvlebi da sisxli, Saqari, kaklis naWuWi da xis nar-Cenebi. am masalebis TuTiis (II) qloridis an kaliumis kar-bonatis xsnariT gaJRenTis da Semdgomi gaxurebiT (haeris deficitis pirobebSi) Rebuloben gaaqtivebul naxSirs, ro-melic medicinaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc sorbciuli saSualeba.

1.4.7. cxovelmoqmedebis produqtTa samkurnalo Tvisebebi

dReisaTvis naRvlis Semadgenloba da misi Tvisebebi

sakmaod detaluradaa Seswavlili. arCeven SedarebiT Txevad da naTel (gamWvirvale) naRvels, romelic gamomuSavdeba RviZlis ujredebisagan, aseve buStebian, naRvlis lorwovani gamonadenebiT, siblante momatebul naRvels. wylis Sewovis gamo, naRvlis koncentracia naRvlis buStSi, izrdeba 5-10-jer. naRvlis ZiriTad kom-ponents warmoadgenen naRvlis mJavebi - holanmJavis warmoebulebi, romelic bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba.

sxvadasxva saxis ZuZumwovrebis naRvels gaaCnia Tavisi gansakuTrebuli (SemadgenlobiT, raodenobiT da struqtu-riT) naRvlis mJavebi.

dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian hidroqsiluri jgufebis sivrcobrivi ganlage-biT da raodenobiT. naRveli naRvlis mJavebs Seicavs, gliciniT da tauriniT dakavSirebul natriumis marilebis saxiT. isini nawilobriv Seiwovebian nawlavebis qveda areSi, sisxliT gadaitanebian RviZlSi da isev Sedian naRvlis sadi-narebSi.

adamianis naRveli Seicavs TiTqmis yvela naRvlis mJavas, `steroholovani~, `hiodezoksiholovani~ da `histo-holovani~ mJavebis garda. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis naR-veli Seicavs stereoholovan mJavas. Roris naRvelSi ar aR-moCnda holovani da liToholovani mJavebi, amasTan dadg-inda hiodezoksiholovani da hioholovani mJavebis didi raodenoba.

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naRvlis feri ganisazRvreba tetrapiroluri pigmente-bis bunebiT, romelTa wyarocaa `hemoglobinisa~ da `mioglo-binis~ heminuri jgufebi. ZiriTadi pigmentebi - `bilirubini~ da misi warmoebuli `biliverdini~ - nawlavuri mikrobebis moqmedebis Sedegad nawilobriv gardaiqmnebian `uro-bilinSi~.

dadgenili iqna, rom naRvlis dakargvis an SeCere-bisas, aseve misi preparatebis Seyvanisas organizmSi xdeba ara marto saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis organoTa moqmede-bis cvlileba. naRvlis gamoyofis Seferxeba, misi Semcvelobis gazrda iwvevs sisxlmbadi organoebis gaRizianebas, irRveva gulisa da nervuli sistemis funqcionireba, dabla iwevs sisxlis wneva, icvleba kuW-nawlavis traqtis sekretoruli da motoruli funqcia, mcirdeba TirkmelebiT wylisa da marilebis gamoyofa, iTrguneba JangviTi procesebis inten-sivoba. SeiniSneba farisebri jirkvlis funqciis dadableba da hipofizarul-Tirkmelzeda sistemis aqtivacia.

i. ganitkeviCma 1968 wels daadgina, rom naRveli da masSi Semavali naRvlis mJavebi axdenen neirotropul moqmedebas, amaRleben pirobiT-refleqtorul moqmedebas. didi dozebiT, axdenen damTrgunav efeqts.

naRvliT gamoidevneba sisxlSi Warbi raodenobiT myofi sxvadasxva nivTierebebi, aseve mravali samkurnalo preparati da zogierTi hormoni.

dReisaTvis sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamodis konservire-buli naRveli, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis da Rorebis naRvelisagan, igi Seicavs stabiliza-torebs da antiseptikebs (eTilis spirti, formalini, furacilini). mas iyeneben garegani moxmarebiT kompresebis saxiT saxsrebis mwvave da qronikuli daavadebebisas, radiku-litebisas, rogorc tkivilgamayuCebeli, anTebissawi-naaRmdego da gamwovi saSualeba.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis liofilizirebuli naR-veli gamodis preparat `liobilis~ garsiani abebis saxiT. preparati aZlierebs nawlavTa peristaltikas, xels uwyobs cximebis Sewovas, axdens naRvlismden efeqts.

naRveli aZlierebs RviZlis ujredebis sekretorul moqmedebas, nawlavebis da kuWqveSa jirkvlis funqciebis intensificirebas. amitom igi Sedis kompleqsuri preparatebis `panzinormis~ da `digestalis~, `festalis~ da `kotazim-

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fortes~ SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba saWmlis mone-lebis darRvevisas. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis naRveli aris aseve Semadgeneli nawili preparatebisa `alaxoli~ da `xolenzimi~, romelTac uniSnaven avadmyofebs qronikuli hepatitiT, holecistitebiT da enterokolitebiT.

uSveben aseve dehidroholovan mJavas (preparati `hologoni~), romelic miekuTvneba naRvlis mJavebs da romelsac Rebuloben dakluli saqonlis naRvlisagan. is aris RviZlis ujredebis fiziologiuri gamRizianebeli, axdens naRvlismden efeqts.

70-ian wlebSi meio-s (aSS) klinikaSi daadgines, rom henodezoqsiholovani mJavis (romelic Sedis Roris naR-velSi) xangrZlivi gamoyeneba doziT 1-2 grami dReSi, naRvlis buStis kenWovani daavadebisas avadmyofTa 50%-Si Slis qvebs naRvlis buStSi. am qvebis mTliani gaxsna xdeboda mkurnalo-bis 6-24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. amerikeli eqimebis mier miRebuli Sedegebi xsnian naRvlis buStis qvebis samkurnalo moqmede-bas, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian naRvlis mJavebi.

amerikuli patentis # 3591687 avtori cdilobda Warb-wonianebisaTvis emkurnala naRvlis mJavebis da maTi war-moebulebis daniSvniT, iseTi mJavebi, rogorebicaa liTo-holovani, dezoqsiholovani, henodezoqsiholovani, holovani, hiodezoqsiholovani mJavebi, saWmelTan erTad miRebisas xels uwyoben madis daqveiTebas.

aRmoCnda, rom nerwyvi da cremli aseve Seicavs biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs. samxreTafrikuli Ra-muris nerwyvSi, romelic cxelsisxlianebis sisxliT ikvebeba, aRmoCnda sisxlis Sededebis sawinaaRmdego naerTi, aseve fer-menti `desmokinaza~, romelic xsnis sisxlis Trombebs.

cnobilma ingliselma mecnierma, nobelis premiis lau-reatma, penicilinis Semqmnelma, aleqsandre flemingma pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba imas, rom cremli - es ubralo wyali araa. mis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenili iqna cilovani bunebis nivTiereba - `lizocimi~, romelsac gaaCnia antibaq-te-riuli aqtivoba. 5-10 wuTSi is uvnebelyofda baqteriebs da zogierT virusebs. es nivTiereba kar-gad adezinficirebs Tvals, aseve cremlis arxiT aRwevs sasunTq gzebSi da asuf-Tavebs CasasunTq haers.

am nivTierebis didi raodenobiT misaRebad, mecni-erebma daadgines, rom igi Sedis qaTmis kvercxis cilis Se-

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madgenlobaSi, swored misgan Rebuloben preparat `lizo-cims~. mas iyeneben qronikuli Cirqovani procesebis, damwv-robebis, moyinvebis da zogierTi sxva daavadebebis samkur-nalod, romlebic mimdinareoben inficirebiT.

samedicino literaturaSi aRwerilia qaTmis kvercxis naWuWis samkurnalo Tvisebebi. 1937 da 1939 wlebSi JurnalSi (~Хирургия~) g. dudkeviCma gamoaqveyna kvercxis naWuWis warmatebiT gamoyenebis Sedegebi Zvlebis motexilobebis mkurnalobisas.

dReisaTvis kvercxis yviTridan Rebuloben `fosfatidilholins~ da `lizofosfati-dilholins~, romle-bic gamoiyeneba bioqimiuri kvlevebisas.

kvercxis cilas, albumins xSirad iyeneben rogorc antidots mowamvlebisas, gansakuTrebiT vercxliswylis da spilenZis marilebiT. is qmnis uxsnad albuminatebs mraval metalTan, rac aferxebs maT Sewovas da pirRebinebis saSualebebis daniSvnisas saSualebas iZleva swrafad ganTavisufldes organizmi Sxamisagan.

Zvel droSi mowamvlis sawinaaRmdegod xSirad gamoiyeneboda `bezoaris~ qva, romelic warmoiqmneba zogi-erTi mcoxnavi cxovelis kuW-nawlavis traqtSi (cxeni, Txa, antilopa da sxva). saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi igi gamoiyene-boda rogorc saswaulmoqmedi saSualeba Sxamebis da sxvadasxva daavadebebis gamomwvevTa winaaRmdeg.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi oficialuri medicina am qvis Tvisebebs Tvlida araseriozulad da crurwmenad. magram Sem-dgomma eqsperimentalurma gamokvlevebma sawinaaRmdego daamtkica.

profesorma areniusma (cnobili qimikosis svante aren-iusis SviliSvili) zRvis biologiisa da sanapiro kvlevebis institutSi (kolumbia, aSS) daadgina, rom bezoaris qva Sedgeba kalciumis hidrofosfatis mineraluri marilebisa-gan, romlebic grovdebian cxovelis mier gadaylapul Tmis grovebze. maTi molekulis zoma da struqtura iseTivea, rogorc dariSxanis erT-erTi naerTisa _ `natriumis hidro-arsenati~, Tu beziaris qvas movaTavsebT sasmelSi, romelSic aris arsenati, an Tu CavyriT am sasmelSi fxvnils beziaris qvisgan, xdeba mimocvla _ siTxeSi gadadis uvnebeli fosfati, xolo qva STanTqavs dariSxans. kvlevebma romlebic Catare-buli iyo radiaqtiuri dariSxanis gamoyenebiT, aCvenes, rom

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bezoaris qva iwovs aseT arsenatebs Rrublis msgavsad. magram meqanizmi aq sxvaa. dariSxanis es naerTebi ukavSirdeba kera-tins, romelic cxovelTa kuW-nawlavis traqtSi ganicdis nawilobriv hidrolizs.

iaponelma mkvlevarebma m. kimuram da e. osadam Seis-wavles efeqturoba kombinirebuli aRmosavluri saSualebe-bisa `BEZOAR ORIENTAL~ da `ROKUSINGAN~, romelTa Se-madgenlobaSi Sedis bezoari. damtkicebuli iqna maTi samkur-nalo Rirebuleba.

uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili, Sardis samkurnalo miz-niT gamoyeneba xalxur medicinasa da veterinariaSi. Sardi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc samkurnalo saSualeba Wrilobebisas, ekzemisas, damwvrobebisas, alkoholizmis da sxva sneulebebis samkurnalod.

a.agafonovi (~Клиническая медицина~ т. 12, №7, 1934) aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi papanaqebis dros avadmyofs alevinebdnen Sards _ upiratesad qalis an bavSvis. mis miRe-bas urCevdnen `SeSinebisas~. kaxeTSi romelime sakvebis mi-marT zizRis SegrZnebisas aseve urCevdnen daeliaT aseTi Sar-di, zogjer upiratesobas aniWebdnen make aqlemis Sards. iTvleboda, rom urinoTerapia Svelis revmatizms, grips da tuberkulozs.

samecniero literaturaSi aRwerilia winaswar aduRe-buli da gafiltruli, sakuTari SardiT mkurnalobis xerxi, (.Лесевич В. А. К вопросу об уринотерапии. Врачебное дело №17-18, с. 1441, 1926). avtorTa azriT, autourinoTerapiis es meTodi efeqturia mwvave anTebiTi da gaciebis daavadebisas. igi axdens sicxis damwev, Sardmden moqmedebas.

40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris samkurnalo praqtikaSi cnobili iyo Sardisgan damzadebuli ramdenime preparati: `urotoqsini~, romelsac amzadebdnen arafexmZime qalebis Sardisagan, `urohormoni~ da `urohor-moni Ф~. cnobili iyo fexmZime qalebis Sardisagan miRebuli preparatebi - `gravidani~, `endokridani~, `gravidoli~.

ruseTSi 1933 wels Seiqmna urogravidanoTerapiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti.

preparat gravidanis avtoris, a. zamkovis, mtkicebiT, es samkurnalo saSualeba Seicavs araspecifiurad moqmed komponentebs da specifiur hormonalur nivTierebebs. gravi-dani amaRlebs organizmis saerTo tonuss, gansakuTrebiT

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mkveTri gamofitvis SemTxvevaSi, daavadebis gadatanis Sem-dgomi saerTo sisustisas. is aZlierebs organizmis regen-eraciul unars: aCqarebs WrilobaTa Sexorcebas, amaRlebs an aRadgens potencias, rig SemTxvevebSi aRadgens Tmis fers, amaRlebs kanis elastiurobas, amaxvilebs smenas da mxedvelo-bas.

dadgenili iqna, rom preparatis hormonaluri efeq-tebi ganpirobebulia specifiuri hormonebis _ `horialuri honadotropinis~ SemcvelobiT, romelic biologiuri moqme-debiT identuria hipofizaruli honadotropinisa _ malu-Tenizirebeli hormoni. Tumca maTi qimiuri identuroba jer ar damtkicebula. horialuri honadotropini gamomuSavdeba placentaSi fexmZimobis adreul etapze da didi raodenobiT gamoiyofa SardTan erTad.

dReisaTvis rusuli warmoebis preparati `Гонадо-тропин хорионический~ gamoiyeneba mamakacisa da qalis sasqeso funqciebis ukmarisobisa da darRvevebisas. am preparatis ucxouri analogebi gamodian Semdegi dasaxelebebiT: `antelobini~, `entromoni~, `foluteini~, `honabioni~ da sxva. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi fexmZime qalebis da cxovelTa Sardi-sagan iRebdnen qalis sasqeso hormons `folikulins~. dReisaTvis mas Rebuloben sinTezurad da Sards nedleulad ar iyeneben.

Tanamedrove midicinaSi yvelaze cnobil cximis msgavs nivTierebas _ lanolins _ Rebuloben cxvris tyavis Camo-recxviT. is ar ixrwneba da kargad iwoveba. gaaCnia ra sqeli konsestencia da didi siblante, lanolini gamoiyeneba mxolod sxva cximebTan, zeTebTan an vazelinTan erTad nare-vis saxiT (2-3 wili lanolini 1-2 wil vazelinze).

misi gamoyeneba sufTa saxiT ar SeiZleba, radgan sis-qelis gamo igi axSobs folikulebs da iwvevs maT anTebas. lanolini kargad iwovs wyals, xels ar uSlis wylis anaorT-qlebis gamoyofas kanidan, da amitom moqmedebs rogorc gama-grilebeli da anTebis sawinaaRmdego. Tu eqimis receptSi miTiTebulia lanolini, afTiaqi amzadebs wylian lanolins, romelic Seicavs 30% wyals. lanolinis malamoze cvilis damateba xels uwyobs wylis swrafad aorTqlebas, rac Tavis mxriv aZlierebs mis gamagrilebel unars. lanolini anpi-robebs samkurnalo preparatebis kanSi Rrma SeRwevadobas.

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cxovelmoqmedebis produqtebs miekuTvneba rZe, rom-elic amave dros sakvebi produqtia. misi samkurnalo Tvise-bebi aRwerilia jer kidev hipokrates SromebSi, sadac moyva-nilia CamonaTvali Cvenebebisa da ukuCvenebebisa am saSu-alebis daniSvnisaTvis.

yovelmxrivaa Seswavlili rZis moqmedeba organizmze. 1857 wels f. inozemcevma gamoaqveyna didi monografia, sadac aRwerilia rZiT mkurnalobis ZiriTadi momentebi. rZis samkurnalo Tvisebebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitana peterburgelma eqimma f. karelma. misma dietam aqtualoba SeinarCuna dRevandel dRemde. man aRwera warmatebuli mkur-nalobis SemTxvevebi moxdili rZiT gulis dekompensirebisas, filtvebis daavadebebisas, kuW-nawlavis traqtis da RviZlis daavadebebisas, aseve simsuqnisas.

sxvadasxva cxovelTa rZe gansxvavdeba Tavisi SemadgenlobiT da sakvebi RirebulebiT. Txis rZe mdidaria cximebiT da cilebiT da mas gacilebiT ukeT iTvisebs or-ganizmi, vidre sxva cxovele-bis rZes. yvelaze cximian rZes iZlevian irmebi da kameCebi. vinc araa miCveuli aseT rZes, mas aZleven ganzavebuli saxiT. Sua aziasa da amierkavkasiaSi popularulia zebus rZe, romelic garda sakvebi Tvisebebisa, Seicavs (am adgilebSi gavrcelebuli) piroplazmozis gamom-wvevis mimarT antisxeulebs.

rZis cximi odiTganve gamoiyeneboda, rogorc garegani damarbilebeli saSualeba. gamogonebaze franguli ganacxadis # 2530952 Tanaxmad, Txis karaqi xels uwyobs Tmis zrdas.

warsulSi iyo mcdelobebi gamoeyenebinaT mkurnalo-bis mizniT, rZis iseTi mniSvnelovani komponenti, rogoricaa rZis Saqari. pirvelad 1583 wels alqimikosma turneiserma scada gamoeyo rZis `mTavari marili~. gacilebiT detalurad iqna aRwerili rZis Saqris miReba 1633 wels bolonieli eqimis bartoletis mier. termini `rZis Saqari~ an `laqtoza~, pirvelad gamoiyena venecielma eqimma testim 1694 wels.

rZis Saqari organizmSi aregulirebs cximebisa da cximebis msgavsi nivTierebebis dagrovebas, xels uwyobs kal-ciumis, magniumis da fosforis aTvisebas. kuW-nawlavis traq-tis fermentebis da mikroorganizmebis moqmedebiT laqtoza iSleba glukozad da galaqtozad. ukanasknels gaaCnia, Tavis tvinis kvebis, mniSvnelovani funqcia. aseve monawileobs nerw-

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yvisa da saxsrebis siTxis Semadgeneli nivTierebebis sinT-ezSi, romlebic maT siblantes anpirobeben.

dReisaTvis medicinaSi rZis Saqari samkurnalo prepa-ratad ar gamoiyeneba. mas iyeneben penicilinis warmoebisas, radgan is soko, romelic gamoimuSavebs am mniSvnelovan anti-biotiks, kargad viTardeba laqtozaSemcvel areSi.

xSirad samkurnalo mizniT iyeneben ara rZes, aramed misi rZemJavuri duRilis produqtebs - mawoni, prostakvaSa, kefiri, acidofilini. rZemJavuri duRilis dros warmoSo-bili rZemJava Trgunavs xrwnis procesebs nawlavebSi. es garemoeba daedo safuZvlad i. meCnikovis (pirveli nobelis laureati ruseTidan) laqtobaqterioTerapiis meTods.

aziisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebSi, aseve evropis samxreTSi kameCis rZisgan mzaddeba iogurti. igi mawonisa da kefirisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mis kveTSi Sedis e.w. `bulgaruli Cxiri~. iaponelma eqimebma daadgines dadebiTi efeqti radiaqtiuri dasxivebis Sedegebis iogurtiT mkurnalobisa, Tu mas daniSnaven erT litramde dReSi. cxvris rZisgan damzadebuli iogurti, romelsac qvia `katiki~ xels uwyobs pigmenturi laqebisa da Worflis gaqrobas, kani xdeba gluvi da nazi, Tma am dros iZens bzinvarebas da abreSumismagvari xdeba.

kombinirebuli duRilis - rZemJavuris da spirtulis, produqtia `kumisi~, igi mzaddeba cxenis rZisagan rZemJavuri baqteriebisa da safuvrebis zemoqmedebiT. misi samkurnalo Tvisebebis Sesaxeb icodnen ZvelTaganve, Tumca oficialuri medicina am sasmeliT mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi dainteresda. eqimebi kumisis miRebas urCeven avadmyofebs, ro-melTac daweuli aqvT kuWis wvenis simJavianoba, igi aZlierebs Sardis warmoSobas da amiT xels uwyobs organizmidan toqsikuri produqtebis gamoyvanas. igi dadebi-Tad moqmedebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa da sisxlis warmoqmnis sistemebze. kumisiT mkurnaloba karg efeqts iZleva saerTo gamofitviT mimdinare daavadebebisas.

gansakuTrebuli SedegianobiT xasiaTdeba kumisis gamoyeneba tuberkulozis daavadebisas.

ramodenime sityva unda iTqvas yvelis samkurnalo mizniT gamoyenebaze. jer kidev Zvel droSi iyenebdnen mas, gansakuTrebiT Txis yvels kosmetikuri miznebisaTvis. Wor-flis mosacile-blad, yvels Sezeldnen abazanaSi mcenareul

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zeTTan. axali yveli TaflTan erTad kurnavs daJeJi-lobas. RvinosTan erTad moduRebuli da Semdeg karaqSi Semwvari yveli ayuCebs muclis tkivils.

erT-erTi gamokvlevis (~SCIENCE NEWS~, 1977, V.112, # 19) Sedegebma aCvena rom virTxis, Zroxisa da adamianis rZe Seicavs `relizing-faqtors~, romlis moqmedebiTac hipofizi iwyebs hormonebis gamoyofas, romelnic Tavis mxriv aaqtive-ben sasqeso jirkvlebis moqmedebas. aseTi nivTierebebi aRmoCenili iqnen tvinis erT-erT ubanSi, dadgenilia maTi unari hipofizis muSaobis gakontrolebisa. am aRmoCenisaTvis 1977 wels amerikel mecnierTa jgufs mieniWa nobelis premia.

1.4.8. samkurnalo organoebi

uZvelesi droidan cxovelTa organoebi da maTgan

damzadebuli preparatebi gamoiyenebodnen samkurnalo mizniT. aseT saSualebaTa aRweras SeiZleba wavawydeT saxel-ganTqmul `ebersis papirusSi~, romelic Cvens welTaRricxvamdea dawerili, indur-tibeturi medicinis traqtatebSi, hipokratesa da halenis TxzulebebSi.

cxovelTa organoebidan damzadebulma wamlebma farTo gavrceleba hpova Sua saukuneebSi `izoTerapiis~ ideis ganviTarebis gamo, romelic wamoayena eqimma paracelsma. gamoiyena ra formula `msgavsi msgavsiTve ikurneba~, man rekomendacia gauwia RviZlis daavadebebis mkurnalobas RviZliTve, kuWis daavadebebisas _ daTvis kuWs. magram am preparatebis gamoyeneba atarebda aramecnierul xasiaTs. cxovelTa organoebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli aR-moCnda sicocxlisaTvis mniSvnelovani nivTierebebis aRmoCe-nis Semdeg; hormonebma, vitaminebma, bioaqtiurma heptidebma naTeli gaxades mravali Zveli receptis moqmedebis meqanizmi.

dReisaTvis RviZlisagan Rebuloben mTel rig samkur-nalo preparatebs. preparat `vitohepats~ amzadeben msxvil-fexa rqosani pirutyvis axali RviZlisagan. igi Seicavs vita-min B12-s. mas niSnaven, rogorc antianemiur saSualebas, sisx-lis daavadebisas, botkinis daavadebisas, RviZlis qronikuli dazianebebisas da atrofiuli gastritebisas. ungreTSi iwar-moeba preparati `sirepari~, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa

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rqosani pirutyvis RviZlis hidrolizis gziT. igi aseve Sei-cavs vitamin B12-s da hidrolizis sxva produqtebs. mas niS-naven hepatitebis, RviZlis cirozis da sxvadasxva toqsikoze-bisas.

`vigeratinis~ abebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis RviZlis da pankreatinis liofilizirebuli eqstraqti. mas niSnaven qro-nikuli hepatitebisas, pankreatitebisas, gastritebisas. RviZ-lis sxvadasxva preparatebi eqstraqtebis an lizatebis saxiT gamodis mraval qveyanaSi: ungreTSi - `neoperhepari~, `ferku-pari~, poloneTSi - `hepazoni~, did britaneTSi - `abioni~.

1916 wels mak-leonma ZaRlis RviZlSi aRmoaCina nivTi-ereba heparini (berZnuli HEPAR - RviZli). oci wlis Semdeg misi gamoyeneba daiwyes sufTa saxiT klinikur medicinaSi. heparini warmoadgens mJavur mukopolisaqarids, romelic as-rulebs bunebrivi antikoagulanturi faqtoris funqcias cxovelur organizmSi. fibrinolizinTan erTad is Sedis, fiziologiuri, Sededebi-ssawinaaRmdego sistemis Semad-genlobaSi.

heparins iyeneben sxvadasxva Tromboemboliuri daava-debebis profilaqtikisa da TerapiisaTvis, sisxlis Txevadi mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad, `sisxlis xelovnuri mimoqce-visa~ da `xelovnuri Tirkmlis~ aparatebSi. kidurebis zeda-piruli Tromboflebitebisas iyeneben heparinis malamos, romlis wasmis Semdeg heparini TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba da axdens xangrZliv moqmedebas.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis filtvebi aseve warmo-adgenen nedleuls preparat `ingitrilis~ sawarmoeblad, ro-melic `pantripinis~ msgavsad, blokirebas ukeTebs proteoli-turi fermentebis aqtivobas da dabla swevs sisxlis fibri-nolitur aqtivobas. mas niSnaven mwvave pankreatitis dros.

cnobilia, rom Zvel droSi eqimebi iyenebdnen gulis-gan damzadebul preparatebs, mravali sneulebis samkurna-lod. bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom gulis qsovilebi Seicaven biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs. Sem-Cneuli iqna, rom gulis ujredebi - kardiocitebi gamoimu-Saveben peptiduri bunebis specifiur hormons, romelic 28 aminomJavisagan Sedgeba. am hormonis, romelsac uwodes `atrialuri natriuretiuli faqtori~, moqmedebis adgils warmoadgens Tirkmelebi, maTi filtraciuli aparati. hor-moni aZlierebs organizmidan wylisa da natriumis gamodev-

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nas, aseve dabla swevs arteriul wnevas. ukanaskneli efeqti gansakuTrebiTaa gamoxatuli maRali arteriuli wnevisas.

gulis hormoni miRebuli iqna sinTezuri gziT. igi gamoiyeneba rogorc antagonisti ori sxva hormonisa - `aldosteronis~ da `vazopresinis~, igi aWarbebs, am mizniT gamoyenebuli, sxva preparatebis efeqturobas. dReisaTvis dapatentebulia gulis peptidis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sard-mdeni, natriumgamomyvani, aseve Tirkmlis sisxlZarRvebis gamafarToebeli da gluvi kunTebis momadunebeli saSualeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes warsulSi ungreTSi uS-vebdnen gulis hormons saxelwodebiT `korgermoni~. igi war-moadgenda eqstraqts xbos gulisagan da gamoiyeneboda cvlis procesebis stimulaciisaTvis gulis kunTis ukmarisobisas.

ruseTSi, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis gulis qsovi-lebidan, Rebuloben fermentul preparats, `citoqrom C~-s. organizmSi es fermenti monawileobas Rebulobs qsoviluri sunTqvis procesebSi. mis struqturaSi Sedis rkina, romelic gadadis aRdgenili formidan daJangulSi, riTac aCqarebs JangviTi procesebis msvlelobas. am mizniT iyeneben cito-qrom C-s astmuri mdgomareobisas, gulis ukmarisobisas, ste-nokardiisas, infeqciuri hepatitisas da intoqsikaciebisas. citoqrom C Sedis Tvalis wveTebis `kataqromis~ Semadgenlo-baSi kataraqtis mkurnalobisas, aseve preparatebSi -`vitafa-koli~ da `vitaioduroli~.

garda amisa, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis gulisagan Rebuloben nivTierebas `kardiolipins~ (difosfatidilgli-cerini), romelic gamoiyeneba vasermanis cnobili reaqciisas sifilisis diagnostirebisas.

Tirkmelebidan gamoyofilia peptidebi _ `angiotenzi-nebi~, romlebic maRla weven arteriul wnevas, aseve gluko-proteini `eriTropoetini~- sisxlis warmoqmnis stimula-tori.

ybisqveSa sanerwyve jirkvlebidan gamoyves cila `ner-vebis zrdis faqtori~, aseve `epidermaluri zrdis faqtori~.

Tavis tvinis qsovilebSi da zurgis tvinis siTxeSi aRmoCenilia peptidi, romelic Sedgeba rva aminomJavisagan da warmoadgens `Zilis faqtors~. es nivTiereba iwvevs da xels uwyobs Zils. tvinSi aRmoaCines agreTve peptidebi, romlebic sinTezirdebian swavlis procesSi, maT uwodes `swavlis faqtori~, an `mexsierebis faqtori~.

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tvinis qsovilebidan gamoyves opioiduri peptidebi `endorfinebi~ da `enkefalinebi~, romlebic, morfinis msgav-sad, xasiaTdebian tkivilgamayuCebeli TvisebebiT, aseve gan-gaSis peptidi, romelic Sedgeba 105 aminomJavisagan.

Cven dReebSi cxovelTa mravali organo aris nedle-uli samkurnalo preparatebisa, romlebic ar Seicaven hormonalur da hormonebis msgavs nivTierebebs. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan farmacevtul mrewvelobaSi amzadeben preparat `cerebrolecitins~ da `lipocerebrins~, romelTac iyeneben, rogorc gamamagrebel saSualebas, nervuli gamofitvis, nevrozebis, gadaRlisas. maT gaaCniaT aseve antisklerotiuli moqmedeba, stimulirebas ukeTeben cximovan cvlas. tvini aseve warmoadgens `qoleste-rinisa~ da `lecitinis~ miRebis wyaros - eseni Tavis mxriv nedleulia zogierTi samkurnalo preparatisa da cximismag-vari nivTierebis `sfingomielinis~-a.

oragulis tvinidan miRebulia preparati, romelic stimulirebas ukeTebs cxovelTa zrdas (iaponuri ganacxadi # 58-134065).

saWmlis monelebis uwesrigobebisas, dispepsiebisas, gastritebisas, romelnic mimdinareoben dabali simJaviano-biT, niSnaven ferment `pepsins~, romlis miRebis wyarocaa Roris kuWis lorwovani garsi. mas Cveulebriv miSnaven marilmJavasTan erTad. analogiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian `pepsidini~ (Roris kuWis lorwovani garsis fermentaciuli hidrolizis produqtis xsnari marilmJavaSi) da `abomini~ (Rebuloben xbos da batknis kuWis lorwovani garsisgan). amave daavadebebisas eqimebi xSirad rekomendacias uweven naturalur kuWis wvens, romelTa mwarmoeblebi arian ZaR-lebis jansaRi individebi. mas Rebuloben i. pavlovis meTo-diT: kvercxiT kvebis gziT, kuWis fistulis saSualebiT.

damwvrobebisa da operaciebis Semdgomi keloiduri qsovilebis darbilebisa da gawovisaTvis iyeneben saqonlis Tvalis minisebur sxeuls. preparatebs miniseburi sxeulidan, niSnaven nevralgiebis, radikulitebis da Zvlis motexilobe-bis Sezrdis dasaCqareblad.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis yuris axlos mdebare jirkvlebidan Rebuloben preparat `trasilols~ (tzaloli) da `kontrikals~, romelTa moqmed sawyiss warmoadgens

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polipeptidi, iseTi fermentebis inaqtivatori, rogorebicaa `kalikreini~, `tripsini~, `fibrinolizini~ da `qimotripsini~.

fermenti `gialuronidaza~ xleCs gialuronmJavas, ro-melic Tavisi maRali siblantis wyalobiT warmoadgens SemaerTebeli qsovilebis SemamWidroebel nivTierebas. es fermenti Sedis preparatebis `lidazasa~ da `ronidazis~ Se-madgenlobaSi, romelic mzaddeba msxvilfexa rqosani pi-rutyvis saTesleebisagan. maTi gamoyenebis ZiriTadi Cvene-bebi: damwvrobisa da qirurgiuli opera-ciis Semdgomi kelo-idebi, anTebiTi daavadebebi, romlebic mimdinareoben kelo-idebis warmoqmniT.

sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebis spermisagan Rebuloben cilovan preparats `protamin sulfats~ romelic axdens sasargeblo efeqts, heparinis siWarbiT gamowveuli sisxl-denebisas. preparati aris heparinis antagonisti.

samkurnalo preparatebis mTeli arsenali miiReba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis kuWqveSa jirkvlisagan. pirvel rigSi _ hormoni `insulini~, romelsac uniSnaven diabetiT daavadebulebs. garda amisa, misgan Rebuloben Zalze mniSvne-lovan fermentul preparatebs: `tripsins~, `qimotripsins~, `qimopsins~. tripsins gaaCnia cilovani struqtura da pep-tiduri bmebis gawyvetis unari, cilebisa da peptidebis molekulebSi. igi warmoiqmneba ZuZumwovrebis kanqveSa jirk-valSi araaqtiuri `tripsinogenis~ saxiT da Cadis wvril naw-lavSi. sxva fermentis _ `enterokinazis~ gavleniT xdeba misi gardaqmna aqtiur tripsinad. samedicino praqtikaSi iyeneben mis Tvisebebs, daxliCos mkvdari qsovilebi, gaaTxelos blanti lorwovani da Cirqovani gamonadenebi. jansaR qso-vilebSi imyofeba tripsinis inhibitori, amitom maTze fer-menti ar axdens zemoqmedebas. es fermenti Sedis im kompleq-suri preparetebis SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic gamoiyenebian saWmlis arasruli monelebisas: `trifermenti~, `kotazim-forte~. qimotripsini aseve warmoadgens cilebis gamxleC ferments. warmoiqmneba kuWqveSa jirkvalSi, sadac imyofeba araaqtiur mdgomareobaSi, `qimotripsinogenis~ saxiT, ro-melic aqtiurdeba tripsinis gavleniT. tripsinisagan gansxvavebiT qimotripsini awarmoebs cilis ufro Rrma hidrolizs, is ufro mdgradia da nela inaqtivirdeba. trip-sini xleCs upiratesad peptidur kavSirebs, romlebic war-moqmnilia aminomJavebiT `argininiT~ da `liziniT~ xolo

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qimotripsini xleCs peptidur kavSirebs warmoSobils aroma-tuli aminomJavebiT: `TiroziniT~, `trifptofaniT~, `meTio-niniT~ da `fenilalaniniT~. qimotripsins iyeneben imave daavadebisas, risTvisac gamoyenebulia tripsini.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis kuWqveSa jirkvlidan aseve iReben fermentul preparatebs _ `ribonukleazebs~ da `dezoqsiribonukleazebs~. am cilebs gaaCniaT nuklein mJave-bis hidrolizebis unari. maT iyeneben Cirqis gaTxelebisaT-vis, aseve saSualebad, romelic xels uSlis iseTi virusebis gamravlebas, romlebic Seicaven ribonuklein da dezoqsiri-bonukleinmJavebs, kerZod, herpesis virusebi da adenovi-rusebi.

kuWqveSa jirkvlidan miRebul fermentul preparats, (saxelwodebiT `kolagenaza~), romelic upiratesad xleCs ko-lagenur boWkoebs, iyeneben damwvrobisa da moyinvis Semd-gomi fufxis (qerqis) da nekrotizirebuli qsovilebis moci-lebis dasaCqareblad, aseve didxans Sexorcebadi wylulebis samkurnalod, Cirqovani nadebebis gasawmendad.

Roris kuWqveSa jirkvlidan Rebuloben samkurnalo saSualebas `elastolitins~, romelsac gaaCnia Tviseba Seamci-ros sisvelis siblante da gaaadvilos misi gamoyofa sasunT-qi gzebis daavadebebisas. is xsnis cila `elastins~, riTac ewi-naaRmdegeba operaciis Semdgom SexorcebaTa gaCenas.

kuWqveSa jirkvlidan amzadeben polipeptiduri bunebis preparats _ `pantripins~, romelsac gaaCnia specifiuri unari blokireba gauwios tripsinis, qimotripsinis, kalikreinis, plazminis aqtivobas. mas iyeneben mwvave pankreatitisas, roca SeiniSneba CamoTvlili fermentebis aqtivacia da aris saSiS-roeba jirkvlis qsovilebis TviTmonelebisa. analogiuri preparatebi gamodian saxelwodebebiT: `kontrikali~, `trasi-loli~, `tzaloli~, `gordoqsi~.

qronikuli pankreatitebisa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis uk-marisobisas niSnaven fermentul preparats, romelsac Rebu-loben am organosagan _ pankreatini. igi Sedis samkurnalo saSualebebis: `panzitrimis~ da `digestalis~ (iugoslavia), `pankurmenis~, `mezinforte~-s (germania) da `festalis~ (indo-eTi) SemadgenlobaSi. pankreatini Sedis, aseve `vigeratinis~ abebis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba qronikuli hepa-titebis, pankreatitebis da gastritebis mkurnalobisas. kuW-qveSa jirkvali aseve Seicavs, arteriuli wnevis damwev, mTel

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rig faqtorebs. am nivTierebebs gaaCniaT fermentaciuli aqti-voba da ewodebaT `kalikreinebi~. isini xleCen plazmaSi myof cila `kininogens~ da gardaqmnian mas polipeptid `bradikini-nad~, romelic afarToebs sisxlZarRvebs.

ruseTSi, Roris kuWqveSa jirkvlidan amzadeben prepa-rat `andekalins~ da niSnaven sisxlis wnevis dasawevad. germa-niaSi iwarmoeba samkurnalo saSualeba, romelic Seicavs kalikreins (kalige-naza), - `dilminali~, romelsac gaaCnia (andekalinis msgavsi) arteriuli wnevis damwevis funqcia.

jandacvaSi gamoyenebuli samkurnalo saSualebebis mdidari wyaroa cxovelTa sisxli an plazma. am kategoriis wamlebs, pirvel rigSi miekuTvneba e.w. parenteraluri kvebis (e.i. organizmisaTvis aucilebeli cilovani nivTierebebis Sey-vana ara sakvebTan erTad, aramed sisxlZarRvebis saSuale-biT. rogorc wesi, mas iyeneben wveTovanebis saxiT.) saSuale-bebi, erT-erTi aseTi preparatis - `hidrolizinis~ xsnars Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis cilebis mJavuri hidrolizis gziT da glukozis damatebiT. mas iyene-ben daavadebebisas, romlebic mimdinareoben cilovani ukmarisobiT, gaZlierebuli cilovani kvebis saWiroebisas – saylapavze da kuWze operaciebisas, roca kveba piridan SeuZ-lebelia.

amave mizniT, niSnaven preparat `aminopeptids~, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis cilebis fermentaciuli hidroliziT.

preparati `aminokrovini~ warmoadgens adamianis sisx-lis cilebis hidrolizis prduqts, romelsac emateba glu-koza. cilovani, parenteraluri kvebisaTvis aseve iyeneben preparat `fibrinosols~, romelsac amzadeben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis fibrinis arasruli hidrolizis gziT. igi Seicavs Tavisufal aminomJavebs da calkeul pep-tidebs.

anTebissawinaaRmdego saSualebad, romelsac SeuZlia anTebiTi infiltratebis gawova da tkivilis Semcireba, iyene-ben biostimulator `polibiolins~. mas amzadeben donoruli, retroplacentaruli da placentaruli _ adamianis sisxlis Sratebisagan. rogorc biogenur stimulators, aseve niSnaven adamianis sisxlisagan miRebul preparat - `plazmols~. igi axdens desensibilaciur, tkivilgamayuCebel da anTebissawi-

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naaRmdego moqmedebas: nevritebisas, radikulitebisas, kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis wylulovani daavadebebisas.

fermentuli preparati `fibrinolizini~ mzaddeba ada-mianis sisxlis plazmis profibrinoli-zinis tripsiniT aqti-vaciis gziT. es cilovani nivTiereba warmoadgens organizmis Sededebis sawina-aRmdego sistemis fiziologiur komponents. mas gaaCnia Tviseba gaxsnas fibrinis Zafebi. mas iyeneben im daavadebaTa mkurnalobisas, romlebic mimdinareoben sisxlZarRvebSi Trombebis warmoqmniT.

donorTa sisxlis plazmisagan Rebuloben sisxldenis SemaCerebel preparat `fibrinogens~. is aseve warmoadgens sisxlis bunebriv Semadgenel nawils, romelic gansazRvravs sisxlis Sededebis bolo stadias - SesqelebaTa warmoqmnas. ruseTSi, gliceriniT gajerebuli fibrinogeni gamodis izogenuri firis (~Фибринная пленка изогенная~) saxiT. do-norTa plazma aris wyaro kidev erTi sisxlSemaCerebeli preparatisa _ `Trombinisa~, romelic aseve bunebrivi komponentia sisxlis Sededebis sistemisa, mas iyeneben mxolod adgilobrivad, wvrili kapilarebidan sisxldenis SesaCereblad.

hemoroidaluri kvanZebidan sisxldenebisas eqimebi rekomendacias uweven antiseptikur, biologiur sanTlebs (~Свечи антисептические биологические~), romelTa Semadgenlo-baSi Sedis xaris sisxlis plazma TromboplastiniT.

sisxlwarmoqmnis stimulaciis mizniT niSnaven `hemostimulinis~ abebs, romelic Seicavs mSral, sakveb sisxls.

iugoslaviaSi uSveben biogenur preparat `solkos-eril~-s, romelsac amzadeben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis eqstraqtaciis gziT. mas niSnaven ineqciebis an sacxe-bis saxiT gacvliTi procesebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da gankurnebis daCqarebisaTvis iseTi daavadebebisas, rogorebi-caa trofikuli wylulebi, nawolebi, damwvrobebi, gangrena da kanis gadanergva.

imunuri reaqciebis daTrgunvisaTvis iyeneben prepa-rat `antilimfolin Kr.~-s, romelsac iReben kurdRlis sisx-lis cilebisagan, imunizirebuls limfocitebiT. igi gamoi-yeneba SeuTavseblobis reaqciebis SesaCereblad, qsovilTa da organoTa gadanergvisas.

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adamianis sisxlis leikocitebisagan Rebuloben `interferons~, romelsac gaaCnia antivirusuli aqtivoba. es dabalmolekuluri cila aRmoCenili iqna 1957 wels da war-moadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors organizmis dacvis saqmeSi virusuli infeqciebisagan.

cnobilia, rom fexmZimobis dasadgenad adre iyeneb-dnen mamr bayayebs, romelTaTvisac SeyavdaT fexmZimes Sardi. dReisaTvis fexmZimobis hormonis _ `horialuri honado-tropinis~ gansa-zRvrisaTvis germaniaSi iwarmoeba preparati `gravimuni~ _ liofilizirebuli antiSrati antisxeul-ebiT horialuri honadotropinis mimarT, romelic vlindeba imu-nologiuri reaqciis saSualebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom uamravi preparati miiReba cxovel-Ta sisxlisagan sxvadasxva daavadebaTa gamomwvevebis mimarT maTi imunizaciis Semdeg, esenia e.w. `antiSratebi~. dReisaTvis aseTi Sratebisagan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi Rebuloben imunur cilebs gama-globulinebs, romlebic arian antisxeulebi gansazRvruli daavadebebis gamomwvevebis mimarT da maT iyeneben damoukidebel preparatTa saxiT. aseTi samkurnalo preparatebis ricxvi Zalze didia, amitom ar SevCerdebiT maT aRwerasa, miRebasa da gamoyenebaze.

organoTerapiis ganviTarebisa da misi Teoriuli dasabuTebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs endokrinuli jirkv-lebis aRmoCenas. cnebebi, `Sinagani sekrecia~ da `Sinagani sakreciis jirkvlebi~, Semotanili iqnen frangi fiziologis broun-sekaris mier. iTvleba rom am mecnieris mier Cata-re-buli kvlevebi iyo safuZveli Tanamedrove endokrino-logiisa. broun-sekaris kvlevebis safuZve-lze da mis Semdgom dadgenili iqna, rom erTni xasiaTdebian specialuri gamomy-vani sadinarebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac gamoiyofian gamo-muSavebuli nivTierebebi (lorwovani, oflis da sxva) da iwo-debian gare sekreciis jirkvlebad. sxva saxis jirkvlebs ar gaaCniaT gamomyvani sadinarebi da gamomuSavebul nivTiere-bebs gamoyofen uSualod sisxlSi, maT Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi ewodebaT. sekretirebad nivTierebebs ewodaT hormonebi (hormonebis Temas sakiTxis zogadi konceptua-li-zaciisaTvis Cven SevexeT dasawyisSi, axla SevCerdebiT hormonebis samkurnalo aspeqtebze).

pirveli hormoni aRmoCenili iqna beilisis da star-lingis mier 1902 wels da ewoda `sekretini~. igi miekuTvneba

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saWmlis momnelebel organoTa hormonebs _ `enterohormo-nebs~. igi Sedgeba 27 aminomJavisagan da producirebadia Tormetgoja da wvrili nawlavebis ujredebis mier. igi stimulirebas ukeTebs, kuWqveSa jirkvlis wvenis Txevadi nawilis da kuWSi pepsinis, sekrecias; amasTan xdeba marilm-Javas gamomuSavebis SezRudva. dReisaTvis ganxorcielebulia sekretinis molekulis sinTezi, miuxedavad amisa, praqtikuli miznebisaTvis mas iReben Roris nawlavidan. sekretinTanaa da-kavSirebuli hormonis cnebis Semotana, dReisaTvis gamoyo-filia hormonTa didi raodenoba, romelzec metyvelebs qve-moT motanili cxrili 1.4.8.a.

cxrili 1.4.8.a

endokrinuli organo

sinTezirebadi hormonebi

hipotalamusi rilizing-hormonebi, vazopresini, oqsitocini

hipofizi kortikotropini, somatotropini, Tiro-tropini, folitropini, lutropini,

prolaqtini, melanotropini farisebri jirkvali

Tiroqsini, triiodTironini, Tirokalcitonini.

parafarisebri jirkvali

paraTirini (paraThormoni)

Cangliseburi jirkvali

Timozini, Timopoetini

kuWqveSa jirkvali (endokrinuli

nawili)

insulini, glukagoni

Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi

qerqis Sre

tvinovani nivTiereba

aldosteroni, kortizoli,

kortikosteroni, androgenebi, estrogenebi, progesteroni

adrenalini, noradrenalini

sakvercxeebi estrogenebi, progesteroni, androgenebi saTesle jirkvali androgenebi, estrogenebi.

enterohormonebis mxolod CamoTvla did adgils ikavebs. esenia gastrini, holecistokinini, vazoaqtiuri

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intestinaluri peptidi, gastroinhibirebadi peptidi (mas kidev uwodeben glukozadamokidebul insulintropul peptids), enteroglukagoni, pankreatiuli polipeptidi, molitini, bombezini, nivTiereba `pi~. garda amisa, kuW-nawlavis traqtis organoebidan gamoyofili iqna hormonebi, romelnic pirvelad aRmoaCines Tavis tvinSi - endorfinebi da enkefalinebi.

dReisaTvis saeqimo praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba hormon gastrinis sinTezuri analogi - `pentagastrini~. am nivTierebas gaaCnia kuWis sekreciis stimulirebis unari da gamoiyeneba kuWis sekretoruli unarisa da mJavawarmoqmnis funqciaTa gansazRvrisaTvis. igi Sedgeba xuTi aminomJavisagan:

N-tret-buTiloksikarbonil- β-alanil- L-triptofil- L-meTionil- L-asparginil- L-fenilalanilamidisagan.

xangrZlivi kvlevebis Semdeg swavlulebma SeZles daedginaT hormonTa qimiuri agebulebis saerTo principebi da Camoayalibes maTi klasifikacia (ixileT v. rozenis mier Sedgenili cxrili 1.4.8.b.).

erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da xSirad gamoyenebadi hormonia insulini, romlis ukmarisoba organizmSi iwvevs Saqriani diabetis daavadebas. es daavadeba cnobili iyo jer kidev uZvelesi droidan. diabeti (berZnuli DIABETES – gamodineba, igulisxmeba siTxis gamodineba) xasiaTdeba Sardis didi raodenobiT gamoyofiT, wyurviliT, piris simSraliT, avadmyofis swrafi daRliT. XVII saukuneSi cnobilma ingliselma eqimma Tomas vilisma SeniSna, rom diabetiT daavadebulis Sardi tkbili gemosia. asi wlis Semdeg meore ingliselma eqimma dobsonma daadgina rom sitkbo ganpirobebulia glukozis maRali SemcvelobiT. amitom SemdgomSi aseT diabets uwodes Saqriani. urTierTkavSiri diabetis ganviTarebasa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis funqcias Soris dadgenili iqna 1889 wels germaneli mecnierebis i. meringis da o. minkovskis mier. swavlobdnen ra kuWqveSa jirkvlis rols saWmlis monelebis procesebisas, isini uRebdnen am organos ZaRlebs da akvirdebodnen maT mdgomareobas. cxovelebi Zalze swrafad iRupebodnen, maTma momvlelma SeniSna, rom ZaRlebs operaciis Semdeg didi raodenobiT buzi eseoda, romelTac, rogorc SemdgomSi daadgines, izidavda SardTan erTad gamoyofili Saqari.

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imTaviTve saintereso iyo kuWqveSa jirkvlis funqciis rogori darRvevebi iwvevdnen diabets. XIX saukunis bolos Sinagani sakreciis moZRvrebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, mkvlevarebs gaaxsendaT germaneli mecnieris p. langergansis 1869 wels gamoqveynebuli Sroma, sadac man aRmoaCina, rom kuWqveSa jirkvlis siRrmeSi ganlagebulni arian ujredTa patara grovebi, romlebic kunZulebs mogvagoneben, isini samecniero terminologiaSi Sevidnen `langergansis kunZu-lebis~ saxelwodebiT. gamoTqmuli iyo azri, rom swored am `kunZulebTanaa~ dakavSirebuli diabetis warmoSoba, rom isini asruleben endokrinul funqcias. sabolood es dadginda 1902 wels rusi fiziologis l. sobolevis mier. sacdel cxovelebs, romelTac ukvanZavdnen kuWqveSa jirkvlis sadinars ewyebodaT am organos da misi im elementebis atrofia, romlebic gamoimuSaveben saWmlis momnelebel wvenebs. amasTan langergansis kunZulebi ar icvlebodnen da cxovelebs diabeti ar uviTardebodaT. l. sobolevma daadgina winamorbedTa warumateblobis mizezi, romelnic cdilobdnen gamoeyoT aqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic iSleba kuWqveSa jirkvlis fermentebiT. aqtivobis SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli iyo am organos ZiriTadi nawilis funqcionirebis Sewyveta.

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, kuWqveSa jirkvlis hor-monis gamoyofis mcdelobebi warumatebeli iyo. am jer kidev gamouyofel nivTierebas uwodes insulini (laTinuridan INSULA- kunZuli). misi miReba 1921 wels (rogorc TavSi iyo aRniSnuli) dakavSirebulia kanadeli fiziologis frederik bantingis saxelTan. am hormonis agebuleba dadgenili iqna 30 wlis Semdeg ingliseli bioqimikosis friderik sanjeris mi-er, kidev 10 wlis Semdeg f. sanjerma gansazRvra aminomJavaTa mimdevroba insulinis formulaSi (C254H337N65O75S6).

insulinis molekulis sivrculi agebuleba, rentgenostruqturuli kvlevebis meTodebiT (2,8 Å-is sizustiT) daadgina nobelis premiis luareatma ingliselma mecnierma doroTi kroufut-hojkinma. mis mier miRebuli eleqtronuli simkvrivis rukaze kargad Cans orive polipeptiduri da nawili gverdiTi jaWvebisa.

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hormonTa klasifikacia v. rozenis mixedviT

cilovan-peptiduri aminomJavaTa warmoebulebi

steroiduli

1. neirohipofizaruli peptidebi:

a) vazopresinis rigi b) oqsitocinis rigi

1. Tirozinuli hormonebi:

a) kateholaminebib) Tireoiduli

hormonebi

1. C21- steroidebi (pregnanulni)

a) kortikosteroidebi (glukokortikoidebi,

mineralkor-tikoidebi)

b) progestinebi

2. hipotalamuri peptidebi (rilizing-faqtorebi)

2. triptofanuri hormonebi

(melanotonini)

2. C19- steroidebi (androstanuli): a) androgenebi

3. anhiotenzinebi _

3. C18 - sterodebi (estranuli):

a) estrogenebi

4. hipofizis oligopeptiduri

hormonebi (adreno- kortikotropuli hormonis tipisa)

_

4. C27- steroidebi (qolestanurebi): a) 1,25 (OH)2 – D3

b) ekdizonebi

5. glukagonis da kuW-nawlavis hormonebis tipis

oligopeptiduri hormonebi

a) glukagonis rigi b) gastrinis rigi

_ _

6. insulini 7. kalciumis cvlis maregulirebeli

polipeptiduri hormonebi8. somatotropuli hormonis rigis

monomeruli cilebi 9. dimeruli

glikoproteinuli hormonebi

_ _

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doroTi kroufut-hojkinis kvlevebma biZgi misca insulinis sinTezis meTodebis SemuSavebas. insulinis sinTezma daamtkica rom mis molekulas aqvs masa 6733 da Sedgeba 51 aminomJavisagan, romlebic qmnian or polipeptidur jaWvs: jaWvi A Sedgeba 21, xolo jaWvi B - 30 aminomJavisagan. Seswavlili iqna ara marto adamianis, aramed cxovelTa insulini.

adamianis insulini, Tavisi struqturiT, axlos dgas Roris, ZaRlis, veSapis da kurdRlis hormonTan da gansxvavdeba mxolod erTi aminomJaviT. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis insulini adamianis insulinisagan gansxvavdeba sami aminomJaviT. frinvelebis, Tevzebis da zRvis goWebis insulinis agebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adamianis insulinis struqturisagan.

hormoni insulini aris pirveli cila, romlis stru-qturac iqna gaSifruli da pirveli cila, romlis sinTezirebac SeZles. dReisaTvis misi ZiriTadi masa gamomuSavdeba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis da Roris kuWqveSa jirkvlebidan da aRwevs ramodenime tonas weliwadSi.

dReisaTvis industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis 2% itanjeba diabetiT, am avadmyofTa daaxloebiT 20%-s insulinis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. arsebobs ramodenime seriozuli mizezi ris gamoc mizanSewonilia msxvilmaStabiani sawarmoo meTodebis SemuSaveba da adamianis insulinis warmoeba. es mizezebia: upiratesobebi mkurnalobisas (klinikuri meTodebi, Sedegebi) mecnierebis ganviTarebis moTxovnebi, emocionaluri faqtorebi, komerciuli mosazrebebi.

rogorc cnobilia cxoveluri (Zroxa, Rori) insulini gansxvavdeba Tavisi aminomJavuri TanamimdevrobiT adamianis insulinisagan, romelic naklebad imunogenuria vidre cxoveluri insulini (es bunebrivia radgan diabetiT daavadebulisaTvis adamianis insulini ar warmoadgens ucxo cilas.

insulinis rigma mwarmoeblebma, amerikuli firma ELI LILLY & Co.-is meTaurobiT, adamianis insulinis warmoebisaT-vis gamoiyenes rekombinatuli dnm-is teqnologia.

ELI LILLY & Co. da firma GENENETECH Inc. TanamSromlobiT SeimuSaves adamianis insulinis warmoebis

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sqema, nawlavuri Cxiris E. coli-is bazaze dnm-is rekombinatuli teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.

imave rekombinatuli dnm-is teqnologiiT iwarmoebian interferonebi, zrdis hormoni, vaqcinebi da fermentebi.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom langergansis

kunZulebi Sedgebian ori saxis ujredebisagan: α da β; dadgenili iqna, rom insulins gamoimuSavebs β-ujredebi,

xolo α-ujredebSi xdeba biosinTezi sxva hormonisa - insu-linis antagonistisa, romelsac uwodes `glukagoni~. igi aris peptidi, molekuluri masiT 3500 da Sedgeba 29 aminomJavisa-gan.

hipofizis jirkvali mdebareobs Tavis tvinis fuZeSi e.w. `Turqul unagirSi~. misi zomebia: ganivkveTi - 14 mm., si-maRle - 12 mm., masa - 0,5 gr. hipofizi Sedgeba sami ZiriTali nawilisagan: wina, Sua da ukana nawilebisagan. wina da Sua wilebi Sedgebian specifiuri, epiTelialuri ujredebisagan da iwodebian `adenohipofizad~, xolo ukana wili Sedgeba nervuli ujredebisagan da ewodeba `neirohipofizi~.

hipofizis wina wilSi xdeba Semdegi hormonebis gamo-muSaveba: organizmis zrdis hormoni - `somatotropini~; farisebri jirkvlis aqtivatori - `Tirotropini~; Tirkmel-zeda jirkvlis aqtivatori - `kortikotropini~; sasqeso jirkvlebis moqmedebis makontrolebeli `honadotropuli~ hormonebi - folikulamastimulirebeli da maluTeinizire-badi; rZis gamoyofis stimulatori -`prolaqtini~; cximebis cvlis maregulirebeli - `lipotropini~.

hipofizis Sua wilSi mimdinareobs `melanotropinis~ biosinTezi (hormoni stimulirebas ukeTebs pigmentis war-moqmnas), xolo ukana wilSi mimdinareobs antidiuretiuli hormonis `vazopresinis~ da saSvilosnos SekumSvis stimula-toris `oqsitocinis~ biosinTezi.

adenohipofizis peptiduri hormonebidan praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova adrenokortikotropulma hormonma, ro-melic axdens stimulatorul gavlenas Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqze. mas Rebuloben Roris da msxvilfexa rqosanTa hipofizisagan da asufTaveben sxva hormonebisagan. dReisaTvis iwarmoebian hormonebi, romlebic miRebulni ar-ian sinTezuri gziT: `humaqtidi~ (ungreTi) da `sinakteni~ (Sve-deTi). adrenokortikotropuli hormonebis moqmedeba Zalze

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hgavs glukokortikoiduli hormonebis funqcionirebas da gamoiyenebian imave daavadebebisas, risTvisac gamoiyeneba Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormonebi.

msxvilfera rqosani pirutyvis da Roris hipofizebisa-gan Rebuloben laqtotropul hormons - `laqtins~, romelic xels uwyobs rZis gamoyofis gadidebas sarZeve jirkvlebidan. es hormoni warmoadgens cilas, misi molekula Sedgeba 189-199 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia masa 20000.

adamianisa da cxovelebis prolaqtinebs Soris aris garkeveuli gansxvaveba. adamianis hormonTan struqturiT yvelaze axlosaa Roris prolaqtini. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis hipofizis Sua wilidan imwarmoeba `intermedini~, romelsac iyeneben wveTebis saxiT, Tvalis baduris daavadebe-bisas.

hipofizis ukana wilidan adre Rebulobdnen prepa-ratebs: `pituitrins~, `adiurekrins~ da `mamofizins~, romel-nic Seicavdnen oqsitocinis da vazopresinis hormonebs jamuri saxiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom vazo-presinis biosinTezis darRveva iwvevs daavadebas, romelsac uSaqro diabeti hqvia. es hormoni aZlierebs wylis Sewovas Tirkmlis daklaknili arxebiT, maRla wevs arteriul wnevas da aviwroebs kapilarebs. oqsitocinis ZiriTali farmako-logiuri Tvisebaa saSvilosnos (gansakuTrebiT orsulo-bisas) muskulaturis Zlieri SekumSvis gamowveva. is amaRlebs aseve rZis sekrecias, aZlierebs ra prolaqtinis gamomuSave-bas. orive hormoni (oqsitocini da vazopresini) msgavsi cik-luri struqturisaa da Sedgebian 9 aminomJavisagan.

Tu hipofizis hormonebi aregulireben Sinagani sekre-ciis jirkvlebis moqmedebas, tvinis erT-erT warmonaqmnSi `hipotalamusSi~ aRmoaCines nivTierebebi, romlebic aregulireben Tavad hipofizis moqmedebas. hipotalamusi, anu rogorc mas sxvanairad uwodeben `borcvebis qveda ares~, mde-bareobs Tavis tvinis fuZeSi, e.w. `mxedvelobiTi borcvebis~ axlos. igi mcire warmonaqmnia,, romelic iwonis mxolod 4 grams, da Seicavs 32 wyvil birTvs (specifiuri nervuli ujredebis Sejgufeba). hipotalamusis nervuli ujredebi pro-ducireben, hormonebis msgavsi e.w. `realizebadi faqtorebiT~, romlebic xels uwyoben hipofizidan tropuli hormonebis ga-moyofas. hipotalamusidan rilizing-faqtorebi sisxliT mie-wodeba hipofizs. moqmedebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare es niv-

107

Tierebebi iwodebian `liberinebad~ (laTinuri LIBERO- gan-Tavisufleba) an `statinebad~ (laTinuri STATUM - SeCereba).

dReisaTvis cnobilia cxra hipotalamiuri faqtori aqedan gaSifrulia mxolod Svidi maTganis struqtura: `somatoliberini~, `somatostatini~, `kortikoliberini~, `ho-nadoliberini~, `melanoliberini~, `melanostatini~ da `Ti-roliberini~. ar aris dadgenili `prolaqtoliberinis~ da `prolaqtostatinis~ agebuleba. yvela rilizing-faqtorebi peptidebia, romlebic Seicaven, SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT, aminomJavebs. yvelaze met aminomJavas Seicavs somatoliberini - 44, xolo yvelaze cotas - Tiroliberini da melanostatini - sam-sami aminomJava. zemoT aRniSnulma Seqmna pirobebi hipotalamuri faqtorebis sinTezisa da analogebis miRebisa. yofil ssrk-Si gamodioda sinTeturi Tiroliberini, ro-melic aris prolaqtinis sekreciis Zlieri stimulatori. mas aseve iyeneben, farisebri jirkvlis sxvadasxva formis daavadebaTa diagnostirebisaTvis da prolaqtinis rezervis gansazRvrisaTvis qalebis hipofizSi, rZis uqonlobisas. es preparati gamodi-oda saxelwodebiT `rifaTiroini~. Tu hi-pofizs xSirad uwodeben endokrinuli sistemis diriJors, yoveli endokrinuli jirkvali, am orkestrSi, asrulebs rTul da sapasuxismgeblo partias.

uZvelesi droidan cnobili iyo ori daavadeba: Ciyvi da kretinizmi. 1840 wels germanelma eqimma karl bazedovma aRwera daavadeba, romlis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo Ciyvi, Tvalebis gadmokarkvla da gulis cemis gaxSireba. im dros am daavadebas SecdomiT akuTvnebdnen gulis daavadebas. mogvianebiT mecnierebma daadgines, rom es daavadeba dakavSirebulia farisebr jirkvalTan, romelic mdebareobs sasunTqi yelis win da gverdebze. jirkvlis gadideba, misi funqciis gazrda iwvevs daavadebas, romelic aRwera k. bazedovma. jirkvlis amoReba an misi atrofia mozrdil ada-mianebSi da cxovelebSi iwvevs mZime daavadebas, romelic iwodeba `miqsedem~-ad. Tu es xdeba bavSvobaSi, maSin vi-Tardeba kretinizmi. dadgenili iqna, rom farisebri jirkvlis hormonebi `Tiroqsini~ da `triiodTironini~ asruleben mniSvnelovan rols organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlis ZiriTad procesebSi. kerZod Jangbadis gamoyenebaSi, aseve nervuli sistemis ganviTarebasa da funqcionirebaSi. is-ini gamoyofilni da Seswavlil iqna, daadgines maTi stru-

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qtura. es hormonebi warmoadgenen aminomJava Tirozinis warmoebulebs da Seicaven TavianT molekulaSi iods. maTi struqtura damtkicebuli iqna qimiuri sinTeziT. dReisaTvis gamodis sinTezuri preparatebi: `Tiroqsini~, `triiod-Tironini~ da kombinirebuli `Tireokombi~.

ZvelTaganve SemCneuli iyo, rom farisebri jirkvlis funqciis ukmarisobisas, cxovelebisagan miRebul am organos uniSnavdnen sakvebTan erTad, rac mniSvnelovnad aumjobe-sebda avadmyofis mdgomareobas. am meTods ar daukargavs aqtualoba dResac, oRond avadmyofebs uniSnaven ara cxov-elTa farisebur jirkvals, aramed preparat `Tireoidins~, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis da Roris farisebri jirkvlisagan.

farisebur jirkvalSi aseve gamomuSavdeba hormoni `kalcitonini~, cila, romelic Sedgeba 136 aminomJavisagan. es hormoni iwvevs sisxlis plazmaSi kalciumisa da araor-ganuli fosforis koncentraciis Semcirebas, aseve axdens zemoqmedebas sisxlis mineralur nawilze. dReisaTvis kalci-toninebs Rebuloben Roris farisebri jirkvlisagan. kalci-tonini aris antagonisti paraTireoiduli hormonisa (paraThormonisa), romelic axdens gavlenas kalciumis cvlaze. igi aseve warmoadgens cilovan nivTierebas, Sedgeba 84 aminomJavisagan da gamomuSaveba parafarisebri jirkvlis gansakuTrebul ujredebSi, romlebic mdebareoben farisebri jirkvlis gverdebze patara warmonaqmnebis saxiT. misi age-buleba adamianis da cxovelTa SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. dReisaTvis adamianis paraThormoni sinTezirebulia.

organizmSi Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi, romlebic pirvelad aRwera, rogorc damoukidebeli organoebi, italielma anatomma bar-Tolomeo evstaqim 1563 wels. 300 wlis Semdeg ingliselma eqimma Tomas adisonma miuTiTa, rom es organoebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovanni arian da maTi amokveTa, cxovelebSi, iwvevs sikvdils. daavadebas, romelic Tirkmel-zeda jirkvlebis ukmarisobis gamo viTardeba, ewodeba `brin-jaos~ anu `adisonis~ daavadeba, xolo maTi funqciis gaZliereba iwodeba `icenko-kuSingis~ daavadebad. iseve, rogorc sxva organoebidan, Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebidan amzadebdnen sxvadasxva preparatebs, magaliTad `kortins~ da

109

`kortikotonins~ romelTac Cven dromde ar mouRweviaT. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlidan Tavisufali saxiT rom mieRoT hormonebi, saWiro iyo titanuri Sroma. 1953 wels r. simsonma da j.taitma 21 mg. aldosteronis kristalebis gamoyofisaT-vis gadaamuSaves 500 kg. xaris Tirkmelzeda jirkvali.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tirkmelzeda jirkvali rTuli age-bulebisaa. igi Sedgeba ori Srisagan- qerqiseburi da tvinise-buri. qerqovani Sre, Tavis mxriv Sedgeba sami zonisagan: bolqviseburi, konaseburi da badiseburi. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis yvela struqturuli danayofi gamoyofs gansaz-Rvruli saxis sfecifikur nivTierebebs. qerqovani Sris bolqvisebur da konasebur zonebSi sinTezirdeba e.w. glukokortikoidebi - `hidrokortizoni~ da `kortikos-teroni~, romlebic sxvadasxva cxovelebSi, sxvadasxva proporciebiT gamomuSavdeba. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis badisebur zonaSi mimdinareobs biosinTezi kidev erTi hor-monisa - `aldosteronisa~; swored misi arqona organizmSi, Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis amoRebis Semdeg cxovelebSi iwvevs mineraluri cvlis seriozul darRvevebs da letalur Sedegs. aldosteronis winamorbedis `dezoqsikortikosteronis~ Sey-vana cxovelTa organizms icavs daRupvisagan.

Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormonebis safuZvelze Seqm-nilia farmacevtuli preparatebis didi raodenoba, rogorc Sinagani (ineqciebi), aseve garegani (sacxebi) gamoyenebisa. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis preparatebi aRmoCndnen Zalze efeqturni Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis ukmarisobis samkurnalod, aseve revmatizmis, bronqialuri asTmis, saxsrebis daavadebis da kanis zogierTi daavadebisas. kanadelma mecnierma k. seliem, stresis Sesaxeb swavlebis avtorma, daamtkica, rom Tirkmelzeda jirkvali asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols eqstre-malur pirobebSi organizmis dacvis reaqciebSi.

Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis tvinovani Sre warmoadgens ori hormonis - adrenalinis da noradrenalinis gamomuSave-bis adgils.

adre adrenalins Rebulobdnen Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qsovilebisagan, xolo Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki - sinTezuri gziT. am hormons iyeneben rogorc sisxlZarRvebis Semaviwroebel da wnevis amwev saSualebas. noradrenalini gansxvavdeba adrenalinisagan ufro Zlieri sisxlZarRvSemaviwroebeli moqmedebiT da naklebi gavleniT

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gulis moqmedebaze da cvlis procesebze, kerZod ar axdens sisxlSi glukozis koncentraciis gamoxatul momatebas, rac SeimCneva adrenalinis Seyvanisas.

gaSifruli iqna aseve sasqeso hormonebis struqtura. dReisaTvis mamakacis (androgenebi) da qalis (estrogenebi) sasqeso hormonebi gamoyofilia sufTa saxiT da damuSavebu-lia maTi sinTezis meTodebi. sasqeso hormons, romelic pasuxismgebelia mamakacuri sasqeso niSnebis gamovlenaze, ewodeba `testosteroni~. 80-ian wlebSi dadginda, rom testos-teroni moxvdeba ra mis mimarT mgrZnobiare qsovilebSi (sam-izne-organoebi), gardaiqmneba kidev ufro aqtiur naerTad -

`5α- dihidrotestosteronad~. sasqeso hormonebs iyeneben sasqeso jirkvlebis

ukmarisobisas, meoreuli sasqeso niSnebis ganuviTareblo-bisas da dasustebuli, moxuci mamakacebisaTvis. Seqmnilia mamakacis sasqeso hormonebis warmoebulebi, romlebic axdenen dasustebuli organizmis cilovani cvlis stimula-cias, misi (cilovani cvlis) normalizaciis gziT. gansakuTre-biT xSirad am mizniT gamoiyeneboda `meTanandrostenoloni~ (neroboli).

qalis sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili iqna ramden-ime steroiduli naerTi. ZiriTadi, yvelaze aqtiuri estro-genia - `estradioli~. mas sxvadasxva preparatebis saxiT iyeneben samkurnalo praqtikaSi qalis sasqeso funqciis darRvevisas. hormoni `estroni (folikulini)~ aseve gamoi-yeneba praqtikul jandacvaSi. folikulins adre Rebulobdnen orsuli qalebis Sardisagan, sadac misi Semcveloba am pe-riodSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba.

garda estrogenebisa, qalis sasqeso hormonebs mie-kuTvneba aseve `progesteroni~, romlis farmakologiuri preparatebi dResac gamoiyenebian.

1957 wels aRmoCenili iqna biologiurad uCveulod aqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTac `prostaglandinebi~ uwodes. am aRmoCenis istoria jer kidev 30-iani wlebidan iwyeba, roca ingliselma da Svedma mecnierebma daiwyes winamdebare jirkvlis eqstraqtebis da saTesle siTxis gavlenis garkveva gluvi muskulaturis SekumSvis aqtivobaze. Tavdapirvelad ga-moyofili da Seswavlili iqnen ori saxis prostaglandinebi:

PG-E1 da PG-F1α. dadgenili iqna, rom es naerTebi war-moadgenen poligaujerebeli umaRlesi cximovani mJavebis

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hidroqsilirebul ciklur warmoebulebs. cocxal organizmSi misi biosinTezisas sawyis nivTierebebad gvevlinebian araqidin-, eikozatrien- da eikozapentaenmJavebi. prostaglandinebi xasiaTdebian farmakologiuri moqmedebis farTo speqtriT. monawileoben homeostazis uzrunvelmyofi fiziologiuri procesebis regulaciaSi. isini gavlenas axdenen zogierTi hormonebis sinTezze, gluvi muskulaturis aqtivobaze, Sardis gamoyofaze, saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis jirkvalTa sekreciaze, sisxlis koagulaciaze.

prostaglandinebi Rebuloben monawileobas CasaxvaSi, orsulobaSi, mSobiarobaSi, sasqeso hormonebis gamomuSave-baSi aseve SeuZliaT arteriuli wnevis, periferiuli sisxlis mimoqcevis, anTebiTi reaqciebis mimdinareobis cvlileba.

gansakuTrebiT farTo perspeqtivebi gaCnda sameano praqtikaSi prostaglandinebis gamoyenebisa, roca ugandelma eqimma sulTan qerimma, 1968 wels pirvelad, gamoiyena es niv-Tierebebi, intravenuri SeyvaniT, susti samSobiaro funqciis qalebisaTvis da miiRo kargi samkurnalo efeqti. klinikur praqtikaSi, isini pirvelad gamoiyenes, rogorc efeqturi da usafrTxo samkurnalo saSualeba - mSobiarobis gamaiole-beli. mogvianebiT maTi gamoyeneba daiwyo rogorc saaborto saSualebebisa orsulobis aranormalurad mimdinareobisas.

prostaglandinebis sinTezi, miuxedavad maTi qimiuri agebulebis moCvenebiTi simartivisa, aris rTuli da ararentabeluri procesi. marTalia, isini gamoiyenebian mikrodozebSi. 1 kg. sinTezuri prostaglandini 90-iani wlebisaTvis msoflio bazarze Rirda daaxloebiT 3 000 000 aSS dolari. amis gamo daiwyo procesi am nivTierebis bune-brivi wyaros Ziebisa. rodesac harvardis universitetis TanamSromlebma miiRes ZviradRirebuli sinTeturi pros-

taglandinebis E1 da F1α-is nimuSebi, gaCnda pirveli cnobebi maTi axali wyaros aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT - karibis zRvis gorgonis marjnebi, maTgan miRebul prostaglandinTa Rirebuleba Seadgenda sinTezuris Rirebulebis 5%-s.

didi xani araa, rac aRmoaCines nivTierebebi, romelTa arsebobac nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo. cnobili iyo, rom alka-loidi morfini ukavSirdeba Suamdebare tvinis specifiur receptorebs. aseTi receptorebis arseboba iZleoda imis daSvebis saSualebas, rom isini (specifiuri receptorebi) arseboben ara garedan Seyvanili narkotikebisaTvis, aramed

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organizmSi gamomuSavebuli romeliRac biologiurad aqti-uri nivTierebebisaTvis. amitiom opioiduri receptorebis aRmoCenis kvaldakval radioreceptoruli meTodebis daxmarebiT gamoyofili iqnen e.w. endogenuri opioidebi -

`enkefalinebi~ da `endorfinebi~. isini arian hormon ~β-li-potropinis~ warmoebulebi, romelsac gamoyofs hipofizi da

Sedgeba 91 aminomJavisagan, dRes ukve gamoyofilia α-, β- da γ- endorfinebi. dadgenilia, rom α-endorfini iwvevs nervuli

sistemis funqciis mkveTr damuxruWebas, β - endorfini amci-rebs tkivilis grZnobas, xsnis narkotikuli SimSilisas maT (narkotikebis) mimarT midrekilebas, γ- endorfini ganapi-robebs agresiul qcevas. amave dros naCvenebi iqna, rom Tu γ-endorfinSi ar aris aminomJava Tirozini, molekula iZens neiroleptikis (damawynarebeli saSualebis) Tvisebebs. yve-laferi es iZleva did perspeqtivebs endorfinebis stru-qturis bazaze axali preparatebis Seqmnisa.

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mravali swavlulis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo, imunuri sistemis cen-traluri organos - Timusis (Cangliseburi jirkvali) hormonebis gamoyofisaken. Timusidan miRebuli pirveli da albaT mTavari hormoni iyo `Timozini~,� pirvelad es hor-moni gamoyo alan goldSteinma (texasis universitetis samedicino skola) organos homogenatis naleqis zemoT myofi siTxis gawmendis Semdeg sefadeqsze (G-25) mexuTe fraqciis saxiT, am fraqciidan gamoyofilia 12 peptidi, gaSifrulia struqturebi da daxasiaTebulia fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi α1,

β1, β2 Timozinebisa. Seswavlilia aseve Timusis sxva hormonebi - `Timopo-

etini~ da ~Sratis qimiuri faqtori~. 49 aminomJavisagan Sem-dgari Timopoetinis biologiuri aqtivoba ganpirobebulia xuTi aminomJavisagan Semdgari peptiduri jaWvis monakveTiT. es aqtiuri monakveTi iwodeba `Timopentinad~. igi avlenda Timopoetinis yvela Tvisebas. Sratis Timiuri faqtori SedarebiT martivi agebulebisaa da Sedgeba rva aminomJavisa-gan. Timusis hormonebi gavlenas axdenen Cangliseburi jirkvlis sxvadasxva limfocitebis diferencirebis sxvadasxva etapebze da amiT uzrunvelyofen imunologiuri reaqciebis srulfasovnebas. damuSavebulia Timusis preparatebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis sakiTxebi. ujredis imu-

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nitetis daqveiTebiT mimdinare daavadebebisas iyeneben prepa-rat `Timalins (Timarins)~, romelic warmoadgens kompleqss, Cangliseburi jirkvlidan gamoyofili polipeptiduri fraqciebisa. igi stimulirebas ukeTebs organizmis imunolo-giur reaqtiulobas, aregulirebs T da B- limfocitebis raodenobas, aZlierebs fagocitozs da regeneraciis proce-sebs. Timusis preparatebi farTod gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva imunodeficituri mdgomareobisas. ruseTis medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis imunologiis institutSi damuSavebu-lia preparati `T-aqtivini~ (avtorebi r.v. petrovi, i.m. lopux-ini). ukrainaSi, kievis endokrinologiisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis samecniero kvleviT institutSi i.a. bezverSenkom dial-izis gziT miiRo axali samkurnalo saSualeba `vilozeni~, ro-melic Zalze efeqturia alergiuli renitisas.

Tu Timusis hormonaluri funqcia Seswavlilia SedarebiT srulad, Znelia igives Tqma imunuri sistemis sxva organos - elenTis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom misi yvela funqcia dRevandel dRemde sabolood Seswavlili araa. dReisaTvis sabolood dadgenilia, rom elenTa monawileobas Rebulobs sisxlwarmoqmnis procesSi da war-moadgens imunuri sistemis organos. misi sxva funqciebi SedarebiT sustadaa Seswavlili. cnobilia, rom elenTaamok-veTili adamianebi didxans ver muSaoben fizikurad, swrafad ver eguebian garemos pirobebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovnad usustdebaT TviTkontrolis grZnoba. dadgenili iqna, rom es arasasurveli cvlilebebi atareben humoralur xasiaTs, aseve dadgenili iqna, rom elenTaSi, sxva organoebTan SedarebiT, iSviaTad warmoiSoba rogorc pirveladi aseve meoradi avTvisebiani warmonaqmnebi.

50-ian wlebSi amerikelma mecnierma a. kerelma ga-moTqva azri, rom beberi cxovelebis sisxli Seicavs romel-iRac `siberisa da sikvdilis~ faqtors. igi uRebda beber, dasustubul ZaRls, sisxlis 2/3-s da gulmodgined recxavda eriTrocitebs fiziologiur xsnarSi aRniSnuli faqtorisagan da Semdeg kvlav usxamda am sisxls cxovels. ZaRls daewyo balanis zrda, igi swrafad darboda da xtoda, mas aRudga sqesobrivi instinqti, magram gaaxalgazrdaveba didxans ar grZeldeboda, xolo `siberis faqtoris~ gamoyofa ar mox-erxda. 1969 wels takaSi makinodianma aCvena, rom elenTis amokveTa beber TagvebSi TiTqmis orjer axangrZlivebda maT

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sicocxles. cnobilma amerikelma gerontologma aleqs kom-fortma zemoT aRniSnuls uwoda yvelaze SesamCnevi, sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis yvela cnobil vadebs Soris. t. makinodians Seyavda ra beberi Tagvebis elenTis ujredebi ufro axalgazrda TagvebisaTvis, aCvena rom eqsperimenta-luri axalgazrda Tagvebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mcirdeba. gakeTebuli iqna daskvna: elenTa nawilobriv `damnaSavea~ siberesa da sikvdilSi, xolo misi amokveTa amaR-lebs sicocxlis savaraudo xangrZlivobas.

swavlulebma daadgines, rom cxovelTa elenTis wylian eqstraqts, romelic Seicavs maRalmolekulur cilovan molekulebs, gaaCnia dacviTi da Terapevtiuli mo-qmedeba sxivuri daavadebisas. igi SedarebiT mdgradia gacx-elebisadmi. misi ineqciebi, dasxivebul cxovelebs, mniSvnelovnad uxangrZlivebs sicocxles.

SesaZlebeli gaxda elenTidan aseve gamoeyoT maRal-molekuluri cilovani nivTiereba, romelic mecnierebma mia-kuTvnes `keilonebs~ - faqtorebs, romlebic Trgunaven ujredTa gamravlebas Sesabamis qsovilebSi. elenTis keiloni amuxruWebs imunologiur reaqciebs am organoSi ucxo ujredebis Seyvanis Semdeg. ultrafiltraciisa da qroma-tografiis daxmarebiT maRalmolekuluri cilovani nivTierebidan SeZles gamoeyoT dabalmolekuluri imunodepresiuli faqtori. aman warmoSva realuri SesaZle-blobebi daedginaT misi struqtura, ganexorcielebinaT misi sinTezi da uzrunveleyoT praqtikuli gamoyeneba.

elenTis faqtorebis Seswavlaze muSaobda 50-ian wlebSi amerikeli mecnieri g. ungari. man Seqmna Terpevtuli preparatebi - `splenin A~ da `splenin B~ romlebic war-moadgenen fermentuli gardaqmnis produqts. splenin A amci-rebs kapilarebis SeRwevadobas da xels uwyobs eriTrocite-bis mdgradobis gazrdas antieriTrocitaruli Sratis moqmedebis mimarT. misi sekrecia da sisxlis nakadSi Sesvla regulirdeba hipofiziT da Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqiT. avtoris azriT, splenin B warmoiqmneba elenTaSi gliko-genidan. igi zrdis kapilarebis SeRwevadobas da amcirebs eriTrocitebis mdgradobas antiSratis moqmedebis mimarT, aseve axdens gavlenas Zvlis tvinze, amcirebs Trombocitebis raodenobas, aRsaniSnavia, rom splenin B-s sekrecia farise-bri jirkvlis gavlenis qveSaa.

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bevri mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom elenTaSi pro-ducirdeba humoraluri faqtori - Zvlis tvinis inhibitori, romelic elenTis veniT Sedis RviZlSi, sadac inaqtivirdeba. gamoyofilni iqnen humoraluri faqtorebi, romlebic axdenen maregulirebel gavlenas sisxlis ujredovani Semadgenlo-bisa. mecnierebma SeZles elenTadan mieRoT steroiduli bune-bis ori faqtori. erTi maTgani `Trombocitozinad~ wode-buli xels uwyobs Trombocitebis raodenobis gadidebas da maTi SeWidebis unaris gazrdas. meore faqtori (~Trombocitopeni~) avlens sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas. mkvle-varebma aRmoaCines faqtori `leikocitolizini~, igi aCqarebs leikocitebis daSlas, romelic muxruWdeba RviZlSi warmoSobili sxva faqtorebiT - `antileikocitozin~-iT.

biologiur aqtivobas avlenen elenTis lipiduri eqstraqtebi, romlebic xels uSlian Trombocitebis agrega-cias (Sewebebas). es eqstraqtebi axdenen anTebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas mis (anTebis) sawyis fazebSi, romelic mimdi-nareobs Trombocitebis urTierTSewebebiT.

1949-1950 wlebSi germanelma mecnierma g. reinma Caatara eqsperimentebis seria, romelic mieZRvna elenTas hu-moraluri gavlenis Seswavlas. mecnieris azriT, qsoviluri sunTqvis ukmarisobisas elenTa sisxlSi gamoyofs hu-moraluri tipis nivTierebas `hipoksilienins~. g. reinma daadgina, rom igi axdens normalizacias JangviTi procesebisa gulis kunTSi, xels uwyobs Jangbadis ufro ekonomiur moxmarebas da gulze gavlenas axdens mxolod Jangbadis uk-marisobisas.

elenTis eqstraqtTa moqmedebis mravalgvaroba mow-mobs maT mniSvnelovan maregulirebel rolze organizmis hu-moraluri wonasworobisaTvis. magram bevri zemoT moyvanil faqtorTagan, ar arian gamoyofili Tavisufali saxiT, ris ga-moc maTi qimiuri buneba Seuswavlelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ga-mokvlevaTa didi wili miZRvnilia elenTis im faqtorebis mi-marT, romelnic preparatebis saxiT danergilni arian jandacvis praqtikaSi.

dReisaTvis arseboben elenTis qsovilebidan miRe-buli, gamowvlilviT Seswavlili, klini-kuri gamocdebiTa da droiT Semowmebuli, Terapiul praqtikaSi farTod gamo-yenebuli preparatebi.

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elenTis axal preparats warmoadgens `solkospleni~, romelic miiRes Sveicarielma mecnierebma elenTis eqstraqtis dializis gziT. mas iyeneben sasqeso aSlilobisas rogorc qalebSi, ise mamakacebSi. igi aris sasqeso funqciis stimulatori, romelic normalizacias ukeTebs sasqeso jirkvlebis moqmedebas.

jandacvis praqtikaSi farTo gamoyeneba hpova `splen-inma~. elenTis es preparati miRebulia 1945 wels, yofili ssrk-is eqsperimentaluri biologiisa da paTologiis institutis eqsperimentaluri endokrinologiis laborato-riaSi, ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis v.p. komisarenkos mier. spleninis qimiuri buneba sakmaod dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili. preparatSi aRmoCenilia aminomJavebis didi raodenoba, peptidi, romelic Seicavs 13 aminomJavas, mravali cximovani mJavebi, lipidebi, mikroelementebi da vitaminebi. spleninis aqtiuri sawyisi jer kidev araa gamoyofili. sxvadasxva cxovelebze Catare-bulma eqsperimentebma aCvenes am preparatis gamoxatuli detoqsikaciuri moqmedeba.

splenini maRalefeqturia orsulobis adreuli vade-bis toqsikozebis mkurnalobisas. garda amisa, splenini gamoi-yeneba rentgenoTerapiis Semdgomi garTulebebis samkur-nalod, medikosebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom am preparatis 3-4 in-eqciis Semdeg adamianis saerTo mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad umjobesdeba: qreba gulis reva da Tavis tkivilebi, Cndeba Wa-mis mada, normalizdeba Zili. mkveTrad gamoxatuli detoqsikaciuri Tvisebebis wyalobiT preparati axdens ga-moxatul Terapevtul efeqts sxvadasxva formis hepatitebis da RviZlis funqcionaluri darRvevebisas, Tireotoqsi-kozisas, parafarisebri jirkvlis ukmarisobisas, Sizof-reniisa da diabetiT daavadebisas.

mkvlevarTa mier aRmoCenilia preparatis kidev erTi unari - daTrgunos alergiuli reaqciebis gamovlinebebi. splenini axdens gamoxatul Terapevtul efeqts alergiuli surdos, WinWris ciebisa da alergiuli dermatitebis mkurnalobisas.

spleninis mravali samkurnalo efeqti SeiZleba aixsnas misi membranotropuli TvisebebiT, e.i. ujredis mem-branis stabilizirebis unariT. am preparatiT damuSavebuli eriTrocitebi, naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian hipotoniuri

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Sokis mimarT. spleninis mravali efeqtis meqanizmi jer kidev araa srulyofilad Seswavlili. ar aris garkveuli qimiuri buneba mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali biologiurad aqtiuri faqtorebisa. preparatis Seswavla dResac grZeldeba.

dReisaTvis elenTidan gamoyofilia mxolod ori pep-tidi, romelTa struqtura dadgenilia: 1. `Tafcini~, romlis biosinTezi mimdinareobs elenTaSi leikokininis saxiT, xolo saboloo struqtura formirdeba leikocitebis membranebis zedapirze. dReisaTvis `Tafcini~ sinTezirebulia, aseve miRebulia misi biologiurad aqtiuri analogebi. 2. faqtori, romelic Tavisi struqturiT mogvagonebs `Timopoetins~ da `spleninad~ wodebuli. igi iseve rogorc Timopoetini Sedgeba 49 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia xuTi aminomJavisagan Sedgenili aqtiuri monakveTi, romelsac ewoda `splenopen-tini~. splenopentini gansxvavdeba Timopentinisagan erTi aminomJaviT da maTi biologiuri efeqtebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian.

elenTis humoralur faqtorebs swavloben ukrainaSi, kievis endokrinologiisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi, sadac bolo wlebSi miRebulia mTeli rigi axali, mniSvnelovani monacemebi, ris gamoc SesamCnevad gafarTovda codnis farglebi elenTis funqciis fiziologiisa da paTologiis Sesaxeb, aseve im movlenebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romlebic warmoiSvebian elenTis fun-qciis darRvevisas. magram am organos mravali gamocana jer kidev amouxsnelia.

1.4.9. bunebriv nivTierebaTa samyaros parado-qsebi

sxvadasxva bunebisa da warmoSobis biologiurad aqti-

uri nivTierebebis Seswavlisas cxadi xdeba maTi dayofis pirobiToba mediatorebad (romlebic uzrunvelyofen ujredSoris kavSirebs), hormonebad (romlebic signals gadascemen ufro did manZilebze), feromonebad (organizmebs Soris urTierTobis saSualebebad) da toqsinebad (cxovelTa Tavdacvis saSualebebad).

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struqturuli homologia asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols biostimulatorisa da receptoris urTierTqmedebaSi, im dros roca fiziologiuri pasuxi ganisazRvreba funqcion-aluri sistemiT, razec is moqmedebs.

erTi da igive nivTiereba (biologiuri regulatori) SeiZleba asrulebdes sxvadasxva funqcias, rac damokidebulia organizmis saxeze. am mxriv sainteresoa peptiduri hormonis prolaqtinis Tvisebebi. TevzebSi da xmeleTis cxovelebSi igi monawileobas Rebulobs osmoregulaciaSi, frinvelebSi is iwvevs `dedobriv qcevas~, xolo ZuZumwovrebSi igi stimulirebas ukeTebs sarZeve jirkvlis zrdas da rZis sekre-cias.

dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom erTi da igive biologi-urad aqtiuri nivTiereba SeiZleba gamoimuSaon sxvadasxva saxis cxovelebma. amfibiebisa da reptiliebis zogierTi Sxamebi qimiurad Zalze axlos dganan erTmaneTTan. aucilebe-lia aRiniSnos, rom cxovelebSi aRmoCenili biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis identuri naerTebi aRmoCnda mce-nareul samyaroSi. aseTi movlena jer-jerobiT auxsnelia. yvelaze srulyofilad is Seswavlilia sasqeso hormonebisaTvis.

cxrilSi 1.4.9.a. moyvanilia adamianis sasqeso hormonebis Semcveloba zogierT mcenareebSi.

naerTi mcenare koncentracia mg/kg.

finikis palmis Tesli da yvavilebi

0,40 3,3

broweulis xis Tesli 17,0 estroni

vaSlis xis Tesli 0,1 estrioli tirifis yvavilebi 0,11

17β-estradioli lobios Tesli 0,1

testosteroni fiWvis mtveri 0,08 androstendioni fiWvis mtveri 0,59

SesaZlebeli gaxda daedginaT, rom `estrogenuli efeqti~ mcenareebSi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod sasqeso steroidebiT, aramed sxva naerTebiTac. maT `fitoes-trogenebi~ uwodes. birmaSi da tailandSi, erT-erTi

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parkosani mcenaris fesvebs, qalebi iyenebdnen rogorc saaborto saSualebas. gamoyofili iqna misi aqtiuri sawyisi, romelic agebulebiT Zalian gavs qalis hormons- estrons. gamoyofili nivTiereba kanqveS Seyvanisas iseTive aqtivobiT

xasiaTdeboda, rogorc 17β-estradioli da ar kargavda Tvisebebs Sinaganad miRebisas. misi aqtivoba samjer maRalia, medicinaSi farTod gamoyenebuli sinTezuri naerTis, di-eTilstilbestrolis aqtivobaze, am naerTs ewoda `mi-restroli~.

estrogenuli bunebis nivTierebaTa aRmoCenam mcenareebSi, warmoSva azri, rom isini aq ubralod ki ar grovdebian, aramed Rebuloben monawileobas mcenareTa sasi-cocxlo procesebSi. Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvenes, rom estrogenebi da androgenebi stimulacias ukeTeben Tes-lebis gaRvivebas da zrdas, xels uwyoben yvavilebis ganvi-Tarebas.

axlad warmoSobili mecniereba ekologiuri bioqimia swavlobs cxoveluri da mcenareuli samyaros erTianobis problemebs, radganac ukve dadasturebuli faqtia, rom erTi da igive biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi SeiZleba sinTezirdebodnen, rogorc cxoveluri, aseve mcenareuli samyaros warmomadgenelTa mxridan. cxrilSi 1.4.9.b. moyva-nilia mcenareTa da cxovelTa saerTo TavdacviTi toqsinebis CamonaTvali. cxrili 1.4.9.b.

toqsinebi cxovelebi mcenareebi

alkaloidi anabazeini

WianWvelaTa APHAENOGASTER Sxami

Tambaqos furclebi NICOTIANA

linamarinebis da lotaustraline-bis cianogenuri glikozidebi

rCilis ZYGAENA da pepela HELI-CONIUS TavdacviTi cianidebi

samyurasa da sxva mcenareebis toqsinebi

hidroqinoni mocurala xoWos DYTISCUS Tavda-cviTi nivTierebebi

eklebis XANTHIUM CANADENSO

terpenoidi

β selineni frTaqerclas BATTUS POLYDAMUS - Wupridan miRebuli nivTiereba

niaxuris foTlebidan miRebuli nivTiereba

5- hidroqsitriptamini

daTvis androkoniebi ACTIA CAJA

WinWris msusxavi bususebi.

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2. axali bazrebis teqnologiis komponentebis

gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi bunebriv nivTierebaTa

warmoebisa da rewvisas

qimiuri profilis eqspertuli sistemas DENDRAL-s mas-speqtrometriis da birTvuli magnituri rezonansis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoyavs ucnobi nivTierebis molekuluri struqturebi.

sistema iyenebs specialur algoriTms, romelic Seqm-nilia lederbergis mier, yvela SesaZlo molekuluri stru-qturis sistematuri CamoTvlisaTvis, xolo Semdeg iyenebs codnas qimiaSi am CamonaTvlis Sesamcireblad Tvalmisawvdom zomamde. DENDRAL-is codna warmodgenilia molekuluri struqturebis generatoris procedurebis saxiT da wesebiT monacemTa marTvisaTvis. sistema realizebulia enaze `IN-TERLISP~ da damuSavebulia stanfordis universitetSi (aSS).

imave profilis eqspertuli sistema SYNCHEM2 speci-alist-qimikosis Carevis gareSe `atarebs~ rTuli, organuli molekulebis sinTezs. igi `cdilobs~ ipovos organul naerTTa sinTezis reaqciaTa Tanmimdevroba, romlebic gardaqmnian xelmisawvdom amosaval masalebs miznobriv molekulaSi (molekula-samizne) SYNCHEM 2 iyenebs codnas qimiuri reaqciebis Sesaxeb, molekula-samiznis Seqmnis gegmis Sesadgenad, `samSeneblo blokebis~ molekulaTa sinTezis optimaluri sqema, sawyisi masalebidan, iyenebs ra evristikebs, romlebic zRudaven im marSrutebis Ziebas, romlebic akmayofileben amocanis SezRudvebs. es SezRudvebi SeiZleba Seicavdnen informacias reaqciis toqsikurobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, misaRebi produqtis xarisxisa da gamosav-lis Sesaxeb. sistema realizebulia enaze PL/11. igi damuSavebu-lia niu-iorkis Statis universitetSi da warmoadgens sistema SYNCHEM-is ganviTareba-gafarToebis Sedegs.

dReisaTvis medicinaSi (da ara marto medicinaSi) gamoiyeneba didi raodenobiT cxoveluri warmoSobis biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi. bunebriv nivTierebaTa

121

Rirebul Taviseburebas warmoadgens maRali specifiuroba da Zalze dabal koncentraciebSi efeqtis moxdenis unari, isini dabaltoqsikurni arian da ar grovdebian organizmSi, maTi daSlis produqtebi cvlis bunebriv produqtebs war-moadgenen.

samedicino profilis erT-erTi msxvili eqspertuli sistema INTERNIST-I/CADUCEUS Seicavs 500-ze meti daavadebis profils, romlebic aRiwereba daavadebebis gamovlenis 3500-ze meti variantiT. aRniSnuli eqspertuli sistema exmareba eqimebs dasvan mravalmxrivi da rTuli diagnozebi Sinagani daavadebisa, daavadebis istoriis, simptomebis da laborato-riuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze. sistema Tavisi gadawyvetebisaTvis eyrdnoba daavadebaTa profilebis nusxas, romelic Seicavs TiToeul daavadebasTan dakavSirebul faq-tebs. codnis sistema warmodgenilia faqtebisa da daavadebe-bis qseliT, xolo daSveba codnis sistemaSi dafuZnebulia SezRudvebze, romelTac qmnian daavadebaTa taqsonomia da mizezobrivi kavSirebi. sistema realizebulia enaze `LISP~. am eqspertuli sistemis pirvel variants ewodeba INTERNIST-I, xolo meores - CADUCEUS. igi Seqmnilia q. pitsburgis (aSS) universitetSi.

axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis ZiriTadi komponentebis (eqspertuli sistemebi, DFMA meTodebi, ixileT m. macaberiZe. axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis proble-mebi; Jurnali `mecniereba da teqnika~, #7-9, gv. 11-14, 1998.) gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes bunebriv nivTierebaTa rentabeluri warmoeba. samedicino profilis eqspertuli sistema INTERNIST-I/ CADUCEUS iZleva bunebriv nivTierebaTa raodenobriv nusxas daavadebebis interpre-taciis gziT, ris Semdgom qimiuri profilis eqspertuli sistemebi DENDRAL da SYNCHEM2, DFMA meTodebis gamoyene-biT axorcieleben Sesabamisi produqciis sawarmoo parametrebis dadgenas.

bunebriv nivTierebebTan dakavSirebuli zemoT mocemuli monacemebiT da axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis ZiriTadi komponentebis zogadi warmodgeniT Camoyalibebulia topologia bunebriv nivTierebaTa warmoebis problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebisa.

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ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 26.03.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

16.04.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 8.

tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77