Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
Culture and emotion
Hofstede’s approachPower distanceUncertainty avoidanceIndividualism-collectivismMasculinity-femininityBond: Based on Chinese data, added
Confucian work dynamism (or Long-term orientation)
Minkov: ingulgent-restraint
What about levels in different countries? (www.geert-hofstede.com)
United States
Malaysia India China France Ghana Hungary0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Power distanceIndividualismMasculinityUncertainty AvoidLong Term Orient
Schwartz world value surveyAt individual level (10 values):
Openness to change vs. traditionSelf-enhancements vs. self-transcendencehttp://changingminds.org/explanations/values/s
chwartz_inventory.htmAt nation level (7 values):
Autonomy-embeddednessHierarchy-egalitarianismMastery-harmonyhttp://www.imo-international.de/englisch/html/s
iebenwerte_en.html
Schwartz model
Other approachesSmith et al.
Loyalty to organization vs. utilitarianismConservation vs. egalitarianism
InglehartSelf-expression vs. survivalRational-legal vs. traditional authority
Tight vs. Loose cultures (Gelfand et al., 2011)How does this concept relate to the others?Is this a country-level variable? Why are certain countries high or low?What other effects might this have?
Culture vs. evolutionAre the approaches contradictory or
complementary?What are some limitations of this area of
research?
Cultural differences in Self-conceptSelf-consistency (self-monitoring)What does it mean to be multi-cultural?Self-enhancementApproach/avoidanceAgency and controlDesire to fit inHonor cultureRelationships
In vs out groupFriendship differences
Culture and cognitionCognition (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, &
Norenzayan, 2001)Analytic vs. holistic thinkingAttention to backgroundCategorizationReasoning stylesAttribution
Moderators of cognitive differencesSituational salienceDiagnosticity of behavior
Multilevel analyses (Miyamoto, 2013)Distal situational factors
Ancient Greek vs. Chinese cultures HistorySettlement/frontiersReligionSocial class
Proximal leve l situational factorsAnalytic vs. holistic:
Parenting practices Nonverbal communication Cultural products
Independent vs. interdependent Textbooks Magazine ads Social interactions
Individual level factorsPriming of cultureIndividual differences
Why isn’t there much difference at the individual level?
Distal/proximal interactionsPower’s effects on cognition Differences in power by culture and effects
on cognitionPersonal vs. social power
What are the longitudinal effects of these proximal factors?
Culture and emotionEmotion
Basic emotionsDisplay rulesIntensity of emotionsHappinessIn-group advantage in “emotional dialect”
EmotionsWhere do emotions come from and what is their
purpose? Appraisal theory
Relevance, congruence, responsibility, control, power
Interpret important event or object, give it meaning, get emotion
Critiques of appraisal theorySchachter’s two-factor theory of emotion
Misattribution of arousalMood congruence
Affect infusion model (Forgas)Low infusion: direct access and motivated
processingHigh infusion: heuristic and substantiveSimilarities to other dual process: HSM and ELM
How are emotions social?Contagion of emotion vs. norms (bottom up vs.
top down)Unconscious emotion (subliminal faces)Moral judgments: trustworthiness and dominance
Embodiment of emotionNiedenthal et al., 2007What are examples of embodied emotions?What are mirror neurons, and how do they
relate to embodied emotion? Why would embodiment of emotion have
evolved?
Disgust (Chapman & Anderson, 2013)What is disgust? Why do we feel disgust (what purpose does it
serve)? What makes us feel disgust?Do moral transgressions lead to feelings of
disgust?
Theories of moralityMoral domain theory (Turiel)
Moral, societal, psychologicalFive foundations theory (Haidt)
Care/harmFairness/cheatingLoyalty/betrayalAuthority/subversionSanctity/degradation(maybe liberty/oppression)http://www.moralfoundations.org/
Do we feel disgust at all moral transgressions, or just those related to purity violations?
What evidence do they provide?NeuroimagingSelf-report measuresBehavioral measuresImplicit measuresManipulations of disgust
Individual differencesDisgust Scale (Haidt et al., 1994)
http://www.yourmorals.org/disgust.phpThree Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur et al.,
2009)http://
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.186.6114&rep=rep1&type=pdf
What causes IDs in disgust?What are they correlated with? People with OCD
General disgust issuesHow is moral disgust different from physical
disgust? How is it different from anger? Why would we have moral disgust?Which of their models seems best supported?
(p. 320)How are they similar and different?
Next week Social cognitionSystem justificationFree will