Themes• Frenzy of Emotion• Patriotism• Storm and Stress• Nature/Intuition• The Past• Exotic Places• Heroes

The French Neoclassicists

The French Neoclassicists

Jacques-Louis David

Antoine-Jean Gros

Théodore Géricault

• Virtual dictator of European painting from 1800-1820.• No matter how revolutionary the subject, used traditional, neoclassical techniques.• Stressed line, form, perspective.

Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748-1825)

David

Napoleon Crossing Saint Bernard

David - Coronation of Napoleon

David - The Tennis Court Oath

David

Portrait of Monsieur Lavosier and His Wife

• Moved away from the ideas of his teacher, Jacques-Louis David.• Followed the more emotional style of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens.• Still Neoclassical at heart.• Series of battle paintings glorifying Napoleon.

Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1791-1824)

Gros

Napoleon at Arcole Bridge, Nov. 17, 1796

Gros - Napoleon in the Pesthouse

Gros - Napoleon on the Battlefield

• Shifted the emphasis of battle paintings from heroism to suffering and endurance.• Isolation and vulnerability were the essential human condition.• French Michelangelo (painting and sculpture).• Bold, vigorous figures with lots of movement.

Théodore Géricault (French, 1791-1824)

Géricault

The Wounded Curaiss

Géricault - The Raft of the Medusa

• "First of the moderns”• Transitional figure between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.• Warm and passionate.• Court painter to Spanish king Charles III.• Sense of outrage and rebellion, social conscience.

Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746-1828)

Goya

Maria Teresa de Bourbon

Goya

Group on a Balcony

Goya - The Third of MayIt is said that he made the preliminary sketches of this painting in the blood of executed Spanish patriots.

• Took painting out of the studio and into the country.• Studied and painted from nature.• Landscapes that stressed color and light more than purity of line.• Influence on Delacroix and Impressionism.

John Constable (English, 1776-1837)

Constable - Leaping Horse

Constable

Lock at Deadham

• Dreamy landscapes.• Played with light and color rather than sticking to form.• Mixed cloud, fog, and the land until anything definite was indistinguishable.• Conflict between nature and technology.• Precursor of the Impressionists.

J. M. W. Turner (English, 1775-1851)

Turner - The Fighting Temeraire

Turner - Rain, Steam, Speed

• Color and light emphasized over line.• Urged young painters to study Rubens.• Purpose of art is "not to imitate nature but to strike the imagination."• Literary themes.• Used color to create energy, which he compared to music.• Halftones derived from juxtaposing that color and its complement (i.e. purple and yellow), not from darkening a color.• Long brushstrokes.

Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798-1863)

Delacroix - Liberty Leading the People

Delacroix

Massacre at Chios

Delacroix - Death at Sardanapal

• Melancholy and symbolic landscapes.

• Used light to unify the mood of his landscapes and other works.

• Mystical attitude toward nature (God found in nature).

Caspar David Friedrich (German, 1774-1840)

Friedrich - Polar Sea

Friedrich - The Cross on the Mountain

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780-1867)

• Draftsman.• Linearist.• Purity of line - return to Neoclassicism or early Realism• Hated Delacroix.• Nudes.

Ingres

The Valpincon Bather

• Cartoonist.• Famous for caricatures, but recognized later for serious painting.• Satire.• Social commentary.• Hated Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon).

Honoré Daumier (French, 1808-1869)

Daumier - The Third-Class Carriage

Daumier

Don Quixote

Jean-François Millet (French, 1814-1875)

• Indistinct lines

• Mixing of colors

• Peasants

Millet - Flight into Egypt

Millet - Young Woman

• Rebel• Offended everyone• Landscapes• Realist• Sober and moody• Importance of the individual• Admired Géricault• Pupil of David

Gustav Courbet (French, 1819-1877)

Courbet

The Source

Courbet - The Wave

• Leader Johann Friedrich Overbeck.• Tried to revive style and spirit of medieval religious paintings.• Later turned to subjects such as German fairy tales and folklore.

Nazarenes (German)

A Look into the Future

Romanticism

Realism Impressionism

Expressed ideas of the Romantics through music Strained against rules and restraints of Classicism Music addressed to the masses Expanded orchestra Piano most important instrument Opera & ballet popular Used ballads, folk music, poetry, national history for inspiration

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

• Born In Bonn, Germany

• Moved to Vienna, Austria in 1792

• Composed piano and violin sonatas, string quartets, and a total of 9 symphonies

• Deaf at age 16

• Fur Elise, Ode to Joy, Moonlight Sonata

Franz Schubert (1797-1828)

• Born in Germany

• Set piano and voice in over 600 Lieder (poems set to music)

Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)• German

• Composed works for the piano, violin, chamber music, and choral music

• 5 symphonies

• The Scottish, The Italian, and The Reformation

Frederic Chopin (1810-1849)

• Polish

• Composed traditional folk music for piano

• Concertos in E minor and F minor

Robert Schumann (1810-1856)

• German

• Composed symphonies and piano music

Franz Liszt (1811-1886)

• Hungarian

• Europe’s greatest concert pianist

• Also composed folk music for the piano

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)

• Italian opera composer

• Rigoletto (1851)

• La Traviata (1853)

• Il Trovatore (1853)

• Aida (1871)

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)• German nationalist

• Inspired by the German past

• Four operas called The Ring of the Nibelung:

Das Rheingold Die Walkure Siegfried Gotterdammerung

Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)

• German

• Hungarian dances based on melodies of Roma

• Academic Festival Overture (1880) based on German student songs

• Tightly knit structure

• Schicksalslied (Song of Destiny, 1871) - musical setting of a poem by the German poet Friedrich Hölderlin

Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)• One of The Five (five influential Russian composers)

• Original & influential Russian nationalist composer

• Bold, unorthodox harmonies

• Tried to reproduce the rhythms and contours of the Russian language

• Boris Godunov - unusual in use of chorus

• St. John’s Night on Bare Mountain

Piotor Iilyitch Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)

• Best known for ballet music Swan Lake (1876) The Nutcracker (1891-92) Sleeping Beauty

• Richly melodic passages

• Gifted orchestrator

Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904)

• Czech

• Fond of black spirituals & Native American music

• Director of the National Conservatory of Music in NYC

• Influenced by Czech and Slavonic folk music

Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)

• Norwegian

• Master of harmonic style

• Based music on Norwegian folk songs

• Peer Gynt (1875) - incidental music for Henrik Ibsen’s poem

• Holberg Suite

• Landsighting and Olaf Trygvason

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)

• Member of The Five

• Master of orchestration

• Conducted the Russian Symphony (1886-1890)

• Fresh and brilliant instrumentation

• Sheherazade (1888)

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)

• Italian

• La Bohème (1896)

• Madame Butterfly

• Emotion and theatricality

• Lyricism, color orchestration, rich vocals

Richard Strauss (1864-1949)• German• Composer for modern orchestra & voice• 2nd period (1887-1904)

Developed the symphonic poem Expanded expressiveness of modern symphony orchestra Don Juan (1888)

• 3rd period (1904-49) Opera Salome (1905)

Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)• French• Orchestra of 465 pieces• Symphonie Fantastique (1830)• Songs and arias• Voice and instruments equal in importance• Requiem

full orchestra pipe organfour brass choirs chorus of two hundred

Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826)

• German

• Der Freishütz (1821)--enchanted forest, magic bullet

• Oberon (1826)

• Creator of German romantic opera

Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857)

• Russian

• Russlan and Ludmilla (1842)--based on a poem by Pushkin

• A Life of the Tsar (1836)