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1 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
................................................................................................................................................ 8
1 , .................................... 10
1.1 , .......................... 10 1.2 ......................................................................... 12 1.3 ...................................................................................................... 16 1.4 ................................ 19
1.4.1 .................................................................................................... 19 1.4.2 ................................................................... 22 1.4.3 ................................................................ 23
1.5 ..................... 35 2 ................................................................ 38
......................................................................................................... 38 2.1 .............. 38 2.2 ........................................ 40
3 ........................................ 43
3.1 , , ...................... 43 3.1.1 .... 43 3.1.2 . 52 3.1.3 .................................... 59
3.2 ..................................................... 61 3.3 .................................................... 63 3.4 ............................................................................ 63
4 .................................................................................................. 66
4.1 , .................................................................................... 66 4.1.1 .................................................................................................... 66 4.1.2 .......................................................................................... 68 4.1.3 .............................................................................................. 71
4.2 ................................................................................. 74 4.3 ............................................ 77
4.3.1 .............................................................. 77 4.3.2 ....................................................................................... 78 4.3.3 ........................................................... 80 4.3.4 ................................................................. 81 4.3.5 ............................................................ 82 4.3.6 , ....................................................... 82
5 ............................................................................................ 84
5.1 .............................................. 84 5.2 ...................................................................................... 85
5.2.1 ...... 85 5.2.2 ............................................................................................ 86 5.2.3 ............................................................................ 87 5.2.4 ................................................................... 105
2 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.2.5 .......................................................................... 112 5.3 ................................................................................ 120
5.3.1 .......................................................................... 120 5.4 .............................. 129 5.5 .......................................... 135 5.6 ................................................................................... 139
5.6.1 ..................................................................................................... 139 5.7 ................................................... 140 5.8 ................................. 140
6 ............................................................................ 142
6.1 ........................................................... 142 6.2 .......................................................................... 143
6.2.1 ............................................. 147 6.2.2 ..................................................................... 149 6.2.3 ........................................................ 150
6.3 , ......................................... 152 7 ......................................................................................... 154
7.1 ............................................ 154 7.2 ........................................................................... 157
7.2.1 ................................... 160 7.3 ............................................... 165
7.3.1 .................... 165 7.4 ............................... 166 7.5 ........... 169 7.6 ............................................................... 172
7.6.1 ............................................................... 173 7.7 .................................................... 176
8 .................................................................................................................... 180
8.1 ...................................................................................... 180 8.2 ...................................................... 184
9 , ......................................... 186
9.1 , ............... 186 9.1.1 ................................................................................................. 186 9.1.2 ........................................................................................ 186 9.1.3 .................................................................................... 188 9.1.4 .................................................................................. 188
9.2 ................................................................... 188 9.2.1
.................................................................................................................... 188 9.2.2 ........................... 191 9.2.3 ................................... 191
9.3 ................................................... 197 9.3.1 , ..................................................... 197 9.3.2 , - , ........ 197 9.3.3 , ............................................................ 198
9.4 ..................................................................... 198
3 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
10 , ...................................................................................................................... 199
10.1 .................................... 199 10.2 ................................................................ 200 10.3 ....................................................................... 203
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4 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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7 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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3. “ , ” MNS 5916 : 2008, (MNS 4917 : 2000 MNS 4920 : 2000 - );
4. “ . ” MNS 5917 : 2008,
(MNS 17.5.1.19-92, MNS 4915 : 2000 MNS 4916 : 2000 - );
5. “ . ” MNS 5918:2008, (MNS 4918 : 2000 MNS 4919 : 2000 - ).
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17 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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24 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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59 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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60 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
3.1.3 “
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1- ; 2- ; 3- ; 4- ; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- ; 9-
64 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, .
.
3.3
, , , ,
, .
: ; ; ; ; ; ( ) , , ; ; , ,
; ( ), , ; ; ; ; ( , , ,
. ) .
, , .
: ; ; ; .
,
, , , , .
3.4
, ,
65 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. ,
. .
, , .
, ( , , , , , , . )- ,
. , (
11 )
. , , .
, , ,
. , , .
,
.
.
(MNS
5916 : 2008 1- ), ,
. , , 0.1 -
,
.
, , ,
, . , ,
.
, , . , , , ,
66 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. “ , ”
MNS 5916 : 2008 , ,
.
.
, , ,
. .
. :
1. , , , , ,
, . 2.
, , .
3. , , .
5 - . 4.
, , , .
, 2
, , , ,
,
.
67 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
4
4.1 , 4.1.1
.
, ,
.
(C), (N), (P), (S), (K), (Ca)
.
30.
.
“ ”, “ ”, “ ” . “ ”
. “ ” . “ ” , “D”
. “ ”, “ ” , “ ” “ ” .
C
D
68 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
69 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. ,
2-3 .
. 4.1.2
, , , . , , , . , ,
, , , .
(%), (pH),
(CaCO3), (Ca2+, Mg2+), (N), (P), (K), , (Na),
, (<2 ), .
, ,
. - ,
, , , ,
11, 12- . “ , ” MNS 5916 : 2008
.
70 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
11. , ,
,
,
(A+ B)
, (B+ C)
,
%
,
10-20 10-20 10-30 5.0-6.5
20-30 20-40 5-15 5.5-7.0
- 20-30 20-40 3-8 6.5-7.5
,
10-30 20-60 5-20 5.5-7.0 10-30 20-60 5-20 5.5-7.0 20-30 20-60 3-15 6.0-7.5
10-30 20-40 2-10 6.0-7.0
10-20 20-30 3-10 6.5-7.5
20-40 20-30 5-10 6.5-7.5 10-30 20-30 3-8 7.0-8.0 10-30 20-30 2-3 7.0-8.0 10-30 20-30 1-2 7.5-8.5
10-20 20-30 0.8-1.5 7.5-8.5
10-20 20-30 0.3-1.0 7.5-8.5
12. , , ,
,
, (A+AB)
, (B+BC)
,
%
,
30-50 30-50 5-10 6.5-7.5 20-30 30-50 3-5 7.0-8.0
20-30 30-50 2-3 7.5-8.5 20-30 30-50 1-2 7.5-8.5
,
10-30* 30-50 0.6-1.0 7.5-8.5 10-30* 30-50 0.4-0.6 7.5-8.5 10-30* 30-50 0.2-0.5 8.0-9.0
10-30* 30-50 0.1-0.2 8.0-9.0
10-30* 30-50 0.5-2.0 7.5-9.0
, ,
- 20-40 30-50 5-15 6.0-7.5
- 20-50 30-50 10-20 5.5-7.0
20-50 30-50 15-60 6.5-5.0
, 10-20 30-50 0.5-2.0 8.5-12.0 20-30 30-50 0.5-3.0 8.0-10.0
20-50 20-30 10-30 5.5-7.5
20-40 20-30 3-10 6.0-8.0
71 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
10-30 20-30 1-5 6.5-8.5
*- Q, K, .
72 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
4.1.3
. , ,
( ) .
, ,
.
.
, .
. . , ,
, , , .
, . , , ,
. ,
, , , .
, ,
. ,
.
“ . , . MNS 5850 :
2008” . , , , ,
( ), - , :
, :
, , , ,
. : (Sc), (Ti), (V), (Cr), (Mn), (Fe), (Co), (Ni), (Cu), (Zn), (Ga), (Rb), (Sr), (Y), (Zr), (Nb), (Mo),
73 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
(Tc), (Ru), (Pd), (Ag), (Cd), (In), (Sn), (Cs), (Ba), (La), (Hf), (Ta),
(W), (Re), (Os), (Ir), (Pt), (Au), (Hg), (Tl), (Pb), (Fr), (Ra), (Ac)
. ,
.
: , , , , 12
. (Pb), (Cd), (Hg), (As), (Cr3+), (Cr6+), (Zn), (Co),
(Ni), (Cu), (Sr), (V).
( ): (Pb), (Cd), (Hg), (As), (Cr), (Cr6+),
(CN-) .
, .
- : (Cu), (Zn), (Cr), (V),
(Ni), (Sr), (Sn), (Mo), (S), (B), (F) .
(Pb), (Cd), (Hg), (As)
.
: , , ( ), ( ) ,
( ), , .
( )- .
- (precaution value)- ,
.
. ,
74 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , .
- (trigger value)- ,
, . ,
, .
- (action value)- ,
. , , , ,
.
13. , /
( ) ,
, , .
14. , /
/
1 (Pb) 100 70 50 100 2 (Cd) 3 1.5 1 3 3 (Hg) 2.0 1.0 0.5 2 4 (As) 6 4 2 6 5 (Cr) 150 100 60 150
6 (Cr6+) 4 3 2 4
7 (Sn) 50 40 30 50 8 (Sr) 800 700 600 800 9 (V) 150 130 100 150
10 (Cu) 100 80 60 100 11 (Ni) 150 100 60 150 12 (Co) 50 40 30 50 13 (Zn) 300 150 100 300 14 ( ) 5 3 2 5 15 (Se) 10 8 6 10 16 ( ) 25 20 15 25 17 (F) 200 150 100 200 18 (CN
-) 25 15 10 25
/ 1 (Pb) 500 1200 2 (Cd) 10 20
75 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
,
.
15. , /
4.2
.
. :
; , , ; ; ; : ( )
;
3 (Hg) 10 20 4 (As) 30 50 5 (Cr) 400 1500 6 (Cr6+) 20 50 7 (Sn) 300 500 8 (Sr) 3000 6000 9 (V) 600 1000
10 (Cu) 500 1000 11 (Ni) 1000 1800 12 (Co) 500 1000 13 (Zn) 600 1000 14 ( ) 20 50 15 (Se) 50 100 16 ( ) 100 300 17 (F) 800 1500 18 (CN
-) 50 100
/
1 ( ) PCBs 0.1 2.0
2 4.0 100 3 0.2 2.0 4 -( )- 1.0 10 5
( ) 10 -
6 / (PCDD/F) 0.001 0.01
76 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ; ; ( ); .
,
. , ( 5-10 )
. ,
, , , , ,
.
, .
, ,
( + , “ ”, “ ”, “ ”
) . , , , , , , , , , ,
, .
, .
.
, ARC Wiew, GIS .
, .
, ,
/ 1:5000-25000/ .
77 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , , , .
, .
78 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
4.3 4.3.1
,
“ , ” MNS 5916:2008 . :
.
Vsh = Hsh* S
, Hsh – , ; S- , 2
Psh (t) .
Psh = Hsh* S* Ysh
Ysh -
, / 3
,
,
.
16.
, %
,
2.0-12.1 6.0-12.5 ,
4.7-38.6 6.4-8.6
1.5-20.7 5.7-9.6 ,
2.3-10.7 5.4-7.0 ,
,
2.2-7.5 6.4-8.4 ,
,
7.6-10.7 5.7-8.6 ,
4.4-7.9 6.7-8.6 ,
6.6-9.2 6.3-8.7 ,
2.7-4.0 6.3-9.0 ,
1.3-2.6 6.5-8.1 ,
0.5-1.5 8.3-9.1 ,
79 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
4.9-8.9 5.8-8.1 ,
3.0-5.0 6.2-8.8
2.4-6.1 6.3-9.6 ,
,
1.9-4.2 6.3-9.6 ,
0.21-1.9 8.4-9.3 ,
0.3-1.5 8.1-9.5 0.1-0.3 8.1-10.9
(pH)-
5.5-8.2 , - , - 4.0- . -
pH- 4.5 3.0-8.2 .
, ,
5%- , , 15% ,
, , , ,
- 10% .
.
(%- ) 0.25%-
0.5% . 0.1 - 10%-75% , , , 5%-10% . , , ,
.
4.3.2
,
.
80 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
. :
, ( ) .
, , / /
. 2
.
. , 20 .
. ,
, ( 17).
.
. ( )
.
17.
( + ) ,
( +C) ,
,
,
10-30 30-50
, , , ,
, , ,
20-40 40-100
81 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ,
10-30 30-100
, , , , 10-50
4.3.3
,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
.
“ ,
MNS 5916 : 2008” . , , ,
.
, ( , . )
.
.
,
,
. ,
, , , , , ,
( ), , , 0.01 -
( )- .
,
, , . 10
82 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
- . ,
.
. ,
.
,
, , , .
. 2 (“
” MNS 5915:2008). : 3.2- 10-40
10-100 , . (d<10 )
, , ,
.
4.3.4
. , . 5-10 , 2 , 30-50
, 20 , .
5-8
.
83 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
,
, , , , , , ,
. , .
, .
, ,
. 4.3.5
. , , , , .
( 18).
18.
> 0.5 % ( , ) > 0.2 % ( , )
6.5-8.0 (2 - )
< 250 ( ) > 250 ( )
< 35 % - >35 < 60 %
,
0.25 %- EC < 4.0 dS/m ( )
( ) < 10 %
(Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn . .)
4.3.6 ,
, .
, 5-10 -
2 , (“
, ” MNS 5916:2008).
84 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , .
( )
. , , ,
.
85 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5 5.1
. -
. :
- , ,
;
- ,
, , , , ,
, , , ;
- , ;
-
, ;
- , , , ,
;
- ,
, ;
- ,
, ;
- -
.
86 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.2
, , , , , , ,
, , ,
, , , , .
. , , ,
, .
.
,
. 5.2.1
, , ,
, , ,
.
.
, , .
.
.
87 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. .
. : - ,
;
- , , ;
- ;
- ;
- , , ;
- ;
- , , ,
, .
,
. , , , ,
.
5.2.2
, .
, .
,
. .
.
88 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
.
.
.
. .
,
, .
.
, .
, ,
.
5.2.3
-
( . )
, - , , - . (0-7 ), (7-15 ), (15 -
) . . :
1. ; 2.
; 3. .
89 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
0.2-0.5 , 0.3 3.5
, , , , , 0.2 5.0
, .
, . , ,
0.4 - 2 4 - . 0.1-1.0 .
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , .
. . .
, .
, -
, . , , , . ,
, .
.
. , .
. -
.
(50 - ), (50 100 ), (100 - ) .
, . , ,
, .
, .
. -
90 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , , , ,
2 .
.
, , ,
, , ( )
( )
. .
91 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
31.
, ( ,
), , , ,
. (S )- ( - ) :
S =S + S + S +S +S
: S - , S - , S - , , S - , S -axy ,
.
. , ,
.
,
,
92 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ,
.
,
, .
, 2 . 2
. , ,
, .
, .
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, , , , .
.
, , , .
, , , , .
. .
,
.
93 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , , .
. :
- , , ; - , , ,
;
- .
. : - ( )
;
- ( , , ,
).
, , , ,
. ,
. .
, 1:100 . ,
.
,
, (“ . , MNS 5914 : 2008
).
94 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , , , .
, ,
.
, , ,
, , .
, .
230- . ,
, . 11-170 50-30
. .
. .
, - , , opo 25
, , ( )- , ( )
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
95 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. .
.
. 33-36-
. 37- ,
.
.
( 38). .
BhKV
c
mbX ;
: Vx - / /, 3 K - (0.05-0.1- ).
hx - , - ( ),
. . ,
0.1 , 0.1- - .
32.
a)
) , -
1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3. 4.
96 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
33.
97 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
a) ) 1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3. 4.
34.
a) ) 1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3. 4.
35. ( ), ( )-
a) ) 1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3. 4.
36. ,
1. ( ) 2. 3.
98 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
37.
a) ) , -
1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3.
38.
) , (
) )
1. , 1i 2. , 2i 3. 4. .
. - , ; - , ; - .
, .
99 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
230, 120- . ,
, ,
. , , .
, ( 39)
, . ,
. ,
.
.
39.
1. 2. 3. 4.
120- .
( 2 - ), ( 40).
100 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
40.
( ) ( )
1. 2.
3.
0.7-1.0 .
0.01- .
10-20 ,
60, 100 .
41. ( ) ( ) , 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
.
, .
101 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
42. ( ), ( )
43.
1. 2.
44- , .
44. ,
, .
102 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
45. ,
1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. 7. 8.
.
.
. .
,
. , .
, , . , ,
. ,
. 0.2 -
.
103 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. 46- .
46.
1. 2. , 3. 4. , , .
. , , ,
. . , .
. . , -
, .
.
, . ,
.
.
( 47).
47.
104 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
1. 2. 3. 4.
48.
1. 2. 2. 1.5 - 4.
. ,
. ,
. , ,
. .
105 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
49.
a) b)
, , . , ,
, . 230 ( 50).
50. ,
) )
.
, . , , , .
.
51. ,
). , ). ,
106 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.2.4 :
, , ;
;
( 3.1.1- )- ,
;
; ,
,
; , ,
; (
, , , , , ,
. )- ; ,
;
, ( ,
, , . ) , ;
;
,
, ;
4.3.3; 4.3.6- .
.
107 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ( , -
):
52.
, ( , , , . )- , ,
.
, .
108 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, .
, ,
. 2 . :
, . .
50 - , 230 - .
53.
0.5 - ,
, .
54.
109 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ,
, .
55.
, ,
, .
56.
, , ,
, .
, .
57.
110 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , , , , ,
( )- . ,
, (“ . MNS 5917:2008”
). ( , , , ,
, , . )- .
:
( )-
. ,
, , , .
, 30-50 .
.
.
30 , ( )
4-10 , 10-30 .
( 58 “ ” ). , 10-30-
( 58 “ ” ).
19.
,
, ,
0-18
0-5
111 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ( , )
0-0
, 0-25 , 0-18
. .
58.
59.
“ , MNS 5916:2008”
. ,
,
. :
5-30 ;
1-30
1-30
30m
180 –
112 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
20-30 , 5-20 ;
50:50 5-30 ;
10-30 .
. , , ,
, . , , .
, , , ,
.
, ,
.
20.
,
I : , , ,
, 25%, , , , 2%-
II I , 2%-
III
, , , ,
2%-
IY
, , , , , , ,
, , (75%- ) 1%-
,
.
113 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.2.5
, , , ,
, , .
, , ,
, , - ,
.
( 60-62), ( 63), ( 64), ( 65)
. .
. ,
- ; - , ,
; -
, .
60.
1, 2 , 3 , 4 - , 5 -
114 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
61.
1. 2. 3. 4.
( 62)
, (1,2) . , ,
, (1) (3) (4)
(2) .
62.
1 5 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 -
115 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
116 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
(6) .
(7) (8) .
(9) (10) . ,
. . ,
. , - .
. .
, ( ) .
.
, .
.
. .
, . ,
.
, ,
.
1.5-3.0 . ,
(1)- ( 63).
117 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
63. ,
1 - 2 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 -
(2)
, (3),
. (4)
. , (6)
(7) 30-40 . ,
.
( 64). ,
.
118 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
64.
. , ,
, , . 30%- -
( 5-6%- 5%- ),
, , .
,
.
, , .
, ,
, .
,
, .
(1.5-5 ), (5-15 ), (15-30 ) , . ,
,
.
,
119 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , .
, 1.5 - .
.
, 1.0 -
. , , .
. , 2 - , 1:10
. 2 , 100 ( =20 0) 600- .
4-8 1:7 . 10 - , 1:10
, 0.8 - ( 65) .
1.5-10 , 30-100
. 40-50%- .
1-2 , , .
120 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
65.
“ ” MNS 5917 : 2008
.
, 250- ,
.
121 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.3
, ( )
, , .
, ,
. ,
. , ,
.
5.3.1
,
,
. : .
, , ;
, , , ;
, , ; , , , ,
;
, ;
, , ,
;
;
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122 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ,
;
,
.
, , , ,
, . , , , -
, , , , , .
. ( )
, a .
.
, . , .
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
, .
123 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, ,
,
,
. .
, ,
.
, 2 -
. 2 -
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2 - .
.
, 2.0-2.5 .
, .
,
- ; - , ( ) , ,
; - , .
. , .
, , .
, , . ,
, , .
124 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. 66- .
66.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
: - ,
; -
; - ( 67)
.
, , . ,
, ,
.
67.
125 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
) )
, ( 68). , , , .
,
. ,
. , , .
68.
1. 2. 3.
, , , , . ,
, , ,
, . ,
126 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, .
,
,
, , .
. : -
;
-
.
,
.
.
.
MNS 5917 : 2008 ,
.
. . : (1, 2 3) ( 69).
(1) (7) .
(4) . (6)
. (7, 8) (2 3) .
127 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
69.
1, 2, 3 - 4 - 5 -
6 - 7 – 8 -
( 70). : -
-
70.
128 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
) )
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 -
,
. . , ,
. .
. ,
, .
.
. ,
, , .
. ,
, , .
,
. . :
-
100-1000 ,
. ,
129 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
( , ) .
- ,
.
- .
. , ,
. .
, .
. , 0.5 - .
, .
.
.
, .
. . ,
.
.
. ,
130 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
( 71), ( 65)- .
71.
1 -
2 - 3 - 4 -
5 - 6 -
7 - 8 - 9 - 10 -
11 – 12 -
, 0.5 - , :
72.
1 - 2 -
, ,
.
.
.
5.4
, , ,
131 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , - .
, . ,
. , ,
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73.
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, - .
60 -
.
. , , .
, , ,
. ( , , ) ,
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132 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , , ( 74-75).
74. ( ),
( )
1. 2.
, .
, . , 1-
. .
. :
- 190 ; - , 220 ; - 200 ; - , 150 ; - 120 ; - 50 .
133 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
75.
)
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4-5 .
. 30-50 . ,
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. , 5.0 3 .
, , . ,
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, , ,
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,
134 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, . , , .
10-15 .
. : , . ,
( 76). .
76. ,
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 – 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 -
( 77). (14 -16 )
.
135 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
77.
)
) ,
(1), (2) (3), (4)
(5) , , ( 78).
78. ,
, , , , - , ,
,
-
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -
136 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.5
. ,
, .
.
.
. ,
( ) , , ( 21).
21. ,
(
)
:
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+ +
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; :
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0.8-1.5 .
0.3 - , 0.4 .
0.2 . , ,
( ,
137 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
- . ) .
- .
. : ( )-0.4+0.5 ; -0.5+1.0 ; -0.5+0.8 ; -0.4+1.0 ; -1.0+1.5 ; -1.5-3.0 .
( . ) . 0.2-
0.3 .
0.5
25%- (1.0 ), 40%- , 40 - . 100 .
. 0.3-0.8
- .
. ,
.
1.5-2.0 .
. .
.
.
(1.5-2.0 )
. (0.4-0.5 )
138 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
(0.3 ) 5-
10% .
. (
, ) 2.5-3.0 .
, ( ) 0.4-0.6
.
0.3-0.6 ,
. 0.5-0.7
.
( 79).
79. ,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
.
. .
139 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, . ,
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25- 5
141 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
5.7
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5-10 .
10 , . 6
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142 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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143 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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144 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
23.
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.
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. , ,
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.
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145 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
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146 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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147 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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148 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , , ,
.
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.
.
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1 - ( , , . )- 2 - 1 = C1 – C ( )
A2 = C – C2 ( )
: 0-30 2.5%,
50%, 0.5% . - 2.5 % ( )
1 - 50 % ( ) 2 - 0.5 % ( ) 1 = 50 – 2.5 = 47.5 ( )
50
0.5
2.5
2.0
47.55
1
2
2
1
149 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
A2 = 2.5 – 0.5 = 2.0 ( ) 47.5 : 2.0 = 23.75 : 1.0
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( 3)- .
V = : g V -
M - g -
150 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. . .
3-7 . , . 105-110oC- 6-8
. 10 , . .
g = V :
: 2.5%- 10 12 . 1.2
/ 1.2 / 3 . 0.3 / 3, 1.8 / 3 .
23.75 : 1.8 / 3 = 13.19 3 . ( ) 1.0 : 0.3 / 3 = 3.33 3 .
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.
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. , , 3
. .
24.
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pH 5.0-5.9
pH 6.0-6.9 pH 7.0 pH 7.1-
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, .
. ,
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151 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
( )- , .
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- ,
.
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. .
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.
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, .
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.
152 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
1.0 - 1.0 .
.
.
50 50; 70 70; 100 100 , . , . 20-300
, 60-70% . 25.
, % (N) (P2O5) (K2O)
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. (
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.
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153 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
6.3 ,
81.
82.
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154 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
84.
85.
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7 7.1
, ,
.
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.
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9 . . , .
156 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , op , , ( )-
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.
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-
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157 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
158 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
7.2
“ . ” MNS 5918 : 2008 .
, ,
. ( , , ),
, , ,
. , , , , ,
.
, . ,
.
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.
, .
, , . ,
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159 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , , , , ,
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55 / . . , , .
20-25 / . 30-50 , . , , . 1.0 - 1.5-2.0 , 1.0 - 0.5 .
26. ,
, % , %
I II I II 1. 70 60 90 80 2. 70 50 95 90 3. 60 40 90 80 4. 75 65 95 90 5. 80 65 95 90
27. ,
1.0 - , 1. Medico L 8-10 2. Onobrychis L 25-30 3. Melilotus Hill 15-20 4. Bromus L 18 5. Elymus L 15-20 6. Gaertu 15-18
28. ,
, %
, %
( )
1 60 13 2 65 15 3 55 13 3 45 13 5 45 13 6 45 13
160 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
7 45 13 8 45 13 9 75 13
10 60 14 11 75 13 12 75 13 13 60 14 14 60 14
( ) 1 85 12 2 85 12 3 85 13 4 75 14 5 80 12 6 60 11 7 75 11 8 55 13
,
. , , .
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161 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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,
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4
5
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6
162 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
1
,
90 %
2 , 3 -
3
7
, 3-5
4
,
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,
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: , , , , 2 , 1.5-2.0 , 1.0
2500-3333 .
1.0 - 3333 , 3.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 - 1666 , 4.0, 1.5 , ,
1.0 - 3333 ,
163 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , 20- 10 5-20-
.
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.
164 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
4
. .
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, .
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165 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. 2-3
. , , . 200 / .
, .
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. , , ,
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, .
“ . ” MNS 5918:2008 .
32.
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10 5 3 10
2. , 6 2 10
5 2 10
3. , 5 3 10
5 10
, 4 20- 5 15- , 5-10
. , I, II . 150-
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,
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.
166 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
7.3
. 50 -
. 50 - , ,
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.
:
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.
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, , .
, , ,
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,
10 / 10-20 / 20-30 /
20-30 /
10-20 /
10 /
167 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
,
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.
200 / 200-400 / 400-600 /
2- 5- 8- : -
1000 .
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, .
.
. , , , , ,
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.
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, .
.
168 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
169 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
34.
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,
2
,
3
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5
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,
,
“ .
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6
,
-
- , , “
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7
, , /
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,
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,
/
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,
/
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, , ,
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11 , /
12
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170 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
7.5
-Elymus sibirica. L - , ,
80-90 . , . .
, , , ,
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, .
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Gaerth-
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. , . . 10-12
. , . .
. , .
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2 , 3 , . , .
171 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, . 10-12 / 2-4 . ,
. 1000 2 .
89. -Bromus tnermis- 90.
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, 5-7 , , , 1000 3-4 .
1 . , , ,
. . . , .
, . .
. 3-4
. , . 100
1.0 - 22-25 , 14-15 - . , ,
. , 1.0 - 20-22 3-5 . .
172 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, (N, ) . .
. 20-25 / - 45-60 .
, . . .
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.
, . .
100 . , , , , ,
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.
. , , . .
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, , 1.0 , .
, , 1000 1.5 , ,
173 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , .
.
, /- Melilotus Hill- / /. . -Melilotus algus, -Melilotus oblicivebeis .
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. , , , . .
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.
, . 15-20 , 3-4 . , . 2
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. , . , - ,
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.
174 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , .
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, , ,
175 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. , , ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
.
176 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
35.
1
MNS 5916:2008, MNS 5917:2008
2
-
3
-
4
,
5
,
6
,
,
7 ,
,
-
8
177 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
7.7
, ,
, , , , , ,
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,
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I :
1.0 :
2 50 .
60 . 1.0 - 3000 .
:
-
2
II :
1.0 : 2.0
3.3 100 . 30 . 1.0 - 3000 . : - 1.0
178 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
/ / -70, - -35 35 , 70
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1.0 : 0.7- 1.0 ,
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1.0
3.5 -3.6 28 .
25 . 1.0 - 700 .
:
- 4.0
179 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
- ,
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/
1.0 : 1.3 1.3 .
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/ 0.7 0.7 0.15 /
1.0 : 1.3 2.3 . 1.0 - 3000 , 7.0 . 50 . :
- 1.3
180 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
- ,
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15 0.7- 1.0 , .
1. : 9 .
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, .
1.0 : 9 . 4.0 . 1.0 - 10 , 7.0 . 700 . 1.0 . :
-
181 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
8 8.1
. “ .
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184 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
185 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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. :
1. , , ,
.
2. , 450- . 10
.
3. , 450- 4-6 , , . .
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, .
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1. , , , 5 , 2.5 - , .
2. .
186 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
.
94.
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96.
97. ( )
187 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
9 ,
9.1 ,
,
, .
: 1. / /
; 2.
; 3. 2-3 (
, ); 4. ; 5.
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, ,
. , 2 3
. , , , , , , , , ,
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.
. : , , , , ,
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188 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
.
189 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
9.1.3
, , , ,
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, .
, , , - .
. , .
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, .
: 180 140
200-250 .
.
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. , . .
190 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
,
.
. , ,
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.
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50-100
.
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.
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191 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. 0.7-0.8 , 0.3 ,
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192 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
9.2.2
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, , , , . , .
5 - , 6 / , 10 /
.
, , , , - , ,
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193 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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194 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
V
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)
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195 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , , , ,
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. ,
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196 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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,
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197 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, 1.0 350-500 3 .
.
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198 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
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199 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
9.3.3 ,
,
.
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, ,
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.
200 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
10 ,
, , ( ) ( )-
.
.
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. , ,
, . ArcView ,
. :
1. ( )
“Select Feature” ,
. “Theme ->
Convert to Shapefile ->”
Bhongor.shp .
2. “File -> Extensions -> Geoprocessing, IMAGINE Image Support” .
.
201 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
3. “View - > GeoProcessing Wizard” . “Clip one theme based on another”
“Next” . (sumbnd_newg.shp),
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1- .
98.
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,
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. . :
202 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
2 ;
; .
. , -
IKONOS 1.0 , Quickbird 61 -
, .
Quickbird .
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. ERDAS Imagine . , .
“Viewer” “Utility -> Inquire Box ->”
203 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
“Apply” ( 92).
2. “Interpreter -> Utilities -> Subset -> From Inquire Box”
. .
100.
3.
. 3
. , , , .
1,2,3 .
204 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
101. 10.3
: , , ,
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. : ,
, .
, UTM – 47 ,
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205 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
. tarisan-mod.shp . .
102.
103. 5
206 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
, , .
, , , ,
, .
, , , , , , ,
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, , , , .
(61 - 2.0 )
.
, , / -
. , / - .
207 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
1. . “ ” 2. . , 1998 3. . , . ,
2009 4. Assessment Project Summary Staff Report 96-SR 83 August 1996. Center for
Agricultural and Rural Development Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 5. David Pimentel, Edward L. Skidmore, and Stanley W. Trimble. “Rates of Soil
Erosion”. Science 19 November 1999: Vol. 286. no. 5444, p. 1477 6. Dick Thompson “Soil Erosion” National Soil Resources Institute Cranfield University
UK Contributors: Christine Le Bas, Josef Kozak Advisors: Olaf Dwel, Dominique King A workshop in support of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection Common Criteria for Risk Area Identification in the Soil Framework Directive BGR, Hannover, 25 April 2007
7. Ecosystem valuation. Dennis M. King, Ph.D, Univ. of Maryland, and Marisa Mazzotta, Ph.D, Univ. of Rhode Island. 2005.
8. . . “ ”. 1999. 9. ,
”. , 2000 64/ /62
. 10. . ,
. MNS 5850 : 2008. 11. Douglas J.Dollhopf., “Rehabiltation After open Cut Mines”. Montana state University,
Bozeman8 Montatna, USA. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio DOI: 10.1081/E-ESS-120001802, 2006 by Taylor&Francis. pp. 1446-1448.,
12. David Jasper. “Rehabilitation: Indicators and Monitoring”. In the “Encyclopedia of Soil Sciences” Volume 2, second edition, edited by Ratan Lal, USA 2006. pp 1460-1463.,
13. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act –SMCRA. USA 1977. 14. MNS 5914:2008 . , 15. MNS 5915 : 2008 ,
16. MNS 5916:2008 ,
17. MNS 5917 : 2008
18. MNS 5918:2008 19. . , .
, , , 2007, 329
20. , . .
21. ( ,
2000 64/ /64
208 “ - ” , “ ” 2009
22. ( ,
2000 64/ /62 )
23. , , , 2006
24. . , 2006
25. 5 ( ) , 2005 26. . . . , 2002 27. 5, ( ), , 2005, 28. ,
, , 1999, “ - ”
29. . , . . “ ” . , 1994.
30. . . “ ” , 1998. 31. . “ ” 32. Gillian Duggin. “An Overview of Natural Resource Damage Assessment” 2007. 33. . “ , ,
- , ”, , 2004. 34. F.J. Murcia1, M.J. Gomez1, A Palop, G.Garcia1 “Assessment of mining soil
improvement after construction and demolition wastes amendment additions evaluated by microbiological analysis” Global NEST Journal, Vol 9, No 3, pp 224-228, 2007
35. , 2009 36. http://www.fibramulch.com/products/ecofibre.htm